Outrigger - a float, fixed by transverse beams to the hull of a sailing vessel of the proa type on the leeward side, or a balancer-counterweight, installed in the same way on the windward side, serving to ensure stability and roll.
Achterstag - a cable of a standing rigging, loosening the mast in the longitudinal direction from the stern.
Akhtersteven - a detail of the ship's structure with a pointed (whaleboat) stern, on which the ends of the hull plating are connected.
Backstay-1. The course of a sailing vessel in which the wind blows from the stern at an angle of 15-85 ° to the DP. - 2. A cable of standing rigging, loosening the mast from the stern at an angle to the DP.
Baller - the rudder axis, to which the rudder blade and tiller are attached.
Bank - a transverse board serving as a reinforcement for the boat's hull, as well as a seat.
Buttocks - lines on the "side" projection of the theoretical drawing, obtained by the cross-section of the ship's hull by vertical planes parallel to the DP.
Beidewind - the course of a sailing vessel, in which the wind blows from the bow at an angle from 30 ° (steep B.) to 80 ° (full B.).
Mizzen - a sail on the stern mast (mizzen mast).
Beam - lateral horizontal connection of the set of the ship's hull, which serves to maintain the deck flooring and perceives transverse loads, compressing the hull from the sides.
Boat - a reinforcing sail strip, sewn in its corners.
Braces - tackle attached to the legs of the yards and used to turn the straight sail in the horizontal plane.
Breshtuk - a triangular horizontal knit, connecting the fenders and stringer with the stem in the bow of the boat.
Briefcase - a straight auxiliary sail, installed with a fair wind on motor and rowing ships.
Brucanets - a piece of canvas with which the mast at the pärtners is tied to prevent water from entering the wheelhouse.
Bowline - tackle for tight-fitting the leech of an oblique sail or the windward leech of a straight sail.
Bowsprit - a horizontal or inclined beam protruding from the bow of a sailing vessel, serving to move forward the bow sails.
Guy - tackle of standing rigging, with which the mast is unfastened from the sides.
Van't-putens - details by means of which the cables are attached to the sides or deck.
Waterline is a projection of the cross-section of the ship's hull by a horizontal plane. The constructive V. is set by the water surface at the design load of the vessel.
Windsurfer - see Sailboard.
Tack.- 1. Position of the sailing vessel relative to the wind (starboard tack - wind blows to starboard, port tack - to port). - 2. Tacking the sail tack. - 3. The path traversed by a sailing vessel between turns when tacking. A short tack with the aim of getting out into the wind or bypassing an obstacle is called a counter-tack.
Gulfwind - the heading of a sailing vessel in which the wind is blowing at an angle of approximately 90 ° to its DP.
Gaff - an inclined pole of the mast, lifted up the mast and serves to attach the head leech of the sail.
Geek - spar tree, pivotally attached with a heel to the mast; serves to fasten the luff of the oblique sail.
Sail hump - the rear part of the slanting sail panel, protruding beyond the line between the halyard and clew corners.
Mainsail - with oblique rigging, a sail placed with the head leech on the mainmast.
Mainsail-fal - tackle running rigging, used to lift the mainsail.
Diametral plane (DP) - a longitudinal vertical plane dividing the ship's hull into two symmetrical parts.
Dirik-fal - tackle of running rigging, with the help of which the gaff is lifted and held in the desired position.
Trim - the angle of the longitudinal inclination of the vessel.
Drifting - demolition of the vessel under the influence of wind and current.
Bookmark- 1. When building a small vessel - the main unit, assembled from the keel, stem and sternpost. - 2. A dart on the sail in order to give it the required shape (size and position of the belly).
Sunset - change in the direction of the wind in the direction opposite to the course of the vessel.
Cabole - the thread from which the strand of the rope is twisted.
Carlengs - a longitudinal under-deck beam, which, together with the beams, provides deck rigidity.
Catamaran - a ship consisting of two identical hulls connected by a transverse link - a bridge.
Keel - the main longitudinal beam of the ship's hull set, installed in the DP from the stem to the sternpost or transom.
Fin keel - a vertical plate installed under the bottom in the DP to reduce the drift of a sailing vessel under the wind.
Keels zygomatic - a kind of fin keel; installed in pairs on the cheekbones; provide less draft than fin, but inferior to it in efficiency.
Keelson - the longitudinal beam of the ship's hull set, which is installed over the frames and is connected to the keel by through bolts.
Knitsa - a part of the set, used to connect the connections of the body.
Koush - a metal rim with an oval, triangular or round groove, which is embedded in fire to protect the cable from chafing.
Kraspitsa - a spacer installed between the mast and the rhomboids.
Grommet - a ring twisted from strands of a thin cable and embedded in the luff of the sail for attaching tackle - sheet, tack, etc.
Tacking - sailing against the wind along a broken tack line.
Leventic - inoperative position of the sails when the vessel is facing the wind.
Face - sail edge.
Likpaz - a recess in the mast or boom, into which the luff of the sail with a lyctrope is inserted.
Lyctros - a cable sewn to the luff (face) of the sail.
Malka - the angle specified by the theoretical drawing of the ship's hull between the plane of the skin and the surface of the kit part adjoining it.
Mid-frame - the cross-section of the ship's hull in a vertical plane in the middle or at its widest point.
Ship set - longitudinal and transverse ties forming the ship's skeleton, defining the shape of its hull, providing strength and rigidity of the structure.
Nok - the outer end of a horizontal or inclined spar (boom, gaff).
Butt - a bolt with a ring.
Fire - loop braided on the tackle.
Main line (OL) - the line of the theoretical drawing of the vessel passing through the lower point of the keel parallel to the plane of the waterline; from the OL, the heights of all other lines of the theoretical drawing are counted.
Stability - the ability of the vessel to return to its initial position - on an even keel or with a constant heel after the cessation of external forces.
Payol - removable wooden flooring.
Sail board - sports equipment for sailing, consisting of a flat float (board) with a mast hinged to it; standing on the board and holding on to the boom-wishbom, the athlete controls the PD movement of the mast with the sail and the center of gravity of his own body.
Stanchion - vertical stand supporting the beams.
Plaz - a flat area (floor or shield), on which a theoretical drawing of the ship is drawn in full size or sails are marked.
Plaza ordinates - dimensions presented in tabular form, characterizing the position (distance from the DP and OL) of the points of intersection of the Longitudinal lines of the theoretical drawing with the frames.
Gunwale - a board or beam covering the side edge of an undecked boat or the upper edge of the bulwark.
Podlegars - the connection passing along the side of the boat, on which the banks rely.
Fender - a strong bar installed along the side outside to protect the skin from impacts or (on boats) inside the hull along the upper ends of the frames to strengthen the set.
Proa - a sailing vessel, the stability of which is provided by an outrigger.
Bunt - the convexity of the sail, the shape of which is characterized by the ratio of the deflection arrow to the chord.
Pärtners - hole in the deck, bank, through which the mast passes.
Raxes - metal rings with which the sail leech is attached to the headstock.
Mast - the common name for masts, booms, yards and other trees on the ship ..
Rezenkil - timber, which is placed on the keel inside the vessel; Floras are attached to the R.
Reek - a spar for stretching the sail at the corners.
Rey - a spar, suspended in the middle from the mast to stretch the leech of the straight sail.
Reef bow - a strip of fabric sewn onto the sail parallel to the luff to increase the strength of the panel in the place where it is tied to the boom when taking reefs.
Reefs take - reduce the sail area when the wind increases by tying or winding the lower part of the boom.
Reef seasons - the tips with which the sail is laced to the boom when taking reefs.
Reef pins - short strings for tying the lower part of the sail to the boom when taking reefs.
Tiller - a lever with which the steering wheel is turned.
Prowl - deviate from the course due to improper handling or poor stability of the vessel.
Stopper - a device for holding the selected rope, for example, a sheet.
Stringer - a part of a longitudinal set, a bar installed along the sides and bottom. Zygomatic S.
Running rigging - movable sailing gear.
Standing rigging - cables with which the spar is fastened.
Lanyard - a device for fitting a standing rigging. Mainly used screw T. On sailing boats and kayaks, T. is used as T. several Lapps rope.
Theoretical drawing - projections of sections of the ship's hull in three mutually perpendicular planes that define its shape. Together with the table of plazovy ordinates, it serves as the basis for marking out the parts of the hull and skin.
Top - the upper part of the mast.
Topenant - tackle running rigging, used to support the feet of geeks, rais, etc.
Toptimbers - the side part of the frame, made up of separate parts - footers.
Springboard - soft deck of racing and light tourist catamarans, stretched from fabric between the beams of the transverse bridge.
Transom - flat aft end of the ship's hull.
Trimaran - a ship consisting of a middle (main) hull and side floats attached to it by transverse beams, which serve to ensure stability and reduce the heel.
Fall into the wind - change the course of the sailing vessel to a more complete one.
Controllability - the speed of the vessel's reaction to the rudder shift.
Course stability - property of the vessel to maintain the direction of its movement.
Wishbaum - a boom in the form of two arcs covering the sail. Got spread on sailboards.
Fal- tackle running rigging for hoisting sails or yards.
Falin - tied at the bow or stern of the boat for mooring and towing.
Headboard - a rigid plate (usually plywood) attached to the halyard corner of the sail to increase its rigidity and strength.
Sail head angle - the upper corner of the sail, for which it is raised by the halyard.
Bulwark - a rail or metal profile placed along the edge of the deck to prevent people from slipping overboard.
False keel - a longitudinal bar attached to the keel outside the hull. On yachts, F. has a considerable height and serves to resist drift.
Falshov - fold on the sail to strengthen the panel.
Flor - transverse connection of the bottom set, connecting parts of the frame and serving for its attachment to the keel.
Florimbers - the bottom part of the composite frame.
Fordewind - the heading of the sailing vessel straight upwind.
Forepeak - the bow compartment, separated by the collision bulkhead.
Forspiegel - bow transom; used mainly on small sailing dinghies.
Stem - inclined or curved beam forming the bow of the vessel; the nose ends of the casing are attached to the F.
Footstock - graduated pole for measuring shallow depths.
Running end (lopar) - the end of the tackle for which she is chosen.
Mooring lines - the rope used for mooring.
Centerboard - lifting keel; distinguish between dagger sh., lowered vertically, and folding, rotating on an axis.
Sailing dinghy - sailing boat with a centerboard.
Centerboard well - the device in which the centerboard is located.
Schwerttal - a rope drawn in several laps for lifting the centerboard.
Shvertsy - centerboards hung from the sides.
Shkatorina - sail edge.
Squall - a sudden strong gust of wind.
Sheet -1. Running rigging tackle attached to the boom or yarn leg and used to control the sail. - 2. Tackle tied into the clew of an oblique sail to stretch it along the boom.
Clew angle - the lower rear corner of the sail.
Frame - detail of the transverse set of the vessel; in the theoretical drawing - projections of the cross-section of the body by vertical planes.
Sprit - a lath that spreads the quadrangular sail diagonally.
Stag - tackle standing rigging, supporting the mast in front.
Sturtros - a flexible cable that transfers the force from the control to the tiller or sector on the rudder stock.
Yal - seaworthy rowing and sailing ship boat; by the number of oars, they are called "twos", "fours", "sixes".
Yacht - in a broad sense - a motor or sailing vessel for tourism; more narrowly - a sailing vessel for sports or tourism, having a ballast false keel.
A letter from the Redneck family to their son. (Redneck is a resident of the southern states of the United States).
My beloved son-redneck!
I write very slowly, because I know that you cannot read quickly. We no longer live where we lived before you left us. Your dad read in the newspaper that most accidents happen 20 miles from home, and we moved farther.
And I can't send you my address, because the last family from Arkansas, who lived here before us, took all the house numbers with them so that they wouldn't change addresses.
Our house is good. It even has a washing machine. I'm really not sure if it works properly: last week I put my laundry in the wash and pulled on the chain. Since then we have not seen any more linen.
The weather is nothing here. It only rained twice last week; the first time he walked three days, and the second four.
Yes, about the coat you wanted me to send you: your uncle Billy Bob said that with buttons it would be very heavy to mail, so we knocked the buttons down and put them in our coat pockets.
Bubba locked his keys in the car yesterday; we were very worried because it took him two hours to get me and dad out of the car.
Your sister gave birth this morning, but I don't know who she has yet, so I can't tell you if you're an uncle or an aunt now.
Uncle Bobby Ray fell into a barrel of whiskey last week. The men tried to pull him out, but he fought them off and drowned. We cremated him: he burned for three days.
Three of your friends fell off a bridge in their truck. Butch was driving. He opened the window and floated out. The other two were in the back. They drowned because they could not lower the tailgate to get out.
There is nothing more to write about. Nothing special, as you can see, has not happened with us.
Your beloved aunt, Mom.
Sailscalled the connected panels of canvas, which perceive the pressure of the wind and are used to move the vessel. The totality of all sails is called sailing rig. ship... Sailing is understood as the total area of \u200b\u200ball sails, and the types of sails carried by this vesselor a dinghy (latin, straight, storm, etc.). Distinguish bow windage, the area of \u200b\u200bthe sails, which are located to the bow of the vertical axis of rotation ship, and aft - the area of \u200b\u200bthe sails, which are located aft from this axis. These terms are used in the study of the effect that the corresponding sails have on the yaw and turnability of the ship.
Sail classification
Sails are divided according to their shape and attachment point.
In shape, rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular sails are distinguished.
Depending on the attachment point:
upper edge sails, which are attached to the yard;
sails are one of the sides, which are attached to the mast;
sails with one side attached to a cable.
In addition, all sails can be divided into straight and oblique - the first are placed across, and the second along the center plane of the vessel. Oblique sails are divided into Latin, gaff, jibs and staysails.
Straight sails
Straight sails have a quadrangular - rectangular or trapezoidal shape and are attached to the yard with their upper side. The lower side, usually slightly curved towards the top, is attached with the help of sheets and tacks to the underlying yard or deck of the ship. Straight sails are easy to attach and set up, easy to divide into smaller ones. They are widespread, but it is extremely inconvenient to maneuver a vessel with them, since the smallest (effective) angle between the wind direction and the center plane of the bow of the vessel is approximately 67 degrees. Ships with such sails - a five-masted vessel " Royal clipper ", Four-masted bark "Kruzenshtern" ... Depending on the yard to which the sail is attached, there are: foresail, fore-topsails (lower and upper), fore-bramssels (lower and upper), mainsail-bramssels (lower and upper) and mainsail-bom-bramssel; mizzen, cruiseles (lower and upper), cruis-bramssel (lower and upper) and cruis-bom-bramssel. (fig. 1)
1 - fore-top-staysail; 2 - middle jib; 3 - jib; 4 - bom-jib; 5 - foresight; 6 - lower fore-topsail; 7 - upper fore-topsail; 8 - lower hand - brahmsel; 9 - upper fore-brahmsel; 10 - for-bom-bramsel; 11 - fore-trumesel; 12 - grotto; 13 - lower grotto-brahmsel; 14 - upper main topsail; 15 - lower grotto-brahmsel; 16 - upper mainsail-brahmsel; 17 - grotto-bom-bramsel; 18 - mainsail-trumesel; 19 - mainsail-munsel (a small sail, which was used on large sailing ships); 20 - mizzen; 21 - lower cruiser; 22 - upper cruiser; 23 - lower cruise-brahmsel; 24 - upper cruise-brahmsel; 25 - cruis-bom-bramsel; 26 - cruise-trumesel; 27 - counter-mizzen; 28 - fore-under-lissel; 29 - fore-marsa-lisel; 30 - for-bram-lissel; 31 - for-bom-bram-lissel;
Straight sails used to be installed on the blind-top (bom-blind-bowen), as well as on the blind-and bomb-blind-rails (blind under the bowsprit and bomb-blind under the jigger). A special feature of them were made two or three holes for the drainage of water falling on the sail. The foresail, mainsail and mizzen are called lower, or storm sails, while the rest - topsails, bramssels and bom-bramssels - upper. (fig. 2)
set of straight sails
I - normal with one topsail: 1- mainsail, 2 - topsail, 3 - brahmsell, 4 - upper brahmsel;
II - with lower and upper topsails: 1 - mainsail, 2 - lower topsail, 3 - upper topsail, 4 - lower topsail, 5 - upper topsail, 6 - bomb-brahmsel;
Latin sails
Latin sails these are triangular sails, tied to the yard with the long side; in the centreline of the vessel, towards the stern, they are stretched with the help of a sheet. Latin sails are oblique. They allow the boat to sail at a 20 degree angle relative to the ship's course and wind direction. Latin sails are named depending on their belonging to a particular mast, namely: Latin foresail, mainsail and mizzen. The largest sail used in galleys was called the "bastardo", the middle one was "borda", the smallest "marabotto". Each of the sails was set depending on the strength of the wind. In case of bad weather, a straight sail was raised on the "fortune-ray" - a storm sail. Until the end of the 18th century, on ships with straight sails, the mizzen mast carried the Latin mizzen. Already from the middle of the 18th century, mizzen of two forms began to be used: the traditional triangular (the so-called mizzen of the French type) and trapezoidal, fixed with its upper side on the yard, and the front, vertical, on the mast (mizzen of the English type). The mizzen of this shape looked like a gaff sail - trisel. (fig. 3)
Gaff sails
Gaff sails have a trapezoidal shape and are divided into proper gaff sails (trisels), gulf topsales, lugeror rakedand sprint. Trysailhas the shape of an irregular trapezoid, which with its upper edge is attached to the mizzen gaff, the lower edge to the mizzen boom and the vertical side to the mast or trisel mast. Gulf topsail is a triangular sail, which with its lower side is attached to the mizzen gaff, and the vertical side to the topmast. Triseliare placed on mizzen masts of ships with straight sails and on all masts of a gaff schooner. At tenders, the trisel and gulf topsail are currently replaced by one triangular sail, the vertical side of which runs along the mast along a special groove or shoulder strap, and the lower one is attached to the boom. In Great Britain it was called Bermuda.
Luger or rack sailsare a kind of gaffer: the upper side of them is attached to a small rail, the halyard of which is fixed on a third of the rail length, counting from the front knock. They are called "Tretyaks". The front bottom corner of the sail is pulled towards the bow, and the rear corner towards the stern. There is also a "quarter". This is the name of the luger sail, the front lower corner of which is attached near the mast, and the halyard is one quarter of the length of the rail, counting from the front knock. Sprint sails are quadrangular sails with a sharp aft knuckle angle, which is stretched by a diagonally set sprint rod. The lower end of the sprint rests against the sling on the mast, and the upper end against the rear knuckle corner of the sail. Previously, gaff sails were divided into gaff sails with gaff and boom (brigantine); gaff sails without boom; sprint sails, similar to the above, called "livarda" - by the name of the sprint; luger sails, identical to Tretiaks, and billanders, are also similar to Tretiaks. Billander was the main sail of the ships that the British and Dutch used as merchant ships. They were two-masted ships with a very long trapezoidal sail, which hung from a small yarn. Oblique sails include triangular sails: guaris and large spherical spinnakers mounted on the bow with a shot - a spinnaker pole - and used when there is a fair wind. This sail is considered optional. (fig. 4)
Staysails
These triangular sails go along the headstays, from which they got the name staysail (German stag - headquarters, segel - sail). Staysails, located between the foremast and mainmast, are divided into the following: mainsail-staysail (used extremely rarely), mainsail-staysail (called "coal", as the smoke from the galley chimney polluted it), mainsail-bram-staysail and mainsail -bom-bram-staysail. Between the main and mizzen masts an apsel, or "mizzen staysail" was placed; cruise-steen-staysail; cruise-bram-staysail and cruise-bom-bram-staysail (Fig. 5). Previously, the following staysails were distinguished: mainsail-staysail, mainsail-staysail, “second” or “small” mainsail-staysail (midship-staysail); mainsail-bram-staysail, cruise-jib or "cruise-jib"; cruise-steen-staysail, cruise-brahm-staysail and “second” cruise-brahm-staysail (rarely used).
Cleaver
These triangular sails are placed between the foremast and the bowsprit, sometimes directly on the stays or rails specially stretched for them. Cleavers appeared in the 18th century.
Modern sailing shipsthat have a long weight can carry the following jibs: on the fore-headquarters - storm fore-top-staysail or fore-staysail (raised during a storm; in the 18th century, in these cases, a double sail or "storm jib" was set); on the fore-top-staysail - fore-top-staysail; on handrails - middle jib, jib or bom-jib. Sometimes the sixth jib is also used, which walks along the fore-bomb-bram-head. With a small jib, sailing ships carried four jibs: fore-top-staysail, middle jib and bomb-jib (Fig. 6 b). On tenders and yachts, a special jib is installed, the lower edge of which is of considerable length. Such jibcalled "Genoa" (Genoese staysail). Military ships, as a rule, had four jibs: fore-top-staysail, or "small jib"; middle jib, jib, or "second jib" or "false jib"; bom-jib, or "third jib".
Additional sails
Sails that are added to a ship's main straight sails to increase speed in light winds are called auxiliary sails. These include: trapezoidal foxes and brahm-foxes, which are placed on the sides of topsails and brahmssels, triangular or quadrangular under-foxes, which are placed on the sides of the foresail and mainsail (Fig. 7 or 8).
Previously, sailcloth was also called additional, which was attached to straight sails from the sides, and sometimes from below. These are foxes or bonnets. Distinguished: fore and grotto-bonets (under-lisels), fore- and main-mars-bonets, fore- and main-bram-bonets. Sometimes bonnets or foxes were placed near the mizzen and the cruise. During the XIV-XVI centuries, bonnets were attached from below directly to the lower sails, including the Latin mizzen. With the introduction of reefs, they fell out of use (Fig. 6).
Storm sails
In stormy conditions, the sail area is usually reduced in accordance with the strength of the wind. Storm sails include fore-top-staysail, storm fore-top-staysail, lower topsails, reefed mainsail, mainsail-staysail and reefed mizzen.
Sail details
Details of straight sails
The sails are made up of several parallel canvas sheets, laid on top and sewn together with a double seam. The distance between the seams is 2-3 cm. The sail edges are folded and stitched, so they are usually double. A vegetable or flexible steel cable called a lyctrope is sewn along the edges of the sail. The upper edge of the sail, which is tied to the yarn, is called the luff or "head", the lateral vertical edges - the side legs, and the lower edge - the luff, or "sole" (Fig. 9).
The upper corners of the sails are called knuckle, the lower ones are clew. (fig. 10). To strengthen the sails in the most tense places, strips of canvas are sewn. If they run parallel to the luff, then they are called bows, if - obliquely, then - bows. Clew and knuckle corners and lyctros are additionally sheathed with leather. Reefs are called a horizontal row of strings - reef-seasons, threaded through the sail, which, if necessary, reduce its area. When taking reefs, the canvas is rolled up between the yard and the corresponding reef-bow, and the resulting roll is tied with reef seasons. This method of taking reefs has survived to this day.
On the upper luff of the sail there are grommets, through which small pieces of line are threaded - revenants, which are used to fasten the sail to the yarn rail. (Fig. 11) The sail is laid on the yard and fastened with small tips, the so-called demolition seasons, which are tied to the rail of the yard. The shirt of the laid sail is secured with a triangular piece of canvas tied to the middle of the yard.
Vintage sails
Details vintage sails had the same distinctive features and the same designations as the details of modern sails. So, on a straight sail, they distinguished: panels or luff, "sides" (side legs), "legs" (luff), clew and side corners. There were "head", "side" and "foot" lyctroses. To reinforce the sails, they sewed bows, stop plates, reef bows with reef gats for reef seasons, etc.
Sail details
I - lower sail or storm sail; II - topsail; III - brahmsel;
1 - leech lines; 2 - leech lines; 3 - reef-roll-gels; 4 - reef seasons; 5 - canvas of the corresponding reef; 6 - revenants; 7 - reef - bows; 8 - reef gats; 9 - krengels boots; 10 - filing; 11 - stop payments; 12 - knock corner reventors; 13 - luff; 14 - side legs; 15 - luff luff; 16 - krengels of the bulin sprue; (fig. 12)
full sailing equipment of a three-masted vessel of the 17th - 18th centuries
1 - grotto; 2 - foresight; 3 - topsail (main topsail, fore to topsail or cruiselle); 4 - brahmsel; 5 - bom-bram-sel; 6 - blind or bomb-blind; 7 - mizzen; 8 - Marsa Fox; 9 - mainsail-staysail; 10 - mainsail topmails-staysail; 11 - brahm-fox; 12 - under - lissel; 13 - fore-topmill-staysail; 14 - bom-jib; 15 - jib; 16 - middle jib; (fig. 13)
armament of straight sails on a ship of the 18th - early 19th centuries(fig. 14)
The sail was attached directly to the yard with the help of revolvers, which passed through the luffs. On the revant, so that it would not jump out of the eyelet, two knots were made. In a similar way, reef seasons were attached to reef gats. The hoses were applied in opposite directions and then the ends were tied together. (fig. 15)
Details of latin sails
Latin sails are sewn from canvas, and have folded edges sheathed with lyctros. The luff of the sail, which is attached to the yard, is called the scythe, the stern - the rear and the last - the lower (Fig. 16)
Jib parts
1 - panel; 2 - filing; 3 - lyctros; 4 - boats; 5 - luff; 6 - luff; 7 - luff; 8 - tack angle; 9 - knuckle angle; 10 - clew angle; 11 - eyelets for fastening racks; 12 - krengels;
The upper corner of the sail is called the halyard, the lower forward corner is called the tack, and the lower rear corner is the clew. Also called jib and jib parts. (fig. 17)
Latin sails They are attached to the yards with the help of a running end - a slack that passes through the sail eyelets and around the yard with a special knot tightening the loops. (fig. 18)
Details of gaff sails
Gaff sails also sewn from canvas panels and have folded edges around the perimeter. Sheathed with lyctros with matching reefs, krengels, bows and bows. The luff, which is attached to the gaff, is called the upper or oblique, the luff, which is attached to the mast, is called the front (standing), rear (clew) and the last (bottom). Gaff sailjoins the mast with wooden or iron hoops - segars. (fig. 19)
Trisel details
1 - panel; 2 - boat; 3 - lyctros; 4 - canvas of the corresponding reef; 5 - reef bows; 6 - sheet reef krengels; 7 - tack reef-krengels; 8 - luff; 9 - luff; 10 - luff; 11 - luff; 12 - knock-benzel angle; 13 - clew angle; 14 - tack angle; 15 - upper tack angle; 16 - slack eyelets;
Canvas for making sails
Sailsewn from linen, hemp or cotton fabrics. In the latter, only transverse threads are cotton, longitudinal (base) - hemp. There are five types of such fabrics: "katun" (for sails of shebeks and small vessels), double "katun" for topsails and ship tents, regular "katun" for boats, simple "katun" for shebeks and "katun" with small white and blue squares for tents and curtains. Sometimes the canvas "melistuh" was used. It was made in Beaufort and Augers in the departments of Mayenne and Loire. There were two grades of fabric: a thinner and lighter one was for bramsails, jibs and jibs, and a coarser and stronger one was for topsails, lower jibs, etc. Canvasalways had a light gray color. For sewing sails, special sailing threads are used.
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