Entrance to the park Krasnaya Presnya. Red Presnya park. Infrastructure and green spaces

In the capital, it was once an old noble estate. This place was called "Studenets". It originally belonged to the Gagarin. However, the estate was glorified by its later owner - Arseny Zakrevsky. As a hero of the war of 1812, during the reign of Nicholas I, he became the governor-general of the capital.

History

The Krasnaya Presnya Park, created in 1932 on the site of the estate and the neighboring garden of the Studenets Gardening School, has a very interesting history. In the estate "Studenets" special orders for that time always prevailed. This landowner took special care of his serfs.

Zakrevsky turned his estate, in which he settled after retiring from service, into a unique memorial complex in Moscow and in Russia, telling about the victory of Russia. For this, he invited the architect Gilardi to the estate.

Thanks to joint efforts in Studenets, on the site of which the Krasnaya Presnya park is located today, the only complex of Dutch ponds and artificial islands was created at that time. Each of them bore the name of Zakrevsky's military commanders and was adorned with their bronze busts.

Historical heritage

The capital is famous for many places where people go to relax. But this architectural and historical monument is one of the oldest. Every resident of the capital or a guest has the opportunity to enter the Krasnaya Presnya park in Moscow and walk along its alleys to admire its canals with bridges. They are called a masterpiece of landscape architecture of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, "absolute Venice in the gardens." At one time, Pushkin, Baratynsky walked here,

Park today

History breathes in every corner here. Park "Krasnaya Presnya" (every citizen of the capital knows how to get to it) has an area of \u200b\u200bsixteen and a half hectares. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, on the banks of the small river Studenets, according to legend, with healing power, the stately palace of the princely family of the Gagarins was still located. But today, very little of this historical splendor remains. The busts of the heroes of the war were destroyed during the revolution. And later the socialist regime destroyed the system of reservoirs for which the Gagarin ponds were so famous, around which the Krasnaya Presnya park was spread.

How to get there - information for tourists

This place for rest and entertainment is located at Mantulinskaya Street, 5. The indigenous people who often come to the Krasnaya Presnya Park know very well how to get to it. But tourists can take the metro and then walk. The closest to the park is the Vystavochnaya station - only seven hundred meters away. From the stations "Ulitsa 1905 Goda" and "Mezhdunarodnaya" twenty minutes walk.

Park Krasnaya Presnya, a photo of which is evidence that everyone will find entertainment to their liking, is open to everyone from nine in the morning until ten in the evening. Each visitor will be able to discover something special and interesting for himself.

Those who come here to relax should definitely walk to the Tuscan Column, which was erected in honor of the victory in the Patriotic War of the twelfth year. It has come down to us from the Studenets estate and is made of white stone. The column is decorated with a scabbard and wreaths, and once it was crowned by a winged figure holding a sword in his hand, but she eventually disappeared.

Other masterpieces of antiquity have survived to this day, for example "Octagon" - an octagonal fountain - a water pump, created by Gilardi and survived the Soviet era.

In recent years, the Krasnaya Presnya park has acquired various fashionable innovations: workout areas, a skate park. According to the recollections of old-timers, although it was previously considered a picturesque place, in Soviet times it was quite "wild". Today, it offers entertainment for all tastes, from bike rental to the open library. The entrance to the park is free.

On summer days, children come here with their parents and the elderly. In the evenings, you can meet young people - companies and couples in love, who have chosen benches and nooks for themselves, which are so abundant in the Krasnaya Presnya park.

activity

The former estate "Studenets" today abounds in entertainment, most of which are provided free of charge. It hosts activities such as qigong and fitness classes and competitions. The park's management pleases guests and residents of the capital with a variety of event posters. Every weekend, dances and programs for children, chess tournaments, author's evenings, festivals and animation programs, markets are organized here. There are always celebrations in honor of Victory Day, etc.

For the little ones

This is a great park for parents. "Krasnaya Presnya" is equipped with such a popular skate park among teenagers, made in a non-traditional format for our country. Bends or skate-plazas of this site completely repeat the natural landscape, and numerous obstacles are made to imitate the street.

Bicycles can be rented in the park, which have become especially popular with Muscovites this season. Their rental point is located directly next to the skatepark. In addition, you can ride velomobiles and electric cars here, many ride ATVs and roller skates. The rental price ranges from fifty to four hundred rubles, depending on the vehicle and time.

Reading room

Another innovation that has been added to the Krasnaya Presnya park this year is an open-air reading room. It works according to the bookcrossing system, which is very common in the world today. The principle is as follows: the one who has read the book passes it on to another. Such a system has already been introduced in Moscow parks - this is the "Books in Parks" project. Literature can be found in a special stall. And although you can enjoy literature in the fresh air only in clear, cloudless weather, since it is hardly possible on a rainy day, nevertheless there are always a lot of people willing.

It is not easy to find this open reading room in the park, cut by canals, crossed by humped bridges. You just need to be guided by the wooden houses located on the central alley, as well as by the sun loungers, which are visible from afar and set here especially for those who like to read.

Summer cinema

In keeping with the best traditions, Krasnaya Presnya Park also has its own summer cinema. For this purpose, a stage has been equipped here. And numerous spectators sit for viewing directly on the wooden floor or on ottomans and chairs. An excellent view also opens from the benches placed on the sides. Film screenings are free here. The opening hours of the summer cinema can be found on the official website of the park, as well as at the entrance, where there is a huge stand. In the free time from the big screening, creative meetings or performances of musicians, actors and directors take place on the stage.

Lecture hall

The International School of Design also chose Krasnaya Presnya for its summer lectures and classes, hiding under a tent on a small island in the very center of the park. Everyone who comes here from twelve o'clock can attend seminars of the school teachers on a variety of topics, including graphic and

Food

Many visitors admit that things are not going well with this issue in the park today. The only existing restaurant at the main entrance has been closed for renovation. Therefore, you can have a bite to eat at the Vienna Sausages kiosk, where, after spending about two hundred rubles, you can have a good meal. A vending machine with food and drinks is also installed nearby - with chocolates, soda, juices and coffee. And next to the stage, there is a tent selling coffee to go, various snacks and homemade lemonade.

The park was founded in 1932 on the territory of the monument of landscape architecture of the 18th century - the Studenets estate. This is the only surviving example of a park of Peter the Great's time "in the Dutch style" that has survived in Moscow. It is believed that the name "Studenets" came from a key well by the road. The water from this well was famous for its taste and mineral qualities throughout Moscow.

The first information about this place dates back to the XIV-XV centuries, when the entire territory on the banks of the Moskva River at the confluence of the Studenets stream into it was occupied by the village of Vyryazhkov, which belonged to Prince Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky. In the second quarter of the 15th century, the village passed to the Novinsky Monastery, which owned it until the beginning of the 18th century. At this time, the lands were granted to the Siberian governor, Prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin. He laid the foundation for the estate, planned a park with artificial ponds, built a wooden palace.

In 1721 Gagarin was convicted and hanged for bribery and embezzlement, and all his property, including the estate, was confiscated. Under Anna Ioannovna, the lands were returned to his son Alexei. Under him, the estate became a place for out-of-town festivities with the name "Gagarin Ponds".

The daughter of Alexei Gagarin, Anna, married the privy councilor of Count D.M. Matyushkin and received the estate as a dowry. Her daughter Sofia Matyushkina, in turn, married Count Yu.M. Vielgorsky and also received the estate as a dowry. Her son Matvey Vielgorsky sold the estate in 1816 to the merchant N.I. Prokofiev, from whom she passed to Count Fyodor Tolstoy. His daughter Agrafena Tolstaya married the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, General Arseny Zakrevsky, and received the estate as a dowry. Zakrevsky is credited with the arrangement and transformation of the estate.

Under him, the manor house (project) was rebuilt, a unique system of canals and ponds was created, a landscape layout of the park with asymmetrically located pavilions. The main idea of \u200b\u200bZakrevsky was to create here a kind of monument to the Patriotic War of 1812. He filled the park with sculptures of military leaders, erected a monument to the war in the form of a Tuscany column (architect V.P. Stasov, preserved). An octagonal gazebo-fountain "Octagon" (architect DI Gilardi) was placed over the well with spring water. At the end of 1973, the gazebo was moved to another location. It has survived with some losses.

In 1831 Zakrevsky sold the estate to P.N. Demidov, who in 1834 presented it to the state with the aim of setting up a school of the Russian Society of Gardening Lovers in it. After the nationalization of the estate in 1918, the Society of Gardening Lovers was located here. Many new plantings appeared on the territory, but at the same time many monuments were lost, bridges were demolished, some canals were filled up, sculptures were destroyed, the palace was destroyed. In the 1920s. the park was crossed by a railway line from Trekhgornaya Zastava.

In 1998, the main entrance gates of the park were recreated, but in a new place. In 2010, the restoration of the manor house began.

Remains of a summer theater and a monument to V.I. Lenin (sculptor N.I.Bratsun, architect V.N.Eniosov).

The main plantings in the park are poplar and linden alleys, and there are willows. The area of \u200b\u200bthe park is 16.5 hectares.

The old noble estate of Studenets is located on the left bank of the Moskva River, in the Presnensky district of the capital, on the territory of the Krasnaya Presnya culture and recreation park. The official address of the estate: Mantulinskaya street, possession 5.

The Studenets estate, founded at the old Zvenigorodskaya road, near the Tri Gory tract, belongs to one of the earliest Moscow estates and is a unique garden and park complex of the Petrovsky period.

Its history dates back to the XIV century. It is believed that the name "Studenets" was born from a cold spring, a stream that flowed through this area and subsequently filled the amazingly beautiful artificial canals and ponds of the park with its purest waters. In the XIV century, the village of Vyryazhkovo on Studenets, which was the progenitor of the modern estate, belonged to the Serpukhov prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave, the hero of the Battle of Kulikovo, cousin of Dmitry Donskoy and grandson of Ivan Kalita. After the death of the prince, his widow, princess Elena Olhedovna, in 1431 transferred the ownership to Metropolitan Photius. The same, in turn, handed it over to the Novinsky Vvedensky monastery founded in 1430. Here, on the Studenets stream, the patriarch's ponds were arranged. The monastery owned the land until the first quarter of the 17th century, after which it gradually began to pass into the specific property of Russian tsars and princes and was used for the needs of the palace economy.

At the end of the 17th century, the lands of the village of Vyryazhkovo were granted by Peter I to his closest associate, Prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, who set up his country yard on them.

The Gagarins are one of the oldest Russian noble families, which is a branch of the princely family of Starodubsky, the founder of which was Prince Ivan - the youngest son of Vsevolod the Big Nest. A descendant of Prince Ivan in the seventh generation, Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Golibesovsky-Starodubsky, received the worldly nickname "Gagara", which later passed on to his ancestors in the form of a transformed surname. From Mikhail Ivanovich Gagara, four branches of the princes Gagarins went, one of which belonged to the owner of Studenets, Prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin - the most colorful character of the Peter the Great era.

Portrait of Prince Matvey Gagarin. Artist Salvator Tonchi.

Peter's time is a bright page in Russian history, an era of changes and discoveries, the formation of new ideas about aesthetics in art. Peter I's fascination with Europe is widely known. In 1697-1698, the young tsar made a long journey through Holland, the most advanced country of that time, the world's first bourgeois republic and the main maritime power, where he watched the way of life of the Dutch, studied shipbuilding, working at a shipyard as a simple carpenter, inspected factories, workshops, laboratories, visited theaters, museums, met with engineers, scientists and artists. The tsar also paid attention to park ensembles, he visited all the famous gardens of the Netherlands, and his travel notes were full of descriptions of European parks.

In Holland, by order of Peter, specialists from various fields of activity were hired to work in Russia, including gardeners. Upon his return to his homeland, the tsar sent Russians abroad to study crafts and sciences, in particular, gardening and landscape art. Abroad, books on landscaping parks, botany, architecture of small forms were purchased, albums with illustrations and plans of the best palace and park ensembles were purchased, which Peter personally examined and studied on his trip in order to further apply the knowledge gained in practice. The great reformer strove to develop elegant tastes in gardening in Russia and to introduce the latest techniques of decorative art. According to historians, Peter had a strong aesthetic flair and was gifted with an extraordinary sense of beauty. Attracting masters from Europe to work in Russia, he invariably stopped his choice on the best and most gifted. Peter's favorite garden master was the Dutchman Jan Roozen (Rosen), whom he invited in 1712 to create the Summer Garden conceived and designed by the tsar in St. Petersburg. With the founder of the Moscow hospital, the Dutch doctor Nikolaas (Nikolai Lambertovich) Bidloo, who arranged a garden "at his house" on the Yauza land on the land allocated by the tsar, Peter personally corresponded, guiding, prompting, advising how to dig canals, ponds, throw bridges and lay alleys to create a true Dutch garden.

Throughout the 17th century, the canal garden by Frederick Hendrick, created in 1621, was considered the classic prototype of Dutch gardens. The small garden is spread over a flat area, has two main axial alleys intersecting at right angles and dividing it into four parts. Rectangular parterres are accented with trimmed alleys, water channels are emphatically geometric. The owner's house closes the main compositional axis of the park. It was these gardens - with a strict linear composition, simple and clear rectangular layout, a system of small decorative ponds - that Peter admired in Holland during his travels and subsequently strove to create ensembles in his homeland in their image and likeness.

Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, the owner of the Studenets estate on the Moskva River, belonged to the closest circle of Peter I. One of the tsar's favorites, he accompanied him on European trips, and upon his return, he actively participated in all his affairs and undertakings. In his younger years, he served as a steward at the Moscow Court, later was a voivode in Irkutsk and Nerchinsk, for some time he was an ambassador to China. According to his contemporaries, Peter respected Gagarin for many excellent qualities.

After the victory of Russia over Sweden and the annexation of new territories, the issue of the connection of the country's interior regions with the Baltic and with the new capital under construction became urgent. To solve it, Peter planned to turn the river beds with the help of canals into convenient transport arteries. The first such waterway that connected central Russia with St. Petersburg was the Tveretsky Canal in Vyshny Volochyok. In 1703, M.P. Gagarin (that's why the channel was called Gagarin for a long time). During the implementation of the project for the construction of the canal, Gagarin proved to be a capable engineer, who, with the assistance of the Dutch craftsmen involved in the work, was able to skillfully use the hydraulic potential of the area. In 1708, immediately after the completion of the construction of the Tveretskiy Canal, Peter established a governor's post in Moscow, appointing M.P. Gagarin and instructing him to first of all strengthen the ancient walls of the Kremlin and Kitai-Gorod with new bastions.

It was probably during this period that M.P. Gagarin, who became the Moscow governor, arranges a "canal garden" in his estate in Studenets in the Dutch manner. After all, his royal patron is sincerely passionate about Holland, dreams of creating a Russian Amsterdam. Focusing on Peter's tastes and probably wanting to amaze him pleasantly, Gagarin is in a hurry to equip a Dutch garden in Studenets. It is quite possible that the creation of the park ensemble was timed to coincide with a very specific event: at the end of 1709, at the behest of Peter I, a grandiose eight-day celebration was scheduled in Moscow on the occasion of the victory of the Russian troops near Poltava, and Prince Gagarin was instructed to organize the celebration. Naturally, the new governor dreamed of giving Peter a magnificent reception in his newly rebuilt estate.

During the construction of the estate complex M.P. Gagarin benefited from the experience of working on the construction of the Tveretsky Canal, the technical knowledge and skills of Dutch specialists and the strength of Russian builders engaged in digging work turned out to be in place.

The flat character of the land, the abundance of water: the Moskva River, the ponds of the former patriarchal estate, streams and springs that have existed since ancient times - these natural conditions created an amazing resemblance to the landscapes of Holland and provided an opportunity for the successful implementation of the planned garden project. All natural factors were taken into account and used to create a large-scale and picturesque hydropark, consisting of a whole labyrinth of water canals and islands between them, unfortunately, only partially preserved to this day. For the Russian manor culture of the 17th-18th centuries, it was considered traditional to place palace and park complexes on the banks of rivers or near ponds to maximize all the advantages of such an arrangement and the development of the water resources of the area for utilitarian and decorative purposes. The park ensemble of Studenets was created in the spirit of these traditions - with an active and free role of water in its landscape. But the main difference that distinguishes Studenets from a number of manor ensembles of other epochs that preceded Peter's or followed it is the amazing strict simplicity, clarity of planning and the vastness of the water surface in the composition. In the project implemented by Gagarin, two elements were effectively combined - water and air. The dryness of the lines of the regular composition of the ensemble is gently diluted with an airy perspective, in which distant plans dissolve, disappear, and water and greenery create a picturesque, pleasing to the eye picture.

Although the canals of the eastern part of the park disappeared at the end of the 19th century, the elements of the park's water system that have survived to this day can be used to recreate the original structure of the Studenets layout. It is a measured, regular "Dutch" garden with straight lines of canals, extensive water surfaces and clear axial alleys of low clipped trees. However, in the western part of the park there are some very old, over 300 years old, oak trees. As you know, Peter I loved large old trees and, when forming new park ensembles, ordered to preserve them. The presence of 300-year-old oak trees in Studenets, apparently, speaks of the desire of the creator of the garden and in this to follow the wishes of the king. Perhaps other tree species were present here, because in addition to oaks, Peter also loved lindens, elms, larch, hornbeams, beeches, chestnuts, and several thousand seedlings of these species were brought from Holland to Russia. The Dutch garden was traditionally decorated with fancy pavilions and galleries, trellises for climbing plants, grottoes, and sculptures. Flowers were also actively used: the gardens were replete with flower beds, mainly of "fragrant" flowers.

The fate of the creator of the Studenets estate, a comrade-in-arms of Peter I, Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, was tragic. Luck often spoiled him, accompanied him on the path of career growth, until one day she turned her back on him and left him forever. The Tsar highly appreciated the merits and business qualities of Gagarin in the construction of a hydraulic complex on Tvertsa and in the Moscow governorate, therefore, after the establishment of provinces in 1708, it was him who was appointed governor of Siberia.

During his leadership of this region, Gagarin did a lot for him: he completed the construction of a stone Kremlin in Tobolsk, decorated the Siberian capital with numerous stone buildings, made rich contributions to the Tobolsk St. Russia's relations with China. Initially, Prince Gagarin followed the instructions of the sovereign, but later he began to arbitrarily govern the rich and vast region, not denying himself personally the luxury and pleasures, the fame of which reached the capital. At dinner the prince served about 50 different dishes on silver and gold dishes; the horseshoes of Gagarin's horses were silver, the wheels of the carriage were also bound in silver; in Moscow, on Tverskaya Street, the prince built for himself chambers stunning in their splendor, in which the walls were mirrored, and the ceilings were glass aquariums with live fish; among the wealth that belonged to him was the most precious of all rubies known at that time, brought to him from China (later it was presented to Prince Menshikov, and from him passed to Catherine I). It seems that the prince thought less and less about the benefits of the state and more and more about his own. There is also an opinion that Gagarin not only misused the financial spending of state funds, but also intended to separate Siberia from Russia and create a separate state under his control.

The ill-wishers did not fail to inform the tsar about Gagarin's actions, and Peter sharply changed his attitude to this. The officially fined governor was put on trial for financial fraud, but the real reason for the disgrace was the rebellion he was planning. The commission of the "Big Investigation", after conducting an investigation and considering the case, accused Gagarin of embezzlement of the state. Trying to save himself, he wrote a letter to Peter, admitting his guilt and asking for pardon. But the tsar did not forgive the excess of the power given to him in Siberia and, apparently wishing to put an end to the bureaucratic embezzlement once and for all, ordered the prince to be publicly executed. In 1721, the former Siberian governor was hanged in St. Petersburg for the edification of his contemporaries and descendants. And his body, as a sign of intimidation of corrupt officials, remained for many months hung on the gallows for public viewing. Simultaneously with the execution of the prince, all his property was confiscated, the confiscated estates were granted to Pashkov, Bruce, Devier, Mamonov, Moscow and suburban courtyards were transferred to Olsufyev. The closest relatives of the executed prince were also punished. His son, Alexei Gagarin, was demoted to sailors.

During the reign of Anna Ioanovna, Studenets was returned to the grandson of M.P. Gagarin - to Matvey Alekseevich, who rebuilt the estate. During the reign of Elizabeth I, "Gagarin's dacha" was a popular place for festivities, where a variety of fun was arranged: performances of magicians, tightrope walkers, numerous musicians and singers, launching fireworks, illumination, etc.

Despite the vicissitudes in the fate of the owners of the Studenets estate, during the 18th century, the original appearance of the “water” regular park created there did not change significantly. In archival materials, several plans of the estate of the second half of the 18th century have been preserved. At that time, she was listed in the documents as the Gagarins' country house, and in unofficial sources she appeared as "Gagarin Ponds". The plans of 1763, 1767, 1778 show that a stream flows along the western border of the park, feeding the western half of the canal. In the western corner of the estate there is a small regular garden. The eastern part of the canals is connected to a pond dug below the well with spring water. Written sources also mention “a wooden manor house, with dug ponds with islands” and “Hay mows are good. Combat forest ".

A fragment of the village of Studenets, the property of Mr. Matvey Alekseevich Gagarin. 1763. Copy of the RGADA drawing.

In the second half of the 18th century, the noble celebrations held at the "Gagarin Ponds" were widely known in Moscow and enjoyed success with the honorable public. Moskovskie vedomosti of June 27, 1754 reports: “This week on Tuesday ... at the gulbische on the Three Mountains there were so many people that they rarely remembered in previous years ... Finally, to the house of the famous prince Gagarin, which was there, for many carriages in closeness to drive up, and it was hardly possible to disperse along the ponds behind the narrowness. Moreover, that in the local imperial capital there is no noble and rich, beautiful and magnificent, then everything could be seen here. " The same publication a year later informed readers that on June 24 "... a great meeting of the people was on the Three Mountains, where on this holiday there is usually a gulbische, and especially on the glorious ponds of Prince Gagarin, which are located in the vicinity of this place."

In 1804, Studenets changed its owner - Count Fyodor Andreyevich Tolstoy, a senator, privy councilor, landowner, bibliophile, member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, collector of manuscripts and old books, became its new owner. In 1818, the dacha in Studenets was transferred as a dowry to his daughter Agrafena Fedorovna when she married Arseny Andreevich Zakrevsky, Minister of Internal Affairs, and later Governor-General of Moscow. The new owners of the Zakrevskies live for a long time at the dacha, relax, drink three-mountain water, sail in boats, fish and enjoy the views of the beautiful garden.

Portrait of Count A.A. Zakrevsky. Unknown artist. 1810th.

Portrait of Countess A.F. Zakrevskaya. Unknown artist. 1810th.

A.A. Zakrevsky took part in the Patriotic War of 1812, and when arranging the estate destroyed during the hostilities, he decided to give it a special memorial character, to turn the park into a kind of monument to the recent war. By his order, a new wooden house with outbuildings is being built (it has not survived to this day). The park is decorated with monuments, pavilions, grottoes dedicated to the war and its heroes: M.B. Barclay de Tolly, N.M. Kamensky, P.M. Volkonsky, A.P. Ermolov and others. The main symbol of patriotism in the renovated estate complex is the Studenets key, because it was here that Russian soldiers received communion before the battle with the enemy in the fall of 1812. The octagon pavilion Octagon is being built over the Holy Spring.

Many famous people visited the Zakrevsky family in the renovated estate. It is known that once Studenets was visited by General A.P. Ermolov, to whom the owners solemnly demonstrated the monument erected in his honor. It is possible that D.V. Davydov is a famous poet and partisan of the war of 1812 - in any case, he often visited another estate of the Zakrevskys - in Ivanovsky near Podolsk.

Agrafena Fyodorovna Zakrevskaya, the wife of AA Zakrevsky, who since her maiden days was called affectionately "Grushenka Tolstaya", was known in the world as a beautiful, brilliantly educated and educated woman, independent in her views, with a lively and sharp mind. She was the object of admiration for many. She dedicated poems by E.A. Baratynsky, admired P.A. Vyazemsky, before marriage, she was carried away by A.S. Pushkin. The latter, in his letters to A.I. Vyazemsky called her "copper Venus". She often inspired him, was the muse of his work. A.F. Zakrevskaya appears in one of the chapters of Eugene Onegin as "the brilliant Nina Voronskoy", "Cleopatra of the Neva." And after the marriage, the poet never ceased to admire the beauty, intelligence and manners of Zakrevskaya, recreating her image in poetry and prose. In the unfinished novellas "Egyptian Nights", "Guests gathered at the dacha", "We spent the evening at the dacha" Pushkin again and again refers to the plot of Cleopatra, in whose heroine the same prototype was clearly visible - the "soul of society" and the mistress of the Studenets estate ... It is not known exactly whether the great poet visited Studenets. But he had a close acquaintance with A.A. Zakrevsky, repeatedly turned to him, was familiar and kept in touch with many members of the family, so he could well visit the student's dacha in the late 1820s, when he lived in Moscow for a long time.

The first half of the 19th century was a period of a new bright flourishing of the Studenets estate. The merit of creating a new main house and other buildings in the park is attributed by many art critics to the famous architect Domenico Gilardi (although some call the authors V.P. Stasov and A.G. Grigoriev). The drawings of the buildings are close in their technique of execution to the manner of Gilardi, and some strongly resemble his other buildings, however, there is accurate evidence of the work of D.I. Gilardi is not currently working on the project of the renovated Student. Two monuments of that era have survived to this day - the Octagon Pavilion and the Column Monument in the park, which underwent restoration in the 1960s, previously completed in the form of a winged figure with a sword. During the rebuilding of the Zakrevskys' estate, a landscape layout with picturesque paths and paths among asymmetrically placed monuments and pavilions appeared in the park between the columns; the channels were cleared and filled with clean running water; the islands are connected by wooden walkways. The Dutch motives of Peter's time, which were previously traced in the construction and design of the park complex, were replaced by Italian ones. Contemporaries enthusiastically called the Zakrevskys' dacha "absolute Venice with Gardens." In general, A.A. Zakrevsky did not strive to change the foundations laid down in the composition of the park during construction at the beginning of the 18th century, the park retained the features of the original image, but under Zakrevsky its design was renewed, and the idea of \u200b\u200bthis renovation acquired a memorial character, adding additional semantic meaning to individual architectural elements of the ensemble and making the park is a kind of monument to the heroes of the war of 1812.

Master plan of the Studenets estate. 1830s - 1840s. Copy of the RGADA drawing. Schubert's plan of Moscow.

The main manor building with wings. RGIA. 1830th.

The main manor house with outbuildings.

Pavilion Octagon. RGIA. 1830th.

Pavilion in the garden. RGIA.

Gazebo in the garden. Monument on the grave of the horse A.A. Zakrevsky, so-called. "Tomb of the horse Zakrevsky".

In the 19th century, the Studenets estate enjoyed no less interest from the public than when it was owned by the Gagarins. On holidays, the Zakrevsky dacha was open to the public, various events were held on its territory, performances were given. So, for example, on August 19, 1828 in Studenets, a balloon was launched, but in which “the aeronaut Mrs. Ilyinskaya fearlessly rose under a huge balloon on a fragile boat rather high, lit several rockets at her zenith and landed quite happily in a meadow near the dacha. There were a lot of curious people. "

Student. General view of the estate. Painting by an unknown artist. 1820th.

Student. View in the park. Painting by an unknown artist. 1820th.

Around 1834, after the resignation of A.A. Zakrevsky from the post of Minister of Internal Affairs, for 400 thousand rubles Studenets was acquired by Pavel Nikolayevich Demidov, the richest nobleman, owner of the Ural iron-smelting plants, a well-known benefactor and patron of the arts. The new owner, however, did not use the estate for personal purposes, but as another act of charity, for which he was very famous, at the beginning of 1834 he donated it to the state to establish a public institution, adding another 15 thousand rubles to the gift for repairs the main house. The wife of Emperor Nicholas I, Alexandra Feodorovna, ranked Studenets among the charitable institutions of the Department of Empress Maria Feodorovna, and in 1835 allowed the Society of Gardening Lovers to open a gardening school in the estate "with the aim of training experienced gardeners."

Portrait of Pavel Nikolaevich Demidov. Artist P.P. Vedenetsky.

The horticultural school set up extensive flower nurseries and greenhouses at the estate to grow plants for sale. Students' standard roses more than fathoms in height were very famous, collections of dahlias repeatedly received first prizes at exhibitions. On the islands of the park, seedlings of various species of trees and shrubs were grown. In the greenhouses, grapes and peaches were successfully ripening, in the garden there were 60 varieties of pears and 15 plums. The pupils of the school were trained in the theoretical and practical foundations of gardening, were engaged in the acclimatization of plants.

During the period of the horticultural school in Studenets, visitors also constantly gathered in the estate. Every Sunday in the summer, festivities, musical evenings, performances, dinners were organized here, boat rides and boats on the garden's canals, fireworks and other spectacular shows were organized.

Studenets was still famous for its springs and springs. Studenets water, in which there were no organic impurities, was highly valued in Moscow: it was used to prepare artificial mineral waters, it was taken to the imperial court when it was in the capital, and in the houses of nobility and wealthy merchants, it was “used” in production at the nearby Trekhgorny brewery.

In the new period, the estate continued to undergo reconstruction, some restructuring took place in it, which were not of a global nature. Art critic E.I. Kirichenko cites information about the participation in construction work in Studenets in the second half of the 19th century by the architect M.D. Bykovsky. In the archives of CIAM there are interesting plans of the northern part of the park, dating back to 1908, which show a very peculiar landscape structure and layout of a small garden in the Art Nouveau style, and the assortment list of the garden is rich in various ornamental plants.

The Studenets estate on the topographic plan of Moscow in 1838.

The Studenets estate on the Khotevsky plan of Moscow in 1852.

The Studenets estate on the plan of the capital city of Moscow in 1878.

The gardening school of the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria Feodorovna existed in Studenets until the 1917 revolution. After the estate was nationalized, and in troubled times, the park complex had a hard time. The cultural heritage of tsarism suffered seriously as part of the ideological struggle of the new Soviet system against the traditional order. The canal park, which found itself in the center of the revolutionary workers' district, was no exception. Riots, misuse and mismanagement did not reflect in the best way on its appearance and condition. In 1931, the park was transferred to the jurisdiction of Trekhgornaya Manufactory, and in 1932 it was decided to create a park of culture and recreation "Krasnaya Presnya" on its basis. It would seem that this could save the park from destruction. But the desire of the new government to change everything in its own way exceeded the limits of reason. Transformations began: part of the ponds were filled up, the banks of the canals were dressed in concrete, which adversely affected the state of the waters, many old picturesque bridges were destroyed, building new ones that did not differ in sophistication and harmony of style, most of the monuments in memory of the heroes of the war of 1812 disappeared irrevocably. From the memorial objects of the park, only the Tuscan column on the island has survived to this day, however, the winged figure that once adorned it has been lost. The old manor house was actually destroyed in the first half of the 20th century, by the 60s only the foundation and one wing remained from it. The beautiful Empire-style gates that formed the entrance to the park were dismantled. In 1955, the building of the Krasnaya Presnya cinema was built on the site of the demolished buildings of the school of gardening.

Manor Studenets on the Moscow plan of 1952.

The surviving pavilion-pumping station Octagon in 1975 was moved 22 meters to the side due to the construction of high-rise buildings of the World Trade Center and lost its original meaning to register the spring key of the Holy Spring, and the key itself was removed into an underground sewer overlooking the Moskva River. On the territory of the former estate, some outbuildings, sports facilities were also erected, bursting into the park and violating its original structure and layout.

Relocation of the Octagon Pavilion. Copy of E.M. Handel. 1975 year.

Nowadays, the former suburban dacha continues its life in an urban environment, being almost in the very center of a noisy metropolis. In 1960, the central part of the park (about 18 hectares) was declared a historical and cultural monument of federal significance and taken under state protection. However, in 2011 the status of the security object was downgraded to regional significance. Since the 1990s, attempts have been made to partially restore the estate complex.

Gate pylon restoration project. Mosproekt-2, Workshop-13. 1993 year.

According to archival photographs of the 1930s in 1998, restorers N.F. Zhurina and A.S. The entrance gate of the park was recreated by the Queen. The memorial traditions of the estate were supported by Afghan warriors who planted a horse chestnut alley in the park. The choice of tree species was not accidental: it is known that horse chestnut grew in Studenets before, it was planted on one of the islets between the canals by A.A. Zakrevsky on the third anniversary of the birth of his daughter Lydia (in 1829). In 2010, work began on the restoration of the main manor house with outbuildings. They should be completed in the near future, and I would like to believe that Muscovites will finally have the opportunity to see the recreated historical appearance of a magnificent estate in the past.

Project for the restoration of the main manor house with outbuildings in the Studenets manor. Frontal view. 2006-2008 years.

Restoration project for the main manor house with outbuildings in the Studenets manor. Isometric view. 2006-2008 years.

Restoration project for the main manor house with outbuildings in the Studenets manor. Additional types. 2006-2008 years.

Summing up and looking back at the historical past of the Studenets estate, it is worth noting that Peter I's enthusiasm for the example of progressive Holland and his active work to promote the ideas he noted abroad in gardening art laid such strong foundations and traditions in this area that in the future Russia has given world culture truly magnificent examples of park landscapes that can compete with their European prototypes. And the "canal garden" of M.P. Gagarin in the Studenets estate is one of the earliest such specimens and is completely unique for Moscow and Russia.

Pavilion Octagon. Photo by Evgeny Chesnokov / yamoskva.com

Tuscan column. Photo by Evgeny Chesnokov / yamoskva.com

Walking along the well-groomed paths of the park, I suddenly caught myself thinking: there is something else very pleasant and comfortable in the atmosphere. It was quiet, unobtrusive music pouring from the speakers. She was echoed by the numerous voices of birds living in the park. It was very strange, but harmonious. All this tuned in to relaxation, rest and solitude.

This lyrical mood is promoted by carefully preserved nature and picturesque views of the park. In autumn, the old linden alley is well preserved, along which, oddly enough, mushrooms grow under the canopy of trees.

After crossing the oval bridge to the island, I found myself in a real recreation area. Here you can find free comfortable sun loungers and ottomans. People are sunbathing right in the city center. The beauty!

Mothers with strollers, children running barefoot on soft grass - what could be better for those who cannot go out of town in summer ?! Right there, nearby, on the island, there is a huge white tent, where, perhaps, you can hide from the unexpected rain. But at that moment there was a seminar or training of a design school. No one bothered anyone: some sunbathed, others nursed the children, and still others were trained.

By the way, a wonderful playground with a special coating, various swings and a trampoline was made in the park for children. Children from there do not want to go home.

There is a small stage nearby. Obviously, interesting performances and celebrations take place here. Yes, they also play movies for free in the open air. There is a poster at the entrance.

Sports activities in the park

We were pleasantly surprised by the rental of sports equipment. What is missing here - bicycles, rollers, velomobiles, electric cars for children. The prices are quite reasonable.

I also noticed a basketball and mini-football court. But the most interesting thing is a skate park for extreme lovers. Teens do different tricks on roller skates, bicycles and skateboards here. Exciting action.

Five times a week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday) at 10.00, everyone can practice ancient Chinese breathing exercises with instructors. Admission is completely free.

Park history

A small park "Krasnaya Presnya", located on 16.5 hectares right in the center of Moscow, is considered to be unique in the capital. This is due to the only picturesque "Dutch" ponds in Moscow, which have survived on the site of the old 18th century estate "Studenets".

The estate belonged to the princes Gagarin. M.A. Gagarin laid out a garden in this place in the so-called "Dutch style", which assumed the presence of artificial ponds. The very name of the estate comes from the Studenets stream that once flowed here, which was famous for its gushing clean springs. Residents of the area have always come here for wonderful water, which was considered healing.

Subsequently, in the 20s of the 19th century, the estate passed into the hands of the Moscow Governor-General A.A. Zakrevsky, who built a beautiful house here and was engaged in the arrangement of the park together with the architect G. Gilardi. The manor is now being restored, but they say that this has nothing to do with a real historical reconstruction. It is expected that there will be a regular remake.

In addition, the would-be restorers several years ago, while carrying out work, broke the vein of the key that supplied the ponds with water. They began to dry up. At the moment they are somehow filled with water, but it blooms very strongly in some places. Obviously, the water-biological balance was disturbed.

In 1932, a park was created on the site of the estate for Muscovites. At the same time, some of the ponds were filled up, but new bridges were thrown in the Empire style.

The cast-iron front gate of the park, recreated by architects in 1998 based on photographs of the 30s of the 20th century, is very interesting.

At the entrance to the park, you are immediately greeted by Lenin, whose monument was erected here in 1976. It looks very sad and dilapidated. Sits, thinks, writes something down in his copper notebook ...

Since it was lunchtime, the few alleys of the park were filled with "white collars", or in other words - "office plankton" that "floated out" here to breathe the fresh Moscow air, forgetting about all their business affairs. In general, the park is located in the arms of Moscow's business life - it is surrounded by the World Trade Center and the Expocentre. And Moscow City is very close.