Service premises, ship premises, ship classification, transport ships, service and support ships, technical fleet ships and special ships, hydrofoil ships. Location and purpose of ship premises Premises on the naval

The general arrangement of the ship is understood as the general layout in the hull, superstructures and deckhouses of all rooms intended for the placement of the main and auxiliary mechanisms, ship equipment, ship's stores, transported cargo, crew and passengers, as well as all service posts, household, utility and sanitary premises. Their relative position, layout and equipment depend mainly on the type and purpose of the vessel, on the size of the vessel, as well as on the requirements imposed on it.

For the orientation of the location of one or another room on the ship, the following names of decks and interdeck rooms are adopted (see Fig. 1).

In the hull (from top to bottom): upper deck, second deck, third deck (on multi-deck ships, the last deck is called the lower deck), second bottom. In superstructures and wheelhouses (from bottom to top): the deck of the first tier of the superstructure (tank, poop, middle superstructure), the deck of the second tier of the wheelhouse, the deck of the third tier of the wheelhouse, and so on. Sometimes names are added to these terms that characterize the purpose of the decks: promenade, saloon deck, boat, sports, lower (navigating) bridge, upper (navigation) bridge.

The position of the room along the length and breadth of the vessel is indicated, respectively, by the numbers of the frames that limit the room along the length, and by the name of the side on which the room is located (right and left sides - PrB and LB).

Figure 2.1. Names of decks and interdeck rooms

1 - second bottom; 2 - second platform; 3 - the first platform; 4 - third (lower) deck; 5 - second deck; 6 - upper deck; 7 - deck of the superstructure of the 1st tier (deck of the tank, poop, etc.); 8 - deckhouse deck II tier (promenade deck); 9 - deckhouse deck of the III tier (boat deck); 10 - deckhouse deck of the 4th tier (lower, navigating bridge); 11 - deckhouse deck of the V tier (upper, navigation bridge).

Figure 2.2. Example of a general arrangement drawing

Names of the main parts of the ship:

Ship premises

Depending on the purpose, all ship premises are subdivided into special, office, residential, public, consumer services, catering, sanitary and hygienic, medical purposes, workshops, ship stores and supplies and compartments for fuel, water, oil and water ballast.

Special the premises, depending on the purpose of the vessel, are used: for stowage of cargo (cargo holds) - on cargo and cargo-passenger ships; for special technological equipment for fish processing - on fishing vessels; for laboratories - on research vessels. Special hangars also include helicopter hangars and facilities for their maintenance.

Service the premises are designed to ensure the normal operation of the ship as a floating structure. These include:

Premises for main and auxiliary machinery;

Premises for the placement of deck mechanisms and mechanisms of ship systems - tiller compartment, carbon dioxide fire extinguishing stations, a station for remote measurement of the level of cargo, stations for receiving and dispensing fuel, ventilators, air conditioning rooms, etc.
- wheelhouses, navigation rooms and posts - steering, navigator, radio room, log and echo sounder room, gyrocompass room, fire posts, emergency posts, automatic telephone exchange, broadcasting, battery, aggregate and others;
- workshops - mechanical, locksmith, electrical, welding station, workshop for the repair of floating craft, instrumentation, and so on;
- administrative premises - ship, machine, cargo office, administrator's office, ship archive, dispatch room, etc.

Living spaces(cabins) are intended for permanent residence of the ship's crew and for accommodating passengers. Crew cabins are divided into command and crew cabins, differing in location, area and equipment. Crew cabins, designed to accommodate more than four people, are commonly referred to as the cockpit. Passenger cabins, depending on their location, area, number of seats and equipment, are subdivided into "luxury" cabins, cabins of I, II and III classes. On most modern liners, cabins of the II and III classes, as a rule, are replaced by one, the so-called tourist class. Seating facilities are provided on passenger ships on local lines.

Public the premises are used for organizing and holding various cultural events, collective recreation and meals for the crew and passengers. This category includes public spaces for the crew of the ship and separately public spaces for passengers, as well as areas on open decks and walk-through spaces.

The public quarters of the crew include the wardroom, the saloons of the command personnel and crew, canteens for command personnel and crews, canteens for command personnel and crews, smoking rooms, a gym, a swimming pool, a room for sports activities, a library, and cabins of public organizations. Cinema halls are available on large ships.

The public spaces of passengers include restaurants, canteens, buffets, bars, cafes, saloons (music, smoking rooms, for games, for recreation), a concert hall, a gym, swimming pools, a library with a reading room, and children's rooms. Outdoor deck areas include verandas, promenade decks, solariums, outdoor swimming pools (for adults and children), sports fields, dance floors, and more. The walk-throughs include corridors, vestibules, lobbies, foyers, and closed promenade decks.

Medical premises includes an outpatient clinic, doctor's office, operating room, X-ray, dental and other offices (on ships with a large number of passengers), infirmary, isolation ward, pharmacy, medical and sanitary warehouses. Usually, the complex of medical facilities on ships is called a medical unit.

Rooms for ship's stores and supplies are used to store provisions, skipper, navigation and other ship supplies. These include: uncooled provisions pantries (for dry provisions, bread, flour) and refrigerated (for wet provisions, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products, fats, canned food), as well as refrigerated chambers; utility pantries - for storing track carpets, covers, sports equipment, cleaning equipment; skipper's pantries - skipper's, painting, lamppost, carpentry, rigging, awnings and tarps, sailing; navigational and navigational storerooms - navigational navigational equipment, maps and other things; linen and storage pantries.

Compartments and tanks serve to accommodate liquid cargo - oil, water, oil and water ballast. In addition to the compartments formed by the structures of the main hull and designed to accommodate the bulk of liquid cargo, vessels are also provided for tanks in which large consumable reserves of fuel, water and oil are placed (the so-called loose tanks).

The main hull includes all spaces formed by the outer skin, the upper continuous deck, as well as decks, platforms, main transverse and longitudinal bulkheads and partitions located inside the hull. There are rooms formed by the main bulkheads, decks and platforms - compartments and other ship rooms formed by enclosures and platforms in superstructures, deckhouses, as well as in the main hull.

The most important compartments in the main body are: forepeak- extreme nasal compartment; afterpeak- extreme aft compartment; double bottom space- the space between the outer skin and the second bottom; hold- the space between the second bottom and the nearest deck; twins- spaces between adjacent decks of the main hull; deep tanks- deep tanks located above the second bottom; cofferdams- narrow oil and gas tight dry compartments located between compartments or tanks for oil products and adjacent rooms; main and auxiliary machinery compartments, propeller shaft tunnel- on ships with MKO in the middle of the ship, etc.

The presence of one or another of the above compartments on specific ships is due to the purpose and design of the ship.

The superstructures are located on the upper continuous deck of the main hull. They extend across the breadth of the vessel, or from side to side, or so that their side walls are somewhat spaced from the sides, but not more than 0.04 of the width of the vessel (otherwise they are called deckhouses). Superstructures serve not only to accommodate premises in them, but also to improve the seaworthiness of the vessel.

Bow superstructure– tank- reduces the flooding of the deck, stern superstructure– hut- increasing the freeboard at the stern, increases the buoyancy and unsinkability of the vessel in case of damage to the stern end and the differentiation of the vessel at the stern, middle superstructure increases the buoyancy reserve.

The deckhouses are smaller in width than superstructures. They are installed on the upper deck of the main hull or on superstructures.

Classification of ship spaces

Depending on the purpose, all ship premises are subdivided into special, service, residential, public, consumer services, catering, sanitary, medical purposes, workshops, ship's stores and supplies and compartments for fuel, water, oil and water ballast.

Special rooms depending on the purpose of the vessel, they are used: for stowage of cargo (cargo holds) - on cargo and cargo-passenger ships; for special technological equipment for fish processing - on fishing vessels; for laboratories - on research vessels.

Special hangars also include helicopter hangars and facilities for servicing them.

Service premises are designed to ensure the normal operation of the vessel as a floating structure. These include: premises of the main and auxiliary mechanisms; premises for placement of deck mechanisms and mechanisms of ship systems- tiller compartment, carbon dioxide fire extinguishing stations, remote measurement of the level of cargo and control of cargo operations, stations for receiving and dispensing fuel, ventilators, air conditioning rooms, etc.; wheelhouses, navigation rooms and posts- steering, navigator, radio room, log and echo sounder room, gyrocompass, fire and emergency posts, automatic telephone exchange, broadcast, battery, aggregate, etc .; workshops- mechanical, locksmith, electrical and radio engineering, welding station, workshop for the repair of fishing gear, watercraft, instrumentation, etc.; administrative premises- ship, machine, cargo office, administrator's office, ship archive, cash desk, dispatch office, printing house, etc.

Living quarters (cabins) are intended for permanent residence of the ship's crew and passengers.

Crew cabins are subdivided into command, crew and service cabins, differing in location, area and equipment. Crew cabins designed to accommodate more than four people are commonly referred to as cockpits. Passenger cabins, depending on their location, area, number of seats and equipment, are subdivided into "luxury" cabins, cabins of I, II and III classes. On most modern liners, II and III classes are usually replaced by one, the so-called tourist class. Seating facilities are provided on passenger ships on local lines.

Public spaces serve to organize and conduct various cultural events, collective recreation and meals for the crew and passengers. This includes public spaces for the crew and separate public spaces for passengers, as well as open deck areas and walk-through areas.

TO public areas of the crew include a wardroom, salons for command personnel and crews, canteens for command personnel and crews, smoking rooms, a gym, a swimming pool, a study room, a red corner, a library, cabins of public organizations. There are cinema halls on large fishing and research vessels; on ships with fewer crews, films are usually shown in canteens.

TO public areas of passengers include restaurants, canteens, buffets, bars, cafes, salons (music, smoking rooms; for games, for recreation), a cinema and concert hall, a gym, a swimming pool, a library with a reading room, and children's rooms.

Open deck areas include verandas, promenade decks, solariums, outdoor swimming pools (for adults and children), sports fields, dance floors, etc.

TO walk-through rooms include corridors, vestibules, lobbies, foyers, closed promenade decks.

Equipped on passenger ships, expedition ships and large fishing bases. These include: consumer services ateliers, hairdressers, beauty salons, photo studios, ship shops, kiosks, lockers, etc.

Catering premises serve for the preparation and distribution of food to the crew and passengers, as well as for washing and storing tableware. Distinguish galley facilities (passenger galley, crew galley, bakery, galley and bakery supplies) and preparatory(cutting meat, fish, vegetables, bread slicer, pantry, dishwashers, pantry dishes and table linen).

Sanitary facilities subdivided into sanitary(laundries, drying rooms, ironing rooms, pantries of clean and dirty linen, a disinfection chamber, working dress rooms, etc.) and sanitary and hygienic(men's and women's washrooms, showers, bathrooms, saunas, sanitary checkpoints, toilets, etc.).

Medical facilities include an outpatient clinic, a doctor's office, an operating room, an X-ray, a dental and other offices (on ships with a large number of people), an infirmary, an isolation ward, a pharmacy, a medical and sanitary storeroom, etc. Usually, the complex of medical service rooms on ships is called a medical unit.

Serve for storing stocks of provisions, skipper, navigation and other ship supplies. These include: provision pantries- uncooled (for dry food, bread, flour) and refrigerated (for wet food, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products, fats, canned food), as well as refrigerating chambers; household pantries- for storing carpets, paths, covers, sports and cultural equipment, films, cleaning equipment and np .; skipper's pantries- skipper, painting, lamppost, carpentry, rigging, awnings and tarps, sailing, chemical, etc .; navigational and navigational storerooms - navigational and navigational equipment, maps, etc .; linen and storage pantries.

Compartments and tanks serve to accommodate liquid cargo: oil, water, oil and water ballast. In addition to the compartments formed by the structures of the main hull and designed to accommodate the bulk of liquid cargo, ships also provide tanks for storing small consumable supplies of fuel, water and oil (the so-called deposit tanks).

general position of the vessel

Under general location a ship understands the general layout in the hull, superstructures and deckhouses of all premises intended for the placement of the main and auxiliary mechanisms, ship equipment, stores, transported cargo, crew and passengers, as well as all service, utility, utility and sanitary premises on the ship. Their relative position, layout and equipment depend mainly on the type and purpose of the vessel, its size and the requirements imposed on it. For example, the layout of the rooms inside the hull is influenced by the division of the hull into watertight compartments, and the layout of the rooms in the superstructures depends on the location of the engine room, etc. On ships of the same type and similar in size, their general arrangement may differ depending on the tastes and requirements of the customers. However, in recent years, a lot of work has been done in shipbuilding on the typification of ship premises, primarily residential, public and service (steering and radio rooms, galley, storerooms, bathrooms, etc.) and cuttings in general. Therefore, we will consider only the basic principles of their planning.

Location of ship premises. For the orientation of the location of one or another room on the ship, the following names of decks and interdeck rooms are adopted (Fig. 4.6).

In the hull (from top to bottom): upper deck, second deck, third deck (on multi-deck ships, the last deck is called the lower deck), second bottom.

In superstructures and wheelhouses (from bottom to top): deck of the first tier of the superstructure (tank, poop, middle superstructure), deck of the second tier of the wheelhouse, deck of the third tier of the wheelhouse, etc. Sometimes names are added to these terms that characterize the purpose of the decks: , deck of saloons, boat, sports, lower (navigation) bridge, upper (navigation) bridge, etc.

The space between the outer skin of the bottom and the second bottom is called double bottom space or double bottom. The space between the second bottom and the nearest deck is called hold, other interdeck spaces - twindecs. The position of the room along the length and breadth of the vessel is indicated, respectively, by the numbers of the frames that limit the room along the length, and by the name of the side on which the room is located (right and left sides - PrB and LB). All rooms on the ship are assigned serial numbers (on the starboard side - odd, on the left - even).

In fig. 4.7 shows the location of the main groups of premises on dry cargo and passenger ships, and Fig. 4.8 shows a diagram of the general arrangement of premises on the tanker "Pobeda".

Special rooms- cargo holds, premises for handling and storing the catch, etc. - occupy the bulk of the hull volumes on cargo and fishing vessels. The layout of these premises is determined

requirements for the performance of cargo operations, storage and placement of cargo, reception, processing and storage of the catch, etc.

The location of all other ship rooms depends on the location of special rooms that determine the operational and economic indicators of the vessel.

Service premises distributed throughout the ship, mostly in the hold, at the ends of the ship, in the wheelhouses on the upper deck, in the rooms of the tank, poop, etc., sometimes where it is not allowed to place living quarters, for example, above the fore- and afterpeak and below the waterline ... Some of the navigation rooms - steering, navigator, radio room - are located on the bridge; log and echo sounder placement - on the second day.

Workshops are usually placed in the MCO area.

Crew quarters on cargo ships, as a rule, they are located in the superstructure or under the upper deck of the main hull, but not below the waterline, mainly closer to the middle part of the ship, where the rocking and vibration from the working propellers is less felt. The exception is most types of cargo ships with a purely aft MCO location: on them, all crew accommodation is located in the aft superstructure (on some types of cargo ships, for example, lighter carriers with aft MCO location, the accommodation superstructure is located in the bow). To reduce noise in cabins located in the area of the MKO mine, the latter is equipped with auxiliary rooms (storerooms, panel rooms, etc.), which create a kind of noise barrier. On large tankers and

Fig. 4.8: a - side view; b - view from above; v - upper deck; G - deckhouse deck I tier; d - deckhouse deck II tier; e - deckhouse deck of the III tier; f - deckhouse deck of tier IV; s - deckhouse deck V tier; and - upper bridge; To- hold.

1 - afterpeak; 2 - machine-boiler room; 3 - cargo pump room; 4 - fuel tanks; 5 - slop tanks; 6 - sludge collection tank; 7 - cargo tank; 8 - ballast tanks (double bottom and double sides); 9 - deep tank; 10 - nasal pumping room; 11 - forepeak; 12 - emergency diesel generator; 13 - air conditioners; 14 - shower room with steam room; 15 - laundry room with pantries of dirty and clean linen; 16 - outpatient clinic; 17, 29 - station of volumetric foam extinguishing; 18 - provision pantries; 19 - incinerator; 20 - station of inert gases; 21 - welding workshop; 22 - sports cabin; 23 - dining room and salon; 24 - smoking room; 25 - post of control of cargo operations (PUGO); 26 - cabin of the second mate; 27 - wardroom and saloon; 28 - galley; 30 - pool; 31 - trainee cabins (double); 32 - crew cabins (single); 33 - electrician's cabin; 34 - doctor's cabin; 35 - cabin of the 1st mate; 36 - cabin of the chief mate; 37 - cabin IV mechanic; 38 - cabin III mechanic; 39 - cabin II mechanic; 40 - elevator; 41 - chief mechanic's cabin; 42 - pilot's cabin; 43 - captain's cabin; 44 - cabin of the head of the radio station; 45 - cabin of the III mate; 46 - cabin of the IV mate; 47 - radio operator's cabin; 48 - boatswain's cabin; 49 - Donkerman's cabin; 50 - control room; 51 - steering; 52 - hardware room; 53 - broadcast

Bulk cargo ships practice complete separation of the living quarters from the MKO mine; the living quarters are set up separately, in front of the mine, in the form of a structure resembling a dotted house. On passenger ships, the crew cabins are placed in the bow, aft and below the passenger cabins, and the command cabins are placed on one of the upper tiers of the superstructure, usually in the wheelhouse area (tier below).

The captain's quarters are usually located to starboard on the tier below the wheelhouse. All cabins for mates (navigators) are placed here or below the tier; the cabins of the chief (chief) mechanic, mechanics and other personnel of the ship's technical operation service are located, if possible, closer to the MCO; the radio station chief's cabin - closer to the wheelhouse; the cabins of the maintenance personnel (deck crew) are located on the starboard side, the technical maintenance personnel (engine crew) - on the port side.

Living quarters of passengers on passenger ships, if possible, they are located in the middle of the ship, mainly in superstructures and in the upper twin decks of the main hull. It is not recommended to place passenger cabins below the bulkhead deck, and below the waterline is not allowed. Passenger cabins usually have natural light, but large ships carrying large numbers of passengers have cabins without natural light.

Under public spaces allocate the best superstructure and deck areas with good visibility. Some public spaces - restaurants, cinema and concert hall, indoor swimming pool, gym, etc. - equip in rooms without natural light.

Public service premises equipped in the area of public premises, but they, as a rule, do not have natural light.

Catering premises should be close to the facilities they serve. For example, a galley, bakery, etc. is located near the crew dining room, wardroom or restaurant, usually on the same deck, or under them, with the equipment of a special elevator for serving food. In turn, provision pantries are located next to or one or two tiers below the galley. When placing provision pantries, the convenience of loading provisions onto the ship using ship's means must be taken into account.

Sanitary and hygienic premises located in the immediate vicinity of living quarters or in the same block with them (for example, toilets in cabins). The bath and laundry unit is located in the aft part of the hull below the upper deck, in an area not used for permanent residence of people.

Medical premises located in the superstructure, usually in the middle of the ship, away from the main trunk corridors and places where the crew and passengers are gathered.

Premises for ship's stores and supplies are located in the area of residential and public premises (storage rooms for cleaning equipment, carpets, paths, covers, cult and sports equipment), as well as in the area of open decks (storage rooms for rescue, diving equipment, etc.).

Stocks of fuel, boiler feed water, oil, as well as water ballast placed in compartments double bottom and deep tanks, which are equipped in the area of the MCO, forepeak, as well as in double sides, if any. Forepeak and afterpeak are generally used as ballast tanks. Consumable fuel tanks are located in the MCO area. Fresh water supplies are stored in independent tanks.

Layout and equipment of ship premises.

As noted above, unification and typification of planning solutions of the same type of premises and blocks is widely practiced (cabins for various purposes, catering, medical block, storerooms, utility rooms, helmsman, navigator and other posts, etc.), and work is also underway on development of whole standard felling on the basis of a modular method. This progressive direction creates the prerequisites for the use of electronic computing technology in the development of general layout drawings and for the introduction of advanced technology for the manufacture of ship's houses at all stages. When planning and equipping ship premises, the requirements for them, depending on the purpose, are taken into account.

Accommodation and public spaces for crew and passengers should be comfortable for human habitation. These requirements are regulated in our country by the Sanitary Rules for Marine Vessels of the Russian Federation, the provisions of the 1970 International Convention on Premises for the Crew, the RMRS Rules, and are also established by the departments operating the ships. They determine the minimum area, cubic capacity and height of residential and public premises, as well as the range of equipment necessary to create normal living conditions. The width of the aisles, the slope and width of the ladders, fire-prevention constructive measures and other safety requirements are also regulated.

Command personnel are usually accommodated in single cabins, and the cabins of the senior command personnel - the captain, chief navigator and chief (chief) mechanic - consist of an office, a bedroom and a toilet with a bath (shower). On large ships, the captain's block also has a saloon, and all command cabins have a toilet with a shower.

The crew (ratings) is accommodated in single and double cabins equipped with everything necessary (on ships where it is impossible to provide a bathroom in each crew cabin, it is provided for no more than every six people). Each cabin, in addition to soft single and bunk beds (the minimum internal dimensions of the berth are 1900x800 mm), have a sofa, chairs (armchair), wardrobes, a desk, shelves for books and a decanter with glasses, a washbasin with hot and cold water (on modern supertankers - toilet with shower).

All crew cabins are equipped with air conditioning systems, are well lit, and have natural daylight through the porthole.

The ship's equipment of the premises is manufactured in a marine version, i.e. it can function normally under rolling conditions. For this, all ship furniture, which can be moved under normal conditions, has storm mounts that securely hold it during a storm. Marine berths have a small shoulder to prevent them from falling off the berth when hesitated. Low collars are also placed on the tables around the perimeter. On the shelves, especially with utensils, for each item, attachment nests are made. All other equipment - radios, televisions, telephones, table lamps, etc. - is also equipped with a storm mount. For safe passage along the corridors, storm handrails are installed along the bulkheads. Provide for reliable fastening of cabin doors in both closed and open positions.

The public quarters of the crew, located near the cabins, are equipped in such a way as to create good conditions for rest and eating.

Living and public spaces for passengers on passenger ships are even more comfortable. Ocean liners, which have recently been increasingly used for long sea voyages, are equipped as the best modern hotels. Passengers are accommodated in single and double (less often, four-seater) cabins with all conveniences. Provide recreation salons, music and dance halls, smoking rooms, restaurants, cafes, bars, playrooms, a swimming pool, a gym, a children's room, a library, a cinema, etc.

Plastics and new synthetic materials are widely used for decoration and equipment of residential and public premises. Particular attention is paid to the placement of open verandas, solariums, swimming pools, sports grounds, which occupy a significant area on the upper deck and superstructure decks in the aft, sheltered from the wind.

On passenger ships, the living and public spaces of the passengers are separated from those of the crew. Therefore, great importance is attached to communications, that is, routes of movement of passengers and crew on the ship. Both those and others should have access isolated from each other to "their" public premises, and the crew, in addition, to work places. For this, special trunk corridors and ladders will be equipped - separately for passengers and crew.

Of the utility rooms, the most interesting is the catering unit with provisions pantries.

When planning medical unit especially take into account, first of all, the convenience of transporting patients to and from the infirmary. The insulator must have an entrance from the open deck through the vestibule. The bed in the isolation ward must be approached from three sides.

Special cargo spaces on cargo ships - cargo holds, which occupy about 60% of the cubic capacity of the main hull, are equipped in accordance with their purpose. The length of cargo holds is assumed to be as large as possible (within the requirements of ensuring unsinkability when one compartment is flooded). From the inside, the cargo hold of a dry cargo ship is sheathed with wood: along the flooring of the second bottom from side to side - with a continuous flooring - payol- from boards with a thickness of about 50 mm, laid on bars (logs) with a thickness of about 40 mm going in the transverse direction; along the sides - with removable wooden beams with a section of 50 x 200 mm - fish, installed along the hold on top of the onboard kit at a distance of 200–300 mm from one another.

Rybins not only insulate the cargo from contact with the wet side, but also protect the cargo and side from accidental damage. Cargo tween-decks are equipped similarly to holds.

On ships carrying goods unloaded with a grab, the wooden floor in the holds is replaced with a flooring of the second bottom, reinforced by at least 4 mm.

On ships carrying grain, in the cargo holds in their upper part, temporary removable longitudinal bulkheads are installed in the DP, with a height equal to approximately 1/3 of the height of the hold. These bulkheads called shifting boards, prevent grain from spilling onto one side when the vessel is rolling, which can lead to overturning of the vessel. Shifting boards are made of metal racks and embedded boards, or they are provided with standard ones and are made in the form of folding boards.

The inner surfaces of refrigerated holds are covered with heat-insulating material and sewn up with light alloy sheets. Such holds are equipped with good ventilation and devices for placing and securing cargo: cages - on fishery refrigerated vessels, stacks - on banana carriers, hooks under the ceiling - on ships for transporting meat, etc.

The holds of specialized container ships have a cellular structure, i.e., they consist of special vertical racks guide cells, into which containers are inserted. On ro-ro ships, car ferries and other ships transporting wheeled vehicles, cargo holds and twin decks are equipped with special fasteners for securing cargo in them - cars, trailers, containers, and also provide for good ventilation (up to 20 air exchanges per hour ), preventing the formation of explosive concentrations of gasoline vapors from transported vehicles.

XVII. Requirements for the sanitary maintenance of premises of preschool educational organizations

Automatic regulation of ship power plants

Analysis of the determination of the evacuation time for various types of premises (fires)

Arrhythmias in children: classification, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment principles, observation

The ship premises are located in the main building, superstructures and deckhouses.

main building

The main hull includes all spaces formed by the outer skin, the upper continuous deck, as well as decks, platforms, main transverse and longitudinal bulkheads and partitions located inside. There are rooms formed by the main hull structures - compartments and other ship rooms formed by enclosures and decks in superstructures, wheelhouses, as well as in the main hull.

The most important hull compartments include: tilt-forward - the extreme bow compartment; slopesterpeak - extreme aft compartment; slope between bottom space - the space between the outer skin and the second bottom; tilt hold - the space between the second bottom and the nearest deck; tilt tilt - spaces between adjacent decks of the main hull; tilt tanks - deep tanks located above the second bottom; tilting cofferdams - narrow oil and gas tight dry compartments located between compartments or tanks for oil products and adjacent rooms; tilt compartments of the main and auxiliary mechanisms; propeller shaft tilt - on ships with an engine room in the middle of the ship, and the like. The presence of the above compartments on specific ships is due to the purpose and design of the ship.

location of ship rooms on a dry cargo ship:

1 - forepeak; 2 - chain box; 3 - deep tank; 4 - cargo hold; 5-cargo twindeck; 6 - double bottom space (double bottom); 7 - rubber dam; 8 - deep tank; 9 - engine room; 10 - propeller shaft corridor; 11 - afterpeak; 12 - yut (aft superstructure); 13 - middle superstructure; 14 - tank (bow superstructure); 15 - felling;

superstructures

The superstructures are located on the upper continuous deck of the main hull. They extend across the breadth of the vessel: either from side to side, or so that their sides are not more than 0.04 of the breadth of the vessel from the sides.

The superstructures serve not only to accommodate the ship's premises, but also to improve the seaworthiness of the ship.

Bow superstructure - the tilt of the tank reduces the flooding of the deck;
Stern superstructure - by increasing the freeboard at the stern, it increases the buoyancy and unsinkability of the vessel in case of damage to the stern end and the differentiation of the vessel at the stern;
Middle superstructure increases the buoyancy reserve.
Felling differ from superstructures in smaller width. They are installed on the upper deck of the main hull or on superstructures (on warships, the wheelhouses located on the upper deck are called superstructures).

ship premises

Special rooms depending on the purpose of the vessel, they are used: for stowage of cargo (cargo holds) - on cargo and cargo-passenger ships; for special technological equipment for fish processing - on fishing vessels; for laboratories - on research vessels. Special hangars also include helicopter hangars and facilities for their maintenance.

Service premises are designed to ensure the normal operation of the vessel as a floating structure. These include:
- premises of the main and auxiliary mechanisms;
- premises for the placement of deck mechanisms and mechanisms of ship systems - tiller compartment, carbon dioxide fire extinguishing stations, a station for remote measurement of the level of cargo, stations for receiving and dispensing fuel, ventilators, air conditioning rooms, etc.
- wheelhouses, navigation rooms and posts - steering, navigator, radio room, log and echo sounder room, gyrocompass room, fire posts, emergency posts, automatic telephone exchange, broadcasting, battery, aggregate and others;
- workshops - mechanical, locksmith, electrical, welding station, workshop for the repair of floating craft, instrumentation, and so on;
- administrative premises - ship, machine, cargo office, administrator's office, ship archive, dispatch room, etc.

Living spaces (cabins) are intended for permanent residence of the ship's crew and for accommodating passengers.

Crew cabins subdivided into command staff and crew cabins, differing in location, area and equipment. Crew cabins, designed to accommodate more than four people, are commonly referred to as the cockpit.

Passenger cabins depending on their location, area, number of seats and equipment, they are subdivided into luxury cabins, cabins of I, II and III classes. On most modern liners, cabins of the II and III classes, as a rule, are replaced by one, the so-called tourist class. Seating facilities are provided on passenger ships on local lines.

Public spaces serve to organize and conduct various cultural events, collective recreation and meals for the crew and passengers. This category includes public spaces for the crew of the ship and separately public spaces for passengers, as well as areas on open decks and walk-through spaces.

TO public areas of the crew include the mess-room, the salons of the command personnel and crew, canteens for the command personnel and teams, canteens for the command personnel and teams, smoking rooms, a gym, a swimming pool, a room for sports activities, a library, cabins of public organizations. Cinema halls are available on large ships.

TO public areas of passengers include restaurants, canteens, buffets, bars, cafes, salons (music, smoking rooms, for games, for recreation), a concert hall, a gym, swimming pools, a library with a reading room, and children's rooms. Outdoor deck areas include verandas, promenade decks, solariums, outdoor swimming pools (for adults and children), sports fields, dance floors, and more. The walk-throughs include corridors, vestibules, lobbies, foyers, and closed promenade decks.

Public service premises equip on passenger ships, expedition ships and large fishing vessels. These include: consumer services ateliers, hairdressers, beauty salons, photo studios, ship shops, kiosks, lockers and others. The catering facilities are used for preparing and serving food to the crew and passengers, as well as for washing and storing tableware. A distinction is made between galley rooms (a galley for passengers, a galley for a crew, a bakery, storage rooms for a galley and a bakery) and preparatory (cutting meat, fish, vegetables, bread slicers, pantries, dishwashers, pantry dishes and table linen). The sanitary and hygienic premises are divided into sanitary and household (laundries, drying rooms, ironing rooms, storage rooms for clean and dirty linen, disinfection chamber, working dress rooms) and sanitary and hygienic (men's and women's washrooms, showers, bathrooms, baths, sanitary checkpoints and toilets).

Medical premises includes an outpatient clinic, doctor's office, operating room, X-ray, dental and other offices (on ships with a large number of passengers), infirmary, isolation ward, pharmacy, medical and sanitary warehouses. Usually, the complex of medical facilities on ships is called a medical unit.

Premises for ship's stores and supplies serve for storing stocks of provisions, skipper, navigation and other ship supplies. These include:
- provision pantries uncooled (for dry food, bread, flour) and refrigerated (for wet food, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products, fats, canned food), as well as refrigerating chambers; - utility pantries - for storing track carpets, covers, sports equipment, cleaning equipment;
- skipper's stores - skipper's, painting, lamppost, carpentry, rigging, awnings and tarps, sailing;
- navigational and navigational storerooms - navigational navigational equipment, maps and other things;
- linen and storage pantries.

Compartments and tanks serve to accommodate liquid cargo - oil, water, oil and water ballast. In addition to the compartments formed by the structures of the main hull and designed to accommodate the bulk of liquid cargo, vessels are also provided for tanks in which large consumable reserves of fuel, water and oil are placed (the so-called loose tanks).

GENERAL POSITIONING OF THE SHIP

On ships of the same type and similar in size, their general arrangement may be different, depending on the requirements of the customers. However, in recent years in the world shipbuilding, the typification of ship premises has been carried out, and first of all, residential and office premises.

location of ship rooms

For the orientation of the location of one or another room on the ship, the following names of decks and interdeck rooms are adopted (Scheme 2).

names of decks and interdeck rooms

In the case (top to bottom): upper deck, second deck, third deck (on multi-deck vessels, the last deck is called the lower deck), second bottom.

In superstructures and deckhouses (from bottom to top): the deck of the first tier of the superstructure (tank, poop, middle superstructure), the deck of the second tier of the wheelhouse, the deck of the third tier of the wheelhouse, and so on. Sometimes names are added to these terms that characterize the purpose of the decks: promenade, saloon deck, boat, sports, lower (navigating) bridge, upper (navigation) bridge.

The space between the outer skin of the bottom and the second bottom is called the tilt between the bottom space or the double bottom tilt. The space between the second bottom and the nearest deck is called the tilt of the hold, the rest of the interdeck spaces are called the tilt.

Diagrams 3 and 4 show the location of the main groups of rooms on a dry cargo ship and a passenger ship. The general layout of the dry cargo vessel is described in the publication "Operational and seaworthiness of the vessel".

layout of compartments and main premises of a dry-cargo vessel:

I - peaks; II - cargo compartments; III - double bottom compartments; IV - deep tanks; V - compartments of the main and auxiliary mechanisms;

layout of compartments and main premises of a passenger ship:

1 - deckhouse deck of the 4th tier (upper bridge); 2 - deckhouse deck of the III tier (lower bridge); 3 - deckhouse deck II tier (boat deck); 4 - II platform; 5 - deck of the superstructure of the 1st tier (deck of the tank, poop); 6 - upper deck; 7 - I platform; 8 - second bottom; 9 - deck of the II tier of the superstructure (promenade deck); 10 - second deck (bulkhead deck); 11 - third deck;

special rooms

Special premises - cargo holds, premises for handling and storing catch, etc. - occupy the bulk of the hull volumes on cargo, cargo-passenger and fishing vessels. The layout of these premises is determined by the requirements for the performance of cargo operations, storage and placement of cargo, reception, processing and storage of the catch, and the like.
The location of all other ship rooms is subordinate to the location of special rooms that determine the operational and economic indicators of the vessel.

office space

Service rooms are located throughout the ship, mostly in the hold, at the ends of the ship, in the wheelhouses on the upper deck, in the tanks and poop, sometimes where it is forbidden to equip living quarters, for example, above the forepeak and afterpeak and below the waterline. Some of the navigation rooms - steering, navigator, radio room - are located on the bridge; log and echo sounder placement - on the second day.

Workshops are usually located in the area of machine-boiler rooms.

Living spaces

The living quarters of the crew on cargo ships are, as a rule, located in the superstructure or under the upper deck of the main hull, but not below the waterline, mainly closer to the middle part of the ship, where the rocking and vibration from the working propellers is least felt. The exception is cargo ships with a purely aft engine room: here all the living quarters of the ship's crew are placed in the aft superstructure. On passenger ships, the crew cabins are placed in the bow, aft and below the passenger cabins, and the command cabins are placed on one of the upper tiers of the superstructure, usually in the wheelhouse area (tier below).

The captain's cabin is usually located on the starboard side, on a tier below the wheelhouse. All navigators' cabins are located here or below the tier; the cabins of the chief engineer, mechanics and engine crew are located as close as possible to the engine room; the deck crew cabins are located on the starboard side, the engine room - on the port side.

living quarters of passengers

The living quarters of passengers on passenger ships are located, if possible, in the middle part, mainly in the superstructures and in the upper twin decks of the main building. It is not recommended to place passenger cabins below the bulkhead deck, and below the waterline is prohibited. Passenger cabins usually have natural light, but large ships carrying large numbers of passengers have cabins without natural light.

public spaces

The best areas of superstructures and decks with good visibility are reserved for public spaces. Some public spaces - restaurants, theaters, indoor bathing pools, gymnasiums, and the like - are set up in rooms that do not have natural light.

consumer service premises

Service premises are equipped in the area of public premises, but they, as a rule, do not have natural light. The premises of the catering unit should be located near the facilities that they serve. So, a galley or bakery is located near the dining room for the team, mess-room or restaurant, usually on the same deck, or under them, with the equipment of a special elevator for serving food from the galley to the pantries. In turn, provision pantries are located next to or one or two tiers below the galley. When locating provisions pantries, the convenience of loading provisions onto a ship using ship's means must be taken into account.

sanitary facilities

Sanitary and hygienic premises are placed in the immediate vicinity of residential premises or in the same block with them. The bath and laundry unit is located in the aft part of the hull below the upper deck, in an area not used for permanent residence of people.

medical unit

The medical unit is located in the superstructure, usually in the middle of the ship, away from the main trunk corridors and places where crew and passengers gather.

premises of ship's stores and supplies

Premises for ship stores and supplies are located in the area of residential and public premises (storage rooms for cleaning equipment, carpets, paths, covers, sports equipment), as well as in the area of open decks (storage rooms for rescue equipment, diving equipment). Stocks of fuel, boiler feed water, oil, as well as water ballast are placed in double-bottom compartments and in deep tanks, which are equipped in the area of the machine-boiler room and in the forepeak area. Forepeak and afterpeak are generally used as ballast tanks. Consumable fuel tanks are placed in the area of the engine-boiler room. Fresh drinking water supplies are stored in independent tanks.

When planning and equipping ship premises, the requirements for these premises, depending on their purpose, are taken into account.

Accommodation and public spaces for the crew and passengers should be comfortable for the occupants of the ship. These requirements are governed by the Lloyd's Register Rules, as well as established by the departments operating the ships. They determine the minimum area, cubic capacity and height of residential and public premises, as well as the range of equipment necessary to create normal living conditions. The width of the aisles, the slope and width of the ladders, fire-prevention constructive measures and other safety requirements are also regulated.

The command personnel are accommodated in single cabins (Scheme 5), and the cabins of the senior command personnel - the captain, the chief mate and the chief engineer - consist of an office, a bedroom and a bathroom with a toilet. On large ships, the captain's block also has a saloon.

Layout of crew living quarters on a transport ship:

a - the cabin of the command staff; b - captain's block; c - crew cabin;

The crew is accommodated in single cabins and double cabins, which have everything you need for comfortable accommodation for people. Each cabin, in addition to soft single or bunk beds, has a sofa, chairs (armchair), wardrobes, a desk, a washbasin with hot and cold water (modern supertankers have a shower with a bathroom), air conditioning, and comfortable lighting. All cabins must have natural light through the porthole.

The marine equipment is distinguished by its marine design, which, first of all, provides for the normal functioning of the equipment in rolling conditions. To do this, all ship furniture, which under normal conditions can be moved, has storm mounts that securely fix it to the deck during a storm. Ship berths should have a small shoulder to prevent them from falling off the berth when rocking. Low collars are also installed on the tables along the perimeter. On the shelves, especially on the shelves for dishes, nests should be made for each item. All other equipment - players, televisions, telephones, table lamps, etc. - are also equipped with a storm mount. For safe passage along the corridors, storm handrails are installed along the bulkheads. Provides for reliable fastening of cabin doors, both in the closed and open position.

The public quarters of the crew, located near the cabins, shall be equipped in such a way as to provide the crew with good conditions for rest, dining and entertainment.

Even more comfortable living and public spaces for passengers on passenger ships. Ocean cruise ships, which are increasingly used for long sea voyages in recent years, are equipped as the best modern hotels. Passengers are accommodated in single and double cabins with all conveniences. For passengers, there are recreation salons, music and dance salons, smoking rooms, restaurants, cafes, bars, game rooms, a swimming pool, saunas, a gym, children's rooms, a library, a theater, and so on. For decoration and equipment of residential and public premises, marble, wood and new synthetic materials are widely used.

Particular attention is paid to the placement of open verandas, solariums, swimming pools, sports grounds, which occupy a significant area on the upper deck and superstructure decks in the aft, sheltered from the wind.

promenade and sports decks and outdoor swimming pools of the cruise ship "Carnival Spirit"

On passenger ships, the living and public spaces of the passengers are separated from those of the crew. Therefore, special attention is paid to communications, that is, the routes of movement of passengers and crew on the ship. Both those and others should have access isolated from each other to "their" public premises, and the crew, in addition, to work places. For this, special main corridors and ladders will be equipped - separately for passengers and for the crew.

When planning the medical block, special attention is paid to the convenience of transporting patients to and from the infirmary. The insulator must have an entrance from the open deck through the vestibule. The bed in the isolation ward must be approached from three sides.

Special cargo spaces on cargo ships - cargo holds, which occupy about 60 percent of the cubic capacity of the main hull, are equipped in accordance with their purpose. The length of cargo holds is assumed to be as large as possible (within the requirements of ensuring unsinkability when one compartment is flooded). From the inside, the cargo hold of a dry cargo ship is sheathed with wood:

Along the flooring of the second bottom from side to side - with a continuous flooring - naklozhpayol - from boards about 50 mm thick, stacked on bars (logs) going in the transverse direction with a thickness of about 40 mm;
along the sides - with removable wooden beams with a section of 50X200 mm - with fishbins - installed along the hold on top of the onboard set at a distance of 200-300 mm from one another.

Rybins not only insulate the cargo from contact with the wet side, but also protect the cargo and side from accidental damage. Cargo tween-decks are equipped similarly to holds.

On ships carrying goods unloaded with a grab, the wooden floor in the holds is replaced by reinforcing the flooring of the second bottom by at least 4 mm.

On ships carrying grain, in the cargo holds in their upper part, temporary removable longitudinal bulkheads are installed in the DP with a height equal to one third of the height of the hold. These bulkheads, called shifting boards, prevent grain from spilling onto one side when the boat is rolling, which could result in the boat capsizing. Shiftingboards made of metal racks and embedded boards, or provided by standard, and performed in the form of folding boards.

The inner surfaces of refrigerated holds are covered with heat-insulating material and sewn up with light alloy sheets. Such holds are equipped with good ventilation and devices for placing and securing cargo: cages - on fishery refrigerators, stacks - on fruit carriers, hooks under the ceiling - for transporting meat, and the like.

Stems, sails

The bow and stern extremities are limited by the stem and sternpost, respectively. The stem takes the blows, is divided in height into several parts, which are connected by welding. Decks and side stringers, reaching the stem, are welded to the horizontal ribs of the stem - bristles (triangular, trapezoidal sheets). The vertical keel is welded to the longitudinal stiffener of the stem.

Stern post - the stern end serves as one of the supports of the stern tube, which passes through the hole in the apple of the stern post, located in its front post, called the starter post. The achtersteven also serves as a support for the rudder, which rotates on pins connected to its vertical rudder post. The starpost and ruderpost are connected in the upper part with an arch, and in the lower part with a sole, thus closing the sternpost window.

Stern tubes, mortars

The stern tube supports the propeller shaft and is watertight where it exits the hull. One end of the pipe is connected to the bulkhead of the sternpost, and the other - to the apple of the sternpost. At the junctions with the afterpeak bulkhead, an oil seal is installed.

Mortars provide impermeability at the exit points from the hull of side propeller shafts of multi-shaft vessels. Impermeability is provided by an oil seal of the same type as that of the stern tube, which is installed at the nose end of the mortar.

Classification of ship spaces

The ship premises are divided into control posts - the crew is on watch or performs work (navigator and wheelhouse, central control room of the power plant, fire extinguishing station, etc.); living quarters (cabins, dining rooms, wardroom, sanitary and hygienic); service premises (galley, storerooms, etc.); cargo spaces (holds, twin decks); machine rooms (MKO, RO, RMU); Storage facilities for fuel, oil, water (tanks, cisterns); production facilities (fish shop, canning shop).

The premises are located in the main building, superstructures, deckhouses. In the main body, the premises are formed by decks, platforms, partitions, transverse watertight bulkheads. The rooms are called compartments.

1. Forepeak - extreme nasal compartment. Location: chain box, fresh water tank, storerooms.

2. Achterpeak - the extreme aft compartment. Located: fresh water tanks, tiller compartment, stern tube room, supply storerooms.

3. Double bottom space - double bottom space, divided into compartments for receiving liquid cargo.

4. Holds are cargo spaces between the double bottom deck and the nearest deck.

5. Twindecks - cargo spaces between adjacent decks.

6. Deep tanks - deep tanks located above the double bottom, from side to side, are used to store fuel, ballast, boiler water.

7. Cofferdams are narrow dry compartments located between the fuel tanks and

adjacent compartments.

8. MCO - the room where the power plant is located.

9. Propeller shaft tunnel - the room where the shaft line passes.

10. RO, RMU, living quarters, ship storage rooms.

Arrangement and equipment of ship premises

Cargo hold without refrigeration. On the flooring of the second bottom, beams are laid and fixed - logs, and on them the flooring is eaten (non-removable and removable). There are cesspools. The refrigerated hold is equipped with insulation.

Propeller shaft tunnel. The widening of the tunnel is called a recession. The entrance to the tunnel is through a clinket door.

The steering, navigational, and commercial wheelhouses are the control posts of the vessel. In the wheelhouse there is a rudder control post (autopilot), the main engine control panel, navigation and fishfinding equipment, etc. In the navigator's table for plotting a course. The wheelhouse, as a rule, is combined with the fieldhouse, and winch control panels are added.

Fish shop under the fishing deck (technological and freezing equipment).

Cabins: one, two, four-seater (9 lighting, air conditioning).

Waterproof closures

These include watertight doors, portholes, gate valves, hatch covers, which ensure the watertightness of the hull, superstructures, deckhouses. Waterproof doors are available with clinker doors and hinges. Clinket doors are installed in watertight bulkheads below the waterline with remote control. It can be closed if water flows through it under pressure. Open deck doors are hinged with rubber seals and wedge backs.

Portholes - round and rectangular for natural lighting and ventilation. The porthole is a hinged frame with thick glass, closed with wing nuts. There are blind windows that do not open. The impermeability of the windows is ensured by rubber seals.

Efficient things

Business items - metal or plastic structures of the hull parts that are not part of the hull set, but are firmly connected with it and constitute part of its equipment necessary to ensure the normal operating conditions of the ship: portholes, windows, skylights, covers of similar hatches and necks, doors , ladders.

Portholes are deaf and flap, that is, with opening glass, equipped with storm covers (if the glass is damaged).

Skylights provide access for light and air to rooms far from the ship's side (MKO, etc.). They have a coaming, closed by a waterproof cover, into which portholes are mounted. Similar hatch covers are designed to close hatches leading to rooms located below. The necks are needed to close tanks, bunkers, etc. They are a cover made of steel sheet, pressed by pins through a gasket to the weld that surrounds the neck.

Doors: 1) Light (permeable) for cabins, public and sanitary premises 2) Water and gas tight for entrance from open decks to the premises of the main body of superstructures and deckhouses, as well as to storerooms, workshops and other service premises. They are equipped with quick-action battening devices (wedge rails with a central-lever drive), which can be operated from both sides. Impermeability is achieved by sealing with a rubber band around the perimeter. 3) Clinket doors are installed in watertight bulkheads below the bulkhead deck. Closing and opening of vertical doors occurs due to the rotation of the lead screw in the nut fixed to the door. Local or remote control. 4) Fireproof (fire-resistant) doors are designed to block passages in fireproof bulkheads that divide the hull and superstructures of the vessel into vertical fireproof (zones) compartments. It can be opened in any direction, after which a special spring returns it to the closed state (if it is not blocked). 5) Lackports are closures of openings in the outer skin of a vessel for horizontal loading of goods.

Ladders are divided into internal, external and outboard. Internal ones are ceremonial, inclined and vertical and are placed along the ship. The ladder consists of a bowstring, steps and handrails. The front stairs are wide

Vertical ladders, stationary and portable, are used for local lifting, as well as they are installed in deep tanks, cofferdams, etc. A variety of them are ladders, consisting of steel pipes welded to the vertical structures of the body.

The side ramps are used to board a ship at the pier or at anchorage. They are installed on each side, lowering with the help of special ladder beams. The steps of the ladder remain horizontal at any position of the bowstring.

Rig and rigging

A spar is a collection of ship structures installed on the upper deck of a ship and firmly connected to its hull, superstructures or decks. The spars are metal structures.

Rigging is a set of rigging that serves a spar. Standing rigging is intended only for anchoring the spars in any position. Running rigging is all gear that is in motion.

Signal masts are designed for carrying navigation lights, hoisting signal flags, and the national flag while the vessel is under way. The upper end of the mast is the top, the lower end is the spur, the continuation of the mast is the topmast (above the yard). On the top of the topmast there is a clottik, and on it a means of light-signaling communication.

Rey - the horizontal part of the mast, attached to the mast or topmill.

Gavel - the inclined part of the mast (raise the State flag on the move).

Guysstock - a metal tube installed on the bow of the vessel, designed to set the anchor light and raise the daytime signal - a black ball.

Flagpole - a metal pipe installed at the stern, has a clot, serves to raise the state. flag

Crane - beam - L-shaped structure for lifting the load

Ladder - beam - L-shaped structure for lowering and raising the ladder.

Shot - metal tube aft for field operations.

Cargo masts, cargo portals and columns are used to attach cargo booms. They can function as signal masts.

A spar on a modern ship does not require additional fastening.

Standing rigging: forestay - tackle going from the bow mast to the bow in the DP; counterstag - tackle going from the stern mast to the stern in the DP; shtag-kornak - tackle wound between the masts; shrouds - tackles that secure the masts from the sides; toprik is a tackle wound between the legs of the sloop beams.

Running rigging: gordens, cargo boom toppers, cargo pendants, hoists, signal halyards, cargo booms with hoists, paired cargo booms pinned.

Rigging supply:

Ropes (vegetable, synthetic, steel, combined). Characteristics - thickness, weight, tensile strength, flexibility, elasticity.

Rigging chains consist of links made of bar steel without struts (buttresses). Long and short link chains.

The staples are used to fasten the rigging to the hull and to connect the rigging elements to each other.

Hooks are used in a cargo device.

Blocks are used to equip gordens, hoists. Blocks are one - and multi-pulley, wooden, plastic, steel. Kanifas block - a block in which the frame of the block on one side leans back and can be locked with a rotary stopper. The kanifas block allows you to wind the cable with the middle part, and not just the end.

Lanyards are designed for fitting tackles of standing rigging, boat lashings.

Koushi - groove-shaped parts of an oval or round shape to protect the rope from chafing.

Butt - a ring, a half-ring, welded to the ship's hull or to the spar.

The eye is a movable ring in the butt.

Duck - a metal two-horned bar on the bulwark for temporary attachment.

Proud is the simplest lifting device without gain in strength.

Tali is a lifting device consisting of two blocks equipped with a cable. Tali give the win in strength. They are distinguished by the number of pulleys (2 x, 3 x, etc.)

Steering gear

The steering device, which includes a rudder and a rudder drive, is designed to steer the boat. The rudder consists of a feather and stock. The feather is a flat, often double-layered shield with internal reinforcing ribs. The rudder feather is the basis of the rudder - a vertical rod to which horizontal ribs are attached. The singing of ruderpis is hung on the ruder post. The stock is a rod with which the rudder blade is turned. The stocker enters the aft lance through the helmport tube.

Depending on the position of the rudder relative to the axis of rotation, there are: ordinary (unbalanced) rudders, in which the feather is completely located aft from the axis of rotation; balancing, in which the rudder blade is divided by the axis of rotation into two unequal parts (large in the stern); semi-balanced (the balance part is not made along the entire height of the feather). Balanced and semi-balanced handlebars require less effort to shift, but attachment to the body is more difficult. The rudder senses the pressure of the water, as a result of which the course of the boat changes. Tiller - a lever used to turn the stock.

Steering gears: manual, electric, electro-hydraulic.

Steering drives: sector-toothed, hydraulic plunger, hydraulic vane

Steering gears: hydraulic, electric, combined. The steering gear is the connection between the control station and the machine's ballast. The hydraulic transmission (telemotor) consists of a manipulator sensor connected to the steering wheel and representing a pressure oil pump and a receiver installed near the steering gear (servomotor).

An axiometer is a device for indicating the position of the rudder. The scale of the device is divided into degrees.

Limiters of the transfer - limit switches that are triggered when the transfer is over 35 o.

Machine drive - main, spare and emergency. The main drive provides the rudder shift at the maximum forward speed from 35 ° on one side to 30 ° on the other side in 28 seconds.

On modern ships, thrusters are used, which are good for use at low ship speeds.

An active rudder is a rudder on which a propeller is attached, which creates an additional emphasis - the force that unfolds the stern.

Swivel nozzle - is an annular body mounted on a stock, the axis of which is located in the plane of the propeller disc (instead of the rudder). When the nozzle is turned, the jet of water thrown by the propeller is deflected, which causes the vessel to turn.

The bow and stern thruster is a through tunnel in the bow and stern of the vessel with an internal reversible propeller. The work of the screw creates a lateral stop due to the reaction force ejected from the water tunnel. The direction of the stop is reversed.

Anchor device

Ya.U. provides a reliable anchorage at sea, safe mooring, and a narrow turn. The anchor, due to its mass and shape, penetrates the ground, thereby creating a hold of the vessel in place. An anchor chain is used as an anchor rope (connects the ship and the anchor). Ya.U. It is located in the bow of the vessel and includes: anchor hawse - for the anchor of the chain and for fastening the anchor on the stowed; anchor-chain stoppers - for fastening the anchor-chain when the vessel is parked and on the stowed; chain pipes - serve to guide the anchor into the chain box; chain boxes - used to store the anchor chain; device for fastening and remote release of the main end of the anchor-chain (from the deck).

According to their purpose, anchors are divided into standard (two in hawses, one spare) and auxiliary (for removing from the aground and to help the camp). By design, the anchors are with fixed legs and with a stock - Admiralty; anchors with movable legs and without stem - Hall; anchors with movable legs and with a stock - Matrosova, Gruzon. The quality of anchors is characterized by holding force, which is a multiple of the mass of the anchor. The weight of the anchor depends on the size of the vessel. BMRT has strength - 2-3 tons, PB and TR - 7 tons.

The Admiralty anchor consists of a spindle, horns with paws, a stem, a bracket and a wedge pin for fastening the stem. The junction of the horns with the spindle is called a trend. In the working position, the stem is perpendicular to the spindle and secured with a pin, in the stowed position it is on the side of the spindle. Strength (10-12) P. Disadvantages - paws sticking out in shallow water cannot be taken into the hawse, they are dangerous to others.

Hall's anchor consists of a spindle, paws, cast in one piece with the box. The spindle is hingedly connected to the box, the Box can, together with the legs, freely turn 45 about the spindle. Force (3-4) R. Gets into the hawse, is used as a camp.

Anchor Matrosov. The stock is cast in one piece with the feet close to the spindle. Strength (10-15) R.

Gruzon's anchor resembles Hall's anchor. The paws are as close as possible. Has a stock cast with a box. The force is significantly greater than that of the Hall anchor.

The anchor chain is used to attach the anchor to the ship's hull. It consists of links forming bows 25-27 m long, connected to one another by means of special detachable links. The bows form a chain 50-300 m long. Chain: anchor (to the anchor), intermediate, root (to the body) and, accordingly, bows. To prevent twisting of the chain, swivel links are included in it. For fastening and emergency release of the root end, there is a device with a folding hook, called a verb hook. Anchor chains are distinguished by caliber - the diameter of the cross-section of the link bar. Links of chains with a caliber of more than 15 mm must have spacers - buttresses, which increase the strength of the link. The links are interconnected with a Kenter bracket (detachable). To determine the number of etched bows, anchor chains are marked. At the beginning and at the end of each bow a certain number of links is painted white and a wire mark is applied to their buttresses.

Windlass is a mechanism with a horizontal shaft. Designed for servicing the left and right side chains. At the end of the shaft there are mooring drums rigidly connected to it - warping drums. Chain sprockets rotating freely on the shaft can be connected to the shaft using cam couplings. Anchor and mooring capstan - a mechanism with a vertical shaft - serves one chain. A mooring drum is mounted on the shaft.

Exploitation. Periodic inspections and checks. The wear of the links is not more than 10% of the original diameter.

Mooring device

Sh.U. is intended for fastening the vessel to the berth, to the side of another vessel. The structure of Sh. U. includes mooring cables (mooring lines) with which the ship is attached. Typically the mooring is 10% longer than the ship. The mooring line is 2-3m long.

1.Mooring views - for storing mooring lines.

2. Mooring cleats - for attaching the mooring lines.

3. Bale bars - for guiding mooring lines, changing their direction, protecting from abrasion.

4. Mooring rollers - for the same purpose as bale bars.

5. Mooring haws - for the same purposes as 3 and 4.

6. Mooring mechanisms (windlass, capstan, winches) for hauling mooring lines.

7. Guides - thin cables for hauling moorings.

8. Throwing ends - for feeding conductors and mooring lines (nylon cord 30-40 m with a load at the end (a bag of sand in a sheath).

9. Mooring stops - a piece of a rigging chain with a gauge with an attached plant cable. The stopper is attached to the butt on the bollard.

10. Fenders - protect the side of the vessel from deformation during mooring.

Mooring lines: aft longitudinal (right and left); nasal longitudinal (right and left); stern hold-down; nasal pressure; stern spring; nasal spring.

Exploitation. Periodic inspections. The mechanisms are turned off, everything is in the regular places. Mooring lines are covered evenly and have some slack. Mooring lines are not left on the warheads.

Load device

G.U. is intended for carrying out loading and unloading operations by ship means. It includes cargo masts, portals, columns, arrows, winches.

Cargo masts, portals and columns are used to attach arrows. The boom has a tubular structure. Boom top - side, bottom - spurs. The boom spur is pivotally connected to the spur shoe mounted on the portal, etc. The boom is raised and lowered by topping-hoists 4, the running end of which is wound on the drum of the topping reel or the winch 16. On small-tonnage vessels, it is simply a topping. To turn the boom and fasten it to the required position, there are guys 12 and 13, which consist of a steel cable - a mantilya 11 and hoists 10. Additional fastening of the boom is carried out by a counter-pull 12. The lifting and lowering of the load is carried out using a cargo pendant 7, which has a counterweight 8 at the end and hook 9. The pendant 7 is passed through the cargo block 17 on the spur shoe 2 and is wound on the drum of the cargo winch 15. Cargo winches are used to provide cargo, fishing and mooring operations. The winches have a drum on which the pendant is wound. The drum is mounted on the shaft. At the end of the shaft, warmers are rigidly mounted. Top-tenant winches, views are designed to raise and lower the boom. The rotation of the view drum is carried out by means of a whistle - a steel cable wound on an additional view drum. Reeling from the drum of the view onto the warping drum of the cargo winch, the whistlers rotate it. Pendant - the hook has a cargo toe bent inward, which prevents it from grazing on the coaming.

Light booms are used on FRP ships and their carrying capacity is up to 10 tf. Heavy booms over 10 tf are not supported with a spur on the mast, but on a special foundation installed near it.

G.U. must always be in good condition. The lifting capacity must be marked on each boom. The weight of the load must not exceed it. G.U. subject to periodic inspections. Blocks, staples are lubricated. If the number of broken wires in the cable is more than 10% and their thickness has decreased by 10%, then the cable is replaced. Cargo booms can work singly and in pairs (on the phone).

Lifeboats. Boats launching and lifting facilities.

Boat type - whaleboat. The body is made of lightweight aluminum or plastic and has a rigid awning cover. Motor boats. On the outer side there is a lifeline and a keel-handrail. There are hooks for lowering and lifting the boat, plugs on the thread for water outlet. Lifeboat supply: boat (anchor, lanterns, etc.), navigator (maps, compass), alarm, food, water, medicines.

Davits (swivel, overwhelming, gravity) are used for lowering and lifting lifeboats. The most common gravity davits are one and two-hinged (the outreach of the boat increases). For fastening the lifeboats on the move, lifeboat lashings are used, with the help of which the lifeboat is pressed against the side block on the davit. Knights are given away together with the lifeboat fastening stopper in the stowed position. A boat winch is used for lowering and lifting.

The international convention regulates, depending on the number of people and the size of the vessel, the area of navigation, the number and design of boats. Boats from 10 to 150 people. On fishing vessels, half of the people on the boat are in the boat. Safe landing should be carried out with a roll on any side up to 20 ° and differential up to 10 °.

Life rafts

PSN - 6M, PSN - 10M (inflatable life raft with a capacity of 6 and 10 people). PSN consists of an inflatable chamber with a spacer along the axis of symmetry, inflatable arches to support the awning, an inflatable bottom, a double awning with an air gap. Under the bottom of the raft there are four water ballast pockets for the stability of the raft in rough seas. On the sides of the raft there are drainage pockets for collecting rainwater. There is a lifeline around the perimeter. At the bottom of the raft there is a gas mixture cylinder. The raft is placed in a cover, and then in a container, consisting of two halves (body and lid) and installed on the rack. The container is attached to a stand or deck with two lashings through an uncoupling device - a hydrostat with a forced kickback pedal. A launch line with a weak link comes out of the container.

Lowering the raft manually: 1. Press the hydrostat pedal, releasing the lashings 2. Throw the container into the water. 3. Tie the tench to the side of the vessel. 4. Take up the slack in the starting line and suddenly activate the gas filling system (the weak link in the band breaks). When a vessel with a raft is immersed in the water, the raft is activated automatically. Water enters the hydrostat and releases the lashings. The raft floats, the line is pulled and the gas filling system is triggered.

Lifebuoys are made of foam plastic (penoairite) and sheathed with canvas. The circle has a lifeline. It is colored orange, may have a tench. The lifejacket consists of six foam-ayrite elements connected by an orange cloth. The vest has a braid, a button and a fastener. At the top there are two pockets for a whistle and a fire (battery and light bulb). Pulling the lace - light the fire. Stable position at an angle of 45 ° to the surface of the water, face up.

The premises in the main hull, formed by the sides, main bulkheads, decks and platforms, are called compartments.

The main body contains the following compartments:

1. Forepeak and afterpeak.

2. Double bottom space, limited by the flooring of the second bottom.

3. Hold - cargo space between the second bottom and the lower deck.

4. Twindeck - interdeck cargo area.

5. Deep tanks - tanks located above the second bottom.

6. Cofferdams are dry impermeable compartments that separate fuel tanks from adjacent spaces.

7. Compartments of main and auxiliary mechanisms.

8. The propeller shaft tunnel is a room for the placement and maintenance of the propeller shaft on ships with a middle or intermediate location of the engine room. Holds and twin decks are assigned sequential numbers from bow to stern.

Classification of ship spaces:

1. Service premises are premises in which the crew maintains a watch and performs various work. In turn, office premises are divided into premises:

a) ship control: engine-boiler room (MKO), wheelhouse, radio room, radar, battery, steering room;

b) administrative: ship's office, accounting, film booth;

c) ship workshops: carpentry, mechanical, electrical and radio workshops.

2. Utility premises include:

Food - food - galley, bakery, pastry shop, pantry, handout, serving, food pantries;

Sanitary - household - dishwasher, laundry, drying clothes, drying clothes, ironing, pantries of clean and dirty linen;

Passenger service rooms - post office, savings bank, photo lab, information bureau, hairdresser, various kiosks and ateliers;

Storerooms for ship supplies - skipper's, lampposts, painting and engine storerooms.

3. Medical premises - they provide first aid to sick crew members and passengers. These include an outpatient clinic, an isolation ward, a hospital, a pharmacy, various specialized rooms (X-ray, dental, etc.), as well as household premises (bathrooms, washbasins, toilets).

4. Crew quarters and passenger quarters on sea-going passenger ships shall be arranged separately from each other. Living quarters are one-, two-, four-berth cabins. Crew cabins - single; senior command staff (office, bedroom, bathroom).

5. Public premises are premises intended for recreation or for holding various general ship events. These include: wardrooms, salons, canteens, smoking rooms, buffets, restaurants, cinemas, libraries, swimming pools.

6. Amenity rooms are intended to ensure personal hygiene and sanitary services for the crew and passengers. These include washbasins, showers, bathtubs, toilets, baths, laundries, etc.

7. Special premises. These are cargo holds on cargo ships; laboratories on research vessels; shops - for processing fish on fishing vessels.

Location of the engine room on ships.

Rice. 2. Location of the engine room and the main residential superstructure: a - average; b - intermediate; c - feed.

Amidships:

Pros - the trimming of the vessel is simplified, the value of the bending moment at the top of the wave for a vessel without cargo and at the bottom of the wave for a vessel with cargo is reduced,

Cons - a decrease in carrying capacity due to the long length of the shafting and tunnel, a decrease in the useful volume of the aft holds and deterioration of their shape due to the propeller tunnel passing through them, difficulty in centering the long shaft line and violation of normal operating conditions during prolonged bending of the vessel.

At the stern of the vessel:

Pros - the best volumes are provided for cargo, the conditions for the placement and operation of the cargo device on dry cargo ships are improved, the shafting is shortened and the need for a tunnel is eliminated,

Cons - the conditions for trimming the vessel without cargo worsen, since ballast has to be taken into the bow compartments. Taking ballast into the bow compartments impairs the seaworthiness of the vessel and increases the bending moment at the top of the wave.

The intermediate location of the MO, in which there is one hold, less often two, behind the MO. - dry impermeable compartments separating fuel tanks from adjacent rooms;

6. Compartments of main and auxiliary mechanisms;

7. Propeller shaft tunnel - a room for the placement and maintenance of the propeller shaft on ships with a middle or intermediate location of the engine room. Holds and twin decks are assigned sequential numbers from bow to stern.

Rice. 3. Layout of compartments and main groups of premises for dry cargo (a) and passenger (b) ships. I - peaks; H - cargo compartments; III - double bottom compartments; IV- diptanks; V - compartments of the main and auxiliary mechanisms. 1- deckhouse deck of the 4th tier (upper bridge); 2- deckhouse deck of the 3rd tier (lower bridge); 3- deckhouse deck of the 2nd tier (boat deck); 4- second platform; 5- superstructure deck of the 1st tier (tank deck, poop); b - upper deck; 7- the first platform; 8- second bottom; 9- deck of the 2nd tier of the superstructure (promenade deck); 10- second deck (bulkhead deck); 11- third deck

Bow superstructure - (tank) - reduces the flooding of the deck.

Medium superstructure - (Spardek) - increases the buoyancy reserve.

Stern superstructure- (yut) - increases the freeboard at the stern, increases the buoyancy and unsinkability of the vessel in case of damage to the stern end and the differentiation of the vessel at the stern.

Deckhouses - fewer superstructures in width. They are installed on the upper deck of the main hull or on the decks of the superstructures.

To determine the position of the room on the ship, the following names of decks and interdeck rooms are adopted.

In the main body (top to bottom):

1. Upper deck; 2. Second deck; 3. Third deck (on multi-deck ships, the last deck is called the lower deck); 4. The second bottom.

In the superstructure and deckhouses (from bottom to top):

1. Deck of the 1st tier of the superstructure (tank, poop, middle superstructure); 2. Deck of the 2nd tier of the wheelhouse; 3. Deck of the 3rd tier of the wheelhouse, etc.

The names of the decks can be added to these terms depending on their purpose: promenade, boat, lower (navigation) bridge, upper (navigation) bridge.

The position along the length is indicated by the numbers of the frames, and along the width - by the names of the side (starboard and port side).