One of the most important and visited attractions of Kazan is the Kazan Kremlin. This is the most ancient attraction of Kazan, the construction of which began in the tenth century! OUR, TRUE, ERA. Documents, as well as in many objects of the Kremlin, has not been preserved, therefore the officially recognized age - on the first mention. Of course, the Kremlin, which is now in a multifaceted hill, and the entire territory of the Kazan Kremlin has already repeatedly converted and rebuilt. This is primarily due to wars, assaults, attempts to coup.
If you do not have time to read the article, we suggest looking at our video about the Kazan Kremlin, together with us you walk through the Kremlin's territory, look at the beauty of the Ku-Sharif Mosque from different angles, you will see all the main sights and an incredible view of the Volga.
Video about Kazan Kremlin
The history of the Kazan Kremlin
From the twelfth to the fourteenth century - it was a fortification that was the Bulgar fortress. Naturally, only the results of archaeological excavations resemble its existence.
Kazan included in the composition of the Golden Horde, after her decay, the Kazan Kremlin became the center of Kazan Khanate, which existed until the middle of the 16th century, namely until 1552.
And then, in 1552, the whole fortress was thoroughly destroyed after taking it by Ivan Grozny. His architects, truth, and 200 workers, the Kremlin was rebuilt again. It was then that the first Orthodox churches were erected, including the Annunciation Cathedral, which, unlike many, was preserved at our day.
A part of the Kremlin's towers were erected from stone, and some are wooden. In general, the Kazan Kremlin became completely stone in the second half of the seventeenth century. And then, solely because of the fire.
And already in the eighteenth century, the fortress stopped performing defensive functions (for a while) and, it was then that the Kremlin became an administrative object, the cultural center of the Volga region.
There was time, the troubled times of the Pugachev uprising came, when the Kremlin turned into a defensive structure - it was fired as a two days from guns.
But it was not a fundamental damage to the Kremlin, and the Soviet power, which at the beginning of the twentieth century massively destroyed the temples and chapels erected in the territory of the Kazan Kremlin, when, in addition to spiritual and architectural heritage, important church values \u200b\u200bwere destroyed.
Kul-Sharif Mosque (Schedule and Rules of Visit)
Rules of visits and work schedule of the mosque (photos increase when clicking the mouse)
Main Hall inside the mosque
The Kul Sharif mosque was built quite recently - the construction of the Kul Sharif mosque began in 1996 in the framework of the recovery of a multimen mosque destroyed in 1552.
However, she was very harmonious fit into the architecture of the Kremlin. The mosque is open to visiting everyone wishing.
Kul-Sharif - the mosque operating, so you need to visit it, respectively. However, the rules of visits do not differ from the rules of visiting Orthodox churches.
For women, it is covered with head, covered shoulders, skirt below the knees, or long pants. For men - uncovered head, and still forbidden the entrance to shorts.
If for some reason you forgot about these rules - scarves and capes will give you at a reason for a rencination for free.
Schedule of the mosque:
Kul Sharif's mosque is open to visit from 9 to 19 hours. Break from 11:30 to 13:15 on Fridays to make Friday Namaz.
Towers of the Kazan Kremlin
Spasskaya Tower
As in the Moscow Kremlin is a clock tower. It was erected by Pskov architects, which were attracted by Ivan Grozny to restore the Kremlin after the siege, Ivan the worship of Yakovlev.
Now this tower is the main entrance to the Kremlin. Not far from She is a monument to Musa Jalille (Tatar poet, the Hero of the Soviet Union) and the stop of the two-story excursion bus.
Southwestern tower
The tower was erected simultaneously with the Spasskoy the same architects in the Pskov defensive style. The tower is located to the left of Spasskaya at the corner.
Transfiguration Travel Tower
Right - Preobrazhenskaya Tower, Left - Mosque Kul Sharif
This tower is named so in honor of the Savior-Preobrazhensky monastery, which she once closed. At the moment, the entrance through this tower in the Kremlin is closed. The Transfiguration Tower was erected in its original form was Pskov architects, but later it was quite significantly rebuilt.
Multifaceted (five-marked) tower
This tower, unfortunately, did not live to the present day. Only the core remained from her.
Unnamed Round Tower
Apparently, not enough fantasy in the architects that were erected. The tower is built of bricks. All the same architect Ivan turning around Yakovlev's stay.
Northwestern tower
Like a multifaceted tower, unfortunately, not preserved.
Tainitskaya Tower
Established on the site of the destroyed Tower of Nur Ali or in the Russian version - Muralaev. It is believed that it was through this tower who went into the departed fortress Ivan Grozny. And it is called Tynitsky from the word "mystery" - there was a secret source of water, which allowed to defend the fortress much longer during her siege.
Northern Round Tower
Rebuilded in the seventeenth century, but here the Pugacheva rebellion made their contribution. Apparently, the guns were a great tower that it was easier to disassemble it than to restore. What was done.
Resurrection Tower
... or what remains from her. The fact is that initially the tower was higher, and in the upper tier was the temple of the Resurrection of the Lord (hence the name of the tower). Then, in the 20s of the twentieth century, when the temples were massively destroyed throughout the country, it was demolished, so only the first tier remained.
The observation deck of the Kazan Kremlin on the River Kazanka (located behind the Blagoveshchensky Cathedral)
Northeast Round Tower
Again, the fact that it remained - suffered as a result of the Pugachev uprising.
Dmitrievskaya Tower
Unfortunately, did not live to the present days because of the Pugachev uprising. The church of the Holy Great Martyr Dmitry Solunsky, in honor of which the tower was named, was also destroyed ... Well, you already know who and when.
Constorm Tower
Built in the sixteenth century in a tree and rebuilt in the seventeenth century in stone, this tower was very important in terms of defense defense. Named the tower in honor of the spiritual consistory, next to which was erected.
Southeast Round Tower
Also also in the sixteenth century ... and this is the last tower of the Kazan Kremlin from all existing and once existed.
Blagoveshchensky Cathedral of the Kazan Kremlin
Near the Blagoveshchensky Cathedral there is a monument to the Zodkima Kazan Kremlin
The Blagoveshchensky Cathedral in the Kazan Kremlin was erected by order of Ivan the Terrible after the siege of the fortress in 1552, when the fortress lay in ruins, and she had to rebuild it.
Annunciation Cathedral is a Cathedral, which was first less than two less pristine. The current dimensions were resulting from numerous superficials.
And this is one of the few shrines of the Kazan Kremlin, which was not destroyed with all the other chapels, temples and bell tower. Destroyed the porch and bell tower that, of course, is also a huge loss.
And in the cathedral there is a museum of the history of the Annunciation Cathedral.
Tower Syuyumbike
Unfortunately, it is not known anyone who is unknown, by whom and when this semilation tower was built, since in Moscow the documents burned down as a result of a fire, and in Kazan were lost as a result of the uprisings. Therefore, there is a lot of legends around the tower.
According to one of them, the tower built Ivan the Terrible, and for 7 days (by the number of tiers), since it was the condition of Queen Syumubik, where Ivan Grozny wanted to marry.
True, this legend has a sad end, since as a result of Queen, Syubika dropped from 7 tiers of this tower.
It is known why this tower "Fading". Due to the sidelines of the soil the tower leaned. At the moment, the deviation of the spire from the central axis is about two meters. However, its fall managed to stop and is currently reliably fixed.
It looks true, the tower is still quite unusual, especially next to other buildings - the towers of the Kremlin and the Kul Sharif mosque, which is in close proximity.
Museums of the Kazan Kremlin
There are many museums in the Kazan Kremlin.
From constantly acting, it is:
Museum-Memorial of the Great Patriotic War
The museum in which you need to go and reduce the children there, to the younger generation learns that not Betman or Superman defeated fascist Germany in this long and bloody war. There is a museum in the building of Kazan Hermitage.
The museum quite often changes and exposure is renewed, dedicated to the participation of inhabitants of Tatarstan. But constantly one thing - all the expositions are devoted to the Great Patriotic War.
Museum of the Natural History of the Republic of Tatarstan
This is a museum dedicated to the wrong story, which is determined by historians and politicians, but the history of the emergence of land and processes in it occurring during its existence time.
Interesting museum with a large number of interactive exhibits. For example, you can weigh on the scales that will show how much you weigh on other planets, based on data on their gravity. View the inhabitants of the glacial period and feed the ancient fish. Way to heavenly bodies.
In general, those who are interested in science or just wants to know more about the device in which we live - you just need to visit this museum.
The museum is quite fresh - 2005.
Cost:
- Adults - 200 r. (weekdays) and 250 r. (weekends, holidays)
- Students, pensioners - 100 r. (on any days)
- Schoolchildren - 80 p. (on any days)
Museum of the history of statehood of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Tatar people
This museum is divided into two parts. One is a permanent exposure that describes the stages of the life of the Tatar people for the period of two thousand years. There is this exposure on the second floor. It can be updated and change, but it is dedicated exclusively to the Tatar people.
The first floor of the museum is just the exhibition halls, the exposition in which is regularly (about two to three months) changes, so what is there - you need to specify immediately before the trip, if there is a desire to visit this museum.
Ticket price depending on the visits to the halls and floors of the museum:
- Adults - from 80 p. up to 200 r.
- Students, pensioners - from 80 p. up to 150 r.
- Schoolchildren - from 80 p. up to 120 r.
- Excursion - from 300 p. up to 600 r.
Center "Hermitage-Kazan" - Branch of the State Museum of Hermitage (St. Petersburg)
This branch of the Hermitage Museum was opened in the building of the former Junker School in 1997. Since then, large exhibitions of various cultural values, painting, etc. are held on an area of \u200b\u200b1000 square meters.
In addition, there are computer classes in Kazan Hermitage, lecture ... In general, everything that is customary to be placed in modern major museums. Naturally, it is better to learn about running exhibitions in advance, since the exposition may change.
Ticket price:
- Adults - 200 r.
- Students, pensioners - 100 r.
- Schoolchildren - 80 p.
Museum of Islamic Culture
Located in the lowest tier of the Kul Sharif mosque. Museum created exactly there, because Initially, the mosque, in the place of which Kul-Sharif was built, was created as a religious scientific and educational center of the Volga region. Therefore, it was decided to restore it in the form of a museum too.
Cost:
- Adults - 200 r.
- Students, pensioners, schoolchildren - 80 p.
Opening hours of the Kazan Kremlin, Mosque and Museums of the Kremlin
Entrance to the Kazan Kremlin through the Spasskaya Tower is carried out around the clock and free.
Fixed work hours have only museums located in the territory of the Kazan Kremlin, as well as the passage through the Tainytsky Tower is carried out on schedule:
The Kul Sharif Mosque and the Blagoveshchensky Cathedral are open to visit from 9:00 to 19:30. When ordering an evening excursion (only accompanied by a guide), you can visit until 20:30.
Museum of Natural History of Tatarstan, Center "Hermitage-Kazan", Showroom "Manege", Museum of the history of the statehood of Tatarstan, Museum of the Cannon Court and the Museum of the History of the Annunchensky Cathedral are open:
monday-Thursday, Saturday-Sunday from 10.00 to 18.00 (Kassa - until 17:30);
friday - from 11:00 to 20:00 (Cassa - until 19:30)
The Islamic Culture Museum works daily from 9.00 to 19.30 (Kassa until 19.00).
! Tip: If you decide to visit several Museums of the Kazan Kremlin, it is more profitable to buy a unified ticket for all museums, the cost of such a ticket is 700 p.
Address of Kazan Kremlin
The official address of the Kazan Kremlin: 420111, Kazan, Kremlin, A / I 522.
How to get to the Kazan Kremlin
If you arrived in Kazan by train, then from the Kazan-Passenger station you can walk to the Kremlin about 15-20 minutes, as we did.
If you stopped far from the center of Kazan, then you can take advantage buses: 6, 15, 29, 35, 37, 37, 47, 74, 74a, 75 to the central stadium stops, "Palace of Sports", "Tsum"
Metro: To the station "Kremlin". In Kazan, only one metro line, so the main thing is to just look at the information shield hanging over the platform. The only thing that confuses a little, the names of the stations were written immediately on three languages \u200b\u200band at first eyes spread out.
And in conclusion, some more photos of the Kazan Kremlin.
Photo of the Kazan Kremlin
View of the mosque Kul Sharif from the walls of the Kremlin
Inside the Kazan Kremlin (building in the center - the showroom of the Manege)
Monument to Musa Jalile
Inside the Kul Sharif Mosque (photographing and removing allowed on the phone and camera without flash)
On working days in the Kremlin and in the people's mosque, very few
On the territory of the Kazan Kremlin can be photographed in ancient national costumes
Gate to the presidential palace (for visits always closed)
Right to the presidential palace adjoins the "falling" tower of Syumubik
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The main and most visited attraction of Kazan is undoubtedly, from January 1994, a museum-reserve has been operating on its territory, which is a unique object of culture. And although the Kremlin structures are samples of the development of the Russian period of the history of Kazan from the mid-16th century, nevertheless, the layout and urban-planning composition of the former Tatar fortress in general are preserved.
At the Kremlin territory, which occupies almost 150 thousand square meters, there are currently existing institutions of the statehood of Tatarstan, the most interesting museum expositions, architecture buildings of the 16-19 centuries, among which are especially allocated: Governor's palace and beautiful silhouette of a Muslim mosque Kul-Sharif, Monolith Blagoveshchensky Orthodox Cathedraland soaring up the mysterious tower Syumubika.
Kazan Kremlin, combining the styles of Russian and Tatar architecture, recognized at the global level. UNESCO World Heritage Committee in 2000 proclaimed him with his protected facility.
However, before you make a familiarization walk through the Kazan Kremlin, it is necessary to recreate the chronology of significant historical deposits of the city, which began here on the high Kremlin hill.
Brief history of the Kremlin
The territory of the Kremlin Hill, thanks to its advantageous location, began to settle for a long time, but as the city of Kazan appeared in this place as a result of the actions of the last Bulgarian Tsarevich, who were closer to the Volga from the city Skate-Kazan. And based on this high hill fortress at the end of the 14th century. Especially powerful development Kazan did not reach - it was too weak in political and militarily.
But in the first half of the 15th century, this Volga city chose for his residence former goldordin khan Ulu-Makhmet (Mohammed). It is when it, as a result of his military-political activity, Kazan becomes the main city of powerful Kazan Khanate - the center where trade, culture and Islamic religion developed. With it, the Kazan Kremlin is built and strengthened and strengthened, the Khansky Palace Ensemble, Mosque, Minarets and other town planning structures is being built.
Kazan-Capital of Kazan Khanate - picture
However, in parallel with the development of the Kazan Khanate, it was the growth and strengthening of the Moscow state and, naturally, friction was constantly between these two powerful state associations, which were most often racially. Died several times Ivan groznyj Hiking to Kazan, but only after the construction of the fortified fortress in Sviyazhsk, after a long siege and the use of gunpowder to undernger fortification fortifications, the Russian king was able to master the Tatar city. It happened in a memorable day October 2, 1552.
And here S. mid 16 veka The very different story of Kazan and the region begins. The conquered Muslim population was either exterminated, or evicted from the central part of the River Bulak. Muslim as the main religion of the edge for many centuries tried to completely destroy completely, the Tatar population was subjected to violent baptism, the mosque was destroyed. Optiffs of Christianity were erected everywhere - church and monastic structures. Even on small Kremlin lands, in commemoration of the long-awaited victory, three Orthodox structures were immediately built: Blagoveshchensky Temple, Spasskaya Church and Church of Cyprian and Ustinyi. Further four more churches are erected, and monastic fraternities are being created: Savior Transfiguration and Trinity-Sergievskoe.
The territory of the whole conquered edge is actively populated russian settlements. It was estimated by them, naturally, the Kazan Kremlin, the population of which included representatives of the military-serving class, clergy, officials of the highest administration and bureaucratic groups. By the end of the 16th century there were about hundreds of yards.
Thus, to the second half of the 16th century from Kazan - the center of once powerful Kazan Khanate has practically nothing preserved. The assault on the Muslim city on October 2, in 1552, Russian troops preceded by the siege and subsequent pogrom of the city led to the fact that the architectural monuments of the Muslim period of the 14th and 6th centuries in Kazan were almost completely exterminated. In addition, the Kremlin before taking the Russians of Kazan was wooden, which means that during the assault and as a result of subsequent destructive fires, even a few preserved building Muslim Kazan were irretrievably lost.
After taking Kazan, the main task of the Moscow government was strengthening the military-strategic Kazan fortress in cases of rebellion and retention in the obedience of conquered population. Since the fortress walls during the assault were destroyed, the first thing that was done by order of Ivan the Terrible is the restoration of a wooden fence, and after 3 years, parallel to the construction of stone Orthodox churches, Pskov masters began fromtrinity of white-stone walls from Volzhsky limestone. Moreover, the territory of the Kremlin was expanded towards the Spasskaya Tower by 120 meters east of its initial territory.
Massive, roughly shedding plates of this stone can be considered on the example of the lower tier of the Spasskaya Tower. But then only 600 meters of the wall was built from limestone, the rest were restored in a wooden form. Only in the 17th century, already from the red brick, the remaining 1150 meters of the fortress wall with the towers were erected, Okayating the Kremlin territory around the perimeter.
Kazan 16th century, as well as all strategically important vintage cities consisted of two parts: from the city itself (Fortresses, Kremlin, etc.) and Posada. Settlements located outside the fortress walls, but in turn, too, acquired by walls and fortified. The Kremlin, naturally, was an older and administratively significant settlement than Posad.
Over the centuries, the Kremlin structures have repeatedly burned, they were attacked from outside, which led to the loss of some buildings and the appearance of others. So, for example, as a result of the storming of the Kremlin Emelyan Pugachev In 1773, the Trinity Monastery was lost and several towers were thoroughly damaged, which subsequently had to disassemble.
The construction of new buildings on the Kremlin Earth is already in 18 century It was determined by his role of the administrative center of Russia. Ensemble appear Governor's palace, arrays of military buildings Junker School and Present seats, such buildings arise as spiritual consistory and bishop Palace.
October Revolution of 1917made indigenous changes in the history of the Kazan Kremlin - began the period of destroying religious structures. This fate touched almost all the Kremlin temples, and in the premises of the former consistory, the bishops and governor's palaces place the government and all sorts of ministries and departments of the new government. In the UNCERSKY school accommodated United Tatar-Bashkir Military School.
90s 20th century marked up with a new historical steep turn - begins The era of the revival of historical values. The fundamental restoration and restoration work begins in the surviving architectural monuments, the largest mosque in Europe is being built - Kul Sharif, interesting museum exhibitions and exposition are opened.
If you inspect the Kazan Kremlin in detail and with visiting museums, but in one visit to cover all its scale is simply unrealistic. But in order to get a general impression, especially if in advance at least a little familiar with the history of this not very large, but historically rich territory, enough 3-4 hours. In a study walk in the Kremlin, use our tourist recommendations and historical tips.
Family walk through the territory of the Kazan Kremlin
So, you offer to get acquainted with the Kazan Kremlin from Spasskaya Tower, the most important and elegant tower of the Kremlin. A small space in front of them - Square on May 1 - the oldest forum of the city, the main trade and public space from 15 to 19th century, the place of trade and communication between the Posadsky, Kremlin and the people.
Spasskaya Tower
On the square on May 1, there is one of the main entrances to the territory of the Kremlin - the Spasskaya Tower is perhaps one of the most interesting objects. As the main entrance tower, she was always adjusted for the needs of the era. Initially, it was a military bunk tower with a crankshaft, with a moat in front of her and a lifting bridge. Then, already the Parade Tower, from the chapel of Nicholas the Wonderworker in the main facade. In Soviet times, she was also an architectural expression of the era. And although the Square of May 1 eventually lost its historical importance over time, the Spasskaya Tower of the Kazan Kremlin remained a symbol and a "calling card" of the city.
Through the arched entrance under the Spasskaya Tower, we go to the only half-kilometer Kremlin street - passage I.Shikman, called the name in memory of the Slavevardeemen shot here in 1918 by the Chairman of the Kazan Council.
For a better understanding of the historical and architectural planning of the Kremlin territory, we propose to divide it into five thematic areas:
Each of these groups includes several architectural and historical attractions.
Savior Transfiguration Monastery
The ruins of one of the first established by Ivan the Terrible of Kazan monasteries established by Ivan the Terrible, which existed here until the end of the 20s of the 19th century, which existed here until the end of the 20s of the 19th century. Visiting this monastery, his description, like church of Cyprian and Ustignywhich was also present here in the 1927 Kazan Guide!
Transfiguration Cathedral
The authors of this guide tell about the fact that ordinary cyprian and Ustiny Church It was built not just at the order of Ivan the Terrible, but in all likelihood on his own funds. But the first wooden church died during a fire of the late 16th century and was replaced by stone, with precise preservation of the appearance and the size of the previous one.
Cyprian and Ustiny Church
Five-chapter Transfiguration Cathedral, The Main Cathedral of the Monastery was built in a stone form at the beginning of the 17th century and, they say, hit his architecture and beauty of contemporaries. But the authors of the 1927 guidebook were outraged, first of all, "the colossal unproductive waste of the country's material resources for religious needs." Each generation has its own attitude to historical monuments. But at one time, this monastery was the second in the edge, giving way to Assumption only in Sviyazsk.
The territory occupied by the Transfiguration Monastery was small - less than one hectare, and separated from the only Kremlin Street Street, and in the south and west Kremlin walls. This geographically small monastery is known for the names of the most prominent clergy of the left era. Here he accepted the first Archbishop of Kazan - St.Guri - Here it burned him. This burial gave the beginning of the formation of monasticism, which later acquired peaceful clergymen, outstanding representatives of merchants, professors and officials. It was also buried here Warzonofi - Founder of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery. For a while in monastery brotherhood was Philaretwho later founded the Raif monastery.
Closer to the Spasskaya Tower - on the sidewalk, the color of the paving slaves is allocated the place where it was monastery bell tower. At first she was in a wooden form, then stood on one of the galleries of the Preobrazhensky Cathedral, already being stone. And from the late 19th century, high and beautiful, she, again rebuilt on the Barvarian church, instead of the dilapidated, proudly looked because of the walls of the Kremlin on the Ivanovo Square.
Bell Tower of Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery
In the very center of the former territory of the Savior-Preobrazhensky monastery, today you can see partially preserved saves of Preobrazhensky Cathedral, built at the end of the 17th century on the 16th century stone foundation. According to these archaeological residues, it is possible to judge the scale of the structure and the history of its structure and numerous restructuring. If the calbet is the era of the second half of the 16th century, the north and southern gallery is the result of the 18th century improvements. Galleries performed the functions of indoor corridors between the cathedral, the house of the rector and Nikolskaya church.
Saving Savior Transfiguration Cathedral
Preserved before the altar and "Cave" - a small stone deepening with a vault that served as a place to calm Kazan Wonderworkers At the end of the 16th century.
Practically adjoined to the Western Kremlin wall, is reconstructed church of Nikola Ratnaya (Wonderworker). Initially, it was a small temple with a large two-story white-refrain. As a result of numerous rebuildings, a M-shaped structure of the unifying temple, refectory and chambers of the abbot was obtained.
And in the northeast of the cathedral, near the fence of the monastery is preserved case of fraternal cellserected here in the second half of the 17th century, with a lowered 18 V. Three-storey treasury house.
At the end of the fence in color on the pavement marked the location of the Church of Cyprian and Ustiny, where she stood until the end of the 20s of the last century.
By walking the entire small territory of the Transfiguration Monastery, we return to the street I.Sikman. From two sides, we go to the horizon low stone 2-3 storey facilities. Left - along the train of Shakman - the body of the former Junker Schoolerected at the beginning of the 19th century on the site of the second old Kremlin Monastery of the Troice-Sergievsky previously located here. And in parallel, Junker School - on right - standing with a continuous monolith number of buildings Present seatsending with the former consistory.
Posted buildings
So, to the right of the Spasskaya Tower along the passage stretches the ranks of the administrative buildings of the complex, which has established since the end of the 18th century. The complex of the M-figured structure begins, pressed against the southeast corner of the fortress walls - this is the former guardhouse The Kazan garrison of the mid-19th century - a three-story brick ascetic in the design of a construction with large rectangular proofs and low roofs. In this building, the Soviet activists in the summer in 1918 were held in the summer of the White Guards. Among them was me.Shikman and M. Khitov, M. Mezhlauk and S. Gassar .... All they were shot from the Kremlin wall.
And before the construction of the Gaupvakta, from the mid-16th century there was a residence of "Greater Governor", the so-called Sovereign yard. "Big Voevoda" was the highest representative of the administration in the conquered Russian region. It enjoyed the most wide powers of both civilian and military, could execute or prevent, send punitive detachments against the rebels of Tatar villages. The governors kept keys and from the gate of the Spasskaya Tower. Sovereign yard 16-17 centuries was a big and spacious wooden structure. There were three prison buildings near him. All these facilities died as a result of one of the numerous Kremlin fires.
After the building, the Gauptvakta is worth the extended joint buildings of pretreatments(18-19 centuries). These two, partially three-storey facilities, having a basement, are a multiple building. Its oldest part is the building of the former consistory, built at the end of the 18th century on the project V.KoftyrevaBut in its appointment it adjoins the architectural ensemble of the Blagoveshchensky Temple.
Posted buildings
The consistory adjacent to the premises of the provincial office, which in the early 19th century became House of Kazan governorFor which additional rooms were attached. As a result, a very presentable two-storey building with 15 windows was formed. The lower floor was held by stationery and chambers of the governor's family. The second floor had a magnificent throne room with the choirs for the orchestra. It was there that there were ambitious balls for representatives of the Higher Russian and Tatar nobility. One of these balls was given in 1798 in connection with the arrival in Kazan Emperor Paul First.
The facade view of the building was well preserved by the courtyard, there can be admired by the preserved decor in the form of a rizalite, rusted pilaster, niches of window openings, decorated with decorative china with a variety of images at the top and bottom of the windows. All these decorations attached a certain representativeness of an administrative building, which also completed the halls for pretty places. The main facade of the pretty places is very strict in the design. Floors are horizontally emphasized by eaves. Almost all windows are decorated with rectangles of platbands, except for the unlikely edged windows of the former consistory and the Kazan governor's houses.
In Soviet times, the ensemble of the present seats was occupied by various ministries and departments, the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Tajikistan, etc. Now in the building is a major overhaul, and all the institutions found themselves another shelter.
Opposite the ensemble of the present seats, the ensemble of structures belonged to the former Junker school stretches, which includes the building of the School itself, the Manege and Cannger Court.
Ensemble of the Junker School
Manezh
Immediately after the Savior-Transfiguration Monastery, to the main building of the UNCERSK School, separately from it there is an architectural and historical landmark - the construction Manezh. This spacious construction is amazing in its design - it was used for construction training.
The main facade of the building is decorated by Rust, in which pilasters, blades and edging of arched windows are embedded. Now is here showroomwhich hosts various thematic events - exhibitions with excursion service, master class for children and adults, festive balls, film images, conferences and concerts.
Going to the inner yard of the Playa, we will fall on the extensive platform laid by decorative brick, on which the wonderful construction of modern architecture is - an amazing and magnificent white-blue Kul Sharif Mosque.
Kul Sharif Mosque
Erected at the end of the 20th century in memory of the Muslim Center of the Kazan Khanate, the mosque became the symbol of Kazan, his "calling card" and the true decoration of the Kremlin.
Mosque must admire outside, be sure to go inside to admire the architectural completion of this truly grand and monumental creation and, if possible, visit M uzery Islam. After examining the mosque, we go to the main building of the UNCERSK School, which has its own architectural and historical fate.
Junker school
At the very beginning of the 19th century In the Kazan Kremlin there is a barren room for cantonists - So called juvenile and minor boys of the lower army military ranks, as well as Polish, Jewish, Finnish and Gypsy children from poor families, forcibly closed almost from 8 years of age into recruits. Later, the cantonist barracks are restored and transmitted in 1866. New instituted Junker Military School.
Junker school
Two-storey premises The barracks are extended to the Soviet period by another floor. From pre-revolutionary times, the design of the three inputs of the main facade, decorated with canopies chebakasin Forgingwhere it is clearly visible in the drawing of various colors. Today in the former barracks, inside which the powerful staircase three hours based on brick arches are preserved, are wonderful modern museums. Here you can visit National Picture Gallery "Haziné"representing the picturesque canvas of the most famous Tatar artists (B. Mantha, H. Yakupov, I.Zipov, N. Pisha, etc.), exposition Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Museum of Natural Science and exhibition Hall "Hermitage".
Art Gallery
Choose any museum or thematic exhibition and stroll through the chairs and stairs of the currently active School of Jackstick.
Cannon
Coming out of the Museum Complex of the Old Juncture School, having passed a little further through the 17th century entry gates, we fall into Cannon. He was called a cannon, arsenal or artillery yard, and he was originally attached to the fortress western wall. Fully, he took shape here by the end of the 17th century, and at first was a simple P-shaped structure. Before joining Kazan, a military troops and a military arsenal were located in this place.
Cannon
The territory of the cannon court was the manufacturer, storage and repair of large weapons. The two-story main building, supplemented on two sides, the same single-storey hulls and decorated at the corners of the towers, had a travel gate, preserved to this day through which we and I entered. On the territory of the yard, you can see partially preserved Southern Corpuscontaining archaeological residues of industrial premises.
South Canopy Corpus
In 1812, the rushing yard was reconstructed. On the western side, then a new Blacksmith housingBut then all the structures of the cannon court were strongly injured from the fire of 1815, after which the repair and production of weapons ceased. Further, the fate of the gun yard worked closely with the opened military school, for which the architect Schmidt conducted a number of restoration work and since 1866 all these renovated premises were busy Junker school.
Now, on the recreated territory of the cannon court work museum Exhibitions Military weapons of various historical eras, and in the recovered blacksmith building you can buy various works of folk craftsmen from leather, metal, wood, and so on, as well as drink fragrant tea with Tatar national sweets. If you want to eat more thoroughly, you can go to cafe "Women's Court"And then, having rested, move again through the territory of the Kazan Kremlin, opening up new of his amazing pages.
Going through the same arched travel gates, you will find yourself opposite the small squarewhere we offer you to go. This is a compact landscaped green oasis among the Kremlin's stone structures, in the middle of which is symbolic monument "Zodkim Kazan Kremlin", summarizing the memory of Russian and Tatar builders who worked at the Kremlin territory in his images.
Monument "Zodkim Kazan Kremlin"
This junction is the binding center of the architectural and historical ensemble of the Blagoveshchensky Temple, which can be included: the former bishop palace, a miracle of the surviving architectural monument of the 16th century - an Annunciation of the Cathedral and a former consideration. We will get acquainted with them in order.
An Unsemble of the Blagoveshchensky Cathedral
Consistory
From the south, the territory of the ensemble of the Blagoveshchensky Cathedral is delineated by the former spiritual consistory, which is tightly adjacent to one of the towers of the Kazan Kremlin - Consistorskaya. The two-story consistory was built here in the 18th century. Previously, these lands belonged to the bishops.
The formation of the building continued in different periods. The consistory finishes the line of the ensemble of the present places. Window platforms of the main facade are decorated under the style of the Russian patterned architecture and attach an elegant look.
Bishop Palace
From the south-east of the Annunciation Cathedral, the palace of the architecture of 1829 is clearly visible. He was designed to the church chapter of the entire Kazan district. In the 16th century in this place stood hope of St. Guriya, then, from the 17th century, the Palace-Residence Palace was located here. Time and fires destroyed the building of the 17th century, and a new brick palace facility was rebuilt - a two-storey, covered with a complex holm roof. Erected in the classic style in the eastern facade it had three rizalitite protrusions, in the central of them was house Church of St.Guri.
Bishop Palace
In the middle of the 20th century, in Soviet times, a completed third floor was made, which strongly modified the former bishop palace. The loss of the attic of the central facade and the disappearance of the tent completion of the central protrusion on the Eastern facade turned the construction in an unpretentious three-story building. Today, as a result of the restoration works of the Palace in 2010-13, he returned the initial appearance of the era of late classicism.
Restoration work of the bishop palace
Now there is placed office of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan. Be sure to go around the palace around, from the rear side you will see rizazalits, the central of which is the former houses of St. Guri. In addition, bypassing the building, you will get to a wonderful viewing area, from where beautiful views of the Kremlin Embankment and the Palace of Agriculture, restored monasteries and churches, on the far-spreading perspective of the opposite shore of the Kazanov with the ferris wheel, bowl and other construction facilities.
Overview from the observation deck
For those who want to consider the telescope is installed more and more detail on the site.
Blagoveshchensky cathedral
After reviewing the building of the Bishops' Palace and examining the consistory, you can more detail and closely familiarize yourself with the wonderful building of the 16th century - the Annunciation Cathedral.
Former Cathedral, built by Pskov's masters, has undergone many architectural rearrangements, survived the times of wars and revolutions, the miracle was not destroyed, and then completely restored. Today, he is a decent decoration of the Kazan Kremlin, the operating Orthodox Cathedral and an open-to-visit historical and architectural monument.
From the side of the square is clearly visible st. Guria's Chapelwhose relics are now stored in the temple. Walking around the cathedral from the southern part of it, boldly rise to the porch and go to the temple itself, inspect his decoration, recreated wall painting, the iconostasis, his Western and Eastern attacks dedicated to one - Boris and Gleb and the other - Peter and Fevronia.
Coming out of the Annunciation Temple, delay on his porch and again admire the beautiful structure of a cannonian courtyard, towering to the north of the Syumubik's red-winged tower and an excellent governor's palace, which is behind the beautiful closed gate.
After the visual inspection of new objects, let's go down with the porch and go to get acquainted with the last architectural ensemble located on the very north of the Kazan Kremlin - the governor's palace, which with the Syumbik tower and the introduction of the Church constitutes a harmonious complex.
Description of the ensemble of the Governor's Palace
Governor's palace
In the crucial in the mid-16th century, Kazan Khanate, before the joining of Kazan to the Russian state, these northern lands occupied khansky Dvorwhere the Khansky Palace, Mosques, Minarets, Mausoleums with the burials of Kazan Khanov, many government and economic structures. All these, divided into sectors, medieval buildings were well fortified, are partially stone walls, partially wooden. Foundations of mosques and palaces were also built of stone. Archaeological excavations of this complex called Khan-JamiThey allowed us to find out a number of interesting facts and find the burial of the famous khans of Kazan.
After the assault on 1552, almost all the facilities of the Khan Palace were strongly injured, but the palace himself was not completely destroyed, he existed until 1807, it was possible in Russian chronicles as the "old sovereign yard". Next to him at one time there was a house of Ober-Commedant. Then, by the middle of the 19th century, the mansion was built instead military Governor Kazan.
Designed the building of the most famous Russian architect K.Ton.Famous famous Moscow facilities as the Big Kremlin Palace and the Church of Christ the Savior. Interiors inside the palace were issued by the Kazan architect M.Karinfsky.
Two-storied Governor's palace(The height of about 30 meters) was built in the style of Russian classicism, with a simple symmetric layout, the use of Rusta and the membership of the Corinth Orders. But in the design of the facade of the palace, elements of Baroque, Muslim and Old Russian architecture were added, which gave the building an eclectic look.
The center of the building - Rizalit (protrusion) decorated with a fronton of three Cilent Arches. The arches also decorated window and doorways. The view from the governor's palace is solemnly respectable. The solemnity and solidity of the building adds beautifully decorated provvortsaya Squarewith fountain and flower beds and openwork gatesThrough which we can admire the residence of the current RT President.
Gate of the governor's palace
The governor's palace existed in his status until the October Revolution, and it was in his halls that the Soviet power was proclaimed in the region. And then during the long-term Soviet temporary period, the building of the former governor's palace was engaged in the Supreme Council and the Council of Ministers of the Tassr.
Having admired the palace and encroaching the governor's gate to the left, we approach the mysterious, sheedy legends of the sights - Syumubik Tower.
Tower Syuyumbike
This architectural structure, which has become a symbol and a "calling card" of the city, is still disputes and various judgments about the time, authorship and appointment. But the legends about it are folded more than any other object of the Kremlin! Semistry "Falling" Red Ricric Tower Without Special Architectural Issues, whose name is connected in some strange way named the last Tatar queen, invariably attracts close attention to all tourists.
Tower Syuyumbike
On the left near the Syunibic Tower you can see the canned archaeological excavations that have revealed in this place burial of some Kazan Khanovwhich were reburied in a specially created Mausolema. You can see a portion of the mausoleum through the observation glass dome. Further, on the right in the course of the movement in front of us, the introduced church appears, compositely connected to the governor's palace.
Insertion church
It is believed that this church is built on the remaining foundation tatar Mural Mosque Period of Kazan Khanate. However, this is also controversial judgments. The temple construction time is considered to belong to the 17th century, although deep durable foundation dates back to the 16th century. It may have been built in the 17th century, but as a result of repeated fires was rebuilt during recovery.
Now the church is a bunk, previously five-chapted, and now one-eyed temple (height is about 30 meters). It is surprised by its architectural similarity of the step of construction with the lower tier of the Syumubik Tower, which is also equipped with a wide hulbish. This is another uncooked mystery of the Kazan Kremlin.
During the functioning of the Governor's Palace, the Church played the role of the house for the Governor's family and at the same time parish for servants and the protection of the palace. The church served one clergyman who lived directly in the palace. At the beginning of the 18th century, the church was in their intended military And called now Church in the name of the introduction of the Most Holy Mother of God under the Kazan battalion. Later, it was used as the regimental church of the Sviyazh garrison.
The church was eagerly buried, after fires restored, sometimes with a very big break. For example, after a terrible fire of 1815, a warehouse of porch was in the burnt seamless dilapidated building of the Church. By order military Minister M.B. Barclay de TollyThe destroyed part of the Church was dismantled, and all of the values \u200b\u200bwere given to the construction of the building with pupils of the military-orphan branch of the cantonists. The functions of the military moved to the Spasskaya Church.
The temple was put in order only by the middle of the 19th century, and at personal disposal Nikolai firstwho was in Kazan and saw his deplorable state. Restored Church Architect F.Petondi, I largely changed the view and layout of the building, but preserved the schematic and stylistics of the previous structure. The Gallery of the two floors were closed, the main entrance was transferred to the west side, the interiors are decorated in the style of classicism with elements of Baroque, which are traced in lush corner capitals, elegant window plates, etc.
The revived temple was consecrated as country of the Saint Spirit. On the lower floor there is a visit to Nikolai Wonderworker, and the icon for this came to be donated to the temple as descans poet E. Bratynskyliving in Kazan. The second floor was equipped with the chapel of St. Martyr Alexandra. The covered gallery connected the temple with the governor's palace.
1918 did not become an exception for the temple - like all other church structures, he was closed and looted. In Soviet times there was a dining room for employees of numerous ministries and departments inhabited in the Kremlin territory. Now the building of the temple is renovated and in it is located Museum of Tatar Statehoodwhich we also recommend you to visit. But, before climbing on a wide porch into the introduction of the Church, look into the courtyard between the Syumbik Tower and the Temple, you can look at the canned archaeological studies of 1977That discovered the remnants of the cult complex of the Tatar period: part of the wall, the foundation of the mosque, the slabs of the tombstones.
After examining the building of the introduced church and the museums located in it, we recommend descending to the northernmost travel tower of the Kazan Kremlin, built by Pskov masters in the 16th century - Tainitskaya, and, going through it, bypassing the fortress walls on the left of the Kremlin Hill. During this walk, you can admire the panorama of the city and carefully examine the unique monuments of medieval defensive architecture - walls and towers of the Kremlin.
Walls and towers of the Kazan Kremlin
Kazan Kremlin was created as Deonted construction And, of course, was surrounded by strong walls with braces, sentigious and combat towers, some of which were travel. In the times of Kazan Khanate and earlier the walls were mostly wooden. After taking Kazan, the strategic importance of the walls remained very important and therefore they were restored in the first place. First, like wooden fortifications, but soon began to rebuild in a stone form from white limestone, and in the 17th century already from the red brick.
The width of the walls of about 6 m., The height ranges from 8 to 12, and the total length is 1800 m. Special niches were arranged for storing ammunition, which could be observed when walking along the inner territory. Tower structures first were thirteen. Among them were round, travel, and even one five-marched. But some of them were destroyed in various centuries and for various reasons - their canned bases can be seen today. So before us
Tainitskaya Tower
The Tainytskaya Tower as a sentier-driving tower was equipped with a gate, lattices and had a crankshaft passing through which the breath of the Middle Ages, emanating from the White Volzhsky limestone. And here we go to the left onto the track going on the top ridge of the Kremlin Hill.
Next we will see Northwest TowerRather, only its foundation. But the next - round Unnamed brick tower, built in the 17th century survived to this day. Behind the wall adjacent to the tower are visible to the tops of grasshuscular enclosures of the cannon. Further, we again, only the foundation of the tower - once there was a five-marched tower, built in the 16th century with Pskov masters.
A little further - the quadrangular travel tower - Preobrazhenskaya. The inner side was adjacent to the Transfiguration Monastery. It was built by Pskov masters in the 16th century, but later repeatedly rebuilt. In the distant times of prosperity of the Kazan Khanty, the Kremlin territory here and ended, and then the stretching walls are already going on increased Russian territory.
Reached the next round tower called Southwest And which was built together with the Spasskaya Tower, we admire the preserved model of the medieval Pskov defensive structure. And finally, turn to the Spasskaya Tower already familiar to us, a little bit of which is located a similar south-western round Southeastern tower.
This description of the territory of the Kazan Kremlin can be considered complete, but we are confident that you will return to once again to feel the connection of times, admire the surprisingly organic and excellent monuments of the Kazan Kremlin architecture, visit interesting exhibitions and museums, and just take a walk on already familiar and loved places.
Year of inclusion in the World Heritage List: 2000
Kazan, one of the ancient cities of Russia, is located on the banks of the Volga, in its middle course, about 700 km east of Moscow.
The historic center of Kazan - the Kremlin - has passed in its historical development several stages, which in aggregate covers the millennium. At first there was a wooden fortress (at the turn of the X and XI centuries), then the stone (XII century). From the second half of the XIII century. Until the middle of the XVI century. The Kremlin served as the center of the Kazan Principality as part of the Golden Horde, and then the Kazan Khanate.
In the fall of 1552, after a long-term 40-day siege, Kazan is captured by the army of Ivan the Terrible. Kazan Khanate joins Rus, and a new stage of development of the ancient city begins. According to the command of the Russian king, the Kazan Kremlin is reconstructed, restored in the stone destroyed during the storming the fortress walls, new buildings are erected (for example, the main entry tower is Spasskaya). Perestroika is carried out in an old-Russian architectural style, for which the Pskov architects, Yakovlev and Ivan Shiryay, are involved in the work. At the same time, the fortification system of the Tatar fortress preserved before capturing, the location of the Palace of the ruler and the cult buildings is also preserved, as well as the main travel gates with the roads-streets diverge. At the site of the mosques of the fortress, the churches are built, the monastery complex is erected. The city turns into a stronghold of Orthodoxy on the Volga Earth, becomes an important center of pilgrimage.
The territory of the Kremlin has a configuration of an irregular polygon stretched from north to south under the influence of terrain. This polygon is clearly outlined by the Kremlin's fortification structures - its fortress walls with a height of 8-12 m and towers, which were originally 13. The modern walls and towers were built during the period of the XVI-XVIII century, however, much more ancient masonry was found in their foundation, the archaeologists were detected. By the period of the X-XVI centuries. The total length of the walls is 1800 m.
From the towers of the Kazan Kremlin are the most famous two. First, this is the front entry Spasskaya Tower with the Greater Church, made in a classic white-eyed style. Secondly, it is a presenter of the Syümbeki sention tower, a sector, 58 m height, isolated from red bricks. Presumably, it was erected at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. And is named after the last queen of the Kazan Khanate. However, about the origin, appointment and architectural style of the Syümbeky Tower, the appearance of which contrasts sharply with the rest of the Kremlin, scientists have not yet come to a common opinion. And indeed, its appearance found features inherent in not only Russian and Tatar culture, but also Italian, so it's even the version that Italian architects took part in its construction (and the age of the tower on this version increases even more - it is dated to the end of XV in.).
Inside the fortress walls are located both church and civil buildings. The main church building of the Kazan Kremlin is an Annunciation of the Cathedral, he is an oldest one from all the stone buildings of Kazan. The cathedral was built of white stone in the middle of the XVI century, but after repeatedly rebuilt, survived several fires and subsequent restorations and reconstructions. It also includes a bishop house and consistory. The Orthodox Church Heritage of the Kazan Kremlin includes the complex of the Transfiguration Monastery next to the Spasskaya Tower.
The main civil structure of the Kazan Kremlin is already back to the middle of the XIX century. Governor's palace (architect K.A. Ton). Until 1917, he served as the residence of the Kazan Governor, and now is the residence of the President of Tatarstan. This palace was built on the site of the former residence of Kazan Khanov, which included the Khan Palace, surrounded by numerous pavilions, galleries and economic buildings. From it to this day only the remains of the Khan mosque, two old white-eyed mausoleum and some other structures.
Thus, the Kazan Kremlin is an outstanding example of the synthesis of various artistic styles, demonstrates the interpenetration of various cultures (Bulgarian, Goldenordskaya, Tatar, Russian, possibly Italian), and reflects the originality of various - replaced one other - historical eras.
In the early 2000s. Kazan Kremlin became a place for significant restoration work during the preparations for the celebration in August 2005 of the city's Millennium. As part of the implementation of the Federal Target Program "Preservation and Development of the Historical Center of Kazan" approved by the Government of the Russian Federation in 2001 in the Kremlin, including: An Annunciation Cathedral, Savior-Transfiguration Monastery, Governor's Palace, Cannon Dvor, and T. d. A huge new cathedral mosque Kul-Sharif, which became the symbolic successor to the same name of the Main Mosque of the Khanskaya Kazan, destroyed after taking the city by the troops of Ivan Grozny.
Since 1994, the State Historical and Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve "Kazan Kremlin" is functioning.
Kazan Kremlin is located on the mice of a high terrace of the left bank of the Volga and the left shore of the Kazan. Kazan Kremlin is a complex of architectural, historical and archaeological monuments disclosing his centuries-old history: archaeological remnants of the first (XII-XIII), the second (XIV-XV centuries) and the third settlement (XV-XVI centuries); Built from the Volga limestone and brick Kremlin, a number of temples and buildings with greater historical and architectural and cultural value. The territory of the Kremlin is in terms of the wrong polygon, repeating the outlines of the Kremlin hill stretched from the North-West, from the River Kazanka, southeast, to the Square of May 1 (former. Ivanovo, in the nearby John the Baptist Monastery) and the building of the Living Court (now Museum of RT). The total area of \u200b\u200bthe Kremlin is 1,500 square meters, a circle of 1800 m. The South Wall of the Kremlin with five towers goes to the Millennium Square - a view of the Kremlin with this area is the most common "calling card" of the city. The Kremlin has a rich backlight in the dark time.
History
The oldest history of the Kremlin
Before this day, the written evidence of the emergence of the Kremlin was not preserved, but according to the official version, the city of Kazan was founded at the beginning of the X century. At the beginning of its existence, the Kremlin was called Kerman (Tat. Kirimәn ). There are no written sources on this score.
XII-XIV centuries. Bulgar fortress
The earliest archaeological finds were found in the northern part of the Kremlin, closer to the Kazan, where there was ancient Bulgarian fortified settlement and later, during the century, the fortress of Kazan Khanate. The researchers disagree relative to the dating of wooden fortress structures of the oldest period: some believe that the Bulgarian trade settlement has been strengthened already in the 10th century, others - only in the XII century. Regarding the nature of fortifications, scientists also disagree, some believe that the stone walls were partially erected in the XII century, others believe that only in the XV or in the XVI century, after the reconstruction of the Kremlin, by decree Ivan the Terrible Pskov architects. From the 2nd half of the XIII century to the 1st half of the XV century, the Kremlin turns into the center of the Kazan Principality as part of the Golden Horde: In 1236, Mongol Hordes led by Batym invaded the limits of the Volga Bulgaria and ruined her Bulgarian capital, and in 1240 Bulgaria , like Russian principality, finally ended up in submission of the Golden Horde. Part of the Bulgar ran to the River areas of the Kazani and founded Iska-Kazan, a city in 45 kilometers from Kazan. In 1370, the Bulgarian Prince Hassan laid the foundation of the fortress on the site of the modern Kazan Kremlin, who served the residence of the Bulgarian princes until 1445.
XV - the first half of the XVI century. Khan fortress
Memorial sign at the foundation of the Khan Mausoleum next to the Syumubik Tower
The Hanskaya Citadel was acquainted with oak (possibly places stone) walls, up to 9 meters thick with 4 travel towers: Nur-Ali, Elabuga, big gate, Tyumen gate. Or boulack (from tat. "Sleeve", the Doc, which connected the Kazanka River and Lake Kaban) defended the fortress from the West; And with the least protected southeast side, the fortress was fenced with deep Rips. Kurbsky left such a description of Kazan: "And from the Kazan-River Mountain is so high, illy by Okoma Review COP; On it, Grad stands and the chambers of the Tsarist and the Mosque are high, Mushed, the appearance of their dead king, the number of them, five of them ... "(" Multi "- stone). Cathedral Mosque Kul Sharif had 8 minarets to legend. There is every reason to assume that the appearance of mosques was similar to stone buildings of the same time in Casimov and Bulgar, where the smooth planes of the walls contrast with elegant carved and ceramic inserts of decor elements. Tezitsky (Tezik Arab. - A merchant) ditch separated the khan citadel from the southern part, where the construction was wooden. An approximate Khan was settled here and there was a cemetery. With mosques were madrasas and mausoleums.
The second half of the XVI century. Construction of a stone Kremlin Pskov architects
Architecture Tower
The tower consists of 7 tiers: the first three tiers in terms of square and have open Gulbecian galleries, the other four are octagonal. The tower completes the 6-graded brick tent (height of 58 meters or 34 of the soot of 6 feet), which until 1917 was crowned with a double-headed eagle, who was leaning on a gilded "apple" (important documents related to history and culture were concluded in a bowl of the Tatars Tatars). The faces of all tiers are decorated with blades or thin brick rollers. In the lower tier tower - through passage. In the Western and Eastern facades, the pylons of the Lower Yarusa have 2 of the corresponding columns of the Corinthian warrant, crossed in the middle of the height "typically Russian horizontal rollers". Brick walls, a lime solution, the foundation is resting on oak piles. From 1917 to 1930 - the Russian coat of arms were replaced by a crescent, in the 1930s, the crescents were removed, in the 1990s, the crescents were watered on the tower.
Palace Church
Palace (introduced, consecrated from 1859 in honor of the Descent of St. Spirit) Church
In the authoritative work "Kazan in monuments of history and culture. Ed. S. S. Idarova, A. H. Khalikova, M. Kh. Khasanova, I. N. Aleeva "The authors tend to the version that the Palace Church" is put on the spot where the Nur-Ali Mosque was standing during the Kazan Khanate This version relies on the late sources (explication to the plan of the city of 1768, where the temple is indicated as "the church addressed from the mosque") and is one of the hypotheses of the Introducted History (consecrated in the 19th century in honor of the Descent of the Holy Spirit) of the Church.
The introduction of the church was very damaged by the 1815 fire and stood for a long time in the ruins. By order of Nikolai I, who visited Kazan in 1836, the church was restored to the "High" approved in 1852 the project as a palace at the Governor's Palace. In 1859, the church was consecrated in honor of the Descent of the Holy Spirit. The new temple accurately reproduced the structural scheme and the stylistic features of the former introduction of the Church, the architectural analogues of which in Kazan can be considered the destroyed introduction Cathedral of the Kizyic Monastery, and the Resurrection Cathedral - the Novo-Serreysky Monastery ("Bishop Dacha"), also had indoor arched gallery and a stepped volume scheme. The Palace Temple of the Descent of St. Spirit with the face of St. The martyrs of the queen Alexandra took only the second floor, on the ground floor there was a chapel in the name of Nikolai Wonderworker, the temple icon in which was donated in the middle of the XIX century Anna Davydovna Bratan.
Alternation of 4 and 8-graded volumes, the stepped structure of the church, consonant with a stepped architecture of the Syubik Tower, surpassing a sentigious tower on the richness of the decor's decoration.
Governor's palace
Presidential (former gubernatorial) Palace
The Palace of the Kazan Governor is located in the northern part of the Kremlin, on the place where the Palace of Kazan Khan was located in ancient times, and in the XVIII century - an Ober-Commandant house. The building was built in the 40s. XIX century in t. N pseudovizante style. The project "House of the Military Governor with Premises for Imperial Apartments" was the famous Moscow architect A. K. Ton, author of the project of the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Church of Christ the Savior in Moscow. The palace consists of the main building and the Circumference of services adjacent from the courtyard. The building of the palace was led by the architect A. I. Sadek, who touched Kazan after the urban fire of 1842. The interior decoration was held under the leadership of the architect M. P. Corinthsky, one of the architects of the Kazan Imperial Complex. The center of the main facade - Rizalit, completed by the front with three cylindic arches. The building has two porches on 2 warrant columns with arched doorways. The first and second floors are broken by a number of orders of the pilaster and arched window openings. The facade in the plan represents the semicircle and has a passage to the patient's patient. In the eclectic decoration of the building, elements of Russian classicism (the membership of the Corinthian Order, Rusta 1 of the floor, general symmetry), Baroque (Locking of the antablemer above the bunches of the head risal columns, the nature of the portico frontones) and the ancient Russian architecture (hanging outlets of the paired arch of windows 2 floors 2 floors, Central Casairs Risalita, character of the curly supports arched suspension transition to the palace church). In Soviet times, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet and the Council of Ministers of the Tassmar was located in the building.
The building of the present places (provincial office)
The 2-storey building of the Governor Board - Presentations - is located on the right side of the main Kremlin street and the Spasskaya Tower. The project was compiled by V. I. Kaftyrev, which was sent to the Senate in Kazan in 1767 to detail the General Plan of the city, developed by the Commission of St. Petersburg and Moscow after a large fire in Kazan in 1765. The main floor was the second floor where the highest officials and important visitors climbed the front staircase, and where the "Audience" hall was located before the "Judicial Chamber" - a central hall with 4 windows. "Secret" and "Secretarian" were adjacent to it, in the rest of the rooms were "ordered ministers." The building has a basement floor with vaulted premises. For traveling to the extended courtyard between the building of the present places and the eastern springs of the Kremlin Wall, the building has two through drives dividing the building on 3 sections. From the northern side, the building of the former consistory is adjacent to the building.
Blagoveshchensky cathedral
Annunciation Cathedral and Bell Tower at the beginning of the XX century
Built in the XVI century, Pskov architect Ivan turning and the Jakovlev's postman. The white-mounted congestion in terms of the cathedral was originally almost 2 times less than the modern temple, expanding as a result of several reconstructions. The arch is resting on 6 round, as in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin Pillar. The dome of the cathedral in the 16th century had a helmet shape. At the end of the 16th century, the sideways were attached to the temple: Northern in the name of St. Peter and Fevronia Murom and South in the name of St. Princes Boris and Gleb, connected by Parlet, which has enveloped the central cuboid volume of the cathedral.
In the XVIII and XIX century, a number of alterations radically changed the appearance of the cathedral, especially the view from the west side. In 1736, the helmet dome was replaced by bulbous, and the central dome was completed in the form of the so-called "bath" in the style of Ukrainian baroque. Next to the cathedral was the church of the Nativity of Christ, built in 1694 in the Metropolitan of Kazan Markell. By 1821, the Christ-Church Church had a strong weight and the technical commission suggested in its place to build a new warm temple. Emperor Nicholas I, visiting Kazan in 1836, suggested on the spot of the Christmas Temple to build a new warm meadow of the Annunciation Cathedral, expanding the Cathedral to the West. According to the project of the Kazan provincial architect (1834-1844), Foma Petonidi (1794-1874) the cathedral was expanded to the West, north and south, for which one-story mesting refectory and old porch of the XVIII century were demolished. This reconstruction made a cathedral more convenient for prayer, but strongly changed its initial harmonious appearance. Since then, the exterior of the cathedral has not changed, except for the destruction of the F. Petondi's roof of the Cathedral of the Cathedral, demolished after the revolution, and the magnificent 5-tier bell tower of the XVII century, which stored the largest bell of Kazan in 1928. His weight was 1500 pounds (about 24,570 kg).
Ensemble of the Spaso Preobrazhensky Monastery
Preobrazhensky Cathedral of the Spassky Monastery at the beginning of the XX century
Founded in the XVI century St. Wronophone. Preserved the fraternal case in the northern part of the monastery; Brick fence from the eastern side of the monastery, reconstructed in the forms of the XIX century, the Temple of Nikola Ratnaya (served by the teahouse here in Soviet times); Sweet blown in the 1930s of the Preobrazhensky Cathedral; The foundation was destroyed after 1917 monastic bell tower with the temple of St. Barbarians in the lower tier.
Consistor building
The building of the spiritual department in the XIX century. In Soviet times, the Department of Health of the TASSR was posted in the building.
Kazan Kremlin
In UNESCO lists, it is as "the only preserved Tatar fortress." But not to mislead you, let's say the truth. Before you - the Russian fortress, built on the site of Tatar Pskov masters Ivan the worshipers and the post on Yakovlev, nicknamed Barma.
The Tatar fortress was cut from a tree. Eyewitnesses describe oak walls in two rows, between which sand with a stone was embarrassed. Stone houses in the Kremlin itself and in his surrounding pits were laid out from river bout, which "afraid of" fire and crumbs. Therefore, after the capture of Kazan, the city was built completely again and today, alas, except for foundations, not a single construction of the period of the Kazan Khanate period is not preserved!
So we see Spassky Tower And on the sides of it - two later reconstructed turrets. In the one that the right, once there was a "black" prison, in the basement of which was kept the Yaitsky Cossack Emelyap Pugachev.
Here he was sharpened for "wrinkling Pian, in the Kabakov called himself an ambient." The presence of the arrestants produced themselves, and Pugachev walked all day in the city with a conversion, leaving alms. The soldier accompanying him was old and blind, and soon the Cossack escaped. Immediately in the city, he was hiding in Nore, then the Old Believers - "Native Souls" - they crossed him to the other coast of Volga, from where he went to free yik. In just a year, in July 1774, the Cossack returned to the "Ampirator" and besieged the city. But Pugacheva was prevented by unbearable heat, which was established at that summer. Knowing was such that "the haystacks broke out in the meadows, and gunpowder in the guns, and people saved standing on the throat in the river." Foreway began and ladder. Pugachev was no longer able to bring together a drunk rhe together!
The Spasskaya Tower has been preserved to the present day. Only a surviving chapel, which was "stripped" as it were, in front of the entrance to the tower, and a double-headed eagle, who walked her macuet to the revolution of 1917, and a deep ditch, through which the lifting bridge was thrown off. The tower itself was not always blonde, one time was painted with okra.
Now enter the Kremlin. Pay attention to the thickness of the walls and loop fasteners remaining from the fortress gate. We are on the most short Street of Kazan (about 500 meters long), which is named after the shot of the Red Commissioner of Jacob Shainkmana's shot by the Kremlin. The rising regiment of Chekhov, in August 1918, knocked red from the city of PA two days, during this time the entire gold reserve of the Russian Empire disappeared from the repositors of the Kazan Bank, which was transported here shortly before that from Moscow. It is said that gold from Kazan was exported to sixteen bales towards Laishev. Part of the supply there and lost ...
Under Kazan, on the side of the red, Yaroslav Gashekov became the famous writer. True, here he seemed to be the name of his literary hero - Josef Schwekome! He was appointed Commandant Bugulma, where, according to eyewitnesses, he began to decorate. I carried out the verdict enemies of the revolution and myself led him to execution. Here he married, but leaving the limits of Russia and filling out the questionnaire, in the column "Marital Region" put - "single".
In Prague, in the homeland of Gashek, his biography of his biography is well remembered well, and in Bugulma, on the contrary, they are even be proud that he is so good "hip". In the provincial town, grateful descendants opened in the building of the former commandant's literary museum Yaroslav Gashek.
Kul Sharif Mosque
To the left of us, if you follow the signs, there is a passage to the Cathedral Mosque Kul Sharif - this is the largest religious construction of Muslims in the north-east of Russia.
"... Many historical sources are confirming wide fame of Kul Sharifa in the last period of the existence of Kazan Khanate, as well as information preserved in People's Memory and generalized by Shigabutin Martzhani. Based on them, it can be argued that Kul Sharif in Khanate on the eve of his fall was the head of the Muslim clergy, Supreme Seid. Andrei Kurbsky, describing the episode associated with the taking of the Russian army of Kazan in 1552, calls him to the European Lada "Great Biscupe", that is, the bishop, and adds that the Tatars themselves consider Kul Sharif "Great Anacia", or "Amir".
Supreme Seid Kul Sharif died when taking Kazan by Russians in 1552 during the battle with them. Mardzhani, relying on folk legends, reports that Kul Sharif with his followers, united in a special military unit "Regiment", consisting of young twisters and Sufis, defended up to the buildings of the Madrasa, then, retreating, rose to his roof, where there was a jam And fell down. So tragically interrupted the life of this outstanding personality of the era of the Kazan Khanate.
Blagoveshchensky Cathedral of the Kazan Kremlin
If during the construction of the Cathedral Mosque Kul-Sharif Archaeologists tried to restore the cult building destroyed during the siege, they had to take as the basis of the temple of Vasily blissful on Red Square in Moscow, built "for the conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan Khanni", since there is an assumption After the conquest of Kazan Khanate, the same Pskov masters that the Kazan Kremlin was rejected, built in the very center of Moscow a reduced copy of one of the architectural symbols of the enemy. However, for some unknown reasons, then the main Orthodox (Bogoyavlensky) Cathedral on the Earth of Inoverts began to build.
The consecration of the five-chapted cathedral took place in 1562. For the construction, as the Kazan test book reports, "1148 rubles 24 kopecks with a half-one, but iron purchased for 100 rubles, was spent. In the forms of the cathedral, the influence of the styles of Pskov, Vladimir and Moscow architecture is felt.
Since then, all the royal parties of the Russian Empire from Peter I visited Nikolai P. Today, the cathedral is renovated and open to visit, church services are held here.
Tower Syuyumbike
Now, from the Annunciation Cathedral, proceed to the falling tower of Syumubik (Symum - the Women's Name, and the Beach, or Beach, is a respectful appeal to an adult woman).
She really falls towards the presidential palace, where you see the flag of Tatarstan with the coat of arms - White Bars. Why I chose exactly this beast, it remains only to guess, because on the rich fauna land of Tatarstan Barsa never was found.
The deviation of the tower from the main axis is 1.98 meters. This slope is noticeable next to the Blagoveshchensky Cathedral.
Tower Syuyumbike - Architectural and spiritual symbol of Kazan. Its image can be found on many emblems of all sorts of Tatar societies, for example, "Tatar Associations in America". We can also remember the analogue of the Tatar tower in Moscow - this is the building of the Kazan station.
Written sources containing the mention of the time of the construction of the Tower and its initial purpose is not detected. In the earliest plans of the city of the XVIII century, it is shown as an entry into the courtyard of the Commandant House, which was located on the site of the "Old Tsareva".
The favorable location of the structure at the highest point of the hill involves the use of it as a sentient tower. Inside the narrow staircase galleries are made in such a way that only one Sagittarius could hold back a whole enemy detachment. The stock of stones, pacles, resins, copies and arrows, as well as the proviante would allow the siege for a long time a small group of defenders.
Before the revolution, the Syumubik Tower was opened for tourists and performed the function of the observation deck. On the oak door of the upper tier, the inscription made by a kind of traveler - "here was Gavrilov."
Some researchers are inclined to the fact that the Syumubik Tower with the "non-Russian architecture" was built by Pskov masters on the foundation of the highly seeded gates dilapidated when taking Kazan installed at the entrance to the Khan Palace. Perhaps the Russian Masonicians struck the form of the gate and they did not rebuild them, but only restored the former appearance. On the one hand, these were the front door, on the other, the Watchtower of the Potion Tower, with the third - minaret for calling to Friday Namaz, as well as to announce the people of Khansky decrees. There is another version at which the tower structure is a mausoleum or a memorial mosque.
Many legends are associated with Syumubik Tower. There is a legend that it was built on the site of the burial of the three Muslim saints, whose graves of which local residents and Dervish worship. And recently, the foot of the tower archaeologists have spread the burial of the khan, where the last Kazan khans, including Safa-Gary, who died in 1549. Preserved transmitted by Tatars from generation to the generation of a legend, telling about the crying of Queen Syumubik over the rest of his beloved husband.
The folk tales draw a sumymbique in an indescribable beauty, hearing about which Ivan IV sent ambassadors to it with a proposal to become the Moscow queen. And the refusal of the Syubik was the reason for the campaign of Russian on Kazan. When Russian troops were besieged to the city, proud hansha gave consent to marriage, provided that during the week, the Sagittarius would be able to annoy the tower above all the minarets of the "Pearl of the East". The requirement of the princes was carried out on time. Seven days - seven tiers! During the wedding party, the bride made a desire and the last time to look at the hometown from the height of the seedroom tower. She rose to the highest platform and rushed down.
In fact, it was where prose. After taking Ivan the Terrible Kazan, she was forced by the order of the Russian king forcibly married Kasimov Khan Shah-Ali, configured by Proshoskovsky. This marriage served King the best reason to refuse her father, Nogai Khan Yusuf, who appealing with a request to return the daughter and the grandson of Utamysh. About him the king wrote Hanu "Your grandson is kept for my son." In fact, it was excited from the mother and baptized. In one of the Moscow monasteries, the grave of Son Syumubik was preserved, a new name was knocked down on the plate - Simeon.
Monument to Russian soldiers who died when taking Kazan by the troops of Ivan Grozny
From the site, Tower Syumubik overlooks the Kazanku River, which in a few kilometers from here falls into the Volga. If you look closely, you will see a monument-Acropolis standing in the water, resembling a small pyramid set in 1823 in memory of the taking of Kazan. In 1552, here, in the lack of a massive fraternal grave, the bodies of the dead warriors were cooled. Despite the fact that in the siege of the city, not only the Orthodox, but also the injectors who passed towards the Russian king were involved, buried everyone without parsing and fled on Christian. A chapel was built above the grave, and after the spill of the Kuibyshev reservoir, the water approached the monument, turning it into the island.
Why was it decided to arrange the burial of the soldiers in this place? According to chronicle sources, it was here that Ivan the Terrible (king, by the way, at the time of the siege turned 24 years old). From his royal tent, he supervised the city. There is a version that from the tent of Ivan the Terrible to the walls of the Kremlin was underground laz. Allegedly he existed before the revolution, and Nicholas II himself, when he looked at the sights of the city, descended into it, but the ruins were prevented to go to the Kremlin. Whatever it was, it is reliably one thing that engineer Butler, who was specifically brought for undermining the "apglitsky bombs" of fortress walls, on the dilated move unnoticed to the wall and laid under its base of the barrel with gunpowder. After the undermined, two breaks were formed. One of the explosions thundered just under the wall, which goes to the monument to the tomb.
Kazan was besieged by the 150,000th army against 33 thousand defenders, and it was the Russian king of 160 cannons, and also an engineer Butler with his "hellish cars."
On October 2, 1552, Kazan Khanate was joined to the Russian kingdom, and the last Khan Jadeger was taken to full.
Ivan Grozny sewed the Kazan hat from ferrets, which were in abundance were in local forests, and decorated it with precious stones from a khan rod.
In addition to the dozen pebbles, nothing valuable in the Khansky Palace was found. The treasury was empty that then he gave rise to the legend of the treasure at the bottom of the Lake Caban.
It is said that the king got only the Khan library with Arab Foliants. They replenished his legendary collection of rare books, which, however, is looking for so far.
It was the fifth of the siege of the Russian capital of Kazan Khanate. The previous ones ended in failure (once even cunny khan, like Kutuzov, ordered to pass the capital to the capital. A month later he entered the city back and rebuilt on the side of the ascet the new city as the previous one!).
The fifth hike was prepared much better. Above the Volga on the island of Sviyazhsk, a fortress for wintering troops and storage of weapons and forage was built in advance. Here the temple and the monastery were erected for missionary activities among the "non-Christ". The roots loaded with everything necessary for the siege of the city, regularly walked from Sviyazhsk to Kazan. Today, the island of Sviyazhsk can be reached by both water on the excursion steam, gas and land. The island from the village of Vasilyevo leads a bulk dam. Sviyazhsky retained the charm of the Russian province, in its darkened temples, service is carried out. Several dozen monks support life on the forgotten island's forgotten civilization. Here on the church artists painted by icon painters, you can see the rare image of St. Christopher-psegladz ... but with a horse head.
Tainitsky Gate.
On the left side of the Tower Syumubik is a cannonor (the inscription about this is reading on the fluger). Here there was long-stayed forge workshops, where they made mail, armor, tips for arrows and copies, swords, and the guns and kernels were cast.
Now go down to Tainitsky gate. One glance is enough to understand not new to us, but really old fortress building. Inside it, you will hear the buzz of steps and feel the coolness of the past. Pay attention to the thickness of the walls and massive attachments for the gate and grilles, and also on the characteristic crankshaft - from left to right - travel to the fortress. This was done in order for the enemy's army, armed with swords and shields, in siege would be their unprotected side to the garrison of the fortress. After all, the shield as usual was kept in the left hand, and the sword was right!
The Townitskaya Tower was erected in the XVI century on the spot exploded during the siege of Kazan Towers of Nur-Ali. She received his new name from the blown secret move to a springer, from which the deposited took water. Ivan Grozny after taking Kazan solemnly drove into the city through these gates.
Coin of St. Vaclav and 1000th anniversary of Kazan
In 1997, during excavations in the territory of the Kazan Kremlin, archaeologists found a lead coin, which, according to the largest numismatite of Europe, the Czech Researcher Yarmila Haskovoy, was made in Prague. The most believable date of chasing can be considered 929-930 years. At this time, the lead was decorated. In addition, there is a hole on the coin. This allows you to conclude that the coin was used as a decoration. The coin is unique - the only one in the world. According to this archaeological find, it has been proven that Kazan has been more than a hundred years.
