What are the names of the flights of the planes. Aircraft classification by purpose. Physical education "The planes hummed"

Airports

Babodedovo, Darmoedovo, Gomodedovo, House, Grandfather - Domodedovo
Granddaughter - Vnukovo
Korovkino - Bykovo
Sharik, Sharomoikino, Shaomyga, Sharomyzhkino, "Shire, Mother Ego", Sherema - Sheremetyevo
Rama - Ramenskoye airfield
Hitrovka - Heathrow airfield (London)

Weather

four nines - good weather
million in a million - visibility over 10 km
puff - stratus clouds
piles - cumulus clouds
cover - the weather is below the minimum
dung, shit - bad weather
stones from the sky - heavy rain
mryaka - blizzard
mryok with milk - fog with precipitation

Airplane elements

snout, penny - nose; tailbone - tail; belly - the middle part of the fuselage
rowing, waving - propeller; palm tree - helicopter main rotor in the parking lot
fan, meat grinder - screw engine
burner - the outlet of the turbojet turbine
paws, legs, legs, mosles - chassis ("pull the legs" - remove the chassis, "throw the wheels" - advice that it's time to release the chassis)
bast shoes - pads for sun wheels
burdocks - flaps, spoilers, brake flaps
bank - aircraft cabin (tube - passenger cabin of a small aircraft)
pot - toilet (swallow - toilet; splash guard - faucet in the toilet)
trestle bed - passenger seat, cuff - upper part of the seat, boulevard - passage between the seats
hole - porthole
noose - seat belt
cabinet - cockpit
horns - steering wheel (RS (cattle) - flight personnel, cattle (cattle) - command and control personnel)
muzzle - oxygen mask
ears - headset
stool, bench, cup - pilot's seat in the cockpit (left cup - PIC's seat, right cup - co-pilot's seat. The motto of the co-pilot: “Our business is right not to interfere with the left!” A fighter is a bad co-pilot. Guardsman is a good co-pilot. The phrase from the song: "Well, here I am on the left stool ...")
Tamara - Sparka (on MiG-21)
counter - a plug connector for connecting ground power to the aircraft
traffic light - light signaling in the cargo-passenger cabin of the aircraft equipped for landing
button accordion - a conglomeration of gas stations behind a seat in the cockpit of the MiG-29
newspaper - light signal boards located on the upper central console
carrot - keel fairing for electronic warfare antennas on Tu-160
pioneer - direction and slide indicator (the term originates from the imported devices of the American company "Pioneer")
soldier - mechanical backup of the indicator of the extended position of the landing gear
l opata - brake flap Su-27
dog lover - the space of an airplane glider where you can carry personal cargo
eyes - landing lights
fins - horizontal stabilizer (scallop - vertical)
goiter - lower cockpit light

At the airfield

board - aircraft
tram - aircraft in normal passenger configuration (cabin - aircraft in VIP configuration)
gut - bridle board or ground power cable
pipelac - self-propelled gangway
passenger carrier - telescopic gangway
livestock truck, hearse - bus for passengers
member - car VIP
cassette - hot food wrapped in foil
chicken - catering
service of goats - service of flight attendants of AK Transaero (the name comes from the name of the head of the service M.M. Kozlov, who, according to internal legend, is represented as "the head of the service Kozlov")
hanger - installation for weighing luggage
boob, can - tanker
zelenka, tarragon - gasoline B-91/115 (from the characteristic green color)
pigeon house, birdhouse - control tower
bow - locator installation in AP
condom, sorcerer - windsock
shit - a machine for draining chemical. toilet fluids
tablet - ambulance
Tamagotchi - TMX-30 baggage tractor
massandra, bulldozer, equivalent, epee and much more - aviation alcohol
massandrovoz - distiller
massandric key - a key from the filler neck
liqueur chassis - alcohol with glycerin from amortstoek
shaernitsa - pliers for screwing connectors ШР
TK-16 (16-kg tank sledgehammer) - a device for dismantling the stabilizer on the MiG-23
sledgehammer - sledgehammer
teddy bear - a small hydraulic lift
goose - a ladder with a long "neck" for access to the top of the fuselage
sludge - a bar for draining sediment
slurry - hydraulic fluid
vodka - kerosene
TOM, zmey gorynych - heat blowing machine for deicing
high-rise - high-altitude oxygen service
Oxygen bootle
slider - flight task
bow - flight back and forth between two airfields on the MVL (outside the base)
tram trip - a trip with several stopovers or a trip performed from day to day on the same route, without any changes
window dressing - demonstration performances, demonstration of aircraft
gangbang - group aerobatics flights
nut - restricted area of Barvikha (octahedron on the screen); "draw through the hole" - the flight of the aircraft between the "nut" and Moscow
neighbors - a nearby military airfield; "drive along the fence" - the flight of the aircraft along the border with the "neighbors"
checkerboard - a form for manual registration of passengers at check-in
check-in - check-in for the flight
shmon - inspection
red plan - daily flight plan for operational services of the airport
physical education (physical exercise) - checking mechanization before takeoff
chevretka - uniform jacket of the flight crew made of chevrette leather
romper pants - semi-overalls from a demi-season or winter set of flight uniforms
radiculitka - demi-season jacket
Order of the Stoop - badge "For accident-free air raid"

People in aviation

flight master - felt pen
pinstr - instructor (in civil aviation, and in military - shkrab)
boot - pilot of military transport aviation
skipper - co-pilot ("legs together - salary two hundred" - about the right pilot)
rvach - a pilot with sanity
white-headed - pilot in helmet
boarder - flight mechanic
fornication - navigator
talker bird - radio operator
frostbitten - a crew that does not respond quickly to commands
steward, wire, girls, boys - flight attendants ("click on the girl" - click on the call button for flight attendants)
old sick cassette - experienced flight attendant
paks, nausea, banderlog, pickuli - passengers (umka - unaccompanied child; bagmen - shuttles; economists - economy class passengers; businessmen, truffles - business class passengers; first class passengers; cattle corral, press fit - boarding of passengers)
mullet - passenger traffic (for example, “mullet has gone”); shalanda - jet aircraft of civil aviation
shura - cop in the cabin in case of hijacking
glide path master - landing dispatcher
lord of the ring - circle manager
nachpryg - head of PDS
super, superman - supervisor on the platform
Hitler Youth - employee of the East Line Security (the name is due to the characteristic dark blue uniform)
oil tank, oil bucket, elephant - CD technician (aircraft and engine); elephant - short for Airplane Service, and it is also one of the Elephants that keeps aviation
lace, wild boar, monkey, monkey, rosin, special, kischkomot - specialist in AiREO (aviation and radio-electronic equipment).
copper-headed, double-headed, tupatites, barrels, oak cutters, bombheads - AB (aviation weapons) specialists
Click - AB Technician
hemp, skullA - PNK (flight and navigation complex) specialists
wind blower, meteorologist - meteorologist
boar - an employee of the aviation security service (VOKHR)
massem - the driver of a sewage airfield special vehicle (from the Soviet MA-7, called GUK - shit-harvester)
panicles - employees of the service engaged in internal cleaning on board the aircraft
turtle - interior cleaning employee
Carlson - paraglider
batman, bed sheet, hang glider - hang glider
jumped - parachutists

Slang phrases

pull the horns - turn the steering wheel
fly on horns (on hands) - pilot the aircraft if the autopilot fails
fly (pull) on light bulbs - fly with low fuel remaining
flap wings - fly with insufficient fuel or land with faulty engines
to fornicate - to fly with a lost orientation
go against the grain - fly on an echelon with a course for which the echelon is not intended
fluff, bristle, wool on end - release mechanization
whisper clutches - full throttle
polish - fly without problems
march - fly in cruise flight
wash away - go through the clouds
shave the weed - perfect to land the plane
promotion - soft landing
to gild the keel - to sit under the approach
fold wings - land (after stopping on the runway)
knock out the plug - open the door after landing
score flights - canceling flights
give a pulse - pass the pre-flight inspection
to stomp - to maneuver along the steering tracks in the AP
wait for traffic lights - stand in front of the runway exit
make a poker, make Semyon - swoop in a day 7.00
make Vasily - swoop in a day 8.00
unbend hooks - take short flights
bones overboard, leave the office, pull the balls - eject
scoop up - an unplanned loss of altitude in the process of performing a maneuver
bushes flickering - withdrawal from the maneuver below the minimum safe height
slip - fell into an air hole
push up - turn on reverse, start braking
entry according to the scheme - returning home under a good degree, that is, drunk
spare care - care for a friend (mistress)
drilling holes in the ZS - unsuccessful family life (holes are for horns)
go into a tailspin, go into promotion - go into a binge
breaking the weather - having a booze in bad weather
nose to the alignment point - the position of the pilot who has fallen asleep while drunk at the table
blenkers fell out - went through alcohol
failure of the vertical gyro (or blockage of the gyro unit) - the level of drunkenness, when you cannot stand on your feet, but there are still remnants of strength to move (and attempts to move lead to periodic falls)
corpopause - the state of the pilot when overworked, after taking a large dose
drain the sludge - go to the toilet
presses on the valve - the desire to piss ("Passat" is a lightweight "Nissan")
center - to steal something from the aircraft (cargo, luggage, catering)
KUR zero bulldozer to mass - fly to the radio station
wind the glide path on the propeller - hang noodles on the ears of the interlocutor
sticks up - engine failure
badges flew - accident
a mouthful of earth is a disaster
to unfold - to break the aircraft (mainly - during landing)
minor breakdowns - aircraft fragments collected from the crash site by rakes
oblique plane - plane after engine failure. Fly on an oblique plane - fly with asymmetrical thrust
the left egg is heavier - to fly with a chronic left lurch
light the crosses, cross - (at the dispatchers) close the marks, which triggers the Dangerous Approach Warning System (FPOS), crosses light up around the marks
push up - inability to quickly clear the runway
release - tow the aircraft
stand on a string - release the plane
stand on your ears - keep in touch with the cockpit through the SPU
sit on a tube - to direct flights
sit on the "nipple" - use the tips of the PRP on landing
drive to Katya - to fly to Yekaterinburg (other geographical names: Minstrualnye Vody, Krasnodyr, Syphilisi (Tbilisi), Puddle (Atlantic Ocean - for example, “flights to Puddle”, ie to America), dome (North Pole), Lax - flight to Los Angeles)
again the trizor fled - the border has come
"N hours, M minutes - wheels in the air" - the most strict indication of the start time of any action - for example, a spill or an alarm arrival
"I bought my son a cap with a large visor" - do not let my son into the flight school (visor - so that he does not see the sky)

Names of various aircraft

Aircraft manufactured by Airbus - watermelon
Boeing aircraft - bobby
Boeing 737 - small Boeing
Boeing 747 - humpback, silver carp
Boeing 777 - three axes
An-12 - barn, livestock truck, phantomas
An-2 - antoshka (anton), annushka, barn, cockroach
An-24 - phantomas, snag, shard, vibration stand
An-26 - dump truck, barge
An-72, An-74 - Cheburashka, cheburator (Gazprom's An-74 - lighter)
An-8 - alcohol carrier
An-225 "Mriya" - centipede
Il-2, Il-10 (Ilyushin attack aircraft) - humpbacked
Il-114 and Il-18 - sawmills
I-16 - donkey
IL-18 - shagmat, junkers
IL-62 - log
IL-76 - humpback
IL-76MF - tuning
Il-86, Il-96 - loaf, eggplant
Ka-26 - porridge, turd, ivanushka-fool (wherever it blows, it will fly there)
Mi-1 - double toilet
Mi-6, Mi-26 - cow
Mi-6 - locomotive nuts, bear
Mi-24 - crocodile, striped, file, drum
Mi-26 - brick with a bow
Mi-8 - beautiful Vasilisa
Mikoyania - OKB im. Art. Yves. Mikoyan
Mikoyan meat processing plant - it is (when mentioned in some unflattering context)
Migar - a MiG aircraft
MiGs 1-42 and 1-44 - ruble forty two, ruble forty four, respectively
MiG-15 - a keg of beer
UTI MiG-15 - duck
MiG-21 - balalaika, funny
MiG-23 - a little sportsman
MiG-25 - deli
MiG-25RB - cow
MiG-27 - platypus
meat - planes of the Myasishchev Design Bureau
Sukhoi, drying - Sukhoi Design Bureau jet
Mote - piston aircraft of the Sukhoi Design Bureau
Su-47 - arms up (due to a significant forward sweep wing)
Tupole is the design bureau itself, its representatives
Tupolev, carcass, jerboa - any aircraft of the Tupolev Design Bureau
Tu-134 - small carcass, tupolonok, whistle, fighter, teal, cigarette butt
Tu-154 - ace, big carcass, tupole, fifty dollars, "Aurora" (because there are three engines), "steam locomotive"
Yashka - Yakovlev Design Bureau (not aerobatic). Most often refers to ed. 40, 42, 18 / 18T, 12.
Yak-40 - cigarette butt, three-pipe giant, goby
Yak-42 - pregnant cockroach, barn, cigar, silver carp
Yak-50 - fifty dollars
"aircraft" - as some experts call aircraft
banana - double LA
concrete mixer, dance with sabers, pear with a bow, aerodynamic error, spinner, helicopter, lead-wheel apparatus, circular helicopter
ABC book - a foreign aircraft operating with a registration number, for example, DAFGH
wooden - low-speed aircraft, not equipped with a defendant
oaks - landing parachutes, utekha - UT-15 parachute; forester - paratrooper who landed on a tree; summer resident - to the dachas
spark - training (combat) aircraft with two cabins
herringbone, oblique herringbone, drunken herringbone - the logo of the East Line Group
Ibal aviation, Iba aviation - fighter-bomber (from the abbreviation IBA)
brick - aircraft with low aerodynamic quality
brick with a bow - a light helicopter from the point of view of a pure airplane
smokehouse, fart, piece of iron - any motor aircraft (glider aircraft)
wet aviation - hydroaviation
cormorants - naval aviation (in terms of all other aviation)
dives - submariners (from the point of view of anti-submarine aviation)
drychepopa - an aircraft with a low-power power plant (less than 100 forces)
pornolet - paragliding
sheet, rag - hang glider
mentokrylymusorshmidt - a traffic police helicopter or any aircraft of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
shed - transport plane; columbine - large transport aircraft
asterisk - BTA board
whistle - jet aircraft, especially light
mowing machine - propeller driven aircraft
sawmill - a very buzzing propeller plane
glass - fiberglass aircraft
teshka - an aircraft in the "T" modification. Most often refers to the Yak-18T, then in decreasing order - Il-76T, Il-18T, An-24T
fakers - aircraft brand "Fokker"
sausage - wide-body liner (sausage - narrow-body)
heron - Concorde
real estate - decommissioned (dead) aircraft

Free decoding of abbreviations

GVF (Civil Air Fleet) - Shit In A Cap
DOSAAF - Voluntary Society Decommissioned from Aviation and Navy
cadet - Colossal Universal Labor Force, Absolutely Not Willing to Work
PTL (parachute PTL-72) - Dumb Pilot's Parachute
PPiO-01 - Test and Error Device (cadet)
CPAP - Shelter For Decommissioned Pilots
AUVVSM - Automatic Leveling Height Indicator Heavily Swearing (installed at the workplace of the instructor pilot)
KGSH (tarpaulin head of the navigator) - a portfolio for maps, collections
landing net - Soviet Aviation Man of Special Quality
Masandra - Mikoyan Anastas Son of the Armenian People Gave Joy to Aviation

From the flight school

bastards - cadet boots
kupovka - cadet cap
shpady - stripes
oaks - ornament on the visor of the KVS
rooks, kursuli - cadets of the aviation school
wonderful pepper - a young graduate of the flight school
long-distance drive - toilet in the school
go to drive - go take a pee
bread card - help VLEK
Kaluga - KALTU
wrinkle is a severe penalty
instructor to the cadet: "You have a Tu-2S on the subject!" (Learned tightly, Two, Sit down). In general, the plane was like that, designed by Tupolev.
to support the pants - to prevent an interruption in the types of flight training
yellow leaf - a grandiose group regimental "trip to nature" on the occasion of the end of flights with cadets in September - October
shalopaevka - SHVLP (school of higher flight training)

Aviation principles

Do not leave braking at the end of the lane, plaque at the end of the month, love at old age. ( Option: What's behind is not a strip!)
The word "last" in aviation is used only in relation to a person who is no longer alive, or who is finally written off to the ground, or in relation to an aircraft that will never take off. In other cases, they are replaced with equivalents: "extreme", "final", "final".
If the question is - to fly or not to fly, then the decision must be made unequivocally: not to fly.
At aviation chemical works, the pilot can be hindered by three "Ps": booze, girlfriend and weather.
... was sent as far as possible only at the airfield.
ass in oil, nose in grease, but at Aeroflot it's about technicians

Aviation Toast

For the number of take-offs to coincide with the number of landings!
The pilot is walking along the airfield, holding a glass of vodka in his hand. He walks past an airplane with a technician busy. He stopped, looked for a long time, then asked: "Hey, man. What are you doing?" Technician: Flaps. Pilot (raising his glass): "Oh !!! For the wings!" (drinks in one gulp).
One day a shepherd was tending a herd of sheep high in the mountains. Suddenly a large eagle swooped down, grabbed the fattest ram and carried it into the mountains. The shepherd raised his gun, fired ... The eagle fell, and the ram flew further. So let's drink to the rams not to fly and the eagles to not fall!
For those who are like a bird in the sky,
For those who fall from heaven while dying,
For those to whom the beloved dreams at night,
For those who serve in the Air Force!
For the political vigilance of the flight crew!
Not for accursed drunkenness, but only for fun!
For the moose: for the moose to eat, to sleep, for the spruce, to be loved - for the moose!
So that we have everything and that we have nothing for it!
So that the tables are full of food, and the beds - with pleasure!
Better late than not to the bottom!
For any mood to be shared with!

On August 15, Russia celebrates the Aircraft Builder's Day. The aviation industry in Russia now includes about 250 enterprises. Russia is one of the largest manufacturers of aviation equipment and ranks third in the world in terms of production after the United States and the European Union.

Today, aircraft manufacturers from different countries produce a wide range of aircraft - from ultra-light aircraft to heavy and super-heavy aircraft, capable of carrying more than 500 passengers or 150-250 tons of cargo.

What an airplane consists of and what types of airplanes there are, see the infographic AiF.ru.

The device and types of aircraft. Infographics: AIF

How many planes are being built in Russia?

This year, the Russian aircraft industry intends to build about 150 military and civil aircraft. Production of the SSJ-100 is expected to grow from 24 to 40 vehicles. Aeroflot, the first carrier to start commercial operation of the SSJ-100, will receive four of these aircraft. Another 11 aircraft will be received by the Mexican company Interjet, which began flying this aircraft last year. It is assumed that six more aircraft will be received by Gazprom Avia, which already has one SSJ-100 in its fleet, and the same number by UTair. The rest of the SSJ-100 will go to state customers, in particular, one of them will be received by the Ministry of Industry and Trade. In 2013, Russia built about 100 military aircraft and 32 civilian ones, of which 24 are Sukhoi Superjet.

More details about which aircraft are produced in Russia,

On whether Russia will be able to replace foreign aircraft with its own,

Rysachok project

Starting next year, Russia plans to start serial production of the new Russian regional aircraft Rysachok. This is a light twin-engine turboprop aircraft designed by Technoavia Scientific and Commercial Firm LLC. Produced at the Samara enterprise "TsSKB-Progress".

The “Rysochok” will be necessary for local airlines, which will use small aircraft capable of landing on poorly equipped airfields.

The aircraft is equipped with Czech Walter engines and American avionics. Since 2016, the production of domestic engines will be launched.

The aircraft is presented in two versions - for ten and sixteen passengers. Its flight range is 2000 km, cruising speed is 250-400 km / h.

Military aircraft are aircraft used for military front-line or combat missions, respectively, designed for high power without taking into account efficiency, in contrast to civil aviation aircraft.

From military aircraft, first of all, a high speed of climb is required, as well as high speed, altitude and flight range. For the operational conduct of air war, long-range bombers and missile carriers are used to destroy military installations. Refueling aircraft, which have only fuel on board, have the ability to refuel combat aircraft directly in flight. Military aircraft include long-range reconnaissance aircraft with long range, altitude and flight speed. Tactical military aircraft include fighter planes (or fighters), fighter bombers, light bombers, and tactical reconnaissance aircraft. Modern military aircraft are often designed as multipurpose aircraft, i.e. they are intended for combat use as attack aircraft, fighter-interceptors and reconnaissance aircraft.

1) Fighter planes (fighters)

A fighter plane is a very fast one- or two-seater combat aircraft for destroying (searching) enemy combat aircraft, unmanned missiles, etc. All modern fighters, as a drive, are equipped with one or two air-jet engines. The speed exceeds sound and is currently about 3500 km / h, the rate of climb near the ground is over 200 m / s and the maximum operating altitude is up to 30,000 m.The armament consists of 2 to 5 fixed automatic cannons (with a caliber of 2.0 to 3 , 7 cm) and ballistic, radio-controlled or self-guided air-to-air missiles. In addition, for the most part, fighter planes have extensive electronic equipment such as radar, recognition devices, etc.

Heavy fighter aircraft or fighter-bombers combine the flight power and performance of fighters - high combat speed and climb rate, high maximum flight altitude, good maneuverability - and the qualities of light and medium bombers - long range, good armament, high payload, extensive electronic and radar equipment. In their combat capabilities, they are highly versatile. Among their intended purposes, among other things, include actions to intercept and assault ground targets, search for submarines, support ship formations and ground combat operations, combat use as an escort fighter or reconnaissance aircraft. Armament and equipment meet the assigned tasks accordingly. Radar installations are standard; armament usually consists of large-caliber cannons and missiles (air-to-air or air-to-ground), as well as bombs and torpedoes as bombing weapons. Since there is no free space in the fuselage of these military aircraft, bombs, missiles and additional fuel tanks are suspended under and at the ends of the wings. The speed indicators of heavy bombers are between Mach 0.2 and 2, the maximum flight altitude is from 15,000 to 20,000 m, and the flight range is from 1,500 to 4,500 km.

Previously, there were special night fighters, which were used specifically for warfare at night, as they were equipped with devices for blind flight. Most modern fighter aircraft are all-weather, i.e. they can perform combat missions in bad weather conditions, as well as at night. Also, all-weather fighter aircraft are often referred to as heavy fighters, as they are in most cases two-seater and equipped with two engines.

The essence of effective air defense is to "intercept" the attacking enemy and interfere with the fulfillment of his combat mission, and therefore destroy. This requires fighter planes with good takeoff power, high speeds, high maximum flight altitudes and good weapons, namely fighter-interceptors. First of all, they are deployed close to the border of industrial centers and other protected objects.

The use of high-speed and high-flying combat aircraft (bombers) with a jet engine has significantly increased the requirements for the rate of climb, speed and maximum height of interceptor fighters. Hence the following power characteristics follow: the maximum speed is from 2000 to 2500 km / h, the flight range is 2000-3500 km. Such indicators require, with an average takeoff weight of 7 to 12 tons, the use of engines with a thrust of 3000 to 5000 kgf, whose power can be increased by another 50% due to additional fuel combustion. For short-term acceleration, especially when climbing, additional rocket propulsion systems can be used.

2) Bomber aircraft (bombers)

Fighter aircraft are primarily used to solve defensive missions, while offensive operations are in the foreground for bombers. A bomber is a large, heavy military aircraft with multiple turbojet engines (jet turbines or turboprop engines). On short runways or when overloaded, bombers are often equipped with auxiliary launch rockets.

The bombers are faced with the task of quickly and at high altitude attacking distant targets with explosive charges in the form of bombs. Due to the great danger when approaching a target in an enemy area, more and more bombers are being upgraded to missile carriers, which launch missiles at a great distance from the target and remotely control it until it is destroyed, while the bomber itself is outside the area that is controlled by enemy forces. The takeoff weight of modern bombers reaches 230 tons, and the total thrust is over 50,000 kgf or, accordingly, the total power is approximately 50,000 hp. The bomb load depends on the tactical range; it is up to 16,000 km without refueling, and even more with air refueling. The flight altitude reaches 20,000 m, and the crew size can be 12 people. The speed of modern bombers exceeds the 2000 km / h mark; at the moment bombers are being designed, which will have an even greater speed. Defensive armament consists of rockets, machine guns and automatic cannons.

Like all types of aircraft, bombers can also be classified according to various aspects, for example, by bomb load and thus take-off weight (light, medium and heavy bombers) or depending on their combat purpose (tactical and strategic bombers).

Tactical bombers are aircraft that are designed to solve certain specific tasks of operational warfare, namely, tactical missions. This means such actions that change the situation in a certain sector of the front and subjugate the entire goal, and therefore the destruction in a certain area of concentration of enemy troops, assembly areas, firing positions, airfields, supply routes, etc.

Based on this formulation of the problem, it is possible to formulate the basic requirements for tactical bombers: high combat speed, bomb load up to 10 tons, maximum flight range up to 6000 km. As a result of these requirements, design features are determined, which can be summarized as follows: an aircraft with one, two, three or four jet engines with a takeoff weight of 20 to 50 tons, with remotely guided defensive weapons or air-to-air missiles, electronic and radar equipment, with a sturdy body that can withstand heavy loads when flying at low altitudes. From all this, it can be argued that tactical bombers have a certain similarity with heavy fighters, both in their tasks and in parameters.

Strategic bombers. Strategy is the science of waging war on a large scale. The word strategic means large-scale hostilities. This also explains the combat mission of strategic bombers. These military aircraft are designed to perform combat missions deep behind enemy lines.

All bombers are equipped with radar devices (radar) to find targets and locate attacking fighter planes. A combat mission is carried out in small groups or alone. Since modern bombers have almost the same speed as fighters, the same flight range, and significant defenses thanks to air-to-air missiles, fighter cover is often abandoned today.

For the first time, bombers were used during the First World War alone or in small groups. During the Second World War, there were "massive" combat sorties in large groups, which consisted of several hundred bombers and flew under the cover of fighter aircraft. The bombers of that time had multiple engines, were relatively slow, designed for maximum bomb load and a large number of defensive weapons. Modern ones, on the other hand, are designed for long range, altitude, and flight speed. In most cases, reconnaissance aircraft flew ahead and were intended to search for targets. Unlike the then bomber, they were equipped with radar devices. Thanks to the luminous aerial bombs dropped by parachutes, the target was designated. A special type was considered a dive bomber, which approached the target from a great height, then rammed it in a fast dive flight, and dropped one or more bombs from a short distance. After that, the bomber again straightened out its position in flight. After the design of intercontinental missiles, it was believed that strategic bombers were outdated. But thanks to their improvement to missile carriers and to flying launchers, they have recently acquired their importance again.

3) Reconnaissance aircraft (reconnaissance)

These are multi-seat, lightly armed fighters or bombers (without bomb load), which are equipped with aerial cameras, radar devices, often devices for transmitting television signals, or also ship aircraft for aerial reconnaissance, i.e. for reconnaissance of positions, objects, etc. of the enemy, territory and weather conditions in the interests of all units of its own armed forces. Previously, depending on the maximum flight range and the area of application, they distinguished short-range and long-range reconnaissance aircraft. Today they say, depending on the combat purpose, about tactical and strategic intelligence officers. There are special reconnaissance aircraft for conducting artillery fire from the air, for reconnaissance of the terrain in the firing zone of their own artillery using visual reconnaissance or aerial photographs, as well as for monitoring the camouflage of their own artillery. Such aircraft are called artillery aircraft. They are classified as short-range or tactical scouts.

4) Military transport aircraft

These are large aircraft with 2 to 8 engines and a flight range of 3,000 km or more. They are lightly armed or not armed at all and are designed to transport supplies for the troops (food, fuel, ammunition, weapons, as well as guns, tanks, vehicles, etc.). Military transport aircraft are used for the landing (landing) of airborne troops, as well as for the transport of troops in regrouping. The military transport aircraft fleet consists of transport aircraft, cargo gliders and helicopters, which are appropriately equipped.

He knows a very large number of flying equipment of various types and types. All the names of the aircraft are unlikely to even be listed. However, it is quite possible to cover the basic models. Let's find out how the classification of aircraft is made, their types, types, names will also be considered.

Names

Let's take a look at the alphabetical listing of the major foreign aircraft manufacturers. The list includes both currently existing companies and those that have been abolished:

Aérospatiale (France).
Airbus (EU).
Boeing (USA).
British Aerospace (UK).
British Aircraft (UK).
Heinkel (Germany).
Junkers (Germany).
McDonnell Douglas (USA).
Messerschmitt (Germany).

The alphabetical names of aircraft manufactured in the USSR and post-Soviet countries are given below:

An (Antonov).
And (Polikarpov).
La (Lavochkin).
LaGG (Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov).
Lee (Lisunov).
MiG (Mikoyan and Gurevich).
Po (Polikarpov).
Su (Dry).
Tu (Tupolev).
Yak (Yakovlev).

How are planes classified?

First of all, let's find out what airplanes are. Aircraft names can tell a lot, but classification will tell us even more. How are planes classified? They do this according to the following parameters:

by appointment;
speed;
number of engines;
type of engines;
type of chassis;
mass;
the number of wings;
fuselage size;
type of management;
takeoff form.

We will now dwell on some of the above points in more detail.

Classification by purpose

It is considered the most common. According to this indicator, all aircraft were divided into two large types: military and civilian. In addition, each of these groups has its own subdivision into smaller categories.

Military aircraft are classified according to their specific functionalities into the following profile categories: bombers, interceptor aircraft, fighter aircraft, attack aircraft, military transport vessels, fighter-bombers, and reconnaissance aircraft.

In civil aviation, flight devices are divided into the following categories: passenger, agricultural, transport, postal, experimental, etc.

Bombers

The task of the bomber is to defeat targets on the ground. They do this with bombs and missiles.

Now let's find out the names of the military aircraft. Among the bombers, the following models of domestic production can be distinguished: Su-24, Tu-160, Su-34. During the Second World War, the domestic Pe-2 bomber was especially famous. But the very first can be called the famous "Ilya Muromets" - the creation of the great designer Igor Sikorsky. This device took off for the first time into the air back in 1913. During the First World War, it was converted into a bomber. Ilya Muromets aircraft were also used during the Civil War.

Among foreign aircraft, one can distinguish modern American strategic bombers Northrop B-2 Spirit, XB-70 Valkyrie, Rockwell B-1 Lancer, B-2, B-52 Stratofortress, US-made aircraft of the 30s Boeing B-17 and Martin B- 10, German WWII bombers Junkers Ju 86 and Heinkel He 111.

Fighters

The main task of these devices is to destroy aircraft and other objects that are in the air.

The names of fighter planes will also tell a lot to a military expert. The most famous Soviet models of the Second World War period are LaGG-3, I-15 bis, MiG-3, I-16, I-153, Yak-1. In the same era, the German aircraft Bf.109, Bf.110 and Fw 190, as well as the jet Me.262, Me.163 Komet and He 162 Volksjager won world fame.

Among the Soviet fighters of a later era, the MiG-31, Su-27 and MiG-29 should be distinguished. Currently, the sky is filled with modern Russian aircraft. Their names are well known to specialists in aircraft engineering. These are fighters of generation 4 ++ Su-35 and MiG-35.

Standing out among today's American models are the world's first generation number five fighter, the Boeing F-22, as well as the earlier F-4 and F-15 Eagle.

Fighter Bombers

They combine the functions of the first two aircraft categories we have described. That is, they destroy both air and ground targets.

The first fighter-bombers are considered the German Me.262, a modified model of the British Supermarine Spitfire, De Havilland Mosquito, and the Soviet Yak-9.

The first of the above models was released in 1968, and to this day is the most massive of all passenger aircraft. The Boeing 747, produced a year later, is the pioneer wide-body airliner. The Boeing 747-8 is the longest passenger aircraft. It was released in 2010. Today, the Boeing 777, produced since 1994, has gained the greatest mass in the passenger aviation market. The newest model of the corporation at the moment is the Boeing 787 created in 2009.

"Airbus"

As mentioned earlier, Boeing's main competitor in the global market is the European company Airbus, headquartered in France. It was founded much later than its American rival - in 1970. The most famous aircraft names of this company are A300, A320, A380 and A350 XWB.

Released in 1972, the A300 is the very first dual-engine wide-body aircraft. The 1988 A320 was the first in the world to use fly-by-wire control. The A380, which first took to the skies in 2005, is the largest in the world. It is capable of taking on board up to 480 passengers. The latest development from the company is the A350 XWB. Its main task was to compete with the previously released Boeing 787. And this airliner successfully copes with this task, bypassing its rival in terms of economy.

The Soviet passenger aviation industry was also represented at a decent level. Most of the models are Aeroflot aircraft. The names of the main brands are Tu, Il, An and Yak.

The first domestic jet airliner is the Tu-104, produced in 1955. Tu-154, the first take-off of which took place in 1972, is considered the most massive Soviet passenger aircraft. Tu-144 produced in 1968 has gained legendary status, as it is the first airliner in the world that managed to break through the sound barrier. He could reach speeds of up to 2.5 thousand km / h, and this record has not been broken by our time. At the moment, the last operating model of the airliner, developed by the Tupolev design bureau, is the Tu-204, produced in 1990, as well as its modification, the Tu-214.

Naturally, apart from the Tu, there are other Aeroflot aircraft. The most popular names are An-24, An-28, Yak-40 and Yak-42.

Airliners from other countries of the world

In addition to the above, there are noteworthy models of other manufacturers of passenger aircraft.

British airliner De Havilland Comet, launched in 1949, is the world's first jet airliner. The French-British airliner Concorde, developed in 1969, became widely known. It went down in history due to the fact that it is the second successful attempt (after the Tu-144) to create a supersonic passenger aircraft. And so far, these two airliners are unique in this regard, since so far no one else has been able to produce a passenger aircraft suitable for mass operation, capable of moving faster than sound.

Transport workers

The main purpose of transport aircraft is to transport cargo over long distances.

Among the devices of this type, it is necessary to designate Western models of passenger aircraft, modified for transport needs: Douglas MD-11F, and Boeing 747-8F.

But most of all in the production of transport aircraft became famous Soviet, and now Ukrainian design bureau named after Antonov. It produces aircraft that constantly beat world records in terms of carrying capacity: An-22 in 1965 (carrying capacity - 60 tons), An-124 1984 (carrying capacity - 120 tons), An-225 1988 (taking on board 253, 8 t). The latest model still holds a record for carrying capacity. In addition, it was planned to use it to transport the Soviet Buran shuttles, but with the collapse of the USSR, the project remained unrealized.

In the Russian Federation with transport aviation, everything is not so rosy. The names of Russian aircraft are as follows: Il-76, Il-112 and Il-214. But the problem is that the Il-76 currently being produced was developed back in Soviet times, in 1971, and the rest are planned to be launched only in 2017.

Agricultural aircraft

There are aircrafts whose tasks include the treatment of fields with pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals. This type of aircraft is called agricultural.

Of the Soviet models of these devices, the U-2 and An-2 are known, which, due to the specifics of their use, were popularly called "maize".

Division by speed

In addition to the classification of aircraft by purpose, which we studied in detail above, there are other types of ranking. These include the classification by flight speed. On this basis, aircraft are divided into the following categories: subsonic, transonic aircraft, supersonic aircraft and hypersonic.

It is easy to figure out that subsonic aircraft travel slower than sound. Transonic aircraft fly at speeds close to sound, supersonic ones overcome and hypersonic ones exceed this indicator by more than five times.

At the moment, the experimental hypersonic apparatus from the USA X-43A of 2001 is considered the fastest in the world. It can pick up a speed of 11,200 km / h. In second place is his compatriot X-15, released back in 1959. The speed is 7273 km / h. If we talk not about experimental devices, but about those aircraft that perform specific tasks, then the American SR-71, capable of reaching speeds of up to 3530 km / h, takes precedence. Among the domestic devices, the supersonic MiG-25 should be distinguished. Its maximum speed can reach 3000 km / h.

In passenger aviation, the speed is much worse. To date, only two supersonic airliners have been produced: the domestic Tu-144 (1968) and the French-English Concorde (1969). The first of them can develop speed indicators up to 2.5 thousand km / h, which is a record for civil aviation, but it is only the tenth place among aircraft of all purposes. It should also be noted that at the moment there is not a single supersonic airliner that is in operation, since the use of the Tu-144 was abandoned back in 1978, and the use of the Concorde was stopped in 2003.

Hypersonic passenger aircraft never existed at all. True, now there are several projects of both domestic and foreign design bureaus for the production of a hypersonic airliner. Among them, the most famous is the European ZEHST. This aircraft will be capable of speeds up to 5.0 thousand km / h, but the timing of its creation is unclear. There are two similar projects in Russia - Tu-244 and Tu-444, but at the moment both of them are frozen.

Other types of classification

According to the number of engines in aircraft, there is a ranking from one to twelve-engine.

By engine type, aircraft are divided into the following categories: electric, piston, turboprop, jet, rocket, as well as vehicles with a combined engine.

According to the type of landing gear, the aircraft are classified as follows: wheeled, ski, air cushion, tracked, float, amphibious. Naturally, the most widespread are aircraft with wheeled landing gear.

By weight, aircraft are divided into super-light, light aircraft, medium-weight aircraft, heavy and super-heavy.

According to the number of wings, in the direction of decreasing their number, aircraft are subdivided into polyplanes, triplanes, biplanes, one-and-a-half-gliders and monoplanes.

There is also a classification by fuselage size: narrow-body and wide-body.

According to the classification of the type of control, aircraft are divided into manned and unmanned aerial vehicles.

All aircraft can be subdivided into the following categories in terms of takeoff form: vertical takeoff, horizontal takeoff and short takeoff.

Manifold

We learned what the classification of aircraft is, their types, types, names, too. As you can see, a very large number of models are presented that perform various functions and have very different technical characteristics. The world of aviation is really multifaceted, and in one review it will not be possible to describe absolutely all of its aspects.

Nevertheless, we can give a general idea on this issue by describing the most famous aircraft that went down in history. The types and names, despite their multiplicity, are still really systematized in a certain way in order to clarify the essence of this topic.

Aviation as a mode of transport appeared relatively recently, its history is only one hundred years old. Airplanes have become part of the daily life of mankind, and now it is already impossible to imagine traveling to another continent without using the services of one or another airline.

Initially, aircraft were wobbly structures made of combustible materials, and movement in them was associated with a certain risk to life. But over time, they have evolved into a convenient and safe mode of transport. More than 100 design companies produce passenger airliners for the needs of civil aviation. This industry is one of the most profitable in mechanical engineering. So what kind of aircraft are there, which are considered the best, and how many are produced per year?

Aircraft types are divided into several classifications:

by destination,
speed,
quantity,
type of engines,
the size of the wings and body,
management.

This article will consider what kind of passenger aircraft are made in different countries of the world (including Russia): both new and older generation models.

Boeing company

It is one of the leading manufacturers in the aviation industry, specializing in the production of passenger and cargo airliners for commercial aviation, as well as military and space technology. The best US civil aircraft are produced by Boeing, due to which the company's products occupy a leading position in the country's exports.

Since its founding in 1916, the corporation confidently asserted itself and until the end of World War II produced mainly fighters and bombers. With the onset of peacetime, it rather quickly retrained for passenger aircraft and by the end of the 20th century became the progenitor of the most numerous model used by airlines - the Boeing 737. Now the aviation giant produces up to 500 aircraft a year and is constantly working on the development of the latest aviation and space technology.

The long-lived model has been in production since the mid-1960s and is one of the most commonly used by various air carriers. More than 6,000 aircraft have been produced since the successful launch of the initial modification. Initially, the aircraft of this series were intended for domestic short and medium-haul flights, but with the installation of innovative engines on the 737 aircraft, starting in 1984, they began to produce the Boeing 737 Classic model with significantly increased long-distance flight capabilities.

Since the late 1990s, a modified Boeing 737 "Next Generation" model has appeared with more advanced energy-intensive engines, increased wing sizes and a newer passenger compartment with up to 210 seats. This model is currently being produced.

The aviation giant is working on the development of a new series designed to replace previous models. The first deliveries of Boeing 737 Max are scheduled for the second half of 2017.

The first model 747 was tested in 1968 and was designed to meet the demand for intercontinental travel, which was gaining popularity at a tremendous speed at that time. The model with two decks remained the largest passenger aircraft on the planet for more than 30 years.

The aircraft is currently being produced; to date, more than 1.5 thousand models have been produced. In the late 1970s, the most powerful engines began to be installed on these airliners, the weight of the hull was increased, which increased the possible flight distance.

The modern modification of the model compares favorably with its predecessors and surpasses them in reducing noise during flight, resource conservation, overall efficiency and safety. The passenger capacity is up to 581 people.

Developed during the global fuel crisis in the second half of the 20th century, the aircraft consumes several times less resources, while maintaining all the standards of safe and successful flight.

With a breakthrough in aerodynamics, innovative airliner design, the use of the latest materials and just two engines, the aircraft is an alternative to more resource-intensive models.

However, a decrease in the number of engines led to a decrease in the range of non-stop flights, the upper limit of which is 7000 kilometers. The aircraft's cabin layout has also undergone changes from previous Boeing models, with just two aisles and 200 to 295 seats in early versions.

At the moment, the production of the model has been discontinued due to a decrease in orders for it. In 2004, more than 1000 aircraft were produced, most of the leading airlines continue to operate them.

The aircraft was developed in parallel with the Boeing 757, it was intended to replace much more energy-intensive models, while consuming 32% less fuel.

Due to the reduced passenger capacity, the model did not initially cause a stormy excitement among airlines, but after a series of improvements and an increase in the cabin, its market competitiveness was proven and it was especially often used for air crossing of the Atlantic Ocean. Initially, the passenger cabin of the airliner had 181 seats, but then the number was increased to 224.

The model is very popular with American domestic airlines and is often used when flying from the east coast of the country to the west. The airline's interest in the model has allowed the Boeing Company to continue producing it at this time.

Boeing 777

An aircraft with two engines, it is designed for long-distance intercontinental flights from 10 thousand to 21 thousand kilometers. A distinctive feature can be considered jet engines, whose diameter has no analogues in the world.

The model is equipped with the latest technology, its creation was carried out using computer technology. Today the aircraft is the most successful and best-selling aircraft for Boeing, and its production has only increased in recent years.

The world's leading air carriers operate the model on their flights, carrying from 300 to 550 passengers per flight.

Airbus S.A.S

The largest manufacturer in Eurasia, producing various types of civil and cargo aircraft, created by merging several European aviation concerns in the late 1960s. The main offices of the company are located in France, Spain, Germany and Great Britain.

Airbus immediately focused on developing low-cost, lightweight, low-fuel models. This decision paid dividends. The company is now a direct competitor to Boeing, although in recent years it has received more orders and produces more aircraft (up to 550 per year) than its American rivals. Modern models of this brand are always trusted by passengers and various air carriers.

Additional Information. The decision to unite European aircraft manufacturing companies has been called salutary for the local aviation industry and the EU economy.

The brainchild of the Airbus concern first saw the light in the mid-1980s, and began flying in 1987. The aircraft was designed using the latest aircraft technology available at that time, for the first time an electronic remote control system was built into it.

The model compares favorably with its direct competitors with a more spacious cabin and luggage compartment, as well as a reduced cost of operation and preventive maintenance, which has led to a great demand for the airliner among low-cost airlines. It can travel nonstop over distances of up to 6.5 thousand kilometers and carry from 140 to 180 passengers.

At the moment, the aircraft is in great demand and occupies a leading position in the ratings as the most sold and produced model in the world. Up to 40 airliners are built at Airbus factories per month.

The largest aircraft in the world in terms of size and number of passengers carried to date appeared in the early 2000s through the efforts of the aircraft building corporation EADS commissioned by Airbus, and its commercial operation began in 2007.

The model is designed for intercontinental communications (up to 15,000 kilometers) of the world's largest modern airports, but not every one of them is capable of accommodating such a huge airliner with four engines, capable of carrying up to 1000 passengers at a time.

Due to its size, the aircraft consumes quite a lot of fuel, so the designers had to sheathe the aircraft fuselage with the lightest but strongest materials in order to lighten its weight as much as possible.

The production of the model continues to this day, and its popularity remains unchanged with the world's leading airlines.

Airbus A319

The characteristics of this model are very similar to the A320, but with a smaller body, passenger capacity and fuel consumption. The aircraft itself is designed for short and medium-range flights and is not capable of covering more than 6.5 thousand kilometers without refueling, but in its segment this is more than a decent indicator.

Despite some restrictions, the aircraft has found its niche in the industry and is used for flights between European countries and is actively operated by economy class airlines to carry passengers on less popular routes (from 125 to 156 people).

The aircraft with a wide fuselage is designed for intercontinental long-distance flights and is capable of covering up to 13.5 thousand kilometers. The model was created to compete with the Boeing Company and their 767 aircraft modification.

Since the beginning of the 1990s, more than a thousand airliners have been produced, and their production continues to this day. The aircraft is capable of carrying 240 to 440 passengers and is the largest twin-engine aircraft produced by Airbus.

Currently, the aviation concern plans to release a new generation model, which will reduce the A330 fuel consumption by 15% and significantly reduce the cost of operating the airliners for airlines.

One of the most popular models in the past, currently out of production. The aircraft with a shorter fuselage than other models of the concern of that time was put into operation starting in 1983, its flight range was 5.5 thousand kilometers.

Since then, the model has been improved several times: the modification of the wings has changed, the braking ability of the chassis has been improved, and a sheer carbon fiber tail has been added. A lot of attention was also paid to the interior design of the cabin - the distance between the seats, the depth of the shelves, the availability of individual means in case of an emergency were at the highest level and met all the standards adopted at that time. At the moment, major airlines no longer use this model, but mid-range carriers and low-cost carriers are still actively using it.

Domestic aircraft construction

Models of passenger aircraft in the history of Russian and Soviet aviation are numerous and varied. The design of the first domestic aircraft began under Emperor Nicholas II, quite successful aircraft “Russian Knight” and “Ilya Muromets” were created, which proved to be excellent bombers on the fronts of the First World War. For the name of Russian aircraft, epic heroes were specially chosen to maintain morale in regular army units.

After the October Revolution, many private commercial companies for the production of aviation equipment were abolished, instead of them there were state-controlled design bureaus with a clearly verified plan: to work only for the military-industrial complex.

With the onset of peacetime, the types of passenger aircraft began to be developed with particular zeal, and air transportation gained more and more popularity. Now the Russian aircraft industry largely depends on Western partners, but there are also some developments, and the number of models produced per year is gradually growing.

Additional Information. At the dawn of the Soviet aircraft industry, an interesting tradition was born: any model of an aircraft is named after the design bureau that created it.

An-24

The development of the aircraft was carried out by the Antonov Design Bureau, for 17 years of production, about 1200 models were produced. During the Soviet period, the airliner was used on domestic flights and coped well with various weather conditions. Some air carriers in the Russian Federation still operate this model, which can carry up to 52 passengers at a time. The aircraft has two turboprop engines, it is capable of non-stop flights up to 2 thousand kilometers.

Tu-134

It was created as a safer, faster and less noisy version of the An-24 at the Tupolev Design Bureau. It was first released in the mid-1960s; over 18 years, about 900 machines were put into operation. The aircraft cabin can accommodate up to 75 passengers, and the distance of a non-stop flight is 2 thousand kilometers.

To understand how popular this model was at one time, it is enough to open any book where Russian aviation is viewed in a historical context. Suffice it to recall that the aircraft was produced until 2013 and for a long time has invariably occupied the first places in the list of the safest aircraft in the world.

Since 1968, a little less than a thousand medium-haul airliners have been produced, capable of flying almost 4 thousand kilometers without refueling. A significant number are still in operation and constitute a significant part of the Russian air carriers' air fleet.

IL-62

By the mid-1950s, the civil aviation of the USSR did not have a single design bureau making aircraft capable of flying between continents. Ilyushin's design bureau developed the Il-64, in the first assemblies capable of carrying 164 passengers (later the number increased to 186) over a distance of more than 11 thousand kilometers.

IL-96

Russian wide-body aircraft have been produced since the late 1980s. It is this model that is currently transporting the President of the Russian Federation. It is capable of carrying up to 300 passengers over a distance of 9 thousand kilometers. Since spring 2014, the airliner has been completely decommissioned and is currently only used by Cuba's national carrier.

At present, Russia can boast of the products of the Sukhoi company, which produces medium-haul liners capable of non-stop flights over a distance of 4.5 thousand kilometers and transportation of almost 100 kilometers. Since 2008, 89 aircraft have been produced, which are operated by such air carriers as Aeroflot, Utair and Interjet.

MS-21

The brainchild of the Irkutsk aircraft plant in the form of a medium-body civilian aircraft capable of flying up to 6.4 thousand kilometers, was released in June 2016, and the first test flight took place at the end of May 2017. The airliner can carry up to 180 people and is designed primarily for domestic flights.

Video

Due to the huge competition among the largest aviation concerns, passengers and air carriers are in a winning position. Every year passenger planes are becoming more technological, convenient and safe for people who have chosen this type of transport for travel.