AFGHANISTAN
(Islamic state of Afghanistan)
General
Geographical position. Afghanistan is a state in the south-west of Asia. In the north borders with Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan; in the east - with China, India (the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir) and Pakistan; in the south, Pakistan; In the West - with Iran.
Area. The territory of Afghanistan takes 647,600 square meters. km.
Main cities, administrative division. The capital of Afghanistan - Kabul. The largest cities: Kabul (700 thousand people), Kandahar (226 thousand people), Herat (178 thousand people). Administrative and territorial division of the country: 29 provinces (prize) and 2 county of central subordination.
Political system
Afghanistan is in the transitional period: since September 1996, the power is in the hands of the Taliban religious group.
Relief. Afghanistan is a mountainous country: about three quarters of the territory occupy mountains and hills. In the north there is several valleys of rivers, in the south and south-west -pustoous areas. Main Mountain System Hindukush Country System, which stretches for 965 km from Pamir in the northeast to Border with Iran in the West. The average height of the gindukus is about 4,270 m, some peaks reach a height of 7,620 m. Through several passes, the internal areas of the country are connected. The lowest pass of Gindukusha-Shibar-located at a height of 2,987 m and connects the capital of the state of Kabul with the northern regions of the country. Hibiberga Pass in the northeast border connects Afghanistan with Pakistan.
Geological structure and minerals. The country's depths contain rich reserves of natural gas, oil, coal, copper, mica, barite, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, precious and semi-precious stones.
Climate. The climate of the country is diverse. In Kabul, located at an altitude of 1830 m above sea level, cold winter and warm summer. In Jalalabad (550 m above sea level), the climate is subtropical, and in Kandahar (1,070 m above sea level) is soft.
Inland waters. The largest rivers of Afghanistan: Amudarya, Kabul, Gilmend and Gerud.
Soil and vegetation. Coniferous forests occupying about 3% of the territory of Afghanistan, grow at an altitude of 1,830 to 3,660 m, below are deciduous forests - juniper, ash. Among the fruit trees is the most common apple trees, a pear, peach, apricot. Field palm trees grow in the country, and in the Kandahar area and Jalalabada-large quantity of citrus.
Animal world. In Afghanistan, camels, mountain goats, bears, gazelles, wolves, sacks, wild cats and foxes are found in Afghanistan. Famous Afghanistan and Afghan Borzoya. Among the pets are the greatest value of the doodle sheep.
Population and language
The population is about 24.792 million people. The average population density is about 38 people per 1 square meter. km. Ethnic groups: Pashtuna-38%, Tajiks - 25%, Khazar - 19%, Uzbeks - 6%. Languages: Pushta, Dari (State), Uzbek, Kyrgyz.
Religion
Sunnis - 84%, Shiites-15%, Hindus, Jews.
Brief historical essay
The first information about Afghanistan belongs to the VI century. BC e. When it was included in the Persian Empire of Ahemenide. About 330 BC e. Afghanistan was
conquered by Alexander Macedonian. After the death of Alexander, the country was ruled by the Greek, Indian, and then Iranian rulers.
In the middle of the VII century. n. e. The country won the Arabs, whose influence turned out to be the strongest and continued until 1220, when the country was captured by ChingiShan's troops. Under the rule of Mongols, the country was before the XIV century.
In 1747, after another uprising against Iranian dominion, the first Afghan state led by Emir Ahmad Shah arose. However, afterwards the emirate broke up.
At the beginning of the XIX century. After the anarchy period, Muhammad Khan, who took the title of Emir in 1835.
From the middle of the XIX century. Russia and the United Kingdom led the struggle for the influence on the country, in 1907, an agreement was signed on the recognition of the integrity of Afghanistan.
Until 1973, Afghanistan remained the monarchy. In 1973, the republic was proclaimed as a result of a military coup in the country. In 1978t. As a result, the revolutionary council came to power. At the end of December 1979, Soviet troops were included in Afghanistan, who were there until February 15, 1989. However, after the withdrawal of Soviet troops, civil war continued. On April 16, 1992, the troops of the rebels captured Kabul.
The country has become the name of the Islamic state of Afghanistan, the authorities were transferred to the leading Vadzhihad (Transitional Council of the Mujahideen). In December 1992 The President of the country was elected B. Rabbani, led by the leading council. From the mid-1990s. Most of the territory of Afghanistan after fierce fighting moves under the control of the "Taliban" movement, professing extremely fundamentalist views and the support of Pakistan's ruling circles. The Government of Rabbani has government status in exile.
Short economic essay
Afghanistan is an agricultural country. 1/3 of the processed lands are irrigated. Cereals (mainly wheat, as well as corn, barley, rice), technical (cotton, oilseed, sugar beet, sugar cane) culture. Vegetable growing, muddy, fruit growing and viticulture. Natural gas production, oil. Textile, chemical, food industry. Railway. Export: natural gas, dried fruits, carpets, doodle.
Monetary unit - Afghani.
Short essay of culture
Art and architecture. Kabul. Kabul Museum with a collection of Buddhist exhibits. Mazar Sharif. Mosque XV century, in which the tomb of Califa Ali is located, the son-in-law of the Prophet Mohammed. Herat. Walls of the Old Town; Great mosque. Gazni. The ruins of the old gas. Kandahar. Several mosques; The tomb of the first Emir of Afghanistan Ahmad Shah.
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The Islamic State of Afghanistan is located and the central part of Asia.
Administratively, the country consists of 34 provinces (prize).
The largest citya: Kabul, Kandahar, Herat.
Capital of Afghanistan - City of Kabul.
Borders and Square of Afghanistan
Ground borders with India, Iran, Pakistan, China, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
Afghanistan covers an area of \u200b\u200b647,500 square kilometers.
Map of Afghanistan
Timezone
Population of Afghanistan
29 117,000 people.
Language
State languages \u200b\u200b- Pushtu and Dari.
Religion
Afghanistan - Islamic Republic. About 80% of the population - Sunni, 19% are shiites. Other religions - 1%.
Finance
Official monetary unit - Afghani.
Medical care and insurance
The level of medicine in Afghanistan is one of the worst in the world.
Voltage in the network
220 volt. Frequency 50 Hz.
International Physical Code of Afghanistan
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Afghanistan is a country in the Middle East. Satellite map of Afghanistan shows that the country is bordered by Iran, China, Pakistan, India, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. Country Area - 652,864 square meters. km. Most of the territory occupied by mountains and valleys.
The state is divided into 34 provinces. The largest cities of Afghanistan are Kabul (Capital), Herat, Kandahar, Mazar-Sharif and Jelalabad. National languages \u200b\u200b- Pashto and Dari. National currency - Afghani.
Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world. The country has tremendous mineral reserves, but their mining is not developed. The state economy is based on agriculture. One of the main directions of agriculture is the cultivation of opium: the country is considered one of the largest drug exporters in the world.
Landscapes of Afghanistan
Brief history of Afghanistan
Vi in. BC. - The territory of Afghanistan entered the Persian Empire
IV-II century BC. - was part of the Empire of Alexander Macedonsky, the state of the selevikov and the Greek-Bactrian kingdom
VI century - Afghanistan conquered by Arabs, spread Islam
XVIII century - Afghanistan is part of the Persian Empire, the emergence of the first independent Afghan principles
The beginning of the 20th century is the "big game" between the Russian and British empires for the territory of Afghanistan.
1919 - the country receives independence from the UK
1919-1973 - Kingdom of Afghanistan
1973 - the state coup and education of the Republic
1978 - Revolution, Education of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
1978-present. Time - Civil War, Taliban movement, drug production growth
2001 - the fall of the Taliban regime, the formation of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
War in Afghanistan
Sights of Afghanistan
On a detailed map of Afghanistan from the satellite, you can see some attractions: Mount Noshak (7492 m), Paropamiz and Hindukush mountain systems, the Amudarya River, Gerud and Gilmennd, Lake Hamun Group.
On the territory of Afghanistan, monuments of architecture of different historical periods have been preserved. The pagan period includes the Round Temple of Dashal, the sanctuary in Kandahar and the ancient settlement of Altyn Tapa in Balkha. From the monuments of the Buddhist period, the temple in Gazni, the cave complex Khazar Sum, Monasteries, Bamian and Kunduz, are preserved.
Bamian Valley (Cave Monastery)
The monuments of the Islamic period include a blue mosque in Mazar-Sharifa, cathedral mosques in Kabul and Herat, tombs and mausoleums in Herat and Kandahar. The Jam Minaret is included in UNESCO World Heritage List.
Among the attractions of Afghanistan is to highlight Baburic Gardens and Kabul Museum in Kabul.
Afghanistan is a country located in the Middle East, bordering Pakistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and India. This page contains the most convenient maps to search for the right place, planning a tourist route and a simple study of the country's place on the world map.
Interactive Card.
Move the map, increase and reduce the scale to obtain the desired country information.
Tourist and administrative cards
An administrative map of Afghanistan with an indication of all 34 provinces of the country.
The map of Afghanistan on which the country relief is perfectly visible and key cities. 
Analytical information
Thanks to the authority of Ptolemy, such a look about the predominance of sushi over the water was greatly distributed and retained in science until the XV century. This delusion of the ancients had in the future very big consequences, prompting Columbus to go into a bold journey to the West under the assumption that Western Europe, East Asia and Afghanistan shares a narrow water space.
On the maps of Ptolemy is noticeably already the desire to portray the terrestrial surface: the main direction of the mountain ranges is given and the most outstanding vertices are noted by strokes. To designate the natural nature of the earth's surface, the Ptoleum introduced the term "topography".
The Ptolem was written a number of writings: the most important of them are the "Great Assembly" and "Geography". In the first essay, consisting of 13 books, mathematics, astronomy, geography and the system of the world are presented, and the Earth is adopted for the fixed center of the Universe. The system of peace Ptolometry due to the patronage of the clergy existed to Copernicus.
Ptoleuma already divides the land on the belt longness of the day, and parallel divides on the part of the midday shadows of the sun. The circle is divided by 360 parts (degrees), degrees - by 60 parts (minutes), minutes - by 60 parts (seconds).
In "Geography" outlines physical geography and cartography. To "geography" applied 27 cards of various parts of the earth's surface, including Afghanistan. For the card of the entire land, Ptoleum built a simple conical projection with meridians converging to the pole, and completely different from the rectangular grids used to it. For the image of individual parts of the Earth, Ptoleum used mainly a stereographic projection.
Describing the rules for drawing cards, Ptolomes completely correctly approached the issue of drawing up cards, indicating the need to preliminarily determine the geographical coordinates of the points of the earth's surface from astronomical observations, and then applying them to the card. For the initial meridian in the astronomical definitions of Ptoleum, took the meridian of the Canary Islands. The collection of ptolemy cards in the original did not come to us. The cards were kept in the Alexandria library and died on fire along with other values \u200b\u200bof this library. Later, in the X century. AD, Ptolemy cards were restored by manuscripts and were reprinted later several times. Ptolemy's epoch ends the highest flourishing of cartography in antiquity.
Describing the ancient Afghan mining period of cartography, the following can be noted. During this period, the first foundation for the teachings on projections and drawing up cards was laid. At the beginning of the period, only horizontal geometric projections were used to build cards, which corresponded to the submission of a flat round form of the Earth. By the end of the period, in accordance with the submission of land, as a ball, cylindrical and conical projections began to be developed.
The preliminary definition of astronomical items, followed by their cards, laid the foundation for the preparation of maps.
During this period, the first attempts to study the relief of the earth's surface are also made. Already Diekarh Messinsky produced a measurement of some heights in Greece. Greek geographer Strabo (60 g. BC. E. - 20 G. N. E.) In his extensive "geography", consisting of 17 volumes and representing the most important source of information on ancient geography, gives a classification of individual forms of earth relief. The Roman scientist Kai Pliny (born in 23 g. E.) In its encyclopedic work shows the heights of some mountain peaks. Ptolomem is already made attempts to depict the position of the main ridges on the map. Significant progress has also been achieved in landmark issues - descriptions of individual countries and inhabiting their peoples. Especially much in this respect was made by Herodotus, a famous Greek historian Polybia (205-123 BC), Strabo, etc.
With regard to the accuracy of the map of this period were very imperfect. The limitations of the geographical horizon, the imperfection of the astronomical determination of points and measurements on the earth's surface, the ignorance of the orientation method relative to the countries of the world did not give, of course, the ability to build more or less accurate cards, as a result of which the cards had huge inaccuracies and distortion. For example, the Mediterranean Sea of \u200b\u200bPtolemy has a long time after a long time, than in reality. Despite, however, on all disadvantages, the cartography in the ancient Greek period reached in general such colossal success, which gave a complete basis for its further lush heyday.
However, the next period in the history of mankind not only delayed the further development of cartography, but also returned it for some time in primitive state. Shortly after Ptolerea, there was a decline of sciences and arts, which could not but affect the cartography.
In the period 264-133. BC The Roman Empire reached, world power. As a result of successful Punic Wars, the Roman Empire, by the end of this period, combined the entire Italy and provinces: Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Spain, African, Macedonia, Afghanistan and Asia, almost all cultural countries of the ancient world. Lost her political independence and Greece; In 146 BC, Romans destroyed Corinth and turned Greece into one of their provinces called Ahai.
In an effort to domination over the neighboring and non-emerging peoples, striving for centuries to conquer all Western Europe, the Romans, however, involuntarily prepared a decline and the fall in the empire. On the conquered provinces of the Romans watched only as a source of income and on the subject of operation. Hence, as a result, permanent wars for the suppression of Rome revolts against the despotic authorities. Continuous wars and the operation of the provinces, which lurked by a heavy burden on the labor population, led to education, on the one hand, a numerous group of slaves and serfs, and on the other hand, the groups of military aristocracy and major landowners who have worked out their lands through slaves. Under the blink of cruel operation, burdened by hard work, undergoing humiliating punishments, the slaves finally could not stand it. As a result, the revolution of slaves begins, the brutal struggle between the proletariat and its exploiters begins, which contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire.
The Military Camps of the Romans, of course, expanded the geographical horizon of scientists of this era and promoted the first time to the success of cartography. Ptoleum (87-150 N. e.), Which was mentioned above, which had a huge geographical horizon, is already a kartographer of the Roman era. But the ptolomem and the development of cartography in the ancient period ends.
In an effort to domination over the Western and Eastern countries, pursuing exclusively military purposes, the Romans paid the majority of military art, and not to develop certain scientific problems. At the same time, the despotism of the absolute power, the oppression of the free personality of man also could not help develop sciences in general and in particular cartography.
Inheriting their cartographic knowledge from the Greeks, the Romans did nothing on their part for the further development of cartography; They not only did not make anything new in the cartography, but, on the contrary, Ignoring the theoretical foundations failed to preserve the Greeks received from the Greeks and contributed to the decline of cartography.
A clear indicator of the decline of cartography in the Roman era are so-called tables,
representing essentially not a card, but routes. These routes, the part of which are shown in the figure, were the result of the shooting of Afghanistan, started during a dezar and wrapped in August. They were composed on 12 parchment sheets, the total length of their 63/4 m. The narrow, elongated form of the tables is explained by the fact that they were intended to serve as a guide and be convenient when using them. They were built without any scientific principles; Depending on the number of objects applied and roads, the terrain pulled out in the latitudinal direction and, on the contrary, compressed in the direction of the meridional. With this image, neither the scale nor the mutual relationship between individual objects of the terrain was not maintained. The tables are given the names of the roads and their stretch, the city is marked with houses, mountains - in the form of holloch, rivers - thick winding lines, roads are thin, straight lines, forests - trees groups.
