One of the hypotheses of Iverology has been brilliantly confirmed!
In the January work on the drying up of rivers and lakes http://zarubezhom.com/Woda.htmwe expressed serious doubt about the correctness of the outflow of the Volga River from some swamp with a stream . While the waters of the Volga flow directly from two great lakes - Seliger and White Lake.
We assumed that this absurdity is caused by political overtones and unwillingness to especially spread on the topic of the path "from the Khazars to the Varangians."
And here is the scientific confirmation from a scientific book back in the 19th century. And I must say that the English-speakers studied Russia materially even earlier and even better than the Russians themselves, in terms of where in Russia there is.
Chapter 9, which is called "Volga and the Urals basin" is extremely importantinformation, by the way, overturns one of the cornerstones of officialdom. I quote from Rekluza:
"The fish of the region of the source of the Volga - the Valdai Upland and the entire upper Volga does not belong to the Volga basin, to which the Valdai sources joined only in a relatively recent time. The Valdai Upland is not high. Its highest hills are hardly more than 60 meters above sea level. The largest, the so-called "Popova Gora" a height of only over 300 meters. However, the Valdai Upland is still an elevation in comparison with the neighboring, to the west of it, the region of Lake Ilmen with its numerous swampy rivers. The region of Lake Ilmen to the west of Valdai and below to Seliger, located below Valdai, is swamps and swamps. The river, which the Russians call "Volga", originates not just from the Valdai Upland, as can be found in their reference books, but in the lowland near Seliger! "
But, Watson, even in Wiki it is still written that, they say, "The Volga originates in the Valdai Upland (at an altitude of 229 m), flows into the Caspian Sea." - This, it turns out, is not so. The fact that this is not so can be seen even by the postal address. Volga source address:
"The source of the great Russian Volga River is: from the village of Svapushche (Svapuscha) - a village in the Ostashkovsky district of the Tver region. The administrative center of the Svapuschensky rural district. It is located on the shore of Lake Seliger, 52 kilometers from the regional center of Ostashkov. The road to Demyansk and left turn to the west to the source of the Volga (the village of Volgoverkhovye), which is 17 km away."link
This is the Ostashkovsky district - this is not Valdai! And Ostashkov is the Tver region - and even west of Seliger in the direction of Lake Ilmen - it is a swamp. To say that the source of the Volga is in Valdai is like saying that the city of Tula is in Moscow. Valdai is located 100-150 kilometers higher, north of Seliger, in the Novgorod region. Quote:
"Actually, the river does not start from a spring, but from a bog-pile. In the place of the swamp where there is a clean and deep" window "and from where the visual outflow of water begins, a wooden house on stilts was installed in 1995. In the center of the house there is a round hole The house is closed with a key, but they say that the key is kept by the inhabitants of the very first house (farthest from the source) of the village, and you can ask to open the house.
Here is a photo of the source of the Volga. There is no "Hill" here, besides the hillock and does not smell:
What is officially called the Volga begins in a swamp, in the lowlands west of Seliger. Quote:
" The main attraction of the village and the local natural monument is the Source of the Volga. It is believed that it is in a swamp 250 meters from the village, at an altitude of 228 meters above sea level. "link
An obvious oxymoron. But since there is no sea in this village in order to see its level, the inhabitants of the Volgoverkhovye village, as you can see, were easily assured that their swamp was located at an altitude of 225 meters above sea level! Like this is a photo - 225 meters above sea level.
As you can see, Watson, a goy may live in a swamp, but consider that he is at 220 meters above sea level. Moscow knows better! Why are they lying where they should and shouldn't, Watson? Maybe in order to make it clearer that the Volga, they say, begins with "Upland" - not the Pamirs, not the Himalayas, not the Andes, but still, they say, "elevation". Remember how the student dodged in the lesson? - "Cows fly but very, very not high."
"If you take a motor ship and go along the reaches of Lake Seliger to the village of Svapushche (other routes: by motor ship along the Upper Volga lakes or by bus along the banks of the Seliger to the village of Kokovkino), you can find yourself on the outskirts of a dense dark forest. From here, in the depths of the thicket, under the arches of pines and a cool mysterious road leaves with oil. From hill to hill, from lake to lake, from swamp to swamp. This road will not let you get lost - all people go to the source of the Volga. "
Tver region, Ostashkovsky district, Volgoverkhovye village - This is not Valdai - this is the Ostashkovsky district! This is Seliger. - Don't give a damn! - All the same, everywhere they write that, they say, in Valdai. Who will check? And goyish fools will go there on pilgrimage and smash their foreheads and litter everything with bottles. Back to the Recluse book:
"The river, which the Russians call" Volga ", does not originate from the Valdai Upland, as you can find in their reference books, but in the lowland near Seliger. Volkonsky forest".
Watson apparently Recluse did not know much Russian to realize that Volkonsky forest connected with the drag. And we have already said that it must be at the spinal level in order to follow the cunning Roerich to repeat that someone could really physically carry multi-ton boats along the impenetrable forests on their hands ( link).
Goods, Watson, were loaded on the so-called "drags" on pack animals, which, apparently, were most often the goyim themselves, sent to slaves, who walked and carried sacks on their humps. It was possible to drag only where the river was shallow, but the channel with water still remained. We discussed the problem of catastrophic shallowing of rivers and lakes (http://zarubezhom.com/Woda.htm) and have already found out that at least 10 meters, and in some places 20 meters of level or more, our rivers and lakes have lost only in the last 500 years. What is left of the Oka are the beaches and the embankment along the former channel, where there was water 100 years ago:
Here's another fact to this:
The town of Gdov was founded in 1323 on the shores of Lake Peipsi. Now from Gdov to the shore of Lake Peipsi - 2 kilometers! 700 years - 2 km of water recession!
And we found out in the last report that all geographical names that include the word "Drag": Vyshny Volochok, Volokolamsk, Volkonsky forest are of RECENT ORIGIN! For example, the Vyshny Dragov appeared in 1471... And note that all Russian coats of arms, as well as around the world, under the Jewish Tsytsy:
Khazar boats stood on one river and on another. And the goyish slaves, chained, poked sacks through impenetrable forests and swamps, and the Judeo-Khazar scourge whistled in the air. Pictures of this can be seen in stories about Africa. There is no difference what happened in Africa and Russia, or anywhere on the globe. Only in Russia did the Aliens come 1000-500 years earlier than in Africa.
" The Valdai region is similar to the Onega Lake region, which is 300 miles north. Indeed, the average temperature of Valdai is 2 degrees below the surrounding areas. The climate is more severe than in Novgorod. All flora is more similar to the Onega Lake region. Flora Valdai has nothing of their own. There used to be a glacier here, and when it thawed, flora and fauna came from more southern regions. And this glacier, it stretched from Finland. The Valdai hills are covered with boulders brought by the glacier. And all the flora and fauna of Valdai is the same as the Finno-Scandinavian region and not Russian.And the fish in the lakes of Valdai, and indeed in the upper Volga, is completely different than in the middle Volga ".
And now we, Watson, are approaching the culminating paragraph in the Book of Recluse on page 364:
"Analyzing the fauna of the river, the real source of the Volga is not Valdai, but White Lake, that is, its alleged tributary, which is called" Sheksna "! Here in Sheksna, both sturgeon and sterlet are found, which are found in the middle Volga!"
150 years have passed since the book of Recluse. Sturgeon and sterlet are no longer found not only in Sheksna, but also in the middle Volga - dams! But I was in the Vologda region and they say that they had all this - both sturgeon and sterlet! In Sheksna, the last sterlet was caught in 1937. Old-timers remember this event. In Tver, sturgeon has never been caught with sterlet. And to think of what the French Yvers Elise Recluse easily thought of, the Vologda residents have no head - that
what they call the Hebrew sibilant word "Sheksna" is actually not a "Sheksna" or a "tributary of the Volga" in terms of fauna and flora, but the Volga itself is! link
"The origin of the word" Sheksna "is unclear. Similar words: Fin. Hähnä -" woodpecker ", Erz. Šekšej -" spotted woodpecker "].- Everything to the "experts", Watson, is clear - this is hissing Hebrew, only they play the fool and the goyim are led by the nose.
Strange Russian patriotism. Watson, it makes no difference to me, I am not a Vologda citizen, my mother is from the Pskov village. I am a "scraper", "a mother's shore", and I do not play in the Vologda team; but scientifically speaking, the Volga - the fact flows from the Great White Lake, and it is quite understandable that the Great River flows from the Great Lake, and in the place of the true the beginning of the Volga, in fact, you cannot jump over it - there are 4-deck motor ships sailing there.And it is quite understandable that the Great rivers flow out like the Mississippi or Angara from the Great Lakes or flow down from the Great mountains like the Amazon from the Andes, or the Danube or the Rhine from the Alps It is not clear exactly when they supposedly flow out of the stinking swamps.
The goyam came up with an attraction: "Here I am on the right bank of the Volga, and my wife is on the left. We kiss. The village of Volgoverkhovye, Tver region. Behind us is the first bridge across the river! The source is 20 meters from us." link
"Volga" - in fact, the river that goes to the present Rybinsk reservoir and turns right to the north along the Shesna to the White Lake, or rather flows out of it. But then it is much shorter, but we need to make it long - for a record! I.e
The river, which is now supposedly called the "Volga", is the "Political Volga", and the real Volga begins in the White Lake. (link)
And what turns from the Rybinsk reservoir to the left to Tver is not a river, but a “waterway” “from“ Khazars to Rus. ”Scientifically, as Rekluz informs us, this is a left tributary of the Volga! And what is now considered a right tributary of the Volga "Sheksnaya" - this is the Volga river, or Itil or Ra (link).
And it is correct to say the river "Bolkhov" and not Volkhov. Hebrew affairs.
In our initial hypothesis, we also said that
The Volga is unique in that it is the only river in the world that flows from TWO (!) Great Lakes - the second is Lake Seliger - "SHALI-KHER", or something like that - pure Hebrew.
However, Elise Recluse has just explained to us that in terms of flora and fauna Seliger and everything that is now called the Upper Volga region is a completely new region freed from under the glacier. That is, the entire Volga that runs from the top from Seliger to the Rybinsk reservoir is in fact a tributary of the real Volga.
It's just that in ancient times, the Khazars, who rushed along the Volga on their "jet skis", took in ticks the entire region between the Oka and the "Volga", which, apparently, they called "Rus". And then there were no highways. Therefore, for them "Itil-Volga" was, if you go up the Volga to the general fork at the Rybinsk level, without any questions - to the LEFT! link
It was khazar waterway "from Khazars to Rus", and they did not understand the bioflora and fauna of the river well. Therefore, for the Khazars, Itil was without question to the left of Rybinsk.Since the Khazars were interested in the slaves of the Russian goyim, it’s like in North Africa there was the same business, and the Khazars did not study the flora and fauna then. The Aliens have war and economics first. Remember the immortal slogan: "The economy must be economical." And the goy slave is the basis thereof.
And this region - between the Oka and the Volga - "Rus", the Khazars captured during their heyday, that is, at least a couple of centuries before the Vikings in the middle of the first millennium (link)... Therefore, this period from the Torii of Russia does not seem to exist.
I.e between Volga and Oka the forests were inhabited by flocks of the ancestors of the Russian goyim. And the Khazars apparently had no reason to turn right at Rybinsk - to the deserted and now north, because it was already cold there for the naked goyim, and at least in skins. Goy forest flocks, apparently, lived in the forests only BEFORE Volga from the south. And by the way, the difference between the Russian bank of the Volga, where Yaroslavl is, and the other, the northern coast, where Kostroma is, is very felt by nature. On the Yaroslavl coast there is Russian nature, and on the Kostroma coast it is already northern.
And the Sheksna region began to be mastered by the cold-blooded, blue-blooded Ivroaliens only from the moment the Kirilo-Belozersky monastery appeared, and these were no longer the Khazars, but the Maskavian crypto-animals who began to develop the Sheksna-Northern Dvina region
So the Great River and the Great Source turned out to be an unknown "Sheksnaya" - historically it happened so.
I didn’t bring this example to the point, Watson, that everyone is now concerned about renaming the Volga into a scientifically correct name. This will not change the life of the Russian goyim. This striking example just shows how much more russian goy is dark. This is darkness. And this is now - in the age of computers, and when each of them has a mobile phone! Imagine just 100 years ago?
And 1000 years ago to be born a goy in Russia? Yes, even if I were an Alien, who would have been thrown out of a UFO with a parachute over the territory of Ancient Russia 1000 years ago, I would have shouted "Mom! For what! Don't!", And would have rested with all four limbs. Because the goyim inhabiting Russia are even now savages, only with mobile phones. So what, what is a cell phone? What is it like "monkey and glasses".He stands in line for bread and asks on his mobile phone which loaf of bread to buy - white or the black.
Oligophrenus can be given a mobile phone, then what?The Russian goy has been living in his Rus for 1000 years, for which he will break the mouth of anyone, but not his Khazar boss, about whom they do not even know that he is a Cryptokhazar, although he may look like Karl Marx... And the fact that this is not Sheksna, but the Volga, he would not have known for another 1000 years, if Watson and I had not told him, while the French Jew Elise Recluse knew this 150 years ago.And I am sure, Watson, that the Khazars knew it too, that Itil originated in the White Lake; it was just that the Khazars did not give a damn about that stretch of the river, and they had to rake out living and natural resources from the region between the Volga and the Oka, that is, between the future Tver and Moscow.
And you can even estimate, Watson, the degree of the Khazars' advance along the Oka to "Rus" by the time of the founding of Murom and Moscow: Murom - 862; Moscow (Maskav) - 1147. Every kilometer along the Oka into the northern jungle was given to the Judeo-Khazars with difficulty.
But this is along the Oka - the Oka is very winding and "in the enchanted dense old Murom forests - all evil wanders in a cloud and sows fear on the passers-by," as Vysotsky told us. That is, really - scary as much horror. It was difficult for the Ivero-Khazars - it was 300 years from Murom to Moscow to advance!
And on the upper Volga there everything was, judging by the formation of cities, quite differently. That is, unlike the Oka, the Judeo-Khazars cut them on their jet skis along their Itil like on Broadway. On the Volga, the Judeo-Khazars first of all founded the most remote city of Russia, which could be reached by the Volga tributary Kotorosl - this is Rostov the Great - 862, from which they controlled this region of Ancient Russia between the Oka and the Volga until Yuri Dolgoruky, and this is the mid-1100s.
That is, for 300 years - from the 800s to the 1100s - the Khazar Roshtov reigned in Russia. Then the Khazars - for them it was really a "Great" city - will be resurrected in the south with the same Jewish name, only "on the Don". For the Aliens, names and symbols are sacred. On them they also "burn".
And Yuri Dolgoruky, as you remember, was not a Khazar, which is why the "Kozars" kicked him out of Kiev. Dolgoruky was the son of Vladimir Monomakh, and Monomakh was a Jew of Constantinople, that is, a Middle Eastern. "The son of Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich. Nicknamed Monomakh by the name of mother Maria (according to other sources - Anna) - the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomakh". link
That is, here they clashed, as they said in Kiev, "Kozars" and "Zhidove"... Yuri Dolgoruky, that is, he was a "Jew" of Constantinople, like Pushkin. And Yuri Dolgoruky, of Constantinople origin, did not even dare to poke his nose into the Khazar Rostov the Great. Dolgoruky formed in the region, instead of the Khazar Rostov the Great, about 20 cities are attributed to him, including Moscow, Kostroma, Dmitrov, etc. And why did Monomakhovich form the city? - Dolgoruky isolated the Khazar Rostov the Great, into which he could not stick! Formation of cities is colonization! Dolgoruky and other Monomakhovichs were kicked out of Kiev by the Khazars, so he went to the north and went to the Khazars to "cut off the oxygen".
This felling between the Constantinople Monomakhovichs (Jews) and the Khazars continued until 1240, when the Khazars called for reinforcements and invited the "Tatar-Monogol" (Khazar-Uygur) horde, armed to the teeth .
Here is a good example of this crypto-Khazar-Tatar-Uyghur - Khunagara- this is the dude who built Petru Vyshnevolotsky Canal:
"Mikhail Ivanovich Serdyukov - he is: Barono Silinginov, Barono Imegenov. (1678) - 1754) - Russian merchant, hydraulic engineer, shipbuilder. In Kalmykia, Mikhail Ivanovich Serdyukov is considered a Kalmyk. For example, in IV Borisenko's book" Kalmyks in Russian pictorial art ", (Elista, 1982). Such statements are based on the testimony of some contemporaries. Kamer-junker FV Berholz in his diary names Serdyukov Kalmyk... Also, 1677 is mentioned as the date of birth.According to the archival materials discovered by V.S.Virginsky and M. Ya. Lieberman, Barono Silinginov was born in 1678 in Mongolia, on the banks of the Selenga River. His father Imegen-Siligen was a bow and saddle maker "link
And with the "Jews" of Constantinople in 1240 it was finished in Russia for 230 years; before Ivan the Third committed betrayal towards the Khazars by marrying the Constantinople Sonka Paleologue. In 1471, she brought with her to Moscow her entire Constantinople court, several thousand rich and educated Jews who had just been driven out of Constantinople by the Turks and who had nowhere to go. And the Khazar-Uyghur yoke suddenly disappeared somewhere imperceptibly, as if it was not in Russia either - it disappeared overnight - they stood on the Ugra (Ogre) and, as always, "Ours agreed with yours."
With the arrival of the Paleologues, Watson, Moscow in nature became the "Third Rome" - in terms of personnel, personnel (!), And not just theoretically. "Diary Red thread. Today, many people involved in Kabbalah can be recognized by the red woolen thread on the wrist. This thread is an ancient protective amulet that provides long-term protection from magical and non-magical negative interference, in general, everything that can harm you! " kabbalah
Do you think who sent to the next world all the wives and children of Ivan the Terrible and then himself? Ivan the Terrible was Paleologovich - the grandson of Sonya Paleologue. Boyars of Khazar origin needed it, of course! And it was they who let their friends, the Polish Khazars, enter Russia. From this follows the unmistakable deduction that Filaret Romanov is the main key figure of the Time of Troubles, a Khazar boyar, a Polish one, by the way, a patriarch and, in fact, the first tsar of a new dynasty. And the Khazar boyars from the Time of Troubles, which they themselves arranged in Russia, again began to absolutely rule in Russia until the 18th century, when the European crypto-agents Goldstein-Gottorp entered the Russian throne
I will only add, Watson, as a touch to why everything on earth is so disgusting and "thank God." Not only did the bokhi give this planet to the ebers with giblets, do you not remember the story of the colonization of Australia? Who was sent from England to colonize Australia? - U-GO-LOV-NI-KOV! - I have such disgusting suspicions, Watson, that the extraterrestrial civilization that in the Middle East released 12 tribes of Israel for a walk 5770 years ago, were the same convicted bandits and repeat offenders on another planet.
Recluse calls the Volga - "the axis of the Russian people." The last perspectives for the Russian people. Message:
"Until recently, the Volga was a river closed to foreign ships. The growing contacts between Russia have led to a new policy that now allows foreign ships to use Russian rivers. It is expected that very soon russian rivers will be open to foreign ships". (link)
Moreover, Watson, - "the claw is stuck - the whole bird is an abyss."
That is, soon you will not come anywhere near the Volga bank - everything will be fenced with barbed wire and it will be written in English "no trespassing". By this time, you will have learned to understand enough words in English so as not to get a bullet in the forehead. Here's what you think, Watson, why are some residents of the village of Sizma, some Volgodsk region, who can not even be called peasants, still survive? Only because Eureonal has no one YET (!) To physically populate this area, as we shall say in Palestine; and there is no oil or gold in it. And as soon as there is someone, "Doctors Without Borders" will appear there and they will vaccinate everyone; after which all the goyim of the Vologda region will rest. It was already in the 19th century in America, when Crete Jews from Europe came to American lands. http://zarubezhom.com/GenozidAmerica.htm
I definitely take two weeks off every year to visit my grandma, who lives in the western part of Russia. Usually, to get to my destination, I first fly by plane to Moscow, then by bus or with friends by car. Three years ago I traveled from Yekaterinburg to the Tver Region by car. There were a lot of impressions, because on the way I managed to see many cities: Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Kalyazin, etc. I told about this trip in my LJ:
(Road trip from Yekaterinburg to Lake Seliger. Part One. Yekaterinburg-Kazan).
(Road trip from Yekaterinburg to Lake Seliger. Part Two. Nizhny Novgorod - Moscow).
(Road trip from Yekaterinburg to Lake Seliger. Part Three. Tver region).
(Road trip from Yekaterinburg to Lake Seliger. Part Four. The way home).
On an early autumn morning in mid-September, I start from Yekaterinburg. During this day, you need to overcome about 1100 kilometers and get to Kazan. There is fog on the Chelyabinsk tract.
There were two ways to Kazan. The first is through Perm and the Republic of Udmurtia. But I chose the second one - through the Chelyabinsk region and Bashkiria. The distance is about 1100 kilometers. About 18 hours behind the wheel. I arrived in the capital of Tatarstan at about 23:00 local time.
In Kazan, there was a traditional walk along the pedestrian Bauman Street with many souvenir shops and along the territory of the Kremlin. This time the camera was missing. Since in this city I have already taken a lot of pictures during my first trip to the Tver region and a recent business trip. By the way, I didn't upload pictures from my working trip to LJ. So I'll do it now.
From Tatarstan I go to Chuvashia. Autumn is beautiful here.
The road went through Nizhny Novgorod. I passed it at about 6 pm. I had to defend not weak traffic jams. In the area Kovrova turned off a large federal highway. Further to Kostroma through Ivanovo along small open roads of the Vladimir region. I got to my destination late. Overnight at the hotel. And early in the morning a small excursion.
This city on the banks of the Volga is included in the list of settlements with the official status of "historical", and is included in the tourist route "The Golden Ring of Russia". The official date of the foundation of Kostroma is considered to be 1152. So the historian Tatishchev suggested, linking the appearance of the city with the activities of Yuri Dolgoruky in the north-east of Russia. In 1238, Kostroma fell under the invasion of Khan Batu. Then it was restored by the prince of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Today it is a small provincial town. Lives largely on tourists. Among the sights there is a fire tower. An outstanding architectural monument of the classicism era stands on Susaninskaya Square. The building was built on the model of an ancient temple with a portico, consisting of a pediment and six columns. The facade of the tower looks more like an empire palace, and the watchtower looks like the belfry of a church.
Not far from the tower, there is another attraction - the Anastasiin Epiphany Monastery. It was founded in the 15th century by Princess Anastasia Romanova-Zakharyina (this is the first wife of Ivan the Terrible). In 1609, the monastery experienced a Polish-Lithuanian ruin. Enemy invaders laid siege to the monastery for a long time, and when they took it, they burned it and plundered it. Then the documents and chronicles were irretrievably lost. Therefore, how the fate of the monastery developed until the 17th century, historians can only guess.
In total, there are more than five hundred monuments of architecture and history in Kostroma. The historical center of the city has preserved an exemplary ensemble of the classicism era of the late 18th-19th centuries. True, some of the old buildings are now not in the best condition.
After walking through the historic city center, I went to the embankment. How not to admire the beautiful Volga!
Kostroma has long been a large port. But now regular passenger traffic is limited - the movement of high-speed ships was stopped in the late 90s.
Frequent guests at the river station are cruise ships. In the summer, they come here several times a day.
According to historians, Yaroslavl is the oldest existing city on the Volga. It was founded by Yaroslav the Wise during his reign of Rostov (988-1010) near the pagan settlement of Bear's Ugol. The first step was to build the Yaroslavl Kremlin. I walked through its territory.
There are also a lot of attractions in Yaroslavl. In addition to the Kremlin ensemble, there is a chapel of Alexander Nevsky in the city center. It was built already in Soviet times in 1892.
The Church of Michael the Archangel is one of the oldest in Yaroslavl. It was built in 1658-1682.
And this architectural structure is similar to a rocket - the chapel of the Kazan Mother of God. It was opened in 1997, in honor of the 385th anniversary of the militia's departure to Moscow.
And every day a bag of fish. Perch the size of your palm and slightly larger. A trifle, but nice.
I have a special relationship with these places. When I was still four years old, my parents sent me here to my grandparents. I lived here before school. Then she came for all three months during the holidays. So, perhaps, my love for nature, travel and independence was born. Left to myself, along with the same children from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tver, Vorkuta and other cities, I could disappear all day on the river with a fishing rod, or get on a bicycle and go 20 kilometers to the lake. Recreation with parents or classmates under the supervision of adults became unacceptable for me.
Now the upper reaches of the Volga are for me a place of power. Every year attracts here to sit with a fishing rod on the shore.
To be continued ... On the way back I visited Suzdal. I'll talk about this next time.
Volga -a river flowing in the European part of Russia on the territory of 11 regions and 4 republics. Refers to the pool.
In the upper reaches, the Volga River flows from the north-west to the south-east, further from the city of Kazan, the direction of the river changes to the south. Near Volgograd, the river bed turns to the southwest.
The Volga River begins on the Valdai Upland from a spring in the Volgoverkhovye village of the Ostashkovsky District of the Tver Region. The Volga delta begins near the city of Volgograd, Vogograd Region. And 60 km from the city of Astrakhan in the Astrakhan region, the Volga river flows into the Caspian Sea.
The Volga River is one of the largest rivers on Earth and the largest in Europe. It is in 16th place in length among the rivers of the world and in 4th place. Also, the Volga is the world's largest river flowing into an inland water body.
The name of the river "Volga" comes from the Old Slavonic word - vologa, moisture.
Settlements.
The Volga River is the central waterway of Russia. The river is located in the European part of the country.
The Volga River flows through the territory of many constituent entities of the Russian Federation: in the Tver region, in the Moscow region, in the Yaroslavl region, in the Kostroma region, in the Ivanovo region, in the Nizhny Novgorod region, in the Republic of Chuvashia, in the Republic of Mari El, in the Republic of Tatarstan, in the Ulyanovsk region , in the Samara region, in the Saratov region, in the Volgograd region, in the Astrakhan region, in the Republic of Kalmykia.
Four millionaire cities are located on the Volga River from source to mouth:
- the city of Nizhny Novgorod - is the administrative center of the Nizhny Novgorod region of Russia and the largest city in the Volga Federal District. It is located in the middle of the East European Plain at the confluence of the Oka River and the Volga River. Oka divides Nizhny Novgorod into 2 parts: the upper part on the Dyatlovy Gory; the lower part on the left bank of the Oka. Until 1990, the city had the name Gorky in honor of the writer M. Gorky.
- the city of Kazan - the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, a large port on the left bank of the Volga River. It is the largest scientific, educational, economically developed, cultural and sports center in Russia. The Kazan Kremlin is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- the city of Samara - a city located in the middle Volga region of Russia. It is the administrative center of the Samara region, forming the municipal formation "urban district of Samara". It is the sixth most populous city in Russia with a population of 1.17 million people as of 2012. Samara is a major transport, economic, scientific and educational center. The main industries are: oil refining, mechanical engineering and food processing.
- the city of Volgograd - a city located in the southeast of the European part of Russia, is the administrative center of the Volgograd region. Located on the western bank of the Volga River in the lower reaches. Together with the cities of Volzhsky and Krasnoslobodsk located on the eastern coast, it is part of the Volgograd agglomeration. The population of the city is 1,018,739 people. Volgograd from 1589 to 1925 was called Tsaritsyn, and from 1925 to 1961 - Stalingrad.
The largest cities on the Volga: Rzhev, Tver, Dubna, Kimry, Kalyazin, Uglich, Myshkin, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Kineshma, Yuryevets, Kozmodemyansk, Cheboksary, Zvenigovo, Volzhsk, Tetyushi, Ulyanovsk, Novoulyanovsk, Tetyushi, Zhulianovsk Syzran, Khvalynsk, Balakovo, Volsk, Marks, Saratov, Engelsk, Kamyshin, Nikolaevsk, Akhtubinsk, Kharabali, Narimanov, Astrakhan, Kamyzyak.
The rest of the settlements located on the banks of the Volga River from its source to the mouth can be viewed
Routes (access roads).
Due to the fact that the banks of the Volga River are dotted with many settlements, there are many rail and road access roads to the river, so travelers and tourists usually do not have a question of how to get to the river.
The Volga River is connected to the Baltic Sea by the Volga-Baltic waterway, as well as the Vyshnevolotsk and Tikhvin systems. The Volga River is connected to the White Sea through the White Sea-Baltic Canal and through the Severodvinsk system. The Volga River is connected to the Black and Azov Seas through the Volga-Don Canal.
There are also inland waterways along the Volga River: from the city of Rzhev to the Kolkhoznik pier (589 km); from the Kolkhoznik pier to the village of Krasnye Barrikady (2604 km), as well as a 40-km section in the river delta.
There are 1,450 marinas and ports on the river. The largest of them are from the source of the Volga to its mouth - in Selizharovo, in Rzhev, in Zubtsov, in Staritsa, Tverskaya river port, in Konakovo, in Dubna, in Kimry, in Kalyazin, in Uglich, in Myshkin, in Rybinsk, in Tutaev , in Yaroslavl, in Kostroma, in the city of Ples, in Kineshma, in Chkalovsk, in the city of Gorodets, in Balakhino, in Nizhny Novgorod, in Kozmodemyansk, in Cheboksary, in Novocheboksarsk, in Zvenigovo, Volzhsk, Kazan river port, port Bolgar, port in Tetyushi, Ulyanovsk river port, in Novoulyanovsk, in Sengilei, in Tolyatti, Samara river port, in Syzran, in Khvalynsk, in Balakovo, in Volsk, in Saratov, in Kamyshin, in Volgograd, in Narimanov, Astrakhan river port.
Automobile access roads to the Volga River can be viewed
The bridges built across the Volga river can be viewed
Main tributaries and reservoirs.
The river system of the Volga basin includes 151 thousand. watercourses are streams, rivers and temporary watercourses with a total length of 574,000 km. The Volga receives about 200 tributaries. There are more left tributaries and they are more watery than right ones. After the town of Kamyshin (Volgograd region), there are no significant tributaries.
The largest tributaries of the Volga are the Kama and Oka rivers.
— river - length 1805 km, basin area 507 000 km²; left inflow.
- - length 1498.6 km, basin area 245 000 km²; right tributary.
In addition to many tributaries, there are several reservoirs on the river:
- Upper Volga reservoir - length 85 km, width 6 km, area 183 km².
- Ivankovskoe reservoir - length about 120 km, width of the reservoir 2-5 km, area 327 km², volume 1.12 km³, maximum depth 19 m, average depth 4 m.
- Uglich reservoir - length 146 km, width 0.4-5 km, area 249 km², volume 1.24 km³, maximum depth 22 m, average depth 5 m.
- Rybinsk reservoir - length 140 km, width 70 km, area 4580 km², volume 25.4 km³, maximum depth 25-30 m, average depth 5.5 m.
- Gorky reservoir - length 427 km, width 3 km, area 1590 km², volume 8.71 km³, maximum depth 22 m.
- Samara (Kuibyshev) reservoir - length 600 km, width up to 40 km, area 6.5 thousand km², volume 58 km³, maximum depth 41 m, average depth 8 m.
- Cheboksary reservoir - length 341 km, width 16 km, area 2190 km², volume 13.85 km³, maximum depth 35 m, average depth 6 m.
- Volgograd reservoir - length 540 km, width up to 17 km, area 3117 km², volume 31.5 km³, average depth 10.1 m.
For more information on the tributaries of the Volga River, you can read
Relief and soil.
The Volga River is a typical flat river. The area of \u200b\u200bthe Volga basin occupies about 1/3 of the European part of Russia and extends along the Russian Plain from the Valdai and Central Russian Uplands in the west and to the Urals in the east. Due to the very large length of the river, the composition of the soils in the Volga basin is very diverse.
Vegetation.
The Upper Volga from the source to the city of Nizhny Novgorod and the city of Kazan is located in the forest zone. The middle part of the river to the city of Samara and the city of Saratov is located in the forest-steppe zone. The lower part of the river is located in the steppe zone up to the city of Volgograd, and a little to the south lies in the semi-desert zone.
In the upper reaches of the Volga there are large forests, in the middle part and partly in the Lower Volga region, large areas of the territory are occupied by crops of grain and industrial crops. Horticulture and melon growing are also developed.
Hydrological regime.
The Volga is conventionally divided into three parts: the upper part of the Volga - from the source of the Volga River to the place where the Oka flows into it, the middle part of the Volga - from the confluence of the Oka (Nizhny Novgorod) to the confluence of the Kama River into the Volga (Nizhnekamsk) and the lower part Volga - from the confluence of the Kama River to the mouth of the Volga.
The length of the Volga River from its source to its mouth is approximately 3530 km (even before the construction of the reservoirs it was 3690 km long). The catchment area is 1,361,000 km². Water consumption near the city of Volgograd is 8060 m³ / s. The height of the source is 228 meters above sea level. The height at the mouth is 28 meters below sea level. The slope of the river is 0.07 m / km. The total drop is 256 m. The average speed of water flow in the channel is low - from 2 to 6 km / h. The average depth is 9 m, the depth in summer and winter low water is about 3 m.
The river is fed by a little rain (10%), a little more groundwater (30%) and mainly snow (60% of the annual runoff) waters. Spring flood in April-June. A low water level is observed in summer and winter low-water periods. There are autumn floods in the month of October as a result of prolonged rains.
The average annual water discharge at the Upper Volga dam is 29 m³ / s, near the city of Tver - 182 m³ / s, near the city of Yaroslavl - 1,110 m³ / s, near the city of Nizhny Novgorod - 2,970 m³ / s, near the city of Samara - 7,720 m³ / s, near the city of Volgograd - 8,060 m³ / s. Below the city of Volgograd, the river loses about 2% of its water consumption for evaporation.
The water temperature in the Volga River in July reaches 20-25 ° C. The river near Astrakhan opens up from the ice in mid-March. In the first half of April, the opening takes place on the upper Volga and below the city of Kamyshin, along the rest of the length, the river opens in mid-April. The Volga freezes in the upper and middle part of the course at the end of November; at the bottom - in early December. The Volga remains free from freezing for about 200 days a year, and near Astrakhan for about 260 days. With the creation of reservoirs on the river, the thermal regime of the Volga changed: on the upper dams, the duration of ice phenomena increased, and at the lower ones it became shorter.
The bottom of the Volga is sandy, silty-sandy and silty, on the rifts the soil is cartilaginous or pebble.
Ichthyofauna.
By its diversity of fish, the Volga is considered one of the richest rivers in Russia. Its waters are home to 76 species of fish and 47 subspecies. Grayling is found in the upper reaches of the Volga. Constantly in the Volga are found: carp, sterlet, bream, ide, pike perch, pike, burbot, bleak, perch, catfish, dace, ruff, blue bream, chub, roach, white-eyed, podust, silver bream, asp, etc. From anadromous fish, which enter the river from the Caspian Sea: beluga, lamprey, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, white fish, thorn, Volga and ordinary herring. From semi-anadromous fish in the river live: bream, carp, pike perch, bersh, catfish, asp, sabrefish, etc. The smallest species of fish in the Volga is the granular goose-head, its length is only 2.5 cm. In appearance, it resembles a tadpole. And the largest fish of the Volga River is the beluga, its length can reach 4 meters.
Water quality.
The Volga River experiences a colossal anthropogenic load from numerous sources of pollution located along its banks, as well as directly in the mouth.
A large industrial potential of Russia is concentrated in the Volga basin, which is represented by giant chemical enterprises, oil refineries, large machine-building associations and thermal power plants. Freight and passenger ships sail along the Volga River and its tributaries. On this territory, hydrocarbon raw materials (coal, gas, oil) are extracted. Hundreds and thousands of organizations have their own interests in the Volga region. Some of them are river pollutants.
The Volga accounts for more than a third of the country's total wastewater discharge. The existing treatment facilities provide effective water treatment for only 8% of polluted waters. A large amount of polluting substances enters the Volga with water from the Oka and Kama rivers, as well as their tributaries. The largest volumes of polluted wastewater fall on such cities as: Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Saratov, Samara, Balakhna, Volgograd, Togliatti, Cherepovets, Ulyanovsk, Ivanovo, Naberezhnye Chelny.
Inorganic and organic pollutants include oil products, heavy metal compounds, pesticides (pesticides), phenols, synthetic detergents, etc. These substances enter the water of the river with industrial waste, agricultural and domestic wastewater. Many of them in the aquatic environment either decompose very slowly or do not decompose at all.
Use, tourism and recreation.
The Volga River is used by people for a wide variety of purposes. First of all, it is of great economic importance as a transport highway. Bread, salt, fish, vegetables, oil, oil products, cement, gravel, coal, metal, etc. are supplied up the Volga; downstream, lumber, timber, mineral construction materials and industrial materials are floated.
Passenger traffic and excursions on motor ships are also carried out on the river.
The river is a source of water supply for agricultural facilities, as well as factories, factories and other industrial enterprises.
A number of dams and hydroelectric power plants have been built on the river, generating electricity for human needs.
Commercial, amateur and sport fishing is carried out on the river. Many people use the Volga for travel and outdoor activities.
Reference Information.
Length: 3530 km.
Basin area: 1,361,000 km².
Basin: Caspian Sea.
Source: Valdai Upland
Location: the Volgoverkhovye village of the Ostashkovsky district of the Tver region of Russia.
Coordinates: 57 ° 15'7.51 ″ s. sh., 32 ° 28'12.62 ″ in. etc.
Estuary: Caspian Sea.
Location: 60 km from the city of Astrakhan in the Astrakhan region of Russia.
Coordinates: 45 ° 53'14.98 ″ s. sh., 48 ° 31'1.3 ″ in. etc.
The Volga is a great Russian river that has long become a symbol of Russia. She is captured on the canvases of artists, her greatness has been sung more than once in songs and verses. When the name of this river sounds, the imagination immediately draws a picture of endless expanses of water. But in its very upper reaches, the Volga is only a small trickle.
Many people know that the Volga flows into the Caspian Sea. But where this river originates, not everyone will say. Meanwhile, in the place of the source of the Volga, there are many attractions that attract many tourists interested in the natural resources of Russia and the history of the country. And the Volga is one of the most famous natural treasures of the Russian land.
The place where the source of the Volga River begins
The location of the source of the Volga on the map of Russia
The source of the Volga is located at an altitude of about 230 m above sea level from the south-west of the village of Volgoverkhovye, Ostashkovsky district of the Tver region. Here, from a small swamp, several tiny springs make their way to the surface of the earth, which combine into a small reservoir.
In this place, the Volga can be easily jumped over and even stepped over, because it is just a brook a little more than half a meter wide and 30 cm deep. The water in this place has a characteristic dark red hue. The source of the Volga is so small that in dry years it periodically dries up almost completely. Near the source of the Volga, located on the Valdai Upland, an ecological path begins, which passes through a picturesque area.
A chapel was built right next to the spring, to which a small bridge was laid. Three hundred meters from the source, you can see the remains of an old stone dam, erected at the beginning of the last century, during the existence of the Olginsky monastery here. After a little over three kilometers, a still small rivulet enters Lake Malye Verhity.
Upper Volga
Further, after about 8 km, on the way of the Volga lies the larger Sterzh Lake, which is part of the Upper Volga reservoir system. The river cuts through the waters of this reservoir, almost without mixing with them. Locals say that in good weather from the shore of the lake you can see the Volga pass through it with force. Lakes Vselug, Peno and Volgo also lie on the path of the great Russian river, where there is a dam that regulates the flow and flow of water.
The Volga passes through the Tver region a considerable distance - more than 680 km. Throughout this section, more than a hundred tributaries - small rivers and streams - flow into the river. Then the river carries its waters across the vast territory of the European part of Russia. The Volga basin in the west starts from the Valdai Upland and extends in the east almost to the Urals. The Upper Volga is the section from the source to the place where this river joins the Oka.
The source of the Volga is located in the Ostashkovsky district of the Tver region. The location of this source was approved by the Russian Geographical Society at the end of the 19th century on the basis of the results of the expedition of Professor D. Anuchkin. The largest European river originates on the slope of the Valdai Upland at an altitude of 228 meters above sea level. The village nearby was named Volgoverkhovye. The source was equipped with a chapel. There is a photo of the talented Russian photographer Yevgeny Petrovich Vishnyakov (1841-1916), taken in the 1890s:
Now a bridge leads to the chapel. The Volga here is a small trickle about a meter wide, knee-deep. The next 2-3 kilometers, the course of the river gradually widens, forming small reaches.
The Persianka stream, flowing out of the swamps, is the first tributary of the Volga River. Then the river flows through Lake Maly Verkhit, then through the swamp; the Red Stream flows into it. Continuing on its way, the Volga flows through Lake Bolshoy Verkhit; it approaches Lake Sterzh with a small stream. The Volga flows out of Lake Sterzh as a full-flowing river.
All Upper Volga lakes are amazingly beautiful. They are surrounded by a dark age-old forest, into the thicket of which it is impossible to get through due to the fact that pines and spruce stand like a mighty wall from behind the swamp. Nature, as it were, hid the cradle of the Volga in these impenetrable swamps and forests, trying to preserve it.
The Western Dvina is also located on the slopes of the Vadai Upland. A nature reserve has been created in the upper Volga region, which includes protected forests with a total area of \u200b\u200bmore than 4100 hectares. The source of the Volga is an object of recreational use.
