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16th century Moscow map Architecture (Latin architectura) is the art of designing and constructing buildings, structures that organize the spatial environment, the art of creating this environment for the life and activities of people, giving aesthetic pleasure. Architecture is one of the most useful arts for human life.
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F. Schelling called architecture "frozen music"; "A melody that has died away" - I.-V. Goethe. Many composers were keen connoisseurs of architecture. Since ancient times, people have learned to build a dwelling for themselves. For this, natural materials were used, which the surrounding area was rich in. A large number of houses formed settlements. For defense from enemies, settlements were surrounded by walls, fenced off with a backyard or palisade, fence or wooden wall. Therefore, the Russian word "city" originally meant "fortification" and came from the expressions "enclose", "enclose", "fence".
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The planning and construction of cities is one of the areas of architecture, it is called "urban planning". The layout of the cities of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and ancient Russian cities was very different. In Antiquity, a fortified hill was built temple complex... An example is the Athenian Acropolis - the political, religious, cultural center of the city. It was a landmark among the rectangular grid of streets below. Acrocorinth. Greece Athenian Acropolis. Greece
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Each medieval city was fenced off with mighty stone walls with battlements and towers, surrounded by a deep moat, making it a powerful, reliable fortress. The fortress city had a defensive meaning, to capture its gates meant to capture the entire city. The center of the Western European city was cathedral... The administrative building of the town hall and market Square... The square and the building of the city hall. Prague
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in Medieval Russia - the city usually grew up on an elevated place. Central place in his composition and silhouette was a Detinets (from the 14th century - the Kremlin). It was the inner core of the city's fortifications, people went under its protection after the fall of the outer defense belt. The largest, most monumental structures - the cathedral and the palace - were concentrated in the Kremlin. A typical example is the plan of ancient Moscow. Novgorod Detinets. Modern aerial photography
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The economic and strategic center of the eastern medieval city was the square on which the madrasah was built - a higher school that trained clergy, teachers, etc. Registan. Samarkand. Uzbekistan
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Homework: Find poems about the two capitals of Russia - Moscow and St. Petersburg, dedicated to the architectural sights of these cities. Read them to your classmates. How do you understand the meaning of the expressions: "Architecture is a frozen music" and "Architecture is a sounding melody"? What do music and architecture have in common?
"Building shape" - Buildings with a more complex composition are much more common. Tallest skyscraper in Dubai. Time, money, organizational skills. Complete your creative challenge: Combine volumetric shapes into a single architectural look. PrPPPrPrrPrPppPrrrrPrr. Connection of volumes on the example of a temple. Answer the questions:
"Architectural bionics" - Main directions. Shell thickness. Cuff sheet. Examples of constructions. The cone principle. Ribbed designs. Constructions in the form of a spiral. Nature. Shells. Architectural bionics. Conical structures. New page. Pre-stressed constructions. Frame. Engineers. Plant abilities.
Geometry in Architecture - Japanese architecture has been modeled after Chinese architecture since the spread of Buddhism. Above-ground structures inside were decorated with flat reliefs. In pictures. The breadth of urban planning distinguishes Roman architecture. Architecture of Greece. The first temples and the first stone statues appeared here in the 7th century. BC e.
"Fountains" - We attach thin tubes to the figurine. The history of fountains. Science field. The beauty of water. We decorate the bottom of the fountain. The first fountains. The base for the fountain is ready. Plan for creating a working model of the fountain. We fix the heart on the base with glue. Jets. What are the fountains. We fix it to a permanent place.
"Mathematics in Architecture" - Symmetry is the queen of architectural excellence. Mathematics in architecture. Architecture. Hyperbolic paraboloid. Hyperboloid. The golden ratio in architecture. Geometric shapes in different architectural styles... The strength of the structure. Mathematics and Architecture. Egyptian geometry. Mathematics helps to achieve the strength of structures.
"Harmony" - Arches and domes appeared. IN Ancient egypt measurements were taken by special artisans. As time went on, the mathematical problems of architecture became more complicated. The buildings in the figure provide themselves with solar and thermal energy. Mathematics and Architecture. It is impossible to describe all the variety of geometric techniques that the architects possessed.
Architecture modern city it is distinguished by its diversity and swiftness, developing along with technological progress. Buildings built in a certain era show different styles, values \u200b\u200band human aspirations to meet their own needs.
City development history, order system
The ancient cities of Greece and the Roman Empire are still considered masterpieces of a distant era, a hymn to the beauty and greatness of the creative person. Famous buildings and monuments of ancient architecture are the heritage of world culture and the heritage of progressive humanity. According to historians and art historians, without the foundation laid in those ancient times, modern Europe could not exist.
Therefore, the architecture connection is obvious historic city with the architecture of a modern city, because the planning of the territory of the settlement and the construction of buildings in it, called urban planning, have been carried out since ancient times. However, these principles for different eras and countries were very different.
IN Ancient Greece the political, religious and cultural center of the settlement was the temple complex, and streets paved along a rectangular grid departed from it. Ancient temples in Greece began to be built according to the rules of the order system, which subsequently had a great influence on the entire history of world architecture.
In those days, certain rules for the correlation of structural parts of buildings and their decorative design were established and established, which later received the name of the order. The design and composition of the temples were based on columns and beams, which had a fixed shape and relative position.
The classical order system (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian), which has undergone evolutionary changes over many centuries, played a huge role in the formation and development of European architecture. However, in the construction of modern public buildings, it is most often used by architects only as stylization or decorative elements.
Therefore, the ancient Greek order system in the architecture of modern cities has been preserved mainly in historical monuments and buildings in old districts.
Urban planning: eras and countries
The medieval city is characterized by the presence of a fortress surrounded by a high stone wall and a moat, which served as defensive functions for the inhabitants living in it. Later, European cities were built around the building of the main cathedral, next to which the town hall and market square were usually located. The street was laid from the gates of the fortress to the center.
The cities in the East were designed in a similar way: in the central part there was a mosque and minarets, next to it was a madrasah (religious school), the ruler's palace and a caravanserai, roads and residential quarters diverged from them.
One of the branches of modernism was the style of brutalism that appeared in the 1950-1970s, as well as non-rutalism (the term comes from the French béton brut - "raw concrete"). Its creators Alison and Peter Smithson were inspired by the plasticity possibilities of reinforced concrete structures.
The representative of Art Nouveau, mixed with avant-garde (such an extraordinary style is sometimes called biomorphic), was the architect of German origin Fr. Hundertwasser (1928-2000). The houses built according to his designs are distinguished by their uniqueness and originality both in form and in color saturation.
Art Deco, organic architecture
Art Deco is a trend in art and architecture that emerged in the 1920s in Paris. Its distinctive features: the use of strict regularity, ethnic geometric patterns, expensive materials in the interior.
The founder of the style of organic architecture F. L. Wright (1807-1956) applied the principles of harmonious placement of objects in the surrounding space and landscape in the development and design of buildings. At the same time, only environmentally friendly materials were used for the construction of the house: wood, natural stone, as well as reinforced concrete. An example of a house made in this style is the House Above the Falls, which has been considered a National historical monument USA.
At the beginning of the 21st century. there was a surge of interest in this style in architecture, which gave impetus to the emergence of the bio-tech style, which promotes the construction of buildings by analogy with natural organic forms.
Functionalism and rationalism
Functionalism is an architectural trend that emerged in the Netherlands and Germany in the middle of the 20th century, which adheres to the principles of a building being suitable for the purpose or process for which it was built. It is based on the achievements of building technology and new techniques that allow you to quickly build standard apartments in sections from precast concrete.
It is in the style of functionalism that high-rise office and residential buildings are being erected, which make up the silhouette of a modern city. The architecture of buildings in this direction has the following main features:
- the use of right angles and shapes, large planes;
- monolithic and prefabricated sections of reinforced concrete, glass, and occasionally brick were used as material;
- flat roofs;
- for multi-storey and industrial buildings, a horizontal-strip arrangement of glazing of facades is characteristic;
- the lower floors have a wider space and are used for shops and other public places.
Rationalism is an avant-garde style in architecture and art that emerged during the Soviet period in the 1930s. The buildings built in this direction are characterized by laconic forms, strict and rational. In terms of content, the style is close to constructivism.
Garden City Concept
One of the urban planning concepts emerged in the early 20th century, after the publication of E. Howard's book "Garden Cities", in which the author proposed completely new ideas and schemes for the construction of cities. Plans and original features of the architecture of a modern city located on communal lands were proposed. The purpose of the settlement was to create good social and living conditions for low-income strata of the population within the suburban settlements on the outskirts of megacities.
Masterpieces of modern architecture
Over the past decades, many architects have built many interesting and original architectural objects. The modern city is an engineering marvel. To maximize the expressiveness of the artistic image, architects successfully use in the project the principles of harmonious combination with the surrounding space, asymmetry, contrasting opposition of various planes, etc.
All modern buildings are, as a rule, skyscrapers or high-rise buildings, which are being built in the USA, UAE, India, Singapore, etc. During their construction, advanced scientific and technical developments, a variety of building and finishing materials, original texture and color capabilities are used ... Some were created by world-famous architects, others - by talented young architects.
Cities with modern architecture
All over the world you can find interesting and original cities, and it is quite difficult to say which are the best among them. The 21st is the century of globalization in architecture, art and other areas, in which the differences between Western and Eastern styles are blurring, megacities are stretching upward, and buildings in them compete not only in height, but also in originality and pretentiousness.
Some of the the best cities with modern architecture:
- Chicago is one of the first high-rise metropolitan areas, the first multi-storey buildings were built here in the 19th century. Many interesting vertical buildings were made according to the designs of L. Sullivan, later F. L. Wright, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and others worked here. The city is considered an example of modernism in the field of architecture.
- Beijing, Ho Chi Minh City, Shanghai and other cities in Asia are a mixture of colonial-style buildings and modern skyscrapers that have risen to the skies over the past 20 years.
- Tokyo - was practically revived from the ruins after the Second World War, its architectural feature has become the construction of high-rise buildings, taking into account advanced technology and innovation.
- Dubai is rapidly taking off and at the same time conquering the sea, since many skyscrapers are built on artificial bulk islands... Most of the projects look futuristic and fantastic, the most famous of them is the 828 m high Burj Khalifa, built by the US architect E. Smith.
The architecture of modern cities is an art and a science, which is characterized by a mixture of styles and violation of classical traditions and stereotypes. Many of the erected extraordinary buildings by their own appearance can cause a storm of positive emotions, making you admire, and at the same time shock with originality and uniqueness.
Architecture (Latin architectura) is the art of designing and constructing buildings, structures that organize the spatial environment, the art of forming this environment for the life and activities of people, giving aesthetic pleasure. Architecture is one of the most useful arts for human life. If we compare architecture with other arts, then music is the closest to it as conventionally. After all, music, like architecture and mathematics, has no analogues in the surrounding world - its form is abstract. Was this not the basis for the constant comparison of architecture with music? F. Schelling called architecture "frozen music"; "A melody that has died away" - I.-V. Goethe.
Many composers were keen connoisseurs of architecture. Since ancient times, people have learned to build a dwelling for themselves. For this, natural materials were used, which the surrounding area was rich in. A large number of houses formed settlements. For defense from enemies, settlements were surrounded by walls, fenced off with a backyard or palisade, fence or wooden wall. Therefore, the Russian word "city" originally meant "fortification" and came from the expressions "to enclose", "to enclose", "to fence".
The planning and construction of cities is one of the areas of architecture, it is called "urban planning". The layout of the cities of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and ancient Russian cities was very different.
In Antiquity, a temple complex was built on a fortified hill. An example is the Athenian Acropolis - the political, religious, cultural center of the city. It was a landmark among the rectangular grid of streets below.
Each medieval city was fenced off with mighty stone walls with battlements and towers, surrounded by a deep moat, making it a powerful, reliable fortress. The fortress city had a defensive meaning, to capture its gates meant to capture
the whole city. In contrast to the Western European city, enclosed in high stone walls, which once and for all defined its borders, the city of medieval Russia was merged with nature and rural surroundings. The Russian city and its defensive fortifications were built taking into account the conditions of the natural landscape. The aesthetic sense of people played an important role in choosing a place for the future city. The chronicles have preserved many stories containing the following messages: "and the place is red and forest on the mountain ... And having loved the place, then think, and burn a little town on it" (Ipatiev Chronicle). The city usually grew up in an elevated place. The central place in his composition and silhouette was occupied by the Detinets (from the 14th century - the Kremlin). It was the inner core of the city's fortifications, people went under its protection after the fall of the outer defense belt. The largest, most monumental structures - the cathedral and the palace - were concentrated in the Kremlin.
A typical example is the plan of ancient Moscow.
The center of the Western European city was the cathedral. The administrative building of the town hall and the market square were located nearby. Streets flowed to them tangentially from the city gates. The feudal castle was located outside the city limits. The economic and strategic center of the eastern medieval city was the square on which the madrasah was built - a higher school that trained clergy, teachers, etc.
minarets - towers from which Muslims were called to prayer. An important role in the architectural composition of the city was played by the ruler's palace and the trading part - the caravanserai, the bazaar (trading domes). Roads ran from the square to the city gates. In peacetime, caravans from all over the world went along them to the city, in war time warriors moved.
In the Renaissance, architects again turned to the ancient tradition of urban planning: at the end of wide straight streets there was always some architectural ensembledefining the majesty of the perspective.
St. Petersburg is built on the same principle. It was erected according to a plan drawn up in advance and carefully checked by Peter I. Streets and avenues in the central part of the city
Architecture (Latin architectura) is the art of designing and constructing buildings, structures that organize the spatial environment, the art of forming this environment for the life and activities of people, giving aesthetic pleasure.
Architecture is one of the most useful arts for human life.
Slide 3
F. Schelling called architecture "frozen music"; "A melody that has died away" - I.-V. Goethe. Many composers were keen connoisseurs of architecture. Since ancient times, people have learned to build a dwelling for themselves. For this, natural materials were used, which the surrounding area was rich in. A large number of houses formed settlements. For defense from enemies, settlements were surrounded by walls, fenced off with a backyard or palisade, fence or wooden wall. Therefore, the Russian word "city" originally meant "fortification" and came from the expressions "enclose", "enclose", "fence".
Slide 4
The planning and construction of cities is one of the areas of architecture, it is called "urban planning". The layout of the cities of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and ancient Russian cities was very different.
In Antiquity, a temple complex was built on a fortified hill. An example is the Athenian Acropolis - the political, religious, cultural center of the city. It was a landmark among the rectangular grid of streets below.
- Acrocorinth. Greece
- Acropolis of Athens. Greece
Slide 5
Each medieval city was fenced off with mighty stone walls with battlements and towers, surrounded by a deep moat, making it a powerful, reliable fortress. The fortress city had a defensive meaning, to capture its gates meant to capture the entire city.
The center of the Western European city was the cathedral. The administrative building of the town hall and the market square were located nearby.
The square and the building of the city hall. Prague
Slide 6
in Medieval Russia - the city usually grew up on an elevated place. The central place in his composition and silhouette was occupied by the Detinets (from the 14th century - the Kremlin). It was the inner core of the city's fortifications, people went under its protection after the fall of the outer defense belt. The largest, most monumental structures - the cathedral and the palace - were concentrated in the Kremlin. A typical example is the plan of ancient Moscow.
Novgorod Detinets. Modern aerial photography
Slide 7
The economic and strategic center of the eastern medieval city was the square on which the madrasah was built - a higher school that trains clergy, teachers, etc.
Registan. Samarkand. Uzbekistan
Slide 8
During the Renaissance, architects again turned to the ancient tradition of urban planning: at the end of the wide straight streets there was always some architectural ensemble that determined the majesty of the perspective. St. Petersburg is built on the same principle. It was erected according to a plan drawn up in advance and carefully checked by Peter I. Streets and avenues in the central part of the city converge in a trident to the squares.
- Map of St. Petersburg at the beginning of the XX century.
- St. Petersburg. Historical Center
Slide 9
Homework:
Find poems about the two capitals of Russia - Moscow and St. Petersburg, dedicated to the architectural sights of these cities. Read them to your classmates.
How do you understand the meaning of the expressions: "Architecture is a frozen music" and "Architecture is a sounding melody"? What do music and architecture have in common?
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