The material gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe geographical location of the country. Indicates the specifics of Japan's EGP. Tells about the features of the historical and political development of the state with the most powerful economic system in the world.
Geographical location of Japan
Japan is an Asian archipelago state, the main territory of which is localized on the islands:
- Hokkaido;
- Honshu;
- Kyushu;
- Shikoku.
The state consists of 6852 islands that surround the waters of the Pacific Ocean.
Figure: 1. Japan on the map.
The Land of the Rising Sun is adjacent to states such as:
- Russia;
- China;
- DPRK;
- South Korea;
- Taiwan.
All countries are different in terms of economic potential and political system.
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Japan is a member of the UN, as well as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
For a more detailed understanding of the specifics of Japan's EGP, one should familiarize oneself with numerous factors. However, it is worth noting the fact that the country's economic and geographical position is determined by the fact that it is located almost in the very heart of the Asia-Pacific region. This contributes to the active actions of the country in the field of the international geographical division of labor.
The answer to the question of where Japan is located is also hidden here.
The islands represent an arched formation equal to 3.5 thousand km. with a spatial orientation to the north-east and south-west along the east coast of Asia.
Figure: 2. Islands of Japan.
The shores of the archipelago are very indented. As a result, there are many natural bays and coves. The seas and the ocean are of exceptional importance for the country as a source of biological, mineral and energy resources.
An excursion into history
On the territory of modern Japan, the oldest traces of man were discovered, which date back to the Paleolithic period.
In the 5th century BC, the Japanese adopted the hieroglyphic type of writing.
During the feudal period, the state was completely isolated from other countries.
As a result of the never-ending revolution of 1867-1868, Japan embarked on a path of rapid capitalist development.
During the transition period between the 19th and 20th centuries, it was included in the list of imperialist powers.
In the 20th century, Japan took part in three major military conflicts on a global scale: the Russo-Japanese War and two world wars.
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Two years after World War II, the emperor of Japan was stripped of all powers of authority.
Figure: 3. Portrait of the last emperor of Japan.
Today Japan is a constitutional monarchy.
The supreme body of state power and the only body of the legislative branch of power is the parliament.
What have we learned?
We found out where the state is geographically. We learned what form of government is typical for modern Japan. Clarified what factors triggered the rapid growth of the country's economic potential.
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This video tutorial focuses on the topic "Japan, general characteristics". You will be told about the demographic revolution and socio-economic transformations that have taken place in society. The stages of industrial development, especially the local population, will become known. You will also learn about the transport system in Japan - one of the best in the world.
Topic: Overseas Asia
Lesson: Japan General Description
Japan is an island state located in the Japanese archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, which includes more than 6,500 islands. The largest islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. The shores of the archipelago are heavily indented and form many bays and coves.
The seas and ocean washing Japan are of exceptional importance for the country as a source of biological, mineral and energy resources. The area of \u200b\u200bthe territory is 388 thousand sq. km, population - 126 million people. (10th place in the world), capital - Tokyo.
The economic and geographical position of Japan is determined, first of all, by the fact that it is located in the center of the Asia-Pacific region, which contributes to the country's active participation in the international geographical division of labor.
The geological basis of the archipelago is underwater mountain ranges. About 80% of the territory is occupied by mountains and hills with a highly dissected relief of an average height of 1600 - 1700 m. There are about 200 volcanoes, 90 are active, including the highest peak - Mount Fuji (3776 m). Frequent earthquakes and tsunamis also have a significant impact on the Japanese economy.
The country is poor in minerals, but coal, lead and zinc ores, oil, sulfur, limestone are mined. The resources of its own deposits are small, so Japan is the largest importer of raw materials.
Japan is among the top ten countries in the world in terms of population. Japan became the first Asian country to move from the second to the first type of population reproduction. Now the birth rate is 12%, mortality - 8%. Life expectancy in the country is the highest in the world (76 years for men and 82 years for women).
The population is nationally homogeneous, about 99% are Japanese. Other ethnic groups include Koreans and Chinese. The most common religions are Shinto and Buddhism. The population is unevenly distributed over the area. Average density - 340 people per sq. km, but the coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean are among the most densely populated in the world.
More than 85% of the country's inhabitants live in cities. 11 cities are millionaires.
Figure: 2. Map of the largest cities in Japan ()
The largest urban agglomerations are Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka. Agglomerations merge into the Tokyo megalopolis (Takaido) with a population of over 65 million.
The growth rates of the Japanese economy were among the highest in the second half of the 20th century. The country has largely undergone a qualitative restructuring of the economy. Japan is at a post-industrial stage of development, which is characterized by a highly developed industry, but the most growing area is the non-manufacturing sector (services, finance, R&D).
Although Japan is poor in natural resources and imports raw materials for most industries, it ranks 1st - 2nd in the world in terms of the output of many industries. Industry is mainly concentrated within the Pacific industrial belt.
Power engineering... It mainly uses imported raw materials. In the structure of the resource base, oil is in the lead, the share of natural gas, hydropower and nuclear energy is growing, and the share of coal is decreasing.
In the electric power industry, 60% of the capacity comes from thermal power plants and 28% from nuclear power plants, including Fukushima, the most powerful in the world.
Hydroelectric power plants are located in cascades on mountain rivers. In terms of hydropower generation, Japan is among the top ten countries. In resource-poor Japan, alternative energy sources are being actively developed.
Ferrous metallurgy... In terms of steel production, the country ranks second in the world. Japan's share in the world steel market is 23%.
The largest centers, now operating almost entirely on imported raw materials and fuel, are located near Osaka, Tokyo, in Fujiyama.
Non-ferrous metallurgy... Due to the harmful effect on the environment, the primary smelting of non-ferrous metals is reduced. Converting plants are located in all major industrial centers.
Mechanical engineering. Provides 40% of industrial production. The main sub-sectors among the many developed in Japan are electronics and electrical engineering, radio industry and transport engineering.
Japan firmly holds a leading position in the world in shipbuilding, specializing in the construction of large-capacity tankers and bulk carriers. The main centers of shipbuilding and ship repair are located in the largest ports (Yokohama, Nagasaki, Kobe). In terms of car production (8.5 million units per year), Japan also ranks second in the world. The main centers are Toyota, Yokohama, Hiroshima.
The main enterprises of general mechanical engineering are located within the Pacific industrial belt - complex machine tool construction and industrial robots in the Tokyo region, metal-intensive equipment in Osaka, machine tool construction in the Nagai region.
The country's share in the world output of the radio-electronic and electrical engineering industry is exceptionally large.
By level development of the chemical industry Japan is one of the first places in the world.
Japan also has developed pulp and paper, light and food industries.
Agriculture Japan remains an important industry, although it accounts for about 2% of GNP; the industry employs 6.5% of the economically active population. Agricultural production is focused on food production (the country provides 70% of its own needs in it).
13% of the territory in the structure of crop production is cultivated (gives 70% of agricultural products). The leading role is played by the cultivation of rice and vegetables, horticulture is developed. Livestock breeding (cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming) is developing intensively.
Due to the exceptional place of fish and seafood in the diet of the Japanese, the country fishes in all regions of the World Ocean, has more than three thousand fishing ports and has the largest fishing fleet (over 400 thousand vessels).
Figure: 4. Fish market in Japan ()
Transport. All types of transport are developed in Japan, with the exception of river and pipeline transport. In terms of the volume of cargo transportation, the first place belongs to road transport (60%), the second place is to sea transport. The role of rail transport is declining, while the role of air transportation is growing. Due to very active foreign economic relations, Japan has the largest merchant fleet in the world.
Figure: 5. High-speed train in Japan ()
The territorial structure of the economy is characterized by a combination of two completely different parts. The Pacific belt is the socio-economic core of the country. The main industrial areas, ports, transport routes and developed agriculture are located here. The peripheral zone includes areas where timber harvesting, livestock raising, mining, hydropower, tourism and recreation are most developed. Despite the implementation of regional policy, the smoothing of territorial disparities is proceeding rather slowly.
The main partners of Japan are: USA, China, Republic of Korea.
Homework
Topic 7, p. 3
1. What are the features of the geographical location of Japan?
2. Tell us about the Japanese economy.
Bibliography
Main
1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 grades: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2012 .-- 367 p.
2. Economic and social geography of the world: Textbook. for 10 cl. educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.
3. Atlas with a set of contour maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.
Additional
1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M .: Bustard, 2001 .-- 672 p .: ill., Maps .: color. incl.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and those entering universities. - 2nd ed., Rev. and finished. - M .: AST-PRESS SHKOLA, 2008 .-- 656 p.
Literature for preparing for the State Examination and the Unified State Exam
1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.M. Ambartsumov. - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009 .-- 80 p.
2. The most complete edition of typical options for real tasks of the exam: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: Astrel, 2010 .-- 221 p.
3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Textbook / Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M .: Intellect-Center, 2012 .-- 256 p.
4. The most complete edition of typical options for real tasks of the exam: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2010 .-- 223 p.
5. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of the Unified State Examination 2011. - M .: MCNMO, 2011. - 72 p.
6. USE 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: Eksmo, 2009 .-- 272 p.
7. Tests in geography: grade 10: to the textbook of V.P. Maksakovsky “Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 "/ E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., Stereotype. - M .: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.
8. Textbook on geography. Geography Tests and Practical Tasks / I.A. Rodionova. - M .: Moscow Lyceum, 1996 .-- 48 p.
9. The most complete edition of typical options for real assignments of the exam: 2009. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2009 .-- 250 p.
10. Unified State Exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for the training of students / FIPI - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.
11. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral exam, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M .: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.
12. USE 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks / O.V. Chicherin, Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: Eksmo, 2009 .-- 144 p.
13. USE 2012. Geography: Typical examination options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M .: National education, 2011 .-- 288 p.
14. USE 2011. Geography: Typical exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M .: National education, 2010 .-- 280 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute for Pedagogical Measurements ( ).
2. Federal portal Russian Education ().
Territory - 377.8 thousand km 2
Population - 125.2 million people (1995).
Capital - Tokyo.
Geographical location, general information
Japan - an archipelago country, located on four large and almost four thousand small islands, stretching for 3.5 thousand km from northeast to southwest along the eastern coast of Asia. The largest islands are Honshu, Hokaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. The shores of the archipelago are heavily indented and form many bays and coves. The seas and ocean washing Japan are of exceptional importance for the country as a source of biological, mineral and energy resources.
The economic and geographical position of Japan is determined primarily by the fact that it is located in the center of the Asia-Pacific region, which contributes to the country's active participation in the international geographical division of labor.
For a long period, Japan was isolated from other countries. After the unfinished bourgeois revolution of 1867 - 1868. she embarked on the path of rapid capitalist development. At the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. became one of the imperialist states.
Japan is a country with a constitutional monarchy. The supreme body of state power and the only legislative body is parliament.
Natural conditions and resources of Japan
The geological basis of the archipelago is underwater mountain ranges. About 80% of the territory is occupied by mountains and hills with a highly dissected relief of an average height of 1600 - 1700 m. There are about 200 volcanoes, 90 are active, including the highest peak - Mount Fuji (3776 m). Frequent earthquakes and tsunami.
The country is poor in minerals, but coal, lead and zinc ores, oil, sulfur, limestone are mined. The resources of its own deposits are small, so Japan is the largest importer of raw materials.
Despite the small area, the length of the country determined the existence of a unique complex of natural conditions on its territory: the island of Hokkaido and northern Honshu are located in a zone of temperate maritime climate, the rest of Honshu, the islands of Shikoku and Yushu are in a humid subtropical, and Ryukyu Island is in a tropical climate. Japan is in the active monsoon zone. The average annual rainfall ranges from 2-4 thousand mm.
About 2/3 of the territory is mainly mountainous areas covered with forests (more than half of the forests are artificial plantations). Coniferous forests dominate in northern Hokaido, mixed forests in central Honshu and southern Hokkaido, and subtropical forests in the south.
There are many rivers in Japan, full-flowing, fast, of little use for navigation, but providing a source for hydropower and irrigation.
The abundance of rivers, lakes and groundwater has a beneficial effect on the development of industry and agriculture.
In the postwar period, environmental problems worsened on the Japanese islands. The adoption and implementation of a number of environmental laws reduces the country's pollution level.
Population of Japan
Japan is among the top ten countries in the world in terms of population. Japan became the first Asian country to move from the second to the first type of population reproduction. Now the birth rate is 12%, the death rate is 8%. Life expectancy in the country is the highest in the world (76 years for men and 82 years for women).
The population is nationally homogeneous, about 99% are Japanese. Other ethnic groups include Koreans and Chinese. The most common religions are Shinto and Buddhism. The population is unevenly distributed over the area. The average density is 330 people per m2, but the coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean are among the most densely populated in the world.
About 80% of residents live in cities. 11 cities are millionaires.
Economy of Japan
The growth rate of the Japanese economy was one of the highest in the second half of the 20th century. The country has largely undergone a qualitative restructuring of the economy. Japan is at a post-industrial stage of development, which is characterized by a highly developed industry, but the leading sphere is the non-manufacturing sector (services, finance).
Although Japan is poor in natural resources and imports raw materials for most industries, it ranks 1-2 in the world for the output of many industries. Industry is mainly concentrated within the Pacific industrial belt.
Power engineering mainly uses imported raw materials. In the structure of the resource base, oil is in the lead, the share of natural gas, hydropower and nuclear energy is growing, and the share of coal is decreasing.
In the electric power industry, 60% of the capacity comes from thermal power plants and 28% from nuclear power plants.
Hydroelectric power plants are located in cascades on mountain rivers. In terms of hydropower generation, Japan ranks 5th in the world. In resource-poor Japan, alternative energy sources are being actively developed.
Ferrous metallurgy. In terms of steel production, the country ranks first in the world. The share of Japan in the world market of ferrous metallurgy is 23%.
The largest centers, now operating almost entirely on imported raw materials and fuel, are located near Osaka, Tokyo, and Fujiyama.
Non-ferrous metallurgy. Due to the harmful effect on the environment, primary smelting of non-ferrous metals is reduced, but the factories are located in all major industrial centers.
Mechanical engineering. Provides 40% of industrial production. The main sub-sectors among the many developed in Japan are electronics and electrical engineering, radio industry and transport engineering.
Japan firmly occupies the first place in the world in shipbuilding, specializing in the construction of large-capacity tankers and bulk carriers. The main centers of shipbuilding and ship repair are located in the largest ports (Yokogana, Nagosaki, Kobe).
In terms of car production (13 million units per year), Japan also ranks first in the world. The main centers are Toyota, Yokohama, Hiroshima.
The main enterprises of general mechanical engineering are located within the Pacific industrial belt - complex machine tool construction and industrial robots in the Tokyo region, metal-intensive equipment in Osaka, machine tool construction in the Nagai region.
The country's share in the world output of the radio-electronic and electrical engineering industry is exceptionally large.
By development level chemical industry in Japan is one of the first places in the world.
The pulp and paper, light and food industries are also developed in Japan.
Agriculture Japan remains an important industry, contributing about 2% of GNP; the industry employs 6.5% of the population. Agricultural production is focused on food production (the country provides 70% of its own needs in it).
13% of the territory is cultivated, in the structure of crop production (it gives 70% of agricultural products) the cultivation of rice and vegetables plays a leading role, and horticulture is developed. Livestock raising is intensively developing (cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming).
Due to the exceptional location, there is an abundance of fish and seafood in the diet of the Japanese, the country fishes in all regions of the World Ocean, has more than three thousand fishing ports and has the largest fishing fleet (over 400 thousand vessels).
Japan transport
All types of transport are developed in Japan, with the exception of river and pipeline transport. In terms of the volume of cargo transportation, the first place belongs to road transport (60%), the second place is to sea transport. The role of rail transport is declining, while the role of air transportation is growing. Due to very active foreign economic relations, Japan has the largest merchant fleet in the world.
The territorial structure of the economy is characterized by a combination of two different parts: the Pacific belt, which is the socio-economic core of the country; here are the main industrial areas, ports, transport routes and developed agriculture, and the peripheral zone, which includes areas where the most developed timber harvesting, livestock, mining, hydropower and tourism. Despite the implementation of the regional policy, the smoothing of territorial disparities is proceeding rather slowly.
External economic relations of Japan
Japan actively participates in the MGRT, foreign trade takes a leading place, capital export, production, scientific and technical and other ties are also developed.
The share of Japan in world imports is about 1/10. Mainly raw materials and fuel are imported.
The country's share in world exports is also more than 1/10. Manufactured goods account for 98% of exports.
Which is located on 4 large islands: Kyushu, Honshu, Shikoku, Hokkaido, as well as the islands of the Ryukyu archipelago and more than a thousand small islands. In the north it is washed, in the east - and, in the west - by the Korea Strait and. In the north it borders on Russia (,), in the south - with, in the west and north-west - with and.
Administrative divisions of Japan... It is subdivided into 9 provinces, 44 prefectures, a metropolitan area and 2 city prefectures.
Japan's form of government. .
Head of State Japan... The emperor is a symbol of the unity of the nation; he has no real power.
Supreme Legislature of Japan... Bicameral Parliament (House of Representatives, elected for 4 years, and House of Councilors, for 6 years).
Supreme Executive Body of Japan... Cabinet of Ministers.
Major cities of Japan... Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Kobe, Fukuoko, Kawasaki, Kitakushu.
Official language of Japan... Japanese.
Religion of Japan... Shinto, and Christianity.
Ethnic composition of Japan... 99% are Japanese, 0.5% are Koreans, 0.5% are Chinese and Ainu (remnants of the indigenous population).
Japanese currency... Yen \u003d 100 sen.
Currency - Japanese yen (JPY or ¥). 1 US dollar equals approximately 91 yen. In Japan, all items are priced without tax, so if the price tag says 100 yen, be prepared to pay 105 yen.
Do not try to pay in Japan for goods or services in dollars: for this, you can only use the local currency, that is, the yen. You can exchange your dollars for yen at any bank that works every day, except Saturday and Sunday, until 15:00. On weekends, you can exchange currency at bank branches located in major hotels and international airports.
Transport system Japan is well developed and efficient enough. See Japan Transportation section
mobile connection... Please note that GSM mobile phones that you use in Russia in Europe cannot be used in Japan for technical reasons. If necessary, you can rent a phone for any period for a reasonable price. In Japan, the standard of cellular communication from the 3G group (W-CDMA 2GHz) has been adopted.
The whole territory of Japan is in one time zone GMT + 09:00 (UTC + 9), the time in Japan is 5 hours ahead of Moscow time in winter and 6 hours in summer. There is no change to winter / summer time.
Electrical voltage in household networks in Japan is 100 V. The frequency of alternating current varies depending on the region: 50 Hz in Eastern Japan (Tokyo, Sapporo, Yokohama, Sendai), 60 Hz in Western (Okinawa, Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe, Nagoya, Hiroshima ). Sockets - American, types and (there are two vertical flat pins on the plug). Be careful when buying electrical equipment and appliances: not many devices made for the Japanese market will be able to operate at 220 V. 
number traditions and rituals, mandatory or recommended for compliance, is simply enormous. Almost all spheres of the country's life are permeated with a network of traditions and ceremonies, this is especially noticeable in communication between people and public life. The Japanese treat nature with care and love, admire the natural beauty of the landscape, weather phenomena, flowers or the sea. Numerous ceremonies of contemplating flowering trees, full moon or autumn colors are integral parts of society. Traditional Japanese costume, national interior, literary Japanese language, tea ceremony, theater have been preserved almost unchanged since the Middle Ages. kabuki, but, bunraku and many other, no less peculiar traditions. And all this is surrounded by an ultra-modern technogenic civilization!
Handshakes are not accepted, they are replaced by bows, and it is required to “return” bows with the same frequency and respect as the other side demonstrates. The Japanese are polite and helpful in communication. Hospitality is in the blood of the Japanese. A direct refusal is not accepted even if it is impossible to fulfill the request, so you should think in advance about the feasibility of your wishes. Also, the traditional smile of the Japanese, especially women, is often misleading under any circumstances - even a refusal or some unpleasant moment will be accompanied by a smile, which confuses many foreigners. At the same time, familiar relations (even too small a distance between the interlocutors) are completely unacceptable and cause a sharply negative attitude among the Japanese. It is also not recommended to look the Japanese directly in the eyes - this is perceived as aggression, and actively gesticulate. The Japanese passion for hygiene and cleanliness is also widely known.
Dishes, table setting and decoration of dishes are of great importance. Before eating, it is customary to wipe your face and hands with a special hot napkin osibori... Each dish is served in a specially designed dish and occupies a strictly defined place on the table, and an individual table is allocated for each person. There is no change of dishes, the whole order (except for tea) is put on the table immediately, but it is accompanied by the obligatory devices for heating (braziers, spirit-lamps are strictly subdivided into male and female. hasi there is a separate stand, and they are served in a special colorful paper case ( hasi bukuro). Hasi cannot be crossed or stuck in rice (this is associated with death), you cannot point with chopsticks or wave them while eating - this is considered a sign of bad taste. Also, you should not move food on the plate or dishes on the table. Drinking to the bottom and pouring yourself is not accepted. It is recommended that you refill your neighbor's glass or bowl, and he in turn should do the same for you.
