On a relatively small territory of the Crimean peninsula, a variety of mountainous and lowland landscapes are very clearly expressed (see diagram).
Landscape scheme of Crimea
1 - karst summit surface of Yaila;
2 - mountain slopes of Yaila with a forest landscape;
3 - Mediterranean landscape of skirts;
4 - the eastern part of the southern coast (Mediterranean landscape);
5 - southern forest-steppe and forest-shrub landscapes of cuesta ridges;
6 - steppe Crimea, an agriculturally developed flat landscape;
7 - The Sivash region, dry steppe landscape with fragments of semi-desert;
8 - Tarkhankut Peninsula and Kerch Peninsula, hilly-steppe landscape
Especially interesting in terms of tourism is the Yail karst landscape (1) with characteristically developed forms of surface bare karst, with its inherent mines, sometimes serving as roads for penetration into mysterious undergrounds, with the usual absence of surface streams for karst, with rocky meadows and steppes on high mountain ranges and with mountain forest, forest-steppe and meadow-steppe vegetation. This karst landscape is widespread on almost all summit plateaus of the western part of Yaila and on plateau-like massifs scattered from each other in its eastern part, but it is most strikingly represented on Karabiyayl, Chatyrdag and Ai-Petrinskaya yayla. Here, between the bare karr surfaces, only at the bottom of karst hollows and craters are green meadow grasses visible on the higher parts of these plateaus, and in low places from the mouths of natural mines and craters, the tops of bushes and trees stick out. Undoubtedly, this brings exoticism to the landscape of bare rocky territories, gives them spotty.
On the lowest levels of the plateau, more forests previously grew. Deforestation and the eating of tree shoots by livestock, which impede the reforestation, in fact, as well as the destruction of grass by very large grazing in meadows, caused the development of bare karst and the strong spread of bare limestone surfaces, as well as the cause of a failure in the regime of sources under limestone cliffs bordering the plateau. Of course, in the karst landscape, it is simply necessary to carry out forest-meadow restoration work, which will definitely improve the water regime of the yayla karst springs.
The karst summit surface of the yayla is bordered by the mountain-forest landscape of the Yaila slopes (2) with oak and beech forests and mountain-forest brown soils, which in its structure is similar to the landscapes of the Carpathians and the Caucasus, and the Crimean pine forests growing on the southern slope are unique specifically for Crimea and have an analogue only in the northern part of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. The forests of the Crimean mountains have a very important water protection and anti-erosion role. Very close attention must necessarily be devoted to their protection and restoration, especially in the areas of mudflow-prone basins. Animals inhabiting the forests of the mountainous Crimea also need protection.
"Landscapes of all planets, ruins of all empires"
Igor Rusanov
The landscape diversity of the Crimean Peninsula is comparable to that of an entire country in Central Europe or the Mediterranean. This also applies to a complex geological structure, various relief forms in terms of outlines. The flora of the Crimea is incredibly rich, for example, on one Bear Mountain alone, there are about 900 species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants - this corresponds to the floristic richness of large areas of Central Russia. The altitudinal zonation of the Crimean Mountains forms landscapes very similar to the tundra, and even with the arctic plant species. There are no glaciers or high mountains on the peninsula. But there is such a phenomenon as aspects - short-term states of natural communities. This is, for example, the massive blooming of wild tulips in the Opuk Nature Reserve, or the drying out of estuaries to a bright pink color with deep burgundy shores due to salt-tolerant plants. Such landscapes appear more than once in Soviet science fiction. Steppes and deserts are also Crimea. But like everything and always on the peninsula with a fertile and peaceful nature.
It is quite understandable that the main part of the Crimean peninsula is located in the Temperate climatic zone, so a birch grove, pine forest and all kinds of favorite Russian classics are not uncommon in Crimea. The southern coast of Crimea (SCC) is a sub-Mediterranean region with an abundance of evergreen vegetation. The foothills amazes with the vastness of the American Chalk prairie, familiar to everyone from westerns. And in the mountains, it's not hard to find classic alpine landscapes.
We recommend the first journey through the "world in miniature" along the circular route Golden ring of Crimea and we recommend a mandatory long stop in Alupka. Most of the Crimean attractions are located in the south-west, on the ring Simferopol - Bakhchisarai - Inkerman - Sevastopol - Balaklava - Laspi - Simeiz - Alupka - Miskhor - Yalta - Gurzuf - Partenit - Alushta - Angarsk pass - Salgirskaya valley - Simferopol. Overview The Golden Ring of Crimea from any point can be traveled in 1 day! Of course, you can go in any direction. But we recommend the first trip so that you arrive in Alupka early. You can also return to your place of residence in the dark.
Shooting in Vorontsov Palace and Park Complex will allow you to make an incredible number of scenes from different historical eras in different parts of the world. The grandiose stone chaos of the Upper Park is quite suitable as an alien landscape for Star Wars. The architecture of the palace was originally created as a strict medieval gothic on the western and northern facades and lush eastern luxury on the south and east sides. Upper landscape park - in english style and with the corners of the wild nature of the South Coast, and the lower regular with a combination italian terraces and french techniques of park art.
The plan of the Vorontsov palace and park complex in Alupka
A wonderful setting of the palace and park in Alupka is the famous mountain range Ai-Petri in the azure sky, and below the bright blue of the Black Sea with picturesque coastal rocks. 
The most spectacular section of a car trip along the Golden Ring of Crimea is the Sevastopol-Yalta highway ... Watching the landscape change from Laspi to Yalta, one well-known artist from Germany (with extensive travel experience) formulated a very simple thought: " you have a new country around every turn of the highway! We just saw Italy, and now Greece. Yeah, and now Austria, and only 15 minutes ago there was Switzerland. "Something like that ...
You can, of course, say that in Soviet times, Africa or the Arctic in the Crimea was removed because of the economy and the inability to travel abroad. But everything is much more complicated, and most importantly - more interesting!
CRIMEA - THE WHOLE WORLD ON SCREEN
EUROPE:
- Italy.
The film "Gadfly", scenery and filming in Yalta.
Film "Anna Karenina", filming in the New World.
Film "Romeo and Juliet", scenery in Yalta.
Film "Twelfth Night", scenery in Yalta.
Film "Othello", scenery and filming in Yalta.
Film "Moscow-Genoa", filming on the South Coast.
The film "The Tsar's Hunt", scenery and filming in Artek.
Film "Marco Polo" (production Canada), scenery
"Streets of Venice" and filming in Yalta.
- Spain.
Film "Don Quixote", scenery and filming in Yalta and Ai-Petri.
Film "Dog in the Manger", filming in the Livadia Palace.
Film "The Adventures of the King Sharpe"
(made in Great Britain), scenery and shooting
under Mount Demerdzhi, in the Baydar Valley, on Ay-
Petri and elsewhere.
The film "Empire of Pirates", scenery and filming in
Sudak and Yalta.
- France.
Film "Heavenly Swallows", filming in the Vorontsov Palace and in Yalta.
Film "Prisoner of Europe" (made in Poland), marine shooting in Artek.
Film "Prisoner of the Castle Ives" ("The Count of Monte Cristo"), shooting
sea \u200b\u200bscenes with the sailing ship "Comrade" in Gurzuf.
Film "Napoleon Kaput", filming at the Vorontsov Palace
and in the Mountainous Crimea.
- England.
The film "Ten Little Indians", a rocky island with a castle
(Swallow's nest, Diva rock in Simeiz).
The film "The Odyssey of Captain Blood", scenery and sea
filming in Artek and Gurzuf.
Film "Hornblow" (UK production),
scenery and marine photography in Artek.
- Germany.
The film "In the Empire of the Eagles", marine shooting in Artek,
decoration on Ai-Petri.
- Poland.
The film "Academy of Pan Blots", filming on the South Coast.
- Denmark.
The film "Hamlet", filming at the Swallow's Nest.
- Norway.
The film "And trees grow on the stones", scenery and shooting in Gurzuf.
- Greece.
Film "Ships storm the bastions", Corfu island
(Genoese fortress in Sudak).
Film "Sappho", Lesvos island (scenery and filming in
Balaklava and Chersonesos).
- Yugoslavia.
Film "Reporter", filming in Sevastopol.
ASIA:
- Arabic east.
Film "Aladdin's Magic Lamp", scenery
"Ancient Baghdad" and filming in the Omega Bay (Sevastopol).
Film "And Another Night of Scheherazade", shooting
in Yalta, in the Three-eyed cave on Ai-Petri, in Nikitskaya
crevice, in the Beketov quarry, above Foros.
- Volcanic island.
Film “Wind of“ Hope ”, filming of the volcanic eruption at Cape Sarych.
- Island in the pacific ocean.
The film "Pirates of the XX century", filming in the bays of the Novy Svet, on Tarkhankut, the scenery "Native village" in the Quiet Bay (Koktebel).
- India.
Film "Black Prince", decoration of the eastern city in
Yalta.
- Near East.
The film "The plane flies to Russia", the scenery "Military base" in the Blue Bay.
- Japan.
Film "Dreams about Russia", scenery and filming in Artek and Utyos (Alushta).
- Pirate Island in the Indian Ocean... The film "Empire of Pirates", scenery under Mount Demerdzhi, in Artek and
Yalta (Republic of Libertalia).
- Turkey.
Film "Roksolana", filming in the Khan's palace of Bakhchisarai, in Chufut-Kale and on the southern coast of Crimea.
- Afghanistan.
Film "9th company", scenery "Afghani kishlak" in the area of \u200b\u200bthe village. Ordzhonikidze (Feodosia).
- Israel.
Film "The Master and Margarita", biblical Jerusalem.
- China (Hong Kong).
Film "Passenger", scenery "Port street" in Balaklava, hotel near Yalta (estate of Count Ustinov).
AMERICA:
- USA.
The film "Mexican" (based on Jack London).
The film "The Headless Horseman", scenery and shooting under
rock Ak-Kaya (Belogorsk).
Film "Business People" (after O. Henry), one of the short stories
filmed in the Mountainous Crimea.
Film "The Man from Boulevard des Capucines", scenery and
The film "Chingachgook Big Snake" (production of the GDR),
filming under Mount Demirji and in other places of the Mountainous Crimea.
The film "The Star and Death of Haokino Murieta", scenery and
filming under the Ak-Kaya rock (Belogorsk).
- Flint Pirate Island.
The film "Treasure Island", scenery in Sosnyak, filming in the Nikitskaya cleft, on Krasniy Kamen, in Malorechenskoye, under the Shaan-Kaya rock, in
Partenite also in Laspi Bay.
- Chile.
The film "This sweet word is freedom", scenery and shooting
in Yalta (street Ignatenko) and in Koktebel.
- Cordillera.
Film "Children of Captain Grant", shooting a scene
"Avalanche in the mountains" (in winter on Ai-Petri).
- Caribbean sea... The film "The Odyssey of Captain Blood", scenery and
marine filming in Artek and Gurzuf.
- Haiti... Film "Age of Enlightenment", scenery "City embankment
Port-au-Prince ”in Utyos (Alushta), marine filming in Artek.
- Caribbean islands... Film "Hearts of Three", scenery and filming in
Cliff, under Mount Demerdzhi, in Artek, on Lake Castel, on
Ai-Petri.
AFRICA:
- South Africa, the port of Cape Town. The film "Maksimka", filming in
Yalta port with the participation of the sailing ship "Comrade".
- Equatorial Africa... The film "The Abduction of the Savoy", shooting
at the Angarsk test site (Perevalnoe village).
- North Africa... The film "Drums of Fire", scenery and
marine surveys in Artek, Blue Bay, near the Swallow's Nest.
USSR (Russia)
Polar tundra:
- The film "The Trail of the Wolverine" (the action takes place on
Taimyr) - filming was carried out in the winter on the Ai-Petrinskaya yayla.
- The film "Korolev" (the action takes place in Kolyma) -
filming was carried out in the winter at the Ay-Petrinskaya Yayla
Siberian taiga:
- The film "What was the taiga silent about?", In the forests above Yalta
filming of scenes which took place in Gorny Altai.
- The film "King of the Manege", filming was carried out in the area
Uchan-Su waterfall with the participation of a live bear.
- The film "The Lost Expedition", under Mount Ai-Petri were filmed
scenes, which took place in the Sayan Mountains.
- The film "Sixth", the action takes place in a small Siberian
town, filming was carried out under Mount Ai-Petri and in other
places of the Mountain Crimea.
Far East:
- Film "Let's Talk, Brother", filming the transition
Far Eastern guerrillas across the rocky ridge
were made on the Ai-Nikola rock (Upper Oreanda).
- The film "The Right to Shoot", the action took place off the coast
Sakhalin and Kuril Islands, filmed in Kamyshovaya Bay
(Sevastopol) and at Cape Aya.
- The film "Admiral", filming scenes of naval battles of the times of the Russian
Japanese War (filmed in the Sevastopol region).
- The film "Korolev", shooting scenes of S. Korolev's departure from Magadan
took place in Sevastopol.
Middle Asia:
- The film "Taste of halva" (about the childhood of Khoja Nasreddin), shooting
were made in Feodosia.
- The aforementioned movie "Aladin's Magic Lamp".
- Film "Officers", a railway station in Turkestan, filming
in Inkerman (Sevastopol).
- The aforementioned film "And Another Night of Scheherazade".
Caucasus:
- The film "Vertical", a number of Caucasian scenes were filmed in
Crimea (in the rocky Nikitskaya cleft).
- Film "Taman", filming at Cape Tarkhankut.
- The film "Prisoner of the Caucasus", filmed in
Alushta, under Mount Demerdzhi and in other places of Gorny
Crimea.
- Film "Sportloto-82", filming in Feodosia and Gorny
Crimea, on Ai-Petri, the run of the main characters along
burning suspension bridge.
- The film "Thieves in law", the action takes place in the Caucasus,
filming was carried out in the Mountainous Crimea, on the embankment
Yalta and on the streets of the city.
- The film "Feasts of Valthazar", filming the capture of a passenger ship
militants led by young Dzhugashvili, and scenes on
Caucasian dacha of Stalin (dignity "Ukraine" in Miskhor) were produced in
Crimea.
- Film "Marco Polo", on the Swallow's Nest and in the Mountainous Crimea
scenes were filmed, the action of which took place in
medieval Armenia.
- The film "I am a doll", filming scenes of the attack of Chechen militants on
a village in the Stavropol Territory (the village of Tylovoe in the Baydarskaya Valley).
Filming underground:
- The film "Ordered to Survive", filmed in
Three-eye cave on Ai-Petri.
- The film "And Another Night of Scheherazade", filming was carried out in
Three-Eyed Cave on Ai-Petri.
- The film "Yalta" over Yalta ", filming in the newly discovered
cave on the Ai-Petri plateau.
Filming underwater:
- The film "Amphibian Man", shooting in Laspi Bay.
- The film "Scuba at the Bottom", filming in the New World.
- The film "The Little Mermaid", filming was carried out on Cape Sarych.
- The film "Pirates of the 20th century", filming in the basin and at Cape Tarkhankut.
- The film "Aquanauts", unprecedented in volume and complexity
underwater photography (scenery and various technical
funds) were produced on the shelf of Cape Tarkhankut.
- The film "Through hardships to the stars", for the first time space
weightlessness was filmed under water (in the pool).
Filming movie fairy tales:
- Films by Alexander Rowe: "Mary the Artisan", "Kingdom
crooked mirrors "," Frost "," Fire, water and copper pipes ",
"Barbara-beauty, long braid".
- Films by Alexander Ptushko: "Sadko", "Ilya Muromets",
"The Tale of Tsar Saltan", "Ruslan and Lyudmila", "Scarlet Sails".
- Films of Boris Rytsarev: "Aladdin's Magic Lamp", "On
sat on the golden porch. "
- The film "The Deer King" by Pavel Arsenov.
- Films of Mikhail Yuzovsky: "Merry Magic", "There, on
unknown paths "," After the rain, on Thursday "," One, two -
grief is not a problem. "
- Films by Gennady Vasiliev: "Finist - Clear Falcon", "Bye
the clock strikes ”,“ The New Adventures of Captain Vrungel ”,“ Black
prince".
- Films of Leonid Nechaev: "The Adventures of Buratino", "About
Little Red Riding Hood "," Peter Pan ".
- Films by Vladimir Bychkov: "City of Masters", "Little Mermaid".
- Film by Irina Povolotskaya "The Scarlet Flower".
- The film by Vladimir Grammatikov "Mio, my Mio".
- Film by Alexander Mitta "The Tale of Wanderings".
- Film by Takhir Sabirov "And One More Night of Scheherazade".
- Films-fairy tales of Boris Nebieridze ("Red Shoes", etc.).
- Polish film fairy tale "Academy of Pan Blots".
Filming science fiction films:
- "The hyperboloid of engineer Garin".
- "Amphibian Man".
- "Andromeda's nebula".
- "Treasures of the Burning Rocks".
- "Moscow - Cassiopeia" and "Teens in the Universe".
- "Sannikov Land".
- "Aquanauts".
- "Through hardship to the stars".
- "Comet".
- "It's hard to be God."
- "Purple ball".
Filming in ancient city-states, ancient settlements, fortresses and architectural and historical ensembles (the number of films cannot be counted):
Cave cities Chufut-Kale, Eski-Kermen, Kachi-Kalion, etc.
Genoese fortress in Sudak.
Palace of the Crimean Khans in Bakhchisarai.
Massandra Palace.
Yusupov Palace.
Note:
The idea for this review probably belongs to Crimean journalist Mike Lvovski.
Just in case - an exact copy of the "liner" from the letter of Valery Pavlotos:
"I was asked by the special correspondent of the newspaper "Segodnya" Mike Lvovski to compile a list of films (filmed in Crimea), the action of which takes place in different countries and on different continents."
Crimea is not only the sea coast, mountains and old parks with exotic plants. Few people know that about two-thirds of the peninsula is occupied by steppe. And this part of Crimea is also beautiful in its own way, unique and charming. This article will focus specifically on the Steppe Crimea. What is this region? Where are its borders? And what is its nature?
Features of the geography of Crimea
From the point of view of geomorphology and landscape zoning, the territory of the Crimean peninsula is divided into several zones:
- Plain or steppe (number I on the map).
- Mountain (number II).
- South Coast or in abbreviated form - South Coast (III).
- Kerch ridge-hilly (IV).
If you look at the physical map of the peninsula, you can see that about 70% of its territory is occupied by the plain (or steppe) Crimea. In the south, it directly adjoins the Outer Ridge of the Crimean Mountains, in the north and east it is limited by the shallow Sivash Bay, the shores of which are distinguished by the richest avifauna. We will tell you more about this natural region below.
Steppe Crimea on the administrative map of the peninsula
The area of \u200b\u200bthis region is about 17 thousand square kilometers. However, only a quarter of the total population of Crimea lives in this territory - no more than 650 thousand people.
12 districts are fully or partially located within the Steppe Crimea:
- Pervomaisky.
- Razdolnensky.
- Krasnoperekopsky.
- Dzhankoy.
- Krasnogvardeisky.
- Nizhnegorsky.
- Black Sea.
- Saksky.
- Soviet.
- Kirovsky (partially).
- Belogorsky (partially).
- Simferopol (partially).
The unspoken "capital" of the Crimean steppes can be called the city of Dzhankoy. Other large settlements in the region are Armyansk, Krasnoperekopsk, Evpatoria, Saki, Nikolaevka, Nizhnegorskiy, Sovetskiy, Oktyabrskoye. Practically in each of them there are enterprises that process one or another type of local agricultural raw materials. The cities of Armyansk and Krasnoperekopsk are the most important centers of the chemical industry. Soda and sulfuric acid are produced here.
Geology and relief
The region is based on the epigercynian Scythian plate, composed of deposits of the Neogene and Quaternary periods. The relief of the Steppe Crimea is quite diverse. In the northern and northeastern parts, it is represented by several lowlands (Sivash, North-Crimean, Indol and others) with absolute heights not exceeding 30 meters above sea level.
In the west of the peninsula, the Tarkhankut Upland stands out sharply in the relief. However, it can only be called a hill with a stretch. After all, the maximum point of Tarkankut is only 178 meters. Nevertheless, due to the seaside position, the elevation differences here are quite impressive. Some coastal cliffs rise 40-50 meters above sea waters.
The relief of the region is conducive to housing construction, the construction of roads and railways, and active agricultural land development.
Climate and inland waters
The climate of the region is moderately continental, rather dry. Winters here are mild and with little snow, with frequent thaws. Summers are hot with minimal precipitation. Average air temperatures in July are + 24 ... 27 degrees. The weather of the Steppe Crimea is variable, especially during the transitional seasons.
Back in the 19th century, academician G.P. Gelmersen suggested that it was the climate of the northern part of the Crimean peninsula that would become the main cause of poverty in this region in the future. During the year, no more than 400 mm of precipitation falls here, which approximately corresponds to the level of moisture in the semi-desert zone. The North Crimean Canal plays an important role in supplying the peninsula with fresh water. The only relatively large river in the Steppe Crimea is Salgir. In summer, many of its tributaries dry up completely or partially.
Flora and fauna
In summer, steppe ones resemble a lifeless desert with grass burnt out from the hot sun. But in spring, the region comes alive with a colorful carpet of flowering plants. The main representatives of the flora of the Crimean steppes are feather grass, fescue, bluegrass, wormwood, wheatgrass and other cereals. In spring, irises, tulips, poppies and various ephemeroids bloom here.
The fauna of the Steppe Crimea is rather poor. It is dominated by small mammals living in burrows - ground squirrels, jerboas, ferrets, hamsters, voles. Hares and various birds are quite common - larks, partridges, cranes, quails, eagles and harriers.
Unfortunately, significant areas of the Steppe Crimea are now plowed up. Virgin, untouched areas of natural landscapes can be found today only in reserves and on the slopes of ravines.
Main attractions
A sophisticated tourist, along and across the mountain trails of the Crimean Mountains, can be advised to go to the north of the peninsula. After all, there are also many interesting and beautiful objects there. We have selected ten attractions of the Steppe Crimea, which are worth visiting in the first place. It:
- Landscape park "Kalinovsky".
- Peninsula Tyup-Tarkhan ("bird paradise" of Crimea).
- National Park "Magic Harbor" on Tarkhankut.
- Farmstead "Nizhnegorye" with a park.
- Juma-Jami mosque and Karaite kenases in Evpatoria.
- Ancient Perekopsky shaft.
- The neo-gothic church "Heart of Jesus" in Aleksandrovka.
- Tulip fields in the village of Yantarnoye.
- Abuzlar tract with mysterious petroglyphs.
Rest in the Crimean steppes can be no less interesting and meaningful than in the mountains or on the South Coast. There are a number of excellent sea resorts in the eastern part of the Steppe Crimea. Among them are Evpatoria, Saki, Chernomorskoe, Nikolaevka, Olenevka, Mezhvodnoe and others.
Ai-petriCrimea is a place where there are many miraculous objects that have an unusual shape or content and are valuable for the ecosystem and for the whole of mankind.
These non-man-made objects are called landscape monuments... Landscape monuments include mountains, reserves, forests, rocks, caves, trails, and more. Feature of the Crimean landscapesit is also unusual that common European plants grow alongside typical Mediterranean and Asian plants.
Our peninsula is a territory where plants growing here in the pre-glacial period are still found - small-fruited strawberry, high juniper, Comperia Comper's orchid. Scientists have identified 142 plant species that are not found anywhere except Crimea.
Landscape The peninsula can be divided into the northern part, which is occupied by a plain in size, which is about three quarters of the entire area of \u200b\u200bCrimea, and into the southern part, which accounts for ¼, where the main ridge of the Crimean Mountains (outer) passes.
The Crimean ridge can be divided into inner (northern) and outer (southern). The inner ridge with a length of 125 kilometers starts from the Mekkenzievy mountains, near Sevastopol and passes in the Belogorsk region, to Mount Agarmysh, in the Old Crimea.
The inner and outer parts of the Crimean mountains are separated by flat areas, natural basins are the Baydar Valley, the Kyzyl-Kobin Valley and others. These valleys surrounded by mountains create a unique natural landscape... The Crimean mountains are rich in vegetation and form beautiful mountain-forest landscapes with their slopes.
2.Landscapes of the southern coast of Crimea
Waterfall and cave in the valley near the Red Cave Perhaps the most famous and one of the most beautiful landscape monuments is Big Yalta, it represents 80 kilometers of the Black Sea coast. The winding coast, coming close to the sea, as well as the unique main ridge of the Crimean mountains, plus a dry warm climate, attract many connoisseurs of natural earthly beauty with their landscape.
There are many of the most unique and unusual extreme places here Crimeaand even Ukraine. Cape Sarych is located on this territory - this is the southernmost point of the country, Alupka is the warmest place in Ukraine, here, according to scientists, there is the largest number of sunny days per year, and Mount Ai-Petri is considered the windiest mountain, there are most winds here. The highest mountain in Crimea is also located here, the Roman-Kosh mountain.
And not only big Yalta, for many millions of years the entire Black Sea coast has taken on such bizarre outlines, stunning in their beauty in the form of rocky cliffs, pebble and sandy beaches, cozy bays.
The fabulous landscape changes along the entire coast of Crimea, washed first by the Black Sea, then by the Azov Sea, and then by Lake Sivash. Palm trees, laurels and cypresses, which were brought to Crimea much later, and which add to the natural wealth, are well combined with local landscape monuments. harmony and beautythe landscape of Crimea.
The main ridge of the Crimean mountains stretches along the coast of the Crimea from southwest to east, and has a length of about 160 km and a width of 40-50 km. The mountains amphitheatrically descend to the sea, forming beautiful "yailas" - this is the Yalta yayla reaching a height of 1406 m, where the city of Yalta is located.
Ai-Petrinskaya yayla reaches a height of 1320 m, Alupka and Simeiz are picturesquely spread here. Gurzuf Yaila has a height of 1540 m - Gurzuf is located, Nikitskaya Yaila has a height of 1470 m, Nikitsky Botanical, famous far beyond the Crimea, is located here. garden.
Babugan Yayla has the highest point of Crimea 1545m, located on the Roman-kosh mountain. The amphitheaters of these yayls have been inhabited by people since ancient times; ancient human sites have been discovered here.
Crimean pine On the southern side of the Main ridge of the Crimean Mountains, two zones of vegetation stand out: at the top, Scots pine is more common, and below, at an altitude of 300-400 m above the sea, there are forests of Crimean pine. Then, dropping down towards the sea, there is the so-called shibliak belt.
Here vegetation of the Mediterranean type - high juniper, downy oak, butcher, strawberry wood, wild pistachio, etc.
In the forests of the southern coast of Crimea, relict conifers have survived - berry yew and high juniper, Juniperus excelsa, some specimens reach 3-5 meters in volume.
Some of these relics are 1000 years old. They can be found in the Laspi tract, on Cape Sarych, Ai-Todor, Martyan, Montedor, in the Kanak Balka. Thanks to the relief, in the Crimea you can see a wide variety of landscapes and various vegetation.
3.Landscape of the inner ridge of the Crimean mountains
The northern part, the inner part, of the main ridge of the Crimean Mountains descends to Bakhchisarai, and is called the Crimean foothills. Her landscape indented by amazing canyons, mountain ranges and table-like mountain plateaus, as if by nature intended for human settlements. This is evidenced by the most ancient cave cities.
The Crimean mountains were formed over millions of years, understood from the bottom of the ancient sea, where sedimentary rocks such as limestone, sandstone, marl, clay and shale accumulated. Having risen from the day of the sea, the mountains were exposed to wind, water and different temperatures.
In places of geological faults, under the influence of water, river valleys, canyons and mountain ranges appeared. A characteristic feature of the interior of the Crimean Mountains is the gentle slopes called cuesta (slope). From the dense limestones of the upper layers of the cuesta, ledges-cornices were obtained. In the process of erosion of rocks, the most bizarre figures appeared on the inner ridge: "sphinxes", "mushrooms", "ribs", grottoes, mountains - outliers.
4.Landscapes of the steppe part of Crimea
Landscape the plain part of the Crimea is relatively monotonous, to the north stretches the steppe plain, sometimes there are small hills. In the west is the Tarkankhut peninsula, it is also treeless, and in spring and early summer it is covered with green vegetation and beautiful flowers, which fade under the hot Crimean sun by the middle of summer.
The coast of the sea is steep, high, there are caves, grottoes. Moving inland from the Crimean mountains and the sea, you find yourself in the steppe zone, where unusual and fast rivers become calm, large tracts of gardens and vineyards appear, there are large strips of meadows with bright poppies and other vegetation.
The plains gradually descend from south to north, occupying the northern and central parts. The nature of Crimea is unique due to the combination of flat landscapes and mountain ranges. In this part of Crimea, there are many garden and park complexes built after the annexation of Crimea to Russia; natural landscapes are, as it were, decorated and exalted with landscapes of parks created by man. I wrote about one such park complex here.
5. The seas washing Crimea
From the south, Crimea is washed by the Black Sea, and from the east is the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. Between these two seas is the Kerch Strait, 5 to 15 km wide. The depth of the Black Sea in some places reaches 2200 meters and has no noticeable ebb or flow. The depth of the Azov Sea is about 13.5 meters.
6.Rivers of the Crimean Peninsula
Crimean rivers, as a rule, are not large and full-flowing, they are meandering and fast. Most of the rivers, under the scorching rays of the summer sun, almost dry up, or go underground into karst cavities. The largest Crimean river is Salgir, and the deepest is Belbek.
Crimean rivers passing through constantly changing mountain reliefs, canyons and gorges, then falling, then rising, then spreading across the plain often form whole cascades of waterfalls, attracting numerous groups of tourists.
Crimean rivers are small mountain streams that resemble streams. In the summer, most often, drying up rivers bare their channel, which is dotted with boulders, stones of various sizes and shapes. Sometimes a thin stream of a brook breaks through these boulders, then hides under the ground and suddenly reappears on the surface of the earth.
But if a heavy rain falls in the mountains, the rivers instantly fill with water, overflow the banks, breaking into numerous streams, rushing rapidly downward, then uniting into one stream they capture both large stones and twisted by the roots trees.
Tourists need to know this when choosing a place to sleep and place their tourist equipment away from seemingly harmless streams. Crimea is also rich in salt lakes.
7 peninsula caves
Caves of the Crimean Peninsula In Crimea Many karst caves have been discovered, which, in their beauty, are attractive to speleologists all over the world. On the Chatyr-Dag mountain, a cave called "Marble" is open and equipped for tourists. This name was given to her because of her unique beauty, reminiscent of the intricate pattern of marble.
The cave has several, equipped for visitors, halls and galleries, about one and a half kilometers long. The depth of the cave is 60 meters, and the explored length is more than two kilometers. The unique Marble Cave ranks fifth in the world among the most beautiful caves on the planet.
Well, the longest karst cave Crimea is Krasnaya, its length is 16 thousand meters. The record for the depth is set by the Soldatskaya Cave, which goes 517 meters deep. Also one of the unique in Europe for its unusual underground coloring is considered the cave Emine-Bair-_Khosar, which is located near the Marble Cave.
It is quite possible to organize a visit to many Crimean landscape monuments on your own, since the infrastructure in the Crimea is developed and you can get everywhere by public transport, the roads are not bad.
Visit land landscape monuments it can be paid and free, as a rule, visits to the monuments are available from April to October, but there are also winter visits. Many landscape monuments are protected by the state or a lot of assistance is provided to individuals who make the landscape of Crimea unique, such as .
Categories: / from 12.02.2013Crimea is distinguished by a wide variety of soil and vegetation cover, which is directly dependent on the features of the geological structure, the variety of parent rocks, relief and climate. A characteristic feature of the distribution of the soil and vegetation cover of Crimea is a combination of latitudinal and vertical zoning.
Most of the Steppe Crimea is covered southernlow-humus and carbonate(Priazov type) black soil,which are replaced in the north chestnutsoils. Sivash and Karkinitsky gulf have developed salt licksand salt marshes.
In the central part of the flat Crimea and in the northeastern part of the Kerch Peninsula, heavy loamy and clayey southern chernozems are widespread. These soils were formed on loess-like rocks under thinned grass vegetation and contain little humus (3-4%). Due to the peculiarities of its mechanical composition, the southern chernozems float during the rain, and when they dry out, they become crusty, however, despite this, they are still the best soils of the plain Crimea. With the right agricultural equipment, southern chernozems can provide good harvests of grain and industrial crops, grapes. The southern part of the lowland Crimea adjacent to the mountains and partly the northeastern region of the Kerch Peninsula.
The belt of southern chernozems to the north is gradually replaced by a belt of heavy loamy dark chestnut and chestnut solonetzic soils formed under conditions of high standing of saline groundwater on loesslike rocks. The humic content in these soils is only 2.5-3%. Chestnut-type soils are also characteristic of the southwestern region of the Kerch Peninsula, where they formed on saline Maikop clays. With proper farming techniques, chestnut soils can provide fairly high yields of various crops.
On the low-lying coast of the Sivash and Karkinitsky Bay, where groundwater is very close to the surface and is highly saline, salt licks and salt marshes are developed. Similar soils are also found in the southwestern region of the Kerch Peninsula.
The natural vegetation cover of the plain Crimea was a typical steppe. In the herbage, the main background was sod grasses: various feathery feathergrass, feathergrass (tyrsa), fescue (or steppe fescue), tonkonog, steppe keleria (or kipts), wheatgrass. Forbs were represented by sage (wilted and Ethiopian), kermek (Tatar and Sarepta), alfalfa yellow, spring adonis, katran steppe, yarrow, etc. A characteristic element were plants of a short spring growing season - ephemera (annual species of fires, barley and hare and etc.) and ephemeroids (tulips, steppe irises, etc.). Considerable areas were occupied by the so-called deserted steppe on chestnut-type soils. Along with the predominant grasses (fescue, wheatgrass, tyrsa, etc.), Crimean wormwood was very widespread there as a result of increased grazing. Ephemerals and ephemeroids were also quite characteristic.
Petrophytic (rocky) steppe is located on the stony-gravelly slopes of the ridges and hills of the Tapkhankut and Kerch peninsulas. Here, along with grasses (feather grass, fescue, wheatgrass, etc.), xerophytic dwarf shrubs (wormwood, Dubrovnik, thyme) are widespread. There are shrubs of wild rose, hawthorn, blackthorn, etc.
Saline vegetation (sarsazan, saltros, sveda) is widespread on the saline soils of the coast of the Karkinitsky Bay, Sivash and the southwestern part of the Kerch Peninsula. On drier and less saline soils, grasses grow there (volost, rattle, riparian).
Currently, the Crimean steppe has lost its natural appearance. It is almost entirely plowed up and is occupied by fields of wheat, corn, various vegetables, as well as vineyards and orchards. Recently, rice has become more and more common in Crimea. A characteristic element of the cultural landscape of the lowland Crimea are forest shelter belts of white acacia, birch bark, ash maple, ash and apricot.
The expanses of the Steppe Crimea with chernozem and chestnut soils are almost completely plowed up, the steppe vegetation has been preserved only in small patches on the slopes of hills and near roads. In the northern and northeastern parts of the Sivash, dry feather-grass-fescue-wormwood and fescue-wormwood steppes dominate, in places turning into wormwood and saltwort semi-desert. The most typical Crimean wormwood. The predominant association of Crimean wormwood with bulbous bluegrass ephemera in the Sivash region, according to botanist M.S.Shalyt, is secondary. This is evidenced by reserved virgin areas of the steppe with a predominance of grasses (wheat grass, feather grass, fescue) and an admixture of wormwood. With increased grazing, cereals disappear.
On the Kerch and Tarkhankut peninsulas, hilly-steppe landscapes are presented.
Dry-steppe landscapes with fragments of semi-deserts are widespread in the Sivash part of Crimea. The presence of semi-desert fragments in the Sivash region is obviously associated not with zonal climatic conditions, but with purely local natural features, with the influence of the Sivash on salinization of groundwater and soils. For the low-lying areas of the Sivash coast, salineros are characteristic - an annual hodgepodge, the thickets of which are distinguished by red spots, and sarsazan, which grows in the form of green squat pillows.
The bad smell of Sivash is associated with hydrogen sulphide, which is formed during the rotting of the algae thrown on the shore - the filamentous plant. At present, the landscapes of the Steppe Crimea are agriculturally developed.
The steppe Crimea is inhabited mainly by the same fauna as the steppes of the Russian Plain.
Mountain Crimea. In the mountains of the Crimea, landscape high-altitude zoning is clearly manifested. On the southern slope of Yaila, the lower altitude zone corresponds to the southern coast of Crimea. According to climatic conditions, it can be attributed to the region of the northeastern edge of the Mediterranean climate.
On the southern coast of Crimea, red-brown(transitional from mountain-forest brown to red soil) and brown soils.
Often, the soil is skeletal - its main mass is made up of small weathered shale gravel. There are vineyards on such "slate" soils. There are areas of relict red earth soils.
The flora of the southern coast of Crimea is distinguished by great species richness. On a small area of \u200b\u200bthe southern coast and the southern slope of Yaila, almost 1,500 plant species grow, out of 3,500 species known throughout the European part of Russia. The vegetation of the South Coast is close to the Mediterranean.
A xerophytic oak-juniper low-stemmed forest with undergrowth of evergreen and deciduous shrubs, with a rich and varied grass cover, rises to a height of about 300 m. The main forest-forming species are treelike juniper, fluffy oak, turpentine tree, or wild pistachio, in the second tier and undergrowth are evergreens: strawberry tree, cistus, butcher's tree, ivy from lianas, many deciduous vines - clematis. In some places there is a pine close to Pitsunda.
Oak-juniper forests are interspersed with shrub thickets of the shibleak type, formed by shrubs of fluffy oak, hornbeam, hold-tree.
Vineyards, tobacco plantations, and garden and park vegetation have displaced natural vegetation on the South Bank over significant areas. Many Mediterranean, East Asian, American and other foreign plants have perfectly taken root here: cypress, laurel, cherry laurel, magnolia, fan palm, Lankaran acacia (incorrectly called "mimosa"), holly, boxwood, eucalyptus.
A particularly rich collection of plants from various countries of the world is represented by the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, located on the slope of the Nikitskaya Yayla between Yalta and Gurzuf.
To the east of Alushta, due to the increasing dryness of the climate, the nature of the natural vegetation changes: evergreens disappear, the species composition of the forest becomes poorer, and gradually the forest is completely replaced by shrub thickets of the shiblyak type. On dry shale slopes, sparse thickets of dry-loving grasses and dwarf shrubs are widespread here, mostly hard, thorny or pubescent, reminiscent of the eastern Mediterranean frigana. Further to the east, the vegetation acquires a steppe character.
Faunathe southern, mountainous part of the Crimean peninsula, according to I.I.Puzanov, belongs to the Mediterranean subregion and is its northeastern outpost. At the same time, it bears the features of the island fauna, expressed in the presence of endemics and in the incompleteness of many groups of animals. The endemic Crimean gecko is known among the lizards on the southern coast. The fauna of invertebrates of the southern Mediterranean type is richly represented; cicadas, praying mantises, scolopendra, the Crimean scorpion, phalanx are widespread; from small dipterans, mosquitoes are characteristic of these places.
As you move from the South Coast up the slope of Yaila, the climate gradually becomes cooler, the amount of precipitation increases, the soils acquire the features of typical mountain-forest brown,oak-juniper forests of the lower belt are replaced by broad-leaved forests with a predominance of downy oak, on limestones of rock oak and forests of Crimean pine; both grow approximately within 300-900 m.
The upper part of the Yaila slope is occupied by a belt of beech forests. Crimean pine and mainly hooked pine, hornbeam, maple are mixed with beech. Usually, beech forests rise to the very edge of the slope (more than 1000 m) and abruptly break off at the edge of the summit plateau, on which they are found only in separate areas.
The vegetation of the Yayla summit surface belongs to the uppermost landscape belt - stony mountain meadows, meadow steppes and juniper elfin on the karst limestone surface.
Soils on the treeless summit surface of Yaila mountain meadow chernozem,in the east passing into mountain chernozems.The nature of the soils refutes the widespread opinion about the secondary deforestation of the Yaylinsky plateaus. Obviously, the forests, parts of which have survived to this day, were formerly wider, but significant areas of the Yaila karst plateau should be considered treeless since ancient times.
In the treeless areas of the Yaylinsky plateaus, the herbaceous vegetation includes fescue, thin-legged, bonfire, feather grass, widespread steppe sedge, creeping clover, bedstraw, cuff, Crimean "edelweiss" - an endemic species from the carnation family). There are alpine plants - fluffy breaks, grains, alpine violets. At the same time, in the driest areas, meadow-steppeassociations. In the highest areas, tree and shrub vegetation is absent, but below (at an altitude of 1200 m) trees and shrubs are found under the protection of rocks and in the depressions of karst sinkholes and wells, and sometimes form small forests on the plateau itself. Such vegetation can be called forest-meadow-steppe.
The herbaceous vegetation of the eastern karst plateaus is steppe, stronger than the western ones. In open, treeless spaces, steppe meadowsand meadow steppes,which at lower altitudes turn into mountain steppe.Some researchers consider the vegetation of the eastern plateau to be a mountain forest-steppe.
The northern slope of Yaila, like the southern one, is covered with forests with mountain-forest brown soils.In the upper part of the slope, beech, hornbeam, in some places oak (on the slopes of the southern exposure), hooked pine dominate in the forests. Below 700-600 m, they are replaced mainly by oak forests. Mountain-forest brown soils here gradually turn into brown.Even lower, on the spurs of Yaila and in the strip of cuestas, a low-growing fluffy oak begins to dominate. Further to the north and north-west, there is a transition to the southern forest-steppe, where thickets of low-growing oaks, hornbeams, grizzly trees and other tree and shrub species alternate with areas of steppe vegetation.
Mountain forest fauna Crimea is richest on the northern slope of the Yaila, especially in the dense forests of the Crimean reserve (in the sources of the Kacha and Alma). The Crimean deer (endemic subspecies), roe deer, badger, marten, fox, water cooler, wood mouse, bats are characteristic; from birds - black-headed jay, woodpeckers, tits, blackbird, wild pigeons, black vultures, eagles, owls.
As can be seen from the description of the landscape features of the northern slope of the Crimean Mountains, Mediterranean landscapes are absent here. In the lower altitude zone, the southern forest-steppe is developed, and in the middle there are no Crimean pine forests characteristic of the southern slope. More similarity is observed, as is usually the case in the mountains, in the landscapes of the upper parts of the slopes. Nevertheless, in general, we can talk about a different structure of the altitudinal zoning of the landscapes of the northern and southern slopes of the Crimean Mountains. The existing differences are due to the climatic barrier role of Yaila.
LANDSCAPE TYPES (option 2)
Brown and partly brown forest soils are developed on the southern coast. Brown soils are common under dry sparse forests and shrubs and are formed on clay shales of the Taurida series and red weathering products of limestones; brown forest soils are typical for less dry places.
The special landscapes of Crimea are the southern coastal ones - Mediterranean and cultivated (with vineyards and tobacco plantations, gardens, parks, resorts).
In this part of Crimea, the Mediterranean features are most clearly manifested in the soil and vegetation cover. Altitudinal zoning is well developed on the slopes of the Crimean Mountains. There are numerous subtropical plants (up to 50% of the species composition), which makes it possible to attribute the plant formations of the region to the sub-Mediterranean type, similar to the vegetation of the northern part of the Balkan Peninsula. The southern regions of Mountainous Crimea are characterized by exceptionally high biodiversity - in this small area there are almost 1,500 plant species, including endemic (Crimean edelweiss) and relict (Stankevich pine).
At the southern foot of the Crimean Yaila, low-stemmed oak-juniper forests grow with undergrowth of deciduous and evergreen shrubs - strawberry tree (Arbutus andrachne), cistus (Cistus tauricus), butcher's broom (Ruscus ponticus), intertwined with ivy and clematis. To the east, the forests are replaced by shrub thickets of the Shiblyak type of fluffy oak, hornbeam and grizzly tree (Paliurus spina christi), which in the driest areas are replaced by thickets of xerophytic grasses and semi-shrubs. Massifs of relict pine trees have survived in the vicinity of Sudak and in the extreme west of the coast. The soil cover is represented by red-brown and brown soils of the subtropics; there are areas of relict red earth soils. On significant areas, the natural vegetation of the coast has been replaced by vineyards, tobacco plantations and fruit crops. Numerous resort areas have garden and park vegetation, which includes many introduced species: laurel, cypress, magnolia, fan palm, boxwood, holly, etc. Yayla. Typical forest and shrub communities are protected in the Yalta and Cape Martyan nature reserves.
On the southern slopes, oak-juniper forests are replaced by broad-leaved (mainly oak) and pine from the Crimean pine on mountain-forest brown soils. Above 900 m, beech forests appear, which, in addition to beech, contain pines, hornbeams, and maples. The summit surfaces of the Yaila are occupied by stony mountain meadows, meadow steppes and thickets of juniper elfin, mainly on mountain meadow chernozem soils. The northern slopes of Yaila and the adjacent cuesta ridges are covered mainly with oak forests. In the middle of the slopes, rock oak predominates in their composition, below the dominance passes to a more xerophilic fluffy oak. Shiblyak thickets are widespread in the foothills.
The vegetation of the South Coast is distinguished by a xerophytic character, richness of Mediterranean forms and many alien cultural forms. The most common are forest formations, shrubs, and thickets of dry-loving grasses and dwarf shrubs. The forests are undersized and are formed by a fluffy oak, tree juniper, wild pistachio, Crimean pine, hornbeam, strawberry. Shrub thickets, which are an analogue of the Eastern Mediterranean shiblyak, consist of shrubby forms of fluffy oak, hornbeam, grip-tree, scumpia, sumach, shaggy pear, dogwood, orchid, cistus, etc. Open, dry and stony areas are covered with semi-woody grasses Crimean analogue of the East Mediterranean freegans. The parks are home to cypresses, cedars, spruces, pines, sequoias, firs, laurels, magnolias, palms, cork oaks, plane trees, and Lankaran acacias. Vineyards, orchards and tobacco plantations are also characteristic of the South Coast landscape.
The orrographic and climatic differences of individual parts of the Main Ridge determine the diversity of their soil and vegetation cover. The western part of the ridge is characterized by brown mountain forest soils, mountain brown soils of dry forests and shrubs, and alluvial meadow soils of river valleys and gullies. Due to the low-mountainous relief and its large fragmentation, the vertical zoning of the soil-vegetation cover is poorly expressed here. Forests of fluffy oak, treelike juniper, wild pistachio (kevo tree) with undergrowth of hornbeam, dogwood, hold-tree and thorn prevail. Stunted juniper forests grow on rocky soils and rocky areas. Higher up the slopes, there are more tall mixed deciduous forests of beech, oak, hornbeam, and ash. Lots of wild grapes and ivy. The valleys and basins are characterized by herbaceous meadow-steppe vegetation. To a greater extent, the hollows have been developed for fields, vineyards, orchards, and tobacco plantations.
The slopes of the middle part of the Main Ridge are occupied by brown mountain forest soils and their podzolized varieties. The vertical vegetation zoning is quite well expressed here.
The lower part of the northern slope of the Main Ridge is occupied by a low-stemmed oak forest, which is heavily sparse. The forest is formed mainly by fluffy and rock oak and partly by pedunculate oak. In the undergrowth, dogwood and hornbeam. Occasionally there are small areas of pine, oak-pine and juniper forests. The open areas of the slope are occupied by forest and steppe herbaceous vegetation partially penetrated here (sealer, kupena, forest bluegrass, fragrant woodruff, feather grass, fescue, wheat grass, etc.). Higher up the slope (up to 600 m) there is a tall oak forest with an admixture of ash, field maple, aspen, and large-fruited mountain ash. In the undergrowth, hornbeam, dogwood, hazel, buckthorn, hawthorn, scumpia. Even higher (from 600 to 1000 m), a tall-trunked beech forest with an admixture of hornbeam dominates, there are rare areas of Crimean pine, and on the slopes of the southern exposure there are tree-like juniper groves and single yews. At altitudes over 1000 m, already a dwarf beech forest grows with rare areas of Scots pine.
On the southern slope of the Main Ridge, above the dry forests and shrubs of the Southern Birch, at an altitude of 400 to 800-1000 m, there is a Crimean pine forest. Fluffy oak and treelike and shrub juniper are found as an admixture. To the east of Gurzuf, the distribution of the Crimean pine is already insular in nature, and to the east of Alushta there are only individual specimens of this tree. Pine forests give way here to forests of fluffy oak, hornbeam, tree juniper, wild pistachio and dogwood. Above 1000 m there is a forest of beech, Scots pine and partly Crimean pine, oak, maple, linden, hornbeam.
Yayly, as a rule, are treeless and covered with herbaceous meadow-steppe vegetation on mountain chernozems and mountain-meadow chernozem-like soils. The eastern part of the Main Ridge is characterized by low-stemmed woodlands of oak, beech, ash, hornbeam and shrub thickets of dogwood, hawthorn, hold-tree, scumpia on brown mountain forest soils and steppe varieties of mountain brown soils.
The foothills are occupied by a forest-steppe with a mosaic alternation of treeless (steppe) and forest areas. Soils are calcareous chernozems, crushed soddy-calcareous and brown soils. Treeless areas are characterized by herbaceous grasses and herbs: feather grass, fescue, wheatgrass, wheatgrass, saffron, adonis or spring adonis, sage, peon, yarrow, immortelle, etc. They are mostly plowed and developed for fields, vineyards, tobacco plantations and - oil-bearing plants. Orchards and vineyards are widespread in the river valleys. Forest areas consist of undersized trees, forest bushes (downy oak, rocky and pedunculated oak, field maple, ash, elm, hazel and dogwood). Shrubs include scumpia, hawthorn, blackthorn, dog rose, buckthorn, etc.
