Administrative center, and large River port standing on the banks of the Volga. It is located about 340 km from and 324 km from, 106 km from and 82 km from. Population - about 272 thousand people (2014).
Due to the fact that the city did not feel the traces of the Second World War, it was possible to preserve exactly the appearance of the old Kostroma, as it was since the 18th century. Now the city is of considerable "historical" interest for tourists and is included in the famous gold ring Russia.
History of Kostroma
According to legend, Kostroma was founded by Yuri Dolgoruky in 1152. Although archaeological excavations confirm earlier settlements. And the first mention in the annals already dates back to 1213. And this is due to not at all happy events. The internecine war led to the fact that Prince Constantine, in revenge on the residents who supported his brother, Vladimir Prince Yuri, burned the city. Only in 1239 it became the capital of the Kostroma principality, which left the Vladimir-Suzdal Rus. In 1272, Prince Vasily proclaimed it the capital of North-Eastern Russia. At the same time, fortified monasteries were created around the city: Ipatievsky and Nikolo-Babaevsky. And since 1364, after the unification of the lands around Moscow, Kostroma has been included in the Moscow principality, and now its entire history is connected precisely with its development.
Since Kostroma was originally a wooden city, it was subject to frequent fires, and therefore in 1419 the city was moved to an elevated place, calling it the Kremlin. It was there that the famous Assumption Cathedral, the first stone structure, was built.
Hard times came to Kostroma in troubled times. The city was devastated by the Poles, but it was here, from the Ipatiev Monastery, that False Demetrius 2 was expelled, and in 1613, Mikhail Romanov was crowned in the monastery. Since then, the city has become the royal "cradle".
Already in the 17th century, the fortifications of the Kremlin were rebuilt, and trade and craft settlements and settlements were formed around it. And by the middle of the century, Kostroma turns into the third Russian handicraft city, second only to Moscow and Yaroslavl. Textile, icon painting, silver, soap production is developing very strongly. Blacksmith and pottery are developing.
Under Peter I, Kostroma becomes provincial town Moscow principality, and in 1744 the Kostroma diocese was formed. In 1767, Catherine II grants the city's coat of arms to Kostroma. The city is thriving.
But in 1773, a huge fire destroyed more than half of all buildings. After that, the Kremlin and the adjacent quarters had to be rebuilt. Also rebuilt again seating yard... Since 1778, Kostroma has been the center of the Kostroma governorship. And since 1781, by order of Catherine II, the city began to be built up according to a new plan. Shopping arcades and civilian buildings were built. And in 1796 the city became the center of the Kostroma province, one of the most significant in tsarist Russia.
During the revolution, the city suffered quite badly, as a result of which the Kremlin and part of the churches were destroyed. And in 1929 the Kostroma province was abolished, and the city itself became the regional center of the Yaroslavl region. The city is developing a textile and woodworking industry. In 1941, military schools and civilians, including those from besieged Leningrad, were evacuated to Kostroma. The Kostroma region was formed already in 1944, with significant changes: the most major centers of the former Kostroma province remain in the Ivanovo region, and the north-eastern lands of the Vologda region recede to the city.
Last changes: 12.05.2014Kostroma climate
Despite the fact that the city is not so far from Moscow, the temperature there is several degrees lower. In general, it is characterized by the usual weather inherent in the central regions: cold snowy winters and cool, often rainy summers. There are exceptions.
Last changes: 12.05.2014Attractions of Kostroma
As already mentioned, Kostroma is part of the Golden Ring of Russia. Moreover, it is of interest precisely from a historical point of view. This is, first of all, the central ensemble of the 17th - 19th centuries: round Susaninskaya square , by the local name "frying pan", from which the streets diverge in radii. It turns out according to the principle of the sun with rays. One of the most important buildings of the city is located on the square itself, its symbol is Fire Tower.
At one time it was the tallest building in the city, from which all the fires were visible. Now there is a museum that tells the history and work of the building, as well as a functioning fire station. To the right of the Fire Tower is located building of the former guardhouse, and then in a circle Borshchev's house and - office building.
Panorama of Susaninskaya Square (click on the photo to enlarge it):
Opposite the square, across Sovetskaya Street, you can see the architectural ensemble of shopping malls... They begin with large rows of flour that form a circle. From the outside, it is a vaulted structure. Each arch once housed a merchant's shop, and now there are various shops. Inside the flour rows there is Central market Kostroma.
Between Flour and Red rows there is a small square with the famous monument to Ivan Susanin. From it down to the Volga, the once main street stretches: Molochnaya Gora. It was the central entrance to the city for visitors from Moscow. Along it, behind the Red Rows, there are fish rows.
The red rows are built in the same way as the Flour ones. Inside them there are Small rows, which end with the Church of the Savior attached to them in the Red rows. They ate to move along Sovetskaya Street from the center, then they follow the Red Rows. Tobacco rows, and even further - Oil rows... In all the rows there are now boutiques and retail outlets, so we can say that nothing has changed since their foundation.
Others interesting place is an embankment... It originates from the famous Ostrovsky gazebos, and extends over several blocks. Walking along it, you can see how various boats, both pleasure and tourist, dock on the Volga. The gazebo is located on a high rampart - the remains of the previous structures.
Famous for its luxurious halls in the style of Petersburg palaces: large white and small gold. Now it also houses a small museum and hosts various cultural events. Both of these buildings are part of
And of course the nail tourist program – Ipatiev Monastery... It is located on the arrow of the Volga and the river. Kostroma. Inside it is interesting to see the grand Trinity Cathedral and the Museum of the House of Romanovs. Behind the Ipatiev Monastery there is a museum of wooden architecture.
How to get to Kostroma
The city has a very developed intercity bus service: by bus you can get from Ivanovo, Vladimir, Nizhny - Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Vologda, Moscow. At the same time, both regular buses and route taxis... If you want to go by train, then only from Moscow: 148 Moscow - Kostroma, or 100 Moscow - Vladivostok. Electric trains run from Yaroslavl.
Last changes: 12.05.2014Address: Russia, Kostroma
Start of construction: 1781 year
Completion of construction: 1784 year
Coordinates: 57 ° 46′4.4 ″ N 40 ° 55′37.5 ″ E
Architect: Karl von Claire
The central square of the city is interesting in that it has preserved an integral architectural ensemble, consisting of buildings built at the beginning of the 19th century. Borshchev's house, fire tower, guardhouse and public places perfectly fit into the spatial perspective and perfectly harmonize with each other. In addition, the main square of Kostroma is a favorite place for walking city residents and tourists who come here.
View of Susaninskaya Square from Sverdlova Street
How Susaninskaya Square was created
The history of the square, named after the Kostroma peasant, is more than 230 years old. It began to be built after the adoption of the general urban planning plan in the city - in the 80s of the 18th century. It was during the reign of Empress Catherine II, and it is not surprising that the new Kostroma Square was immediately named Catherine Square.
According to the original plan, the area was supposed to be made semicircular, but later it acquired the shape of a polyhedron. In 1823 the square was covered with cobblestones. And in 1835, by the decision of Emperor Nicholas I, it was renamed into Susaninskaya. Today this part of the city consists of a large public garden located in front of Gostiny Dvor, and the square itself, from which the streets radiate out like rays throughout the city.
Fire Tower
City architect Pyotr Ivanovich Fursov became the author of the tallest building central square Kostroma is a fire tower. Today she is rightfully considered one of the business cards cities.
Fire tower on Susaninskaya square
The tower was built in the style of mature classicism in the late 1820s. According to the plan of the then governor K.I. Baumgarten high building the city needed both to decorate the main square and to notify residents in the event of a fire. The two-story base of the watchtower turned out to be so spacious that all the necessary divisions of the city fire service were freely located in it.
At the top of the tower, as if "growing" from the main building, a beautiful lantern with a balcony was erected. When, in the mid-1830s, Emperor Nicholas I, who was passing through Kostroma, publicly expressed his admiration for the towers, they began to consider it the best in the Russian province. Almost all the time the building of the fire tower was used for its intended purpose. And only recently it was handed over to the city museum, and there are expositions that tell about the history of firefighting in Russia.
Guardhouse on Susaninskaya Square
Guardhouse
On the right side of the watchtower there is an unusual building, which in previous years housed a guardhouse. It was erected in the mid-1820s to replace a dilapidated wooden structure. Kostroma Architect P.I. Fursov, a recognized master of the Empire style, created the building extremely magnificent for the places of detention of the guilty. True, it was not ordinary soldiers who served their sentences here, but only noble officers. Therefore, the deliberate solemnity of the facades of the "military prison" turned out to be quite appropriate.
Today, the guardhouse building is given to the city museum, and military-historical collections are exhibited in its halls. Here you can see rare exhibits from the 12th century to the present day: ancient weapons, ammunition, maps of military campaigns and personal belongings of soldiers.
Borshchov's mansion
Perhaps the most representative building overlooking Susaninskaya Square is a large classical mansion, which is more like a palace in its dimensions. It is called the house of Borshchev.
Borshchov's mansion on Susaninskaya square
The exact date of the construction of the mansion has not been preserved. Some historians say that it was erected in 1824, others claim that it happened 6 years later. The architect who prepared the project of the building is also unknown. It could have been N.I. Metlin, and P.I. Fursov.
The owner of the mansion was the famous Kostroma, Senator and Lieutenant General Sergei Semenovich Borshchov. He came from a noble family of nobles who served at the royal court for several centuries. In 1817, Borshchov resigned and decided to build a stone house for himself instead of the old mansion. Construction began in 1819 with the first wing. And then they built the whole large building as a whole.
The facade of the central part of the magnificent mansion is decorated with eight austere columns and a portico. And its side parts have two floors. Among the famous guests, Tsar Nicholas I and the future Emperor Alexander II visited the house. Poets also came here - Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky and Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov.
Public places on Susaninskaya Square
Official places
For a long time, the city did not have a separate place to house the provincial authorities. Due to frequent fires, the administrative services found shelter either within the walls of the Epiphany Monastery or in the Trading Rows. And, finally, at the beginning of the 19th century in the center of Kostroma, a special building of Public Places was built, the design of which was carried out by the provincial architect Nikolai Ivanovich Metlin.
The facade of the house, built in the style of classicism, is decorated with four columns and a strict Ionic order. And the portico on which they stand is so high that arched openings were made under it especially for pedestrians. Initially, a wide white-stone staircase led to the square from the building. But during the reconstruction, which was carried out in the 1830s, this staircase was removed. Today, the offices continue to be used for their intended purpose - they are occupied by the services of the city mayor's office.
Monument to Ivan Susanin on Susaninskaya Square
Monument to Ivan Susanin
The very first monument to the savior of the Russian Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was erected in the city by order of the Russian Tsar Nicholas I. In 1851 it was created by the talented sculptor Vasily Ivanovich Demut-Malinovsky. The majestic monument, located on a high column, depicted the young king. And at the foot of the monument, a peasant was kneeling, who did not spare his life for the sovereign. At the very beginning of the 20th century, the Kostroma authorities laid out a beautiful park in front of this monument.
In 1918, the young Soviet state approved its own ideology and adopted a decree on the demolition of monuments associated with the tsar and his servants. This document became the basis for the decision of the Kostroma authorities, and old monument dismantled.
The monument that can be seen on the square today was erected in 1967. The 12 m tall figure of Susanin, facing the Volga, was made by the Moscow monumental sculptor Nikita Antonovich Lavinsky.
Zero Meridian at Susaninskaya Square
How to get there
The area is located in historic center city, on the left bank of the Volga.
By car. The road from the capital to Kostroma takes 4.5-5 hours (346 km) and runs along the Yaroslavl highway and the M8 highway (Kholmogory). In Kostroma, cross the road bridge to the left bank of the Volga and turn left to st. Soviet, along which you can get to the square.
By train or bus. From the Yaroslavsky railway station to
Address: Susaninskaya square
Before the fire of 1773, in the place where the Susaninskaya Square is now located, it carried its waters Sula river... To the left of it stood a wooden fortress, and to the right lay the gardens of the manufacturer Volkov and the landowners' lands of the Borshchovs. After the fire, the fortress was not restored, Sulu was filled up, the earthen ramparts were leveled, and the central square of the city was organized in the resulting space - Ekaterininskaya.
I admired the beauty of this square A.N. Ostrovsky, a B.M.Kustodiev used her image in his sketches based on the plays of the playwright.
Some of the main attractions of Susaninskaya Square are Fire Tower and Guardhouse building(architect P.I.Fursov). In addition to them, there are other buildings interesting from a historical and architectural point of view on the square.
Fire Tower
Fire tower (1825) is a kind of talisman city, because more than once saved him from numerous fires. Fire watchtowers were erected in many cities of Russia, but so that they also decorate the city like that! This is a real antique temple with a ceremonial portico of slender columns.
And how light and delicate watch tower with a viewing gazebo supported by decorative brackets. The architect achieved such a decoration and found such an organic proportionality of its parts - that the tower became the main dominant and the main decoration Total architectural complex squares, rushing up to 35 meters... Even Emperor Nicholas I was worried that he did not have such a beautiful tower. Now the Fire Tower is protected by the state.
Guardhouse building
In the same vein with the fire tower and opposite it is the building of the former guardhouse (House of the City Police). This building with columns and windows in wide frames-platbands, the walls of which are decorated with sculptural reliefs depicting military armor, lion masks and human figures. in the empire style in 1823-26 years on the site of an outdated wooden guardhouse. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the building was used for its intended purpose - to contain arrested servicemen and as a duty room for military guards.
Borshchov House
Among the public buildings of the central square of the city there is a building that belonged to a private person - this is the Borshchov House. Lieutenant general Patriotic War 1812, Senator Sergei Semenovich Borshchov had such connections and such money that he was able to build himself a house in the most central part of the city. The largest manor is an architectural monument of the late classicism 20s of the 19th century(architect N.I. Metlin).
The palace mansion overlooks the square with its main facade. The eight-column portico, set on a pedestal with arched openings, gives the building a ceremonial significance. I wonder what stayed in this house in 1834 Nicholas the First, with his son Alexander II and poet V. A. Zhukovsky - the tutor of the heir. Now this magnificent building houses the court.
Building of Public Places
By the same architect N. I. Metlin and also in the style of late classicism in 1806-1809 the Building of the Public Places was built. It overlooks Susaninskaya Square with its side. The main entrance is decorated with an original portico - four paired columns support a pediment with a wide arched recess. At the base of the columns, the pedestals have aisles, which makes the movement of pedestrians convenient. Now this building houses the city mayor's office.
House of Rogatkin and Botnikov
The house of Rogatkin and Botnikov is a brick three-story building with an L-shaped composition, built at the beginning of the 19th century by the merchant I.P. Rogatkin as inn, also harmoniously merges into the architectural ensemble of Susanin Square. Here, during their stay in Kostroma, A.N. Ostrovsky and N.A. Nekrasov.
Romanov Museum
At the beginning of Pavlovskaya Street (now Prospect Mira, 5), your attention will be attracted by the building of the Romanov Museum, made in neo-Russian style at the beginning of the 20th century (architect N.I. Gorlitsyn).
This Old Russian tower with elements of architecture of the 17th century, it was immediately planned as a museum building. Its interior design fully corresponds to this: spacious halls, a wide front staircase, a spacious lobby.
A number of sculptures and paintings were donated to the new museum from the Hermitage and the Academy of Arts, and the main content of the museum's expositions was the Kostroma Museum of Antiquities, which was the first museum institution in the region. The opening of the museum took place in the presence of Nicholas II and his family in 1913.
Assembly of the nobility
The building of the former Noble Assembly is located nearby (Prospect Mira 7). In the late 30s of the 19th century, the Kostroma noble society bought this house from a ruined merchant family and rebuilt it to fit their needs.
This building is especially beautiful inside. Its entire southern wing is "White Hall", decorated with columns of the Corinthian order in two tiers. On the other side is Small hall, with red walls covered with silk damask. Magnificent ceiling with coffers in gilded rosettes, pilasters and columns in white artificial marble.
You can climb there along the cast-iron steps of the openwork front staircase, holding onto the railing decorated with gilded bronze.
Yekaterinoslavskaya square,
Revolution square
Susaninskaya square- the central square of the city of Kostroma. Arose according to the regular plan of Kostroma 1781-1784. The development of the square is an integral, exemplary of its kind, architectural ensemble of the late 18th-19th centuries.
History
The area originated under the name Ekaterinoslavskaya according to the regular plan of Kostroma 1781-1784 Before the fire of 1773, since 1619, the territory of the New City of the Kostroma Kremlin was located in its place, and before its construction - the urban settlement. The construction of the area was carried out at the end of the year. XVIII - 1st Thursday XIX century. Initially, the configuration of this area was conceived as a semicircular one, but when implemented, it received a "faceted" shape.
In 1823 the square was paved, and in 1835 by the decree of Nicholas I it was renamed from Ekaterinoslavskaya to Susaninskaya.
In 1918, the destruction of the Susanin monument began, at the same time it was renamed into Revolution square... In 1924, the Alexander Chapel was demolished, and on a part of the square between the Red and Bolshoy Flour Rows, a sports ground was set up, and then a public garden. In 1967, a new monument to Ivan Susanin was erected in the park on the site of the chapel (sculptor N. A. Lavinsky).
The historical name was returned to the square in 1992. In 2008-2009. a large-scale reconstruction of the square was carried out: trees in the center of the square were cut down, lawns were laid, pedestrian paths were laid, elements of small architecture were laid. At the location historical monument A temporary memorial sign was put up to Ivan Susanin.
Currently, the area is used for organizing city festivals. In 2009 and 2010. the operas Boris Godunov and Khovanshchina (a joint project of the New Opera and the Regional Philharmonic Society) were staged on the square. 
Buildings and constructions
Kostroma main square.JPG
View of Susaninskaya Square before reconstruction (2005)
Hauptwachta-kostroma.jpg
The building of the former guardhouse
Kostroma Downtown.jpg
House of General S. S. Borshchov
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Monument to Ivan Susanin (1967)
Transport
The radial-semi-circular layout of the historical part of Kostroma has led to the fact that a significant part of traffic flows in the center crosses Susaninskaya Square. The movement of transport on the square is organized by two streams: Sovetskaya Street - Tekstilshchikov Avenue and Simanovsky Street - Lenin Street - Mira Avenue - Shagova Street - Sverdlov Street. There are stops in the square public transport: bus, trolleybus and fixed-route taxis.
- In honor of Catherine II, the square was named Yekaterinoslavskaya. The main axis of the city planning, which runs perpendicular to the Volga embankment - Pavlovskaya Street - is named after the son, the future Emperor Paul I. Four more rayon streets were named in honor of the empress's grandchildren and granddaughters - Aleksandrovskaya, Konstantinovskaya, Mariinskaya and Yeleninskaya.
- The area in everyday life among Kostroma residents is called “ frying pan».
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Links
- Bochkov V.N.
Literature
- E.V. Kudryashov The architectural ensemble of the center of Kostroma. - Kostroma, 1993 .-- 64 p .; ill.
Notes (edit)
Excerpt from Susaninskaya Square
- I think, however, that there is a basis in these condemnations ... - said Prince Andrey, trying to fight against the influence of Speransky, which he was beginning to feel. It was unpleasant for him to agree with him in everything: he wanted to contradict. Prince Andrey, who usually spoke lightly and well, now felt the difficulty of expressing himself when speaking with Speransky. He was too interested in observing the personality of a famous person.“There may be a basis for personal ambition,” Speransky put in his word quietly.
“Partly for the state,” said Prince Andrew.
"How do you understand? ..." said Speransky, quietly dropping his eyes.
“I am an admirer of Montesquieu,” said Prince Andrew. - And his thought that le rrincipe des monarchies est l "honneur, me parait incontestable. Certains droits еt privileges de la noblesse me paraissent etre des moyens de soutenir ce sentiment. [The basis of monarchies is honor, it seems to me unquestionable. Some rights and the privileges of the nobility seem to me to be the means to maintain this feeling.]
The smile disappeared on Speransky's white face, and his physiognomy benefited a lot from this. Probably Prince Andrew's thought struck him as entertaining.
- Si vous envisagez la question sous ce point de vue, [If you look at the subject like that,] - he began, pronouncing French with obvious difficulty and speaking even more slowly than Russian, but quite calmly. He said that honor, l "honneur, cannot be supported by advantages detrimental to the course of service, that honor, l" honneur, is either: the negative notion of not doing reprehensible acts, or a known source of competition for approval and rewards expressing it.
His arguments were succinct, simple and clear.
The institution that upholds this honor, the source of competition, is an institution like the Legion d "honneur [Order of the Legion of Honor] of the great emperor Napoleon, not harming, but promoting the success of service, not class or court advantage.
- I do not argue, but it cannot be denied that the court advantage has achieved the same goal, - said Prince Andrey: - every courtier considers himself obliged to bear his position with dignity.
“But you didn’t want to take advantage of it, prince,” said Speransky, showing with a smile that he, an awkward argument for his interlocutor, wishes to end it with courtesy. “If you do me the honor of welcoming me on Wednesday,” he added, “after talking with Magnitsky, I will tell you what may interest you, and besides, I will have the pleasure of having a more detailed conversation with you. - He closed his eyes, bowed, and a la francaise, [in the French manner,] without saying goodbye, trying to be unnoticed, left the hall.
During the first time of his stay in St. Petersburg, Prince Andrey felt his entire mentality, developed in his solitary life, completely obscured by those petty concerns that gripped him in St. Petersburg.
Returning home in the evening, he wrote down 4 or 5 necessary visits or rendez vous [dates] in a memorable book at the appointed hours. The mechanism of life, the order of the day such as to keep up with time everywhere, took away a large share of the very energy of life. He did not do anything, did not even think about anything and did not have time to think, but only spoke and successfully said what he had had time to think about in the village before.
He sometimes noticed with displeasure that it happened to him on the same day, in different societies, to repeat the same thing. But he was so busy for whole days that he did not have time to think about the fact that he was not thinking anything.
Speransky, both on his first meeting with him at Kochubei's, and then in the middle of the house, where Speransky, having received Bolkonsky, talked to him for a long time and trustingly, made a strong impression on Prince Andrey.
Prince Andrey considered such a huge number of people to be despicable and insignificant creatures, so he wanted to find in another a living ideal of the perfection to which he strove, that he easily believed that in Speranskoye he had found this ideal of a completely reasonable and virtuous person. If Speransky was from the same society that Prince Andrey was from, the same upbringing and moral habits, then Bolkonsky would soon have found his weak, human, non-heroic sides, but now this logical mindset, strange for him, inspired him all the more respect that he did not quite understand him. In addition, Speransky, whether because he appreciated the abilities of Prince Andrei, or because he found it necessary to acquire him for himself, Speransky flirted before Prince Andrei with his impartial, calm mind and flattered Prince Andrei with that subtle flattery, combined with arrogance, which consists in tacit recognition your interlocutor with you together the only person, able to understand all the stupidity of everyone else, and the rationality and depth of their thoughts.
During their long conversation in the middle of the evening, Speransky said more than once: "We look at everything that goes beyond the general level of an ingrained habit ..." or with a smile: "But we want the wolves to be fed and the sheep safe ..." or : "They cannot understand this ..." and everything with such an expression that said: "We: you and me, we understand what they are and who we are."
This first, long conversation with Speransky only intensified in Prince Andrei the feeling with which he first saw Speransky. He saw in him a reasonable, strictly thinking, enormous mind of a person who, with energy and perseverance, achieved power and used it only for the good of Russia. In the eyes of Prince Andrey, Speransky was precisely that person who rationally explains all the phenomena of life, recognizes as valid only what is reasonable, and who knows how to apply the standard of rationality to everything, which he himself so wanted to be. Everything seemed so simple, clear in Speransky's presentation that Prince Andrei involuntarily agreed with him in everything. If he objected and argued, it was only because he wanted to be independent on purpose and not completely obey Speransky's opinions. Everything was so, everything was fine, but one thing embarrassed Prince Andrei: it was Speransky's cold, mirrored gaze that did not let into his soul, and his white, gentle hand, which Prince Andrei involuntarily looked at, as people usually look at. with power. For some reason, the mirrored look and this gentle hand irritated Prince Andrew. Prince Andrey was unpleasantly struck by the still too great contempt for people, which he noticed in Speransky, and the variety of methods in the evidence that he cited in support of his opinions. He used all possible instruments of thought, excluding comparisons, and too boldly, as it seemed to Prince Andrew, passed from one to another. Either he stood on the soil of a practical figure and condemned dreamers, then on the soil of a satirist and ironically laughed at his opponents, then he became strictly logical, then suddenly he rose into the field of metaphysics. (He especially often used this last instrument of proof.) He transferred the question to metaphysical heights, passed on to the definitions of space, time, thought, and, bringing forth refutations from there, again descended to the ground of dispute.
In general, the main feature of Speransky's mind, which struck Prince Andrei, was an undoubted, unshakable faith in the strength and legitimacy of the mind. It was evident that Speransky could never have thought of that usual idea for Prince Andrei that it was impossible to express everything that you think, and there never came a doubt that all that I was thinking and all that was nonsense. what do I believe in? And this particular mentality of Speransky most of all attracted Prince Andrei.
The first time of his acquaintance with Speransky, Prince Andrei had a passionate sense of admiration for him, similar to that which he once experienced for Bonaparte. The fact that Speransky was the son of a priest, who could have been stupid people, as many did, went to despise as a couturier and priest, forced Prince Andrei to treat his feelings for Speransky with particular care, and unconsciously strengthen it in himself.
Kostroma is an ancient city in Central Russia (340 km from Moscow), included in the Golden Ring route. It is a large river port on the Volga. The population as of January 1, 2017 is 277,648 people. Tourists are ready to receive 25 museums, 3 theaters, 5 concert halls, 46 hotels, which can accommodate up to three thousand guests at a time. There are many options for types of recreation: active, educational, wellness and others. Kostroma attracts many by the fact that the architectural ensemble of the 19th century with a unique fan-shaped building of the historical part of the city has been preserved here. Currently, work is underway to restore the monuments of historical and cultural heritage, which means that options for routes along ancient city will only increase. For Kostroma, its history and traditions mean a lot, so, perhaps, tourists should learn more about the past of the city.
Fire tower is one of the main symbols of Kostroma
Date of foundation cities on the left bank of the Volga, near the confluence of the rivers Kostroma and Sula, 1152 is considered, and its founder - Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, although the settlements of the ancient Meryan tribes lived in these parts much earlier.
Monument to Prince Yuri Dolgoruky - the founder of the city
The name "Kostroma" is explained by historians in different ways. Perhaps the city is named after the Kostroma River, on the banks of which it stands. According to another version, the name may be associated with the character of peasant beliefs - Kostroma - a straw effigy that was burned with the arrival of spring. The most popular version refers us to the times when large “fires” of forests were laid on the banks of the Volga for winter, which were later floated down the river.
Holy Trinity Ipatievsky Monastery
The first chronicle mention of the existence of Kostroma as a significant city dates back to 1213, when there was a big fire here. In the first half of the XIV century. (1364) Kostroma is part of the Moscow principality, since then its history has been inseparable from the development and culture of the all-Russian state.
The first decade of the 17th century brought the hard times of the Time of Troubles to the Russian people. In 1609, the Kostroma militia played a significant role in the fight against the Polish intervention, expelling the supporters of False Dmitry II from the Ipatiev Monastery, hiding there. Kostromichi were brave members of the people's militia of Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky. In the fight against the Polish interventionists, a patriotic feat was performed by the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin, who led the Polish detachment into the impenetrable jungle and did not allow the enemies to find their way to Kostroma, where the future sovereign Mikhail Romanov was at that time.
Monument to the People's Hero - Ivan Susanin
On March 14, 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was called to the kingdom from the Ipatiev Monastery. Kostroma became the birthplace of the Romanov dynasty, which ruled in Russia for over 300 years.
Panorama of the Ipatiev Monastery
By the middle of the 17th century, Kostroma, in its own way economic development becomes the third city of Moscow Rus after Moscow and Yaroslavl. Kostroma merchants traded with the East and West. At the same time, a large shopping center appeared in Kostroma - meat, flour, salt, kalash, fur-coat shopping malls.
Red rows (late 18th - early 19th centuries) and the Church of the Savior in Ryady
Throughout the 18th century, Kostroma continued to develop as an industrial, commercial and political center of a vast region. In 1778 it became a provincial town. The first linen factory was built in Kostroma in 1751 by the merchant I. D. Uglechaninov, and already in the 1790s there were 5 cloth factories in the city. Kostroma came out on top in Russia for the production of linen fabrics. There were also 12 tanneries and 18 brick factories, 6 cloth factories, a bell-foundry, a tile and other factories. Kostroma has become a major trading pier on the Volga transit route. Kostroma products went to the markets of Yaroslavl, Vologda, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow and St. Petersburg.
The city flourished in the late 18th - early 19th centuries. In 1767, Empress Catherine II visited Kostroma, bestowing on her the coat of arms depicting the Tver galley, and also taking part in the adoption of the master plan for the city's development. And now in the historical part of Kostroma there is a unique fan building, when 8 main streets radiate from Susaninskaya square, which Kostroma residents often call a "frying pan".
Aerial view of Susaninskaya square
The beginning of the 20th century was marked in Russia by three revolutions, the events of the First World War and civil wars... They did not bypass the life of the Kostroma people either. During the revolutionary events of 1905, one of the country's first Soviet of Workers' Deputies was created in Kostroma. Political parties are active.
The beginning of the twentieth century. View of the left bank of the Volga with the Kostroma Kremlin (has not survived to this day)
On January 14, 1929, the Kostroma province was abolished by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR. She was originally part of the Ivanovskaya, and then Yaroslavl regions... But this did not mean the end of the city's history. Industrialization here proceeded at the highest rates, for example, in 1932 a railway bridge was opened, which greatly simplified the transit of goods across the country.
Railway bridge across the Volga
During the Great Patriotic War, thousands of Kostroma residents defended their homeland in the ranks of the Yaroslavl Communist Division and were awarded orders and medals for valiant exploits at the front and in the rear, 29 of them were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Since August 1944, the Kostroma region has been restored, and the city of Kostroma is its administrative center.
Memorial "Eternal Flame"
In the post-war years, new industries developed here - energy, machine building and metalworking, electronics and instrument making, wood processing industry. Traditional light industry remains developed and prosperous. New museums open - including, museum of wooden architecture(currently "Kostromskaya Sloboda").
In 1970, an auto-pedestrian bridge across the Volga was opened, connecting the two banks (and now the city is expanding on two banks).
Auto-pedestrian bridge across the Volga
In 2018, Kostroma will celebrate its 866th anniversary.
The city's attractions
The originality and uniqueness of Kostroma, which is part of the "Golden Ring of Russia", determines the unique preserved architectural appearance of the city, which includes numerous cultural monuments and historical sights. The Volga River, dividing the city into two parts, gives it a special beauty and attractiveness. The symbol of Kostroma and the Kostroma region, by right, is the Fire Tower (1826) - one of the most expressive architectural sights of the city. The fire tower and the nearby building of the former Guardhouse, which now houses the expositions of the Kostroma Museum-Reserve, have become a real decoration of the central Susaninskaya square of the city. The unique architectural ensemble of the central square is complemented by a majestic mansion - the house of General S. Borshchov (1822), the building of the Provincial Public Offices (1809), in which the city hall is located, and the Kostroma shopping arcade complex, which is one of the largest preserved shopping centers Russia at the end of the 18th century. There is a monument to Ivan Susanin next to the buildings of the shopping arcade, in the center of the city you can also see the monument to the founder of ancient Kostroma - Yuri Dolgoruky. Not far from the central square is the Epiphany-Anastasiin Convent (1426) with the five-domed Epiphany Cathedral (1565), within the walls of which the most revered shrine is kept - the icon of the Feodorovskaya Mother of God, for centuries considered the patroness of the city. One of the striking sights of Kostroma is a recognized masterpiece of architectural architecture, an outstanding monument of Russian architecture XVII v. - Church of the Resurrection on Debra (1652).
Church of the Resurrection of Christ on Debra (Resurrection Cathedral)
Opposite the central part of the city, across the Kostroma River, is the Ipatiev Monastery of the Holy Trinity (1330) - the oldest surviving church architectural ensembles Kostroma. The Ipatiev Monastery is known for the ancestral tomb of the Godunov boyars, the majestic Trinity Cathedral (1652), the chambers of the Romanov boyars and the famous Ipatiev Chronicle. Near the Ipatiev Monastery is the Museum of Wooden Architecture, where you can see the monuments of folk wooden architecture of the 16th-early 20th centuries, which made up an open-air museum.
One of the most famous and recognizable sights of Kostroma is Ostrovsky's pavilion, which offers a magnificent view of the Volga River.
Ostrovsky's gazebo
The attractiveness of the city is given by the preserved old merchant mansions and structures, such as the building of the Romanov Museum (1911), the Noble Assembly, the building of the Drama Theater (1863). Of the sights of Kostroma, it should also be noted: the Nativity Church (1663), the Transfiguration Church (1685), the Church of John Chrysostom (1791), the alley of recognition, on which there are memorial brass plates to outstanding people of Russia with the names of Tsar Mikhail Romanov, Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, Tsar Boris Godunov, Ivan Susanin and others. folklore ensemble "Venets", the professional level of performing skills of which allows inviting soloists - laureates of international competitions for cooperation; ensemble of music, song and dance "Volga-Volga"; creative teams of the State philharmonic Kostroma region. The city is the birthplace of the world famous State Dance Ensemble "Kostroma".
For entertainment events are used concert and exhibition center "Gubernsky", state philharmonic Kostroma region, concert hall MBU "Renaissance"... In the town 2 modern cinemas: Five Stars (6 halls) and Cinema Star (4 halls).
Since 1997, an off-road automobile competition starts annually on the Kostroma land "Susanin Trophy"... Autotourists not only from Russia but also from other countries take part in it. 
International Fireworks Festival "Silver Boat", traditionally held in Kostroma in August, was twice recognized as the best pyrotechnic show in Russia.
Investment attractiveness is possessed by brands"Fabulous Kostroma - the Homeland of the Snow Maiden", "Kostroma - the cradle of the Romanov dynasty" and "Kostroma - the Jewelry Capital of Russia".
