The Soviet passenger aviation industry was also represented at a decent level. Most of the models are Aeroflot aircraft. Names of the main brands: Tu, Il, An and Yak.

The first domestic jet airliner was the Tu-104, released in 1955. The Tu-154, which first took off in 1972, is considered the most popular Soviet passenger aircraft. The 1968 Tu-144 acquired legendary status as the world's first airliner that managed to break the sound barrier. It could reach speeds of up to 2.5 thousand km/h, and this record has not been broken to this day. At the moment, the last operating model of the airliner developed by the Tupolev design bureau is the Tu-204 aircraft produced in 1990, as well as its modification Tu-214.

Naturally, besides Tu, there are other Aeroflot aircraft. The names of the most popular: Il-18, Il-114, Il-103, An-24, An-28, Yak-40 and Yak-42.

Tu-154 Speed. Dimensions. Weight. Capacity. Fuel consumption. Story

Work on the new Tu-154 passenger aircraft began at the A.N. Tupolev in 1963. The first jet passenger aircraft of this design bureau were designed on the basis of combat aircraft: Tu-104 based on Tu-16, Tu-114 based on Tu-95. In contrast, the new third-generation aircraft became the first passenger aircraft for the OKB that did not have a military prototype. At that time, three types of passenger aircraft flew on Aeroflot's medium-haul lines: Tu-104, Il-18 and An-10. This led to difficulties in ensuring the normal process of technical operation of three structurally different machines.

Local passenger aircraft

Aircraft of this type have compact dimensions and a cabin with a maximum capacity of twenty people. The maximum distance that such aircraft can cover does not exceed 1000 kilometers. These aircraft are usually equipped with piston or turboprop engines, which can significantly reduce their operating costs.

What speed an aircraft has directly depends on its type, as well as on its design features. Aircraft that fly longer distances typically have higher speeds, allowing them to travel for less time.

Other types of classification

Based on the number of engines, aircraft have a ranking from one to twelve engines.

Based on engine type, aircraft are divided into the following categories: electric, piston, turboprop, jet, rocket, and combined engine.

According to the type of chassis, the classification of aircraft is as follows: wheeled, ski, hovercraft, tracked, float, amphibious. Naturally, aircraft with wheeled landing gear are most common.

By weight, aircraft are divided into super-light, light, medium-weight, heavy and super-heavy aircraft.

According to the number of wings, in the direction of decreasing their number, aircraft are divided into polyplanes, triplanes, biplanes, sesquiplanes and monoplanes.

There is also a classification based on fuselage size: narrow-body and wide-body.

According to the classification of control type, aircraft are divided into manned and unmanned.

According to the take-off form, all aircraft can be divided into the following categories: vertical take-off, horizontal take-off and short take-off.

Fighters

The main task of these devices is to destroy aircraft and other objects that are in the air.

The names of fighter aircraft will also tell a lot to a military connoisseur. The most famous Soviet models of the Second World War period are LaGG-3, I-15 bis, MiG-3, I-16, I-153, Yak-1. In the same era, the German Bf.109, Bf.110 and Fw 190 aircraft, as well as the Me.262, Me.163 Komet and He 162 Volksjager jets, gained world fame.

Among Soviet fighters of a later era, the MiG-31, Su-27 and MiG-29 should be highlighted. Modern Russian aircraft are currently filling the skies. Their names are well known to aviation specialists. These are 4++ generation fighters Su-35 and Mig-35.

Modern American models include the world's first generation five fighter, the Boeing F-22, as well as the earlier F-4 and F-15 Eagle models.

Domestic aircraft manufacturing

Models of passenger aircraft in the history of Russian and Soviet aviation are numerous and varied. The design of the first domestic aircraft began under Emperor Nicholas II; quite successful aircraft “Russian Knight” and “Ilya Muromets” were created, which proved to be excellent bombers on the fronts of the First World War. Epic heroes were specially chosen to name Russian aircraft in order to maintain morale in regular army units.

After the October Revolution, many private commercial companies producing aircraft were abolished, and in their place, state-controlled design bureaus appeared with a clearly defined plan: to work only for the military-industrial complex.

With the advent of peacetime, types of passenger aircraft began to be developed with particular diligence, and air travel became increasingly popular. Now the Russian aviation industry largely depends on Western partners, but it also has its own developments, and the number of models produced per year is gradually growing.

Additional Information. Even at the dawn of the Soviet aviation industry, a curious tradition was born: any aircraft model is named after the design bureau that created it.

An-24

The aircraft was developed by the Antonov Design Bureau; over 17 years of production, approximately 1,200 models were produced. During the Soviet period, the airliner was used on domestic flights and coped well with various weather conditions. Some air carriers in the Russian Federation still operate this model, capable of carrying up to 52 passengers at a time. The plane has in stock

Knows a very large number of aircraft of various types and types. It is unlikely that it will even be possible to list all the names of the aircraft. However, it is quite possible to cover the main models. Let's find out how aircraft are classified, their types, types, and names will also be considered.

Names

Let's take a look at the list of names of the main foreign aircraft manufacturers in alphabetical order. The list includes both currently existing companies and abolished ones:

• Aérospatiale (France).
• Airbus (EU).
• Boeing (USA).
• British Aerospace (UK).
• British Aircraft (UK).
• Heinkel (Germany).
• Junkers (Germany).
• McDonnell Douglas (USA).
• Messerschmitt (Germany).

The names of aircraft in alphabetical order, produced in the USSR and post-Soviet countries, are given below:

• An (Antonov).
• And (Polikarpov).
• La (Lavochkin).
• LaGG (Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov).
• Lee (Lisunov).
• MiG (Mikoyan and Gurevich).
• Po (Polikarpov).
• Su (Sukhoi).
• Tu (Tupolev).
• Yak (Yakovlev).

How are airplanes classified?

First of all, let's find out what types of planes there are. The names of aircraft can tell a lot, but the classification will tell us even more. How are aircraft classified? This is done according to the following parameters:

• by appointment;
• speed;
• number of engines;
• engine type;
• chassis type;
• weight;
• number of wings;
• fuselage size;
• type of management;
• takeoff form.

We will now dwell on some of the above points in more detail.

Classification by purpose

It is considered the most common. According to this indicator, all aircraft were divided into two major types: military and civilian. In addition, each of these groups has its own division into smaller categories.

In accordance with the specific functional affiliation, military aircraft are classified into the following specialized categories: bombers, interceptor aircraft, fighter aircraft, attack aircraft, military transport ships, fighter-bombers, and reconnaissance aircraft.

In civil aviation, flight devices are divided into the following categories: passenger, agricultural, transport, postal, experimental, etc.

Bombers

The bomber's mission is to hit targets on the ground. They do this with bombs and missiles.

Now let's find out the names of military aircraft. Among the bombers, the following domestically produced models can be distinguished: Su-24, Tu-160, Su-34. During the Second World War, the domestic Pe-2 bomber was especially famous. But the very first can be called the famous “Ilya Muromets” - the creation of the great designer Igor Sikorsky. This device first flew into the air back in 1913. During the First World War, it was converted into a bomber. Ilya Muromets aircraft were also used during the Civil War.

Among foreign aircraft we can highlight modern American strategic bombers Northrop B-2 Spirit, XB-70 Valkyrie, Rockwell B-1 Lancer, B-2, B-52 Stratofortress, US aircraft of the 30s Boeing B-17 and Martin B- 10, World War II-era German bombers Junkers Ju 86 and Heinkel He 111.

Fighters

The main task of these devices is to destroy aircraft and other objects that are in the air.

The names of fighter aircraft will also tell a lot to a military connoisseur. The most famous Soviet models of the Second World War period are LaGG-3, I-15 bis, MiG-3, I-16, I-153, Yak-1. In the same era, the German Bf.109, Bf.110 and Fw 190 aircraft, as well as the Me.262, Me.163 Komet and He 162 Volksjager jets, gained world fame.

Among Soviet fighters of a later era, the MiG-31, Su-27 and MiG-29 should be highlighted. Modern Russian aircraft are currently filling the skies. Their names are well known to aviation specialists. These are 4++ generation fighters Su-35 and Mig-35.

Modern American models include the world's first generation five fighter, the Boeing F-22, as well as the earlier F-4 and F-15 Eagle models.

Fighter-bombers

They combine the functions of the first two categories of aircraft we described. That is, they destroy both air and ground targets.

The first fighter-bombers are considered to be the German Me.262, a modified model of the British Supermarine Spitfire fighter, the De Havilland Mosquito, and the Soviet Yak-9.

The first of the above models was released in 1968, and today it is the most popular of all passenger aircraft. The Boeing 747, produced a year later, is a pioneer among wide-body airliners. Boeing 747-8 is the longest passenger aircraft. It was released in 2010. Today, the Boeing 777, produced since 1994, has gained the greatest popularity on the passenger aviation market. The corporation's newest model at the moment is the Boeing 787, built in 2009.

"Airbus"

As mentioned earlier, Boeing's main competitor in the global market is the European company Airbus, whose central office is located in France. It was founded much later than its American rival - in 1970. The most famous names of the aircraft of this company are A300, A320, A380 and A350 XWB.

Introduced in 1972, the A300 is the very first wide-body, twin-engine aircraft. The A320, manufactured in 1988, was the first in the world to use fly-by-wire control. The A380 aircraft, which first took to the skies in 2005, is the largest in the world. It is capable of carrying up to 480 passengers. The company's latest development is the A350 XWB. Its main task was to compete with the previously released Boeing 787. And this airliner successfully copes with this task, outperforming its rival in terms of efficiency.

The Soviet passenger aviation industry was also represented at a decent level. Most of the models are Aeroflot aircraft. Names of the main brands: Tu, Il, An and Yak.

The first domestic jet airliner was the Tu-104, released in 1955. The Tu-154, which first took off in 1972, is considered the most popular Soviet passenger aircraft. The 1968 Tu-144 acquired legendary status as the world's first airliner that managed to break the sound barrier. It could reach speeds of up to 2.5 thousand km/h, and this record has not been broken to this day. At the moment, the last operating model of the airliner developed by the Tupolev design bureau is the Tu-204 aircraft produced in 1990, as well as its modification Tu-214.

Naturally, besides Tu, there are other Aeroflot aircraft. The names of the most popular: An-24, An-28, Yak-40 and Yak-42.

Airliners from other countries of the world

In addition to those mentioned above, there are models worthy of attention from other manufacturers of passenger aircraft.

The British De Havilland Comet, launched in 1949, is the world's first jet airliner. The French-British airliner Concorde, developed in 1969, became widely known. It went down in history due to the fact that it is the second successful attempt (after the Tu-144) to create a supersonic passenger aircraft. Moreover, until now, these two airliners are unique in this regard, since so far no one else has been able to produce a passenger aircraft suitable for mass operation that can travel faster than sound.

Transport workers

The main purpose of transport aircraft is to transport cargo over long distances.

Among the devices of this type, it is necessary to identify Western models of passenger aircraft, modified for transport needs: Douglas MD-11F, and Boeing 747-8F.

But the Soviet and now Ukrainian design bureau named after Antonov became most famous in the production of transport aircraft. It produces aircraft that constantly break world records for carrying capacity: An-22 1965 (carrying capacity - 60 tons), An-124 1984 (carrying capacity - 120 tons), An-225 1988 (carries 253, 8 t). The latest model still holds the unbroken record for carrying capacity. In addition, it was planned to be used to transport the Soviet Buran shuttles, but with the collapse of the USSR, the project remained unrealized.

In the Russian Federation, everything is not so rosy with transport aviation. The names of Russian aircraft are as follows: Il-76, Il-112 and Il-214. But the problem is that the IL-76 currently being produced was developed back in Soviet times, in 1971, and the rest are planned to be launched only in 2017.

Agricultural aircraft

There are aircraft whose tasks include treating fields with pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals. This type of aircraft is called agricultural.

Among the Soviet models of these devices, the U-2 and An-2 are known, which, due to the specifics of their use, were popularly called “corn trucks”.

Division by speed

In addition to the classification of aircraft by purpose, which we studied in detail above, there are other types of ranking. These include classification by flight speed. Based on this criterion, aircraft are divided into the following categories: subsonic, transonic aircraft, supersonic aircraft and hypersonic.

It is not difficult to understand that subsonic aircraft move slower than sound. Transonic aircraft fly at speeds close to the speed of sound, supersonic aircraft exceed this speed, and hypersonic aircraft exceed this speed by more than five times.

At the moment, the experimental hypersonic vehicle from the USA X-43A 2001 is considered the fastest in the world. It can reach a speed of 11,200 km/h. In second place is his compatriot X-15, released back in 1959. The speed is 7273 km/h. If we talk not about experimental devices, but about those aircraft that perform specific tasks, then the American SR-71, capable of reaching speeds of up to 3530 km/h, takes the lead. Among domestic aircraft, the supersonic MiG-25 should be highlighted. Its maximum speed can reach 3000 km/h.

In passenger aviation, things are much worse with speed. To date, only two supersonic airliners have been produced: the domestic Tu-144 (1968) and the French-English Concorde (1969). The first of them can reach speeds of up to 2.5 thousand km/h, which is a civil aviation record, but among aircraft of all purposes this is only the tenth place. It should also be noted that at the moment there is not a single supersonic airliner that is in operation, since the use of the Tu-144 was abandoned back in 1978, and the use of the Concorde was stopped in 2003.

Hypersonic passenger aircraft never existed at all. True, there are now several projects from both domestic and foreign design bureaus for the production of a hypersonic airliner. Among them, the most famous is the European ZEHST. This aircraft will be capable of reaching speeds of up to 5.0 thousand km/h, but the timing of its creation is unclear. There are two similar projects in Russia - Tu-244 and Tu-444, but at the moment both of them are frozen.

Other types of classification

Based on the number of engines, aircraft have a ranking from one to twelve engines.

Based on engine type, aircraft are divided into the following categories: electric, piston, turboprop, jet, rocket, and combined engine.

Based on the type of landing gear, aircraft are classified as follows: wheeled, ski-mounted, hovercraft, tracked, float-mounted, amphibious. Naturally, aircraft with wheeled landing gear are most common.

By weight, aircraft are divided into super-light, light, medium-weight, heavy and super-heavy aircraft.

According to the number of wings, in the direction of decreasing their number, aircraft are divided into polyplanes, triplanes, biplanes, sesquiplanes and monoplanes.

There is also a classification based on fuselage size: narrow-body and wide-body.

According to the classification of control type, aircraft are divided into manned and unmanned.

According to the take-off form, all aircraft can be divided into the following categories: vertical take-off, horizontal take-off and short take-off.

Manifold

We learned what the classification of aircraft is, their types, types, and names were also considered. As you can see, there are a very large number of models that perform different functions and have very different technical characteristics. The world of aviation is truly multifaceted, and one review cannot describe absolutely all its aspects.

Nevertheless, we can give a general idea on this issue by describing the most famous aircraft that have gone down in history. The types and names, despite their numerousness, can still be systematized in a certain way in order to clarify the essence of this topic.

Children about airplanes: an educational tale about types of airplanes in pictures for children, videos, tasks, games, presentation “What types of airplanes are there and why they are needed” for children.

Children about airplanes

In this article you will find educational information about airplanes and games for children on this topic:

1. presentation and fairy tale “What types of planes are there?” for children with tasks and pictures,
2. why are planes needed?
3. logorhythmics"Aircraft",
4. physical education lessons about the airplane X,
5. finger gymnastics about airplanes
6. outdoor games about airplanes
7. educational games for children about airplanes.

What types of planes are there?

Educational tale about airplanes for children with educational tasks and pictures

How did it all begin, or why fly to the Isle of Palms?

Once upon a time there lived a very kind man in one city. This was a very famous veterinarian. Do you know who a veterinarian is and what he does? (listen to the child’s answer and clarify it if necessary). This is a doctor for animals. And our veterinarian also treated birds, fish, and animals. In the city everyone called him respectfully - Pyotr Ivanovich Tabletkin. Or simply by last name - Doctor Tabletkin. If a canary got sick or a dog injured its leg, city residents immediately turned to him for help. And he helped everyone.

One fine spring day, someone knocked on the veterinarian's window. "Who is this?" - Pyotr Ivanovich was surprised and opened the window. - "A! Galchonok. Come in. What did you bring? Letter? From whom? Let me read it - apparently this is something urgent!” Pyotr Ivanovich opened the letter and recognized the handwriting of his old friend: “Hello, my dear friend! I'm currently working on the Isle of Palms in the ocean. We have an epidemic, many animals are sick, we need help. I kindly ask you to urgently fly to our island and help. Please take a set of medicines with you and more. Your friend Doctor Aibolit."

“I’m leaving immediately!” - Pyotr Ivanovich decided - I’ll just leave the veterinarian Poroshkov on duty here in my place and pack my suitcase with medicines for animals.” Having done all these things, the famous veterinarian left for the airport.

Airfield

There was a field next to the airport building. A very unusual field. Pyotr Ivanovich Tabletkin saw different fields. He saw a field for football players - it is called “football”. He also visited the hockey field, it was called... Have you already guessed what? (hockey). And he visited the field where corn grows - it was called “corn field”. And the field on which rye grows is a “rye” field. And a field of wheat. You probably also know what it was called - ? (wheat field).

But he had never been on such a field before. There were only one planes on it. Have you already guessed what kind of field it was and what it was called?

Note: Let your child come up with a name for the field, and then clarify what this field was called “flight”. Why? Yes, because planes take off from it! There were a lot of different planes and helicopters on the airfield. Pyotr Ivanovich had never flown on airplanes or helicopters before, and therefore was confused. Which plane is right for me and which one will take me to the Isle of Palms?

Who is a mechanic (technician)?

Suddenly our veterinarian saw a small airplane with two wings. And a man came up to him and opened the door to the cabin. “The pilot has arrived,” thought Pyotr Ivanovich and rushed to the plane. - "Hello. My name is Doctor Tabletkin. I'm a veterinarian. I urgently need to fly to help my friend on the Island of Palms. A lot of animals on the island got sick. Can I fly there on this plane? Are you a pilot and could you help me?”

“Nice to meet you,” the stranger smiled back at him. – My name is mechanic Vintov. I'm not a pilot. I mechanic and make sure the planes are in good working order. My profession is also called "technician". Of course, you can fly to the Island of Palms on this plane.” “He shook his head sadly. - “But you will fly for too long. It’s better to take a jet plane that flies tomorrow to Madagascar, it will be faster.”

The famous veterinarian was very surprised: “I need to go to the Island of Palms and I need to fly out today. Why am I flying not today, but tomorrow, and even to Madagascar? And why would such a strange road be faster?”

Vintov smiled at Pyotr Ivanovich again and explained: “A jet plane flies much faster than this small plane. If you take off today on this plane, you will fly to the Isle of Palms for five days! And you will have to land several times to refuel the plane. A jet plane will take you to Madagascar on the same day. There you will board a small plane and within a few hours you will be in the right place.”

Propeller and jet aircraft

The doctor was very interested in this message and asked the mechanic, puzzled: “ How can you tell a fast plane from a slow one? So that I don’t make a mistake next time” - Look at these two planes. One plane has a propeller. That's why it's called "screw", he flies slowly. Find the airplane's propeller in the picture.

But the other plane doesn’t have a propeller. He called "reactive""and flies very fast!"

Assignment for the child: Find it in the picture propeller planes and jet planes. How are they different from each other?

Airplane wing shapes: straight, triangular, swept.

“Yeah, I got it!” - Pyotr Ivanovich exclaimed. “So, if an airplane has a propeller, it flies slowly!” Is there any other way to distinguish a fast plane from a slow plane?” Technician Screws happily began to explain further: “There is another important sign. This airplane wing shape. Look at this photo. What does the wing look like?

- “On the arrow!” — Doctor Tabletkin immediately answered. “Yes,” Vintov confirmed with pleasure. – “ This plane has the wing has the shape of an arrow, which is why we call such a wing “swept”. If the wing is swept, then the plane flies faster, because such a wing cuts through the air better at high speed. And if the wing is straight, then the speed of the aircraft is lower.”

- And also what kind of wings do airplanes have?- asked the veterinarian.

- Happens triangular wing, such aircraft are designed for very high speeds (such speeds are also called supersonic). Look at the photo of this plane - it has a delta wing.

There are also airplanes with straight wings. They fly slower than all other planes.

Assignment for children: Find the planes in the picture below: with a straight wing, with a delta wing, with a swept wing.

Answers to the task for children “What types of airplanes are there?”: the blue square is a delta-wing aircraft, the green circle is a straight-wing aircraft, the yellow square and red circle are swept-wing aircraft.

Why are different planes needed?

“What are “supersonic speeds and supersonic aircraft?” asked Pyotr Ivanovich Tabletkin.

— « Supersonic planes are those that fly so fast that they overtake the sound of their flight. The plane had already flown by, but the sound had not yet reached us. Such planes fly twice as fast as conventional jet planes,” the mechanic explained.

“I want to fly to the Island of Palms tomorrow on a supersonic plane!” Pyotr Ivanovich perked up.

“You can fly, but most likely you won’t be able to land. The island is small, and a supersonic plane will not have time to slow down on the airfield,” Vintov clarified.

- "A Why are such small planes needed? like the one we're standing next to? It has a propeller, which means it flies slowly. And you won’t get there quickly. And in addition, he is also small. This means that you can’t transport a lot of cargo on it. Why then is it needed at all? - asked Pyotr Ivanovich.

-"ABOUT! This is a very important and much needed aircraft. It has one extremely important property. You see, this plane has two large wings. And they're stacked on top of each other, so it can take off and land on very small areas. And it can even sit on a patch of land on an island or in the forest.

Assignment for children: Do you know what a “patch of land” is and where this word came from?(A piglet is a five-kopeck coin. Nowadays, a five-ruble coin is also called this word. A very small piece of land is also called a piglet. And there is also a piglet’s patch - it is also round and small).

Technician Vintov continued: “Where a jet plane cannot land, this plane can land. Therefore, such planes fly short distances to nearby villages and transport passengers and cargo to them. First, passengers and cargo are transported by large jets to a large central airport. And from there they are transported on small planes from this big city and the main airport to small towns and villages.”

Military aircraft

Suddenly Tabletkin saw planes without propellers at the edge of the airfield. And pilots entered them. He joyfully exclaimed: “Here are the planes I need!” They don't have propellers, which means they're jet-propelled. And they have triangular wings, which means they will fly to the Isle of Palms very, very quickly, even faster than sound. Can I fly them to Madagascar today? And from Madagascar I will fly on a small plane to the island I need.”

“Of course, this plane flies faster than any passenger plane. But it’s not so easy to fly!” - answered the mechanic. “After all, this is a military plane and there is no room for passengers. You see, the cockpit is designed for one pilot, and there are missiles hanging from below.”

“Look, the other plane has two cabins. The second cabin is probably intended for a passenger?” – asked the veterinarian.

"No, A navigator must sit behind the pilot in the rear cockpit. He tells the pilot where to fly. This is a military plane. All military aircraft do not have seating for passengers. That’s why there are no portholes on military planes,” Vintov replied.

Tasks for children:

Exercise 1. The navigator always sits behind the pilot. Find the pilot's cockpit and the navigator's cockpit in the photograph of the plane.

Task 2. What do you think, what kind of plane is this - passenger or military? Why do you think so? How can you distinguish a military aircraft from a passenger aircraft by appearance?

Cargo aircraft

“Please tell me how we can transport animals from the island to my clinic for treatment. Elephants and giraffes are very large and heavy, they won’t fit on a passenger plane,” asked Tabletkin.

"ABOUT! There are special planes for this. They are called freight. There are no windows on a cargo plane. It has very large doors to accommodate large loads. Look, here on our airfield the plane is being loaded. To allow cargo to fit on the plane, the nose and tail of the plane open outwards - as if they were doors!

The nose of the cargo plane began to rise. And it opened as if it was not a nose, but a big door to an airplane!

Here, instead of its nose, a special ramp extends in front of the plane, along which equipment can enter the cargo plane. And at the back of the cargo plane, the cargo doors open. At the back of the cargo plane there is also a ramp for vehicles to enter the plane.

The plane is ready for loading!

Look how big the cargo plane is! Such a plane can fit another smaller plane, and large cars, and even train cars, and a large boat, and even several helicopters, and tanks, and construction equipment, and many cars and a bus!”

Task for children: Look at the pictures and tell me what these cargo planes will transport by air.

Pyotr Ivanovich was delighted with cargo planes and their capabilities: “Now I will be calm about large animals! And I will know that, if necessary, they can be transported to any animal hospital on the mainland. What other planes are there besides military, passenger and cargo?”

What other planes are there?

Mechanic Screws remained silent in response and showed Tabletkin an unusual photo. Look at him too. What do you think is happening here and what are the threads that stretch from the first plane to the others? (listen to any suggestions from the children, and then tell about these planes). He explained:

« These are tanker aircraft. Why do you think they are called that - “refuelers”? (listen to the children’s answers and their thoughts and guesses). A large fuel tank is placed in the cargo plane and hoses are hung to which the aircraft being refueled are docked for refueling. This is done so that they can gain fuel in flight without landing on the ground.”

Here is another plane - a tanker.

Available on our airfield and training aircraft. Why do you think they are called that? Yes, they learn to fly on these planes. They are very small. There are only two places in them: for a pilot - an instructor and a pilot who is learning to fly an airplane.

There are also sports aerobatic aircraft. There is only one place in them - for an athlete pilot. He performs aerobatic maneuvers on this plane.

Suddenly there was a loud noise. And a large passenger plane landed on the runway. “He will fly to Madagascar tomorrow morning,” Vintov said. “And now, after landing and disembarking the passengers, I’ll go prepare it for tomorrow’s flight. Come tomorrow and you will fly away on it.”

Pyotr Ivanovich Tabletkin thanked Vintov for his help. And the next morning he was already flying on a plane to Madagascar.

What are seaplanes and amphibious aircraft?

Towards evening the plane landed on the island of Madagascar. And the Veterinarian went to the airport building to find out how he could fly to the Isle of Palms.

“Sorry, but flights to the Isle of Palms have been cancelled. Two days ago, a storm hit the island and destroyed the runway. Her recovery will take several days,” the dispatcher told him.

“What should I do?” - asked the upset Pyotr Ivanovich. “It’s so important for me to get to the island as quickly as possible to help people and animals in trouble.”

“Let us send you to the Island of Palms by seaplane!” — the dispatcher suggested to him. “Or by plane—an amphibian.”

"And what is it?" — the veterinarian was surprised.

“The word hydro means liquid. Seaplane is an airplane that does not need a runway. He can land right on the water. It’s even better to use in such cases amphibious aircraft. Amphibians are creatures that can live in both water and air. And this plane can take off both from land and from water, which is why it was called that. The amphibious airplane has a bottom like a boat, but it also has wheels like a regular airplane.”

“I’m ready to fly on an amphibious plane,” Tabletkin rejoiced.

"Proceed to Gate 15. The amphibious aircraft leaves in one hour."

A few hours later, the amphibious aircraft landed on the sea near the Island of Palms. All passengers were invited to board a boat, and the boat took them to the port. "Hooray! It’s so good that you came to us so quickly,” Doctor Aibolit joyfully greeted his friend. “I sailed here by boat for a whole month. How did you manage that?". Vintov’s mechanic helped me choose the right plane and route here. I’ll tell you more later.” And the friends went to treat the animals, who had been waiting for their help for a long time.

Children about airplanes: why do they need airplanes?

Airplanes were invented by people to provide rapid transportation of people and cargo. No land or water transport can now move as fast as an airplane.

After getting acquainted with the fairy tale, your child already knows many of the functions that airplanes perform to help people. Please complete this information.

Why are airplanes needed based on their functions:

• Military aircraft needed to protect the homeland from enemies. These could be fighters, bombers, reconnaissance aircraft, attack aircraft, landing aircraft, and tankers.
• Cargo aircraft transport goods.
• Passenger aircraft transport people and their luggage.
• Sports aircraft participate in competitions.
• Training aircraft used for flight training for pilots and navigators.
• Agricultural airplanes cultivate fields with crops and protect them from pests.
• Weather planes- study clouds, typhoons, influence the weather (they cause rain or stop it, dispersing the clouds).
• Ambulance and rescue aircraft- transport the sick and wounded, provide assistance to injured people.
• Firefighting aircraft- extinguish forest fires.
• Experimental aircraft and aircraft - flying laboratories- serve for testing new designs and engines.

Logorhythmics: airplane

During an educational imaginary trip to the airfield to introduce your child to different types of aircraft, you will want to relax with your children. Do logorhythmics exercises for kids to relax!

Logorhythmics “Airplane”: first option

Hands to the sides - fly
We're sending the plane.
(straight arms to the side, running in a circle)

Right wing forward
(extend the right straightened arm slightly forward)
Our plane took off.

Left wing forward
(extend the left straightened arm slightly forward)
Turned our plane around.

We were flying high
(raise our hands higher)
We were flying low.
(we lower our hands a little)
We flew far
We arrived close.

Second version of the logorhythmic exercise “Airplane”

Come on, pilot pilots,
Prepared for flight
(children stand straight, arms down, proud posture, shoulders back).

They approached the plane
And they went up the ladder
(we march or pretend to enter along the ramp).

The flight begins
Our plane buzzed.
(Children squat on one knee, spread their arms to the sides like the wings of an airplane and hum: oooooo)

He rose up and flew.
(Children stand on their feet, arms straightened to the sides)
The pilot looked to the right,
(Turn your head to the right)
The pilot looked to the left
(Turn your head to the left).

Flew quickly forward
Fast wing aircraft.
(Arms to the sides, quickly running on toes in a circle)

The third version of the “Airplane” logorhythmics

An airplane flies by
I got ready to fly with him.
(Point to the sky with your hand)

The right wing was withdrawn
(Extend your right hand to the side, look at your fingers)
Left wing withdrawn
(Extend your left hand to the side, look at your fingers)

I'm starting the engine
(Children make rotational movements with their hands in front of them)
And I'm watching closely.

I rise to the heights - I fly-oo-oo-oo
(You need to rise on your toes, spread your arms to the sides and run in a circle)

I'm about to land,
I want to land.
(Children land on one knee, lower their arms)

Didactic game "Planes"

Didactic game "Planes". Option 1. For children of senior preschool age. Set up four airfields: for passenger airplanes, for cargo airplanes, for military airplanes, and for sport-training and educational airplanes.

Ask the children to guess why the plane shown in the picture is needed.

The child needs to sort the pictures of planes into groups according to the purpose of the plane, sending each plane to the appropriate airfield and explaining why he thinks it is a cargo plane or that it is a passenger plane.

Pictures for this game can be found in the article.

Didactic game "Planes". Option 2. Game for kids. The goal of the game is p development of auditory attention. Invite your child to guess whether the plane is flying high or low. If you honk in a high voice, then the plane is flying high, if you honk in a low voice, then it is low.

Didactic game "Planes". Option 3. Game for children of primary preschool age.

Place 4 - 8 rectangles of different sizes in front of the child (for the smallest children, take four figures, for older children - six or eight figures) - these are airfields (airfields). They should be laid out in front of the baby as a serial row - that is, from the smallest to the largest.

Mix up the silhouettes of airplanes of different sizes. The number of airplanes must correspond to the number of rectangles.

The child’s task is to arrange the airplanes in a series series by size (from smallest to largest) and select for each airplane a suitable “airfield” for it. Those. arrange planes into “airfields” according to their size.

Didactic game "Planes". Option 4. For the little ones.

Children from 2-3 years old can be given pictures of airplanes cut into pieces. Use pictures from the first version of the game “Planes” for this. For the little ones, we divide the picture into 2 equal parts, then into 3-4 parts. For older children, you can divide the picture with broken lines into more parts.

Didactic game "The plane is flying." For children of senior preschool age

The game develops the ability to navigate on a sheet of paper, tracing the function of gaze, develops the ability to bring together and separate the visual axes of the child’s eyes.

First option.

You will need runway and landing strip with arrows. Draw a “runway” for the airplane - a vertical rectangle. Divide it with a vertical line into two parts. Draw an up arrow on the right side of the runway, and a down arrow on the left side.

Progress of the game. Invite your child to follow the movement of the plane with his eyes, focusing on the arrows on the runway. Our plane is moving forward along the runway (we glance along the right side of the rectangle up to the end of the runway). The plane turns left, makes a U-turn and turns back. And follows the left side of the strip along the arrow (from top to bottom). Turn around again and move forward. Now let’s try to make these movements with our gaze faster.

Second option

You will need square 4 x 4 cells. Draw such a square on a piece of paper. The cells must be very large. In the future, you can increase the number of cells in the square in order to give more complex tasks to your child.

Make two identical squares - one you will give to the child, and the other will be in your hands.

Place a dot in one of the cells. There is an airplane in it.

Progress of the game. You dictate the route of the plane, simultaneously moving the piece along the cells of your field, and the child follows it with his eyes. You need to stay on the route. At first the route is 3-4 turns. For example: “One cell up. Two cells to the right. One cell down. Three cells to the left. Tell me where the plane is?” The place on your flight “map” is compared with what the child got.

If it is difficult for a child to follow with his eyes or he is not yet very easy to navigate in space, then at first you can make movements with a chip. And only then do them mentally and track them with your eyes.

Physical education lessons “Airplane”

Physical education can be done at any time when you see that the child needs rest. From this selection about airplanes, choose the physical education lesson that you and your kids will like best!

Physical education lesson about the airplane “We are flying above the clouds”

We are flying above the clouds.
(Hands to the side)
We wave to dad, we wave to mom.
(We wave both hands in turn)

We see the river flowing
(We show a wave-like movement with our hands)
We see a fisherman's boat.
(We show with our hands how a fisherman casts a fishing rod)

Be careful: the mountain!
(Tilt left - right)
It's time for us to land!

(Sit down on one knee, arms to the sides)

Physical education lesson “Planes buzzed”

In the first line, children make rotational movements with their arms in front of their chest. On the second line, children straighten their arms to the sides like the wings of an airplane and “fly” (running in a circle). On the third line - they squat. On the fourth they fly again.

The planes buzzed
The planes have flown
They sat quietly in the clearing,
And they flew again.

Physical education lesson “Our plane has flown”

Let's fly, fly,
We twirled our hands.
(Children rotate their arms in front of their chest)

Hands to the sides - fly
We're sending a plane
(Children spread their arms straight to the sides)

Right wing forward
(Turn your torso to the right with your right arm moving forward)
Left wing forward.
(Turn your torso to the left with your left arm moving forward).
One, two, three, four - Our plane has taken off.

(Running in a circle with straight arms spread out to the sides)

Physical education lesson “A plane appeared”

We put our hands up:
A plane appeared.
(Hands to the side.)

Flapping the wing back and forth,
(Tilts left and right.)
Do “one”, do “two”.
(Turns left and right.)
One and two, one and two!
One and two, one and two!

Keep your arms at your sides,
Look at each other.
(Arms to the sides, turns left and right.)
One and two, one and two!
One and two, one and two!

We'll throw our hands down
Hurry up and take your seats! (Children put their hands down and sit in their seats)

Look, there's a plane in the sky,
And the pilot is on the plane.
Handles the helm deftly
And flies between the clouds.

There is a mountain under the plane,
Either a dense forest, or a hole,
Then people wonder at the sky,
Then the hares dance in a circle (Author - Alexander Estafeev)

You will see what movements are made to this song in the video below. At first the song is sung at a slow tempo, then faster and faster.

Physical education lesson for the little ones “The airplane spread its wings”

Zhu-zhu-zhu, zhu-zhu-zhu,
I'm starting the engine.
(Rotational movements of the arms in front of the chest).
The plane spread its wings,
We're taking flight
Uuuuuuuuuuu
We're flying to Moscow! (Arms to the sides, running on tiptoes) Arrived.

Physical education lesson “We are airplanes today”

Today we are airplanes
(Children sit and make rotational movements with their hands - “start the engine”)
We are not children, we are pilots.
(Clap your hands.)
Hands are the nose, and hands are the wings
(touch your nose with your finger, and then straighten your arms to the side like wings)
The squadron took off. (running, arms to the sides).

Children about airplanes: outdoor game “Airplanes”

Game 1. Game “Planes” to reinforce the correct pronunciation of the sound r.

Children make rotational movements with their arms in front of their chests - “start the engines” and say rrrrr. Then they run in a circle, holding their arms straight out to the sides like the wings of an airplane. In the words “Planes to land!” children must quickly “fly” to the airfield and sit on one knee, holding their arms to the sides like wings.

Game 2. Outdoor game “Planes”. In this game, children will become familiar with the commands that the dispatcher gives to the pilot.

While playing airplanes, children will also learn how to act in a singalong manner, as well as run around the playground in different directions without bumping into each other.

Show the children all the play activities.

An adult plays the role of a dispatcher and gives the signal: “Start the engine!”, and the children make rotational movements with their arms in front of their chest. Next, the adult in the role of the dispatcher says: “Taxi for takeoff, take off. Let’s fly!”, and the children spread their straight arms to the sides and fly around the playground.

At the end of the game the signal is given: “Landing! Taxi to the parking lot,” and the children run to the “airfield” (the place where the airfield is located is discussed before the start of the game).

There may be other dispatcher commands: “Fog! Turn around. Fly to an alternate airfield”, “Fly around the thunderstorm”, “You are getting dangerously close. Give way to the plane….(name)"

Note: In this active game, the child learns what can happen in flight and how the pilot should react to these events. Children will be able to use this information in their role-playing and director's games with airplanes.

Finger gymnastics “Airplane”

Finger gymnastics “I will build an airplane”

For finger gymnastics we will use V. Shishov’s poem “I will build an airplane.”

I'll build a plane
I’ll put on my helmet and take off.
Through the wavy mists,
I'll fly to other countries,
Over the seas and forests,
Over the mountains and fields,
I will cover the entire globe,
And then I'll return home.
V. Shishkov

Hand movements in finger gymnastics “Airplane”: option 1.

• first line. Children knock their fists against each other.
• second line. Children pretend to put a helmet on their head.
• third and fourth lines. Wave-like movements with both hands.
• fifth line. The right palm is near the eyebrows as if we are looking into the distance.
• sixth line. Left palm at the eyebrows - look into the distance.
• seventh line - draw a circle in the air with your right hand
• eighth line - make a figure above your head - a “roof” - with both hands.

Another version of finger gymnastics “Airplane”

• first line. We spread our straight arms to the sides like the wings of an airplane.
• second line. With both hands we show the helmet above our head.
• third and fourth lines. The child places his palms on the table with the back side up and moves all the fingers on both hands, slightly lifting them from the table surface.
• fifth and sixth line - we make “splashing” movements with all the fingers of both hands at the same time.
• seventh line - clasp an imaginary ball with both hands
• eighth line - we cross our hands (the left hand looks to the right, and the right hand looks to the left and we move the fingers of both hands like the wings of a bird)

Finger gymnastics “We’ll build the plane ourselves”

You will need a regular pencil. Place the pencil on the middle of the middle finger of your right hand (the hand is palm down). Pass another pencil under your index and ring fingers (an adult does this). It turns out to be an airplane made from two pencils. The child depicts how his plane flies to the poems of A. Barto:

We'll build the plane ourselves
Let's fly over the forests.
Let's fly over the forests,
And then we'll go back to mom.

Then repeat this movement with your other hand.

Finger gymnastics “The plane is flying high, high”

The child’s right hand represents an airplane: you need to spread and straighten the thumb and ring finger. These are airplane wings. And keep the other three fingers (index, middle and ring) next to each other, without spreading them apart (this is the body of the airplane).

The plane is flying high, high,
It’s not easy for him to land!
(Children move their hand - the plane in different directions, making sure that the wings of the plane “look” to the side, and that the body of the plane is united and is not divided into separate parts).

The pilot makes a circle after a circle.
The plane is his comrade and friend!
(Children make movements in a circle with their hands - like an airplane).

The plane landed on the runway,
He ran forward and the flight was over.
(Children lower their hand - the plane onto the table, move it along the table and stop their hand).

The doors opened, the ground was under the ladder,
And passengers are greeted by friends.
(Spread your palms)

Presentation for children about airplanes

You can also download the same presentation on an educational fairy tale about airplanes in our VKontakte group “Child development from birth to school” (see the “Documents” group section on the right under the community videos).

Video for children about airplanes

In this video, children will learn about unusual aircraft - seaplanes, amphibious aircraft. The video will be interesting for school-age children and adults. This is a video from my favorite TV channel “My Joy”.

And another video from the same TV channel for children - a video about giant airplanes and what aircraft modeling is.

More about airplanes for children:

34 riddles for children of preschool and primary school age. Types of riddles. How to write a riddle about an airplane with your child.

We prepared this article especially for the boys of the “Native Path” site as a gift for the holiday on February 23rd together with my husband.

An educational fairy tale for children about airplanes and their types and a presentation were created for children by my husband Andrey, an aircraft designer by profession. And I, the author of this site, have developed games and tasks for children on the topic “Children about airplanes.” We included in the article only that information about airplanes that a child can use in his games about travel, in designing, drawing, sculpting, appliqué, depicting different types of airplanes.

We tried to take into account the main requirement for an educational fairy tale for a child - that he actively participate in it, ask questions, compare, analyze, discuss, draw conclusions, prove, and not just memorize. And I really hope that we succeeded! We will be grateful for your comments on this article.

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In civil aviation, flight devices are divided into the following categories:

passenger,

agricultural purposes,

transport,

postal,

experimental

Passenger aircraft

Let's start our review of civil aviation models with them. This type of air vehicle, as the name implies, is designed to transport passengers. The first production aircraft to transport civilians is considered to be the same domestic Ilya Muromets, which in the future was converted into a bomber. He made his first flight from St. Petersburg to Kyiv with sixteen passengers back in 1914. The American Douglas DC-3 is considered the most popular airliner during the existence of aviation.

Douglas DC-3

who made the first aviation flight back in 1935. Various modifications of it are still in use today. For example, the Soviet version of this aircraft was the Li-2. The first aircraft were described above. The names of the main competitors in the modern passenger aviation market are Boeing and Airbus.

"Boeing"

The American company Boeing emerged back in 1916. Since then, it has been producing aircraft, mainly for civil aviation, although there are also military transport models. The most famous names of passenger aircraft of this company are Boeing 737, Boeing 747, Boeing 747-8, Boeing 777 and Boeing 787. classification of aircraft their types types names.

Boeing 737

The first of the above models was released in 1968, and today it is the most popular of all passenger aircraft. Boeing 747,

Boeing 747

produced a year later, is a pioneer among wide-body airliners. Boeing 747-8 is the longest passenger aircraft. It was released in 2010. Today, the Boeing 777, produced since 1994, has gained the greatest popularity on the passenger aviation market.

Boeing 777

The newest model of the corporation at the moment is the Boeing 787 created in 2009.

Boeing 787

"Airbus"

As mentioned earlier, Boeing's main competitor in the global market is the European company Airbus, whose central office is located in France. It was founded much later than its American rival - in 1970. The most famous names of the aircraft of this company are A300, A320, A380 and A350 XWB. Introduced in 1972, the A300 is the very first wide-body, twin-engine aircraft.

Airbus A300

The A320, manufactured in 1988, was the first in the world to use fly-by-wire control.

Airbus A320

The A380 aircraft, which first took to the skies in 2005, is the largest in the world.

Airbus A380

It is capable of carrying up to 480 passengers. The company's latest development is the A350 XWB.

A350 XWB

Its main task was to compete with the previously released Boeing 787. And this airliner successfully copes with this task, outperforming its rival in terms of efficiency.

Soviet passenger aircraft

The Soviet passenger aviation industry was also represented at a decent level. Most of the models are Aeroflot aircraft. Names of the main brands: Tu, Il, An and Yak. The first domestic jet airliner was the Tu-104, released in 1955.

Tu-104

The Tu-154, which first took off in 1972, is considered the most popular Soviet passenger aircraft.

Tu-154

The 1968 Tu-144 acquired legendary status as the world's first airliner that managed to break the sound barrier.

Tu-144

It could reach speeds of up to 2.5 thousand km/h, and this record has not been broken to this day. At the moment, the last operating model of the airliner developed by the Tupolev design bureau is the Tu-204 aircraft produced in 1990, as well as its modification Tu-214.

Tu-214

Naturally, besides Tu, there are other Aeroflot aircraft. The names of the most popular: Il-18, Il-114, Il-103, An-24, An-28, Yak-40 and Yak-42.

IL-114

Yak-40

Airliners from other countries of the world

In addition to those mentioned above, there are models worthy of attention from other manufacturers of passenger aircraft. The British De Havilland Comet, launched in 1949, is the world's first jet airliner.

De Havilland Comet

The French-British airliner Concorde, developed in 1969, became widely known.

Concorde

It went down in history due to the fact that it is the second successful attempt (after the Tu-144) to create a supersonic passenger aircraft. Moreover, until now, these two airliners are unique in this regard, since so far no one else has been able to produce a passenger aircraft suitable for mass operation that can travel faster than sound.

Transport workers

The main purpose of transport aircraft is to transport cargo over long distances. Among the devices of this type, it is necessary to identify Western models of passenger aircraft modified for transport needs: Douglas MD-11F, Airbus A330-200F, Airbus A300-600ST and Boeing 747-8F.

Douglas MD-11F

But the Soviet and now Ukrainian design bureau named after Antonov became most famous in the production of transport aircraft. It produces aircraft that constantly break world records for carrying capacity: An-22 1965 (carrying capacity - 60 tons), An-124 1984 (carrying capacity - 120 tons), An-225 1988 (carries 253, 8 t).

An-225

The latest model still holds the unbroken record for carrying capacity. In addition, it was planned to be used to transport the Soviet Buran shuttles, but with the collapse of the USSR, the project remained unrealized. In the Russian Federation, everything is not so rosy with transport aviation. The names of Russian aircraft are as follows: Il-76, Il-112 and Il-214. But the problem is that the IL-76 currently being produced was developed back in Soviet times, in 1971, and the rest are planned to be launched only in 2017.

IL-76

Agricultural aircraft

There are aircraft whose tasks include treating fields with pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals. This type of aircraft is called agricultural. Among the Soviet models of these devices, the U-2 and An-2 are known, which, due to the specifics of their use, were popularly called “corn trucks”.

U-2

Flight geometric and weight characteristics, general layout, equipment used, as well as the design of individual parts are largely determined by the purpose of the aircraft. According to their purpose, all aircraft can be divided into two large groups: 1) civil and 2) military.

Civil aircraft
Civil aircraft are used to transport passengers, cargo, mail and serve various sectors of the national economy. They, in turn, can be divided into the following main types.

1. Passenger aircraft designed to transport passengers, baggage and mail. Depending on the flight range, the number of passengers carried, the size and type of runways, these aircraft are divided into mainline and local airlines.

Long-haul aircraft, depending on their flight range, are divided into:
a) short-range ones with a flight range of 1000...2000 km;
b) medium ones with a flight range of 3000...4000 km;
c) long-range with a flight range of 5000...11,000 km.

Local airlines are divided into:
a) heavy with the number of passengers 50...55;
b) medium ones with the number of passengers 24...30;
c) light with the number of passengers 8...20.

2. Cargo aircraft, the main purpose of which is the transportation of various cargoes.

3. Special purpose aircraft used in various areas of the national economy. These are polar, agricultural, and ambulance aircraft, aircraft for geological aerial reconnaissance, for protecting forests from fires, for aerial photography, etc.

4. Training aircraft used to train pilots. They are divided into initial training and transitional aircraft. Initial training aircraft are two-seater aircraft that are quite simple to learn and pilot. Transitional aircraft are used to train pilots to fly production aircraft in service.

Military aircraft are used to carry out air strikes against military installations, communications, manpower and equipment of the enemy in the rear and in the front line, to protect friendly installations and troops from enemy aircraft, for landing troops, transporting troops, equipment and cargo, for intelligence, communications, etc.

Depending on the specific purpose, military aircraft can be divided into the following types.
1. Bombers, the purpose of which is to carry out bombing strikes on the most important objects, communication centers, places of concentration of enemy equipment and manpower in his rear.

2. Fighters that serve to combat enemy aircraft. They, in turn, can be divided into several types:
a) escort fighters, designed to protect their bombers performing a combat mission from enemy aircraft;
b) front-line fighters, providing protection for their troops from
enemy aviation over the battlefield and in the front line;
c) anti-aircraft fighters - interceptor fighters, the purpose of which is to intercept and destroy enemy bombers.

3. Fighter-bombers, equipped with bombs, missiles and cannon weapons and used to strike targets in the area of ​​forward positions and in the near rear of the enemy and to destroy his aircraft.

4. Military transport aircraft used for landing troops, transporting troops, equipment and various cargoes.

5. Reconnaissance aircraft designed to conduct aerial reconnaissance behind enemy lines and over the theater of military operations.

6. Auxiliary aircraft, which include spotter aircraft, communication aircraft, ambulance aircraft, etc.

The main parts of the aircraft and their purpose
The main parts of an aircraft are the wing, fuselage, tail, landing gear and power plant.

A wing is the load-bearing surface of an aircraft, designed to create aerodynamic lift.

The fuselage is the main part of the aircraft structure, which serves to connect all its parts into one whole, as well as to accommodate the crew, passengers, equipment and cargo.

The tail is a load-bearing surface designed to provide longitudinal and directional stability and controllability.

Landing gear is an aircraft support system used for takeoff, landing, movement and parking on the ground, the deck of a ship or on the water.

The power plant, the main elements of which is the engine, is used to create thrust.

In addition to these main parts, the aircraft has a large number of different equipment. It is equipped with main control systems (control of control surfaces: ailerons, elevators and rudder), auxiliary control (control of mechanization, retraction and release of landing gear, hatch doors, equipment units, etc.), hydraulic and pneumatic equipment, electrical equipment, high-altitude, protective equipment, etc.

Classification of aircraft according to the scheme
The classification of aircraft according to the scheme is carried out taking into account the relative position, shape, number and type of individual components that make up the aircraft. The aircraft layout is determined by the following features:

1) the number and location of wings;
2) type of fuselage;
3) the location of the tail
4) chassis type;
5) type, number and location of engines.

It is possible to fully characterize the design of an aircraft only on the basis of all these five features. Classification according to only one or several of them cannot give a complete picture of the scheme.

Based on the number of wings, all aircraft are divided into biplanes and monoplanes, and the latter, depending on the relative position of the wing and fuselage, are divided into low planes, midplanes and high planes. Based on the type of fuselage, aircraft are divided into one fuselage and two-boom. Depending on the conditions of takeoff and landing, airplanes may have wheeled, ski, or float landing gear. For seaplanes, the fuselage can also serve as a boat. There are mixed designs: wheeled ski chassis, amphibious boat.

Piston and gas turbine engines are used as the main engines on modern aircraft. The most widely used engines at present are gas turbine engines, which, in turn, are divided into turboprop, turbojet, turbojet with afterburner and turbojet bypass. The choice of the type of engines, their number and location is determined to a large extent by the purpose of the aircraft and has a significant impact on its design.