Crimea Greek colony. Greek colonization of the Northern Black Sea region. Greek cities-states under the influence of Pantikaty

History of Crimea March 20, 2014

All cities you see on this map were founded by ancient Greeks during the VI century BC. (With the exception of Kalos Limin, who was at the extreme west of the peninsula).

In the first half of the century, the Greeks-Ionians mastered the eastern coast of Tauridics, and the colonization of the western and south-western parts of the peninsula began closer to its end.

Unwittingly ask for a question: why did the Greeks do it? Why are they huge masses moved from the cozy and long-mastered Eldlag? The process of the settlement of the Greeks on the shores of the Mediterranean, Black and Azov Sela Received the name "Great Greek Colonization".

And indeed, without the word "the Great" can not do here. Almost 200 years of Ellina stubbornly mastered new spaces, founding hundreds of cities during this time. They were not afraid of any dangerous marine transitions, nor shacks with the local population, nor the separation from the usual cultural and linguistic environment.

Colonization was very difficult, but the Greeks had no other way out! Greece, though a picturesque country, but for life it is little adapted: arable land there is very few, cultivating the bread is incredibly difficult, and there are nowhere to expand: a circle - mountain wheels and the sea.

Therefore, when to the VIII century BC. The population of Greece has reached the limit number, the question arose - how to avoid overpopulation and inevitable at the same time. The output was found in the organized separation of part of the citizens to new, undeveloped land.

Moreover, the benefits of what happened to be able to extract all Greeks: and those that were left, and those who remained to cultivate scanties and develop crafts in their homeland. Going in search of new lands, Hellena tried to choose places where it was possible to produce agriculture. First of all, to grow bread.

In the newly founded cities of the Greeks reproduced the usual model state Device, there were traditional crafts, tied a trade exchange with the local population and with their abandoned homeland - the metropolis. Communication with the metropolis - and not only trade, but also spiritual, the descendants of the colonists retained the centuries later.

Greek people in those days were not uniform: it consisted of several tribes, distinguished themselves and by adverch, and in character. The most numerous and active were ionians and dorians.

Ionians They lived, mainly on the shores of the Aegean Sea, and early absorbed wisdom Of the Eastlying next door. They gave the world of famous scientists: Hippocrat, Falez, Euclidea and many others.

The largest Ionian city was Millet lying on eastern Bank Ellala (now his ruins are in Turkey). It was Mileyan who began to master eastern coast Tauridics. Panticapey, Feodosia, Tyritaka are their colonies.

Ionians sought to be introduced into new lands peacefully, to establish trading relations with the local population. And, if the aboriginal ordinal, then gradually. Their weapon in the conquest of new spaces was often not a sword, but a debt deck, not a warship, but a merchant vessel.

The ionians were merry and cheerful people. They saw the world with light and beautiful and, therefore, there were especially many poets, artists and outstanding architects among them. The favorite God of Ionians was the patron of Muses, radiant Apollo.

Dorians They differed from the Ionians very much. Suffice it to say that the most powerful state of Doriytsev was Sparta - the city, where the cult of military discipline, coarse force, pressure and subordination reigned. The cruel orders of Spartans did not even approve of the Dorians themselves, but something nevertheless adopted.

Particularly honored by God, the Dorians are severe Rubezzz Zeus, and they revealed the militant herakla as their ancestor. "Nature is not a temple, but a workshop," Dorien would have subscribed eagerly under these words.

Dorians did not so much admired the world around them, as they adapt him to their own needs, showing the wonders of will, excerpt and strength.

So, Chersonese Tauride founded Dorians - the people are decisive, disciplined and severe. Unlike Ionians, they are not just mastered by new lands. They won them.

In no case can you make an order of a diploma through acquaintances, buying ready-made "papers" in underground transitions Or unverified organizations - just buying a diploma, officially executed on all modern standards, one can count on its payback.
To buy a diploma in Kiev is not difficult, this business has strengthened well in our country, but not every sentence should believe. Only companies with tremendous experience can provide truly qualitative documents that will even be included in the registry!

Our site presents samples that meet all modern standards: diplomas are printed on official form, with applying all the necessary watermarks and holographic images. To order a diploma in Kiev or any other city of Ukraine, it is enough just to leave an application - the specialists themselves will contact you to clarify all the details.

Thus, it can now buy a real diploma of higher education now, regardless of the necessary educational institution and the objectives of obtaining a document. We understand that there are different situations, sometimes a diploma is needed just to "show parents" or get into a small company where serious checks will not be conducted - in this case, you will be suitable for a document printed on a typographical copy that will cost cheaper and Externally, nothing differs from the original.

How much does it cost to buy a diploma in Ukraine

Our customers ordered absolutely any documents about education - from a school certificate to a diploma of the USSR sample and a scientific degree. It is enough just to choose an educational institution, specialty and year of release, and everything else we take on yourself!
The cost of ordering a diploma of the institute depends on whether you want it to be printed on a state form, or you have a fairly typographical copy. You must also decide whether you need to make your diploma to the database (in this case it will be checked even the state. Organs). In any case, our prices will pleasantly surprise you - bachelor's degree even one of the most prestigious universities costs from 10,000 UAH.!

If you need a degree of a candidate or doctor of science, and you want to buy a diploma in Kiev - the cost of such a document is 12-27 thousand UAH. It is quite inexpensive, if compared with the traditional treatment of a scientific degree: only so that you are allowed to protect the thesis (which you still need to write), you will have to pass special exams and publish a huge number of scientific articles, including international collections (the cost of each It comes to 20,000 UAH.).

There are situations when you need to buy a legal degree of sample of the USSR - our team easily copes with this task, and for you this acquisition will cost only 6000 UAH.!

We are selling diplomas for foreigners, documents of Russian educational institutions, we make high-quality documents of graduates of any technical schools and schools - just look at our prices and make sure it is a truly advantageous offer!

Our guarantees

We can offer diplomas made to the State Register - this is the main guarantee of the quality of the document. Conducting a common base means that you buy the original diploma, which is not scared by any authenticity checks. Even if you want to go to the government in government agencies, where the documents of each candidate are subjected to serious checks, no one will doubt the authenticity of your diploma.

Want to get a quality document, not overpaying for entering into the database? You can not worry! A team of professional calligraphers, who create documents, are working on every diploma, which are not different from those that receive graduates of universities, up to signatures and genuine seals. We advise you to buy a diploma of Ukraine, printed on a state form, which has all the necessary holographic symbols and watermarks, and hereby read our guarantees here.

Dates of the manufacture and delivery of diplomas

We know how, sometimes, a document is needed right now, so they are ready to fulfill work as soon as possible. Even if the interview date is already appointed, you can buy a diploma in Kiev, while getting a ready-made document during a couple of days - we approach individually to each client and its situation.
Payment method Also you can choose any - from a bank card to cash with a courier. Cooperating with us, each client has the opportunity to buy a diploma without prepayment and be sure that the document will be transferred to you on time and meet all the requirements.

No matter what city or even the country you live - just contact us and we will pick up for you the most convenient way Delivery and payment.
Is it possible to buy a diploma of higher education? Need to! With such a document, you can change your life, get a prestigious position and even work in different countries! All in your hands on the site

The first civilized people settled on the Crimean lands were the ancient Greeks, or Hellen. This people contributed to the development of all human civilization, which is impossible to overestimate. Huge influence of the ancient Greeks and the development of our peninsula.

The main reason for the resettlement of this people in the territory of the Northern Black Sea region was the search for low-income citizens for normal life. The metropolis was overpopulated, products and lands to all free citizens were not enough, which caused such a phenomenon as a mass colonization. This movement belongs to 7-6 centuries BC - the era of archaic in history Ancient Greece. The first two waves of colonization touched the lands near Greece. The colonialists of the third wave were overpowered by Pont Evksinsky (the ancient Greek name of the Black Sea, translated - the "hospitable sea") and found fertile land, the abundance of animals, birds, fish. Being Moreleholds, the Greeks-migrants estimated local harbor and bays.

The first migrants who managed to create their colonies on the territory of the Crimea were the Greeks-Ionians and Greeks-Doriians. It is after a while, by combining other colonies around themselves, created two states - Bosporus Kimmerian and Chersonese Tauride.

The first city, which was founded by Hellen in the Crimea, was a panticapy - the current Kerch. The appearance of this city is referred to by the turn of 7-6 centuries to our era. A little later, in the 6th century BC, Feodosia is being built, on the Crimean coast Kerch Strait. Agrarian towns of Tiritaka, Perfumes, Porphmia, Mirmekiy appear. The main inhabitants of these Hellenistic settlements were residents western coast Malaya Asia (mainly from the Ionian city of Mileta) and the cities of the Aegean Sea.

Very quickly, the colonists establish their economic life: agriculture, cattle breeding, fisheries and hunting are developing; Various crafts are born - construction, jewelry, metalworking, weaving, ceramic; The appearance of surplus products and goods allows you to link trading with the metropolis and a natural exchange with neighboring tribes. Already in the middle of the 6th century before our era, his coin is minted in Pantixapey, a little later - in other cities.

Gradually, the colony, increasing the territorial and in terms of the number of residents, becomes cities and turn into small states polisha. Their centers in the east of Crimea became Panticapey, Feodosia and Nymphi.

The threat of an attack on the side of the barbaric tribes, the economic interests caused the association of most ceremonies of the Kerch Strait. A new state that arose as a result of such an association was called the Bosporus Kimmerisk. The first mention of this state belongs to the Greek historian Diodorus Sicilian, who called his birth time - about 480 BC. The state is not only expanding, but also becomes ethnically heterogeneous: In addition to the Greeks, it is inhabited by Scythians, brands, and on the other side of the Kerch Strait - Sinda and Mot.

All that the Greeks reached on their historic homeland, finds widespread use in the Crimea. Urban planning, architecture, painting, philosophy, education, lawmaking, medicine, literature, theater, sport, high level of agricultural development and crafts - All this finds fertile soil in the Crimean Earth for use and distribution. Most likely, the Kimmerian Bospore was also a settlement located on the site of the current Old Crimea. Numerous archaeological finds Hellenistic origin, Panticapey coins confirm this assumption.

At the end of the IV century, after our era, after the invasion of the Huns, Bosporus was needed to recognize their supremacy, and in the 6th century the heiress of the fallen Roman Empire - Byzantium - subjugated these lands to himself.

In the southwestern part of Crimea there was another Hellenistic state - Chersonese Tauride. His center was Chersonese (now Sevastopol), which was founded in the second half of the V century BC. Colonists from Heraklei Pontic - Dorian City on southern coast Black Sea. The constant threat of an attack from the neighboring brands forced immigrants to quickly turn Chersonesos to the fortress city. The social and economic development of Chersonessents occurs according to the scenario, very similar to the development of their countrymen, who mastered the Crimean lands a little earlier, - on the borrowers. Dear time Chersonese was even under the Bosporus Protector. In 2-3 centuries of our era, Chersonese became the center of Roman military occupation in the Crimea. From the Gunnov, the city was not injured, as it was outside their conquering routes. At the end of the V century, Chersonese becomes part of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Greek cities-states of Crimea:
Construction history, location, public order

The formation of Greek cities-states in Crimea is the achievement of the Great Colonization of Ellinov, which took place on the lands of the peninsula between the VIII and VI centuries. BC e. It is sometimes believed that the process of mastering the Mediterranean coast and the Black Sea region is better to denote the term "resettlement". However, what made the Greeks leave their native places and go there, where had to start a life again?

First, during this period of history, a demographic explosion occurred in Greece. Overpopulation of ELLA gave rise to the beginning of migration processes. Secondly, the Greeks catastrophically lacked the land of economic appointment. In addition, migrating processes were associated with trade expansion, product search and sources of raw materials, deficit or, in general, not existing in Greece.

All this complements military, social and ethnic reasons. Ellinas threatened the Lydians and Persians, and between the Greeks there were significant disagreements generated by belonging to different layers of the population and interethnic friction.

Ellinam's rampant under the warm sun first did not like the relatively cold local climate, and the inhabitants of Crimea were fear. The Black Sea they called the phrase "Pont Aksinsky", which means the "non-microgenic sea". However, soon they changed their point of view and the prefix "A" was transformed into EV. So the Greek toponym appeared Pont Evksinsky ("Hospitable Sea"), and the history of Crimea began to acquire another character.

Greek cities-states Crimea was erected by a mile. Less often - immigrants from Herakley Pontica. However, scientists managed to find in the peninsula traces of habitat of the Greeks arriving from Kolofon, Ephesus and Teosa. Greek-immigrants were formed: the southeast of Crimea, the coast of the Kerch Strait and the territory of the Taman Peninsula.

Greek cities-states and settlements in the Northern Black Sea region:

The political structure of the Crimean ancient settlements was similar to that in Mainland Hellad. The Greek cities-states of Crimea were preferably slave-owned republics with democratic lifestyles. The polis model allowed organically to coexist the city and his choir, made such settlements with independent and viable units.

The Greek cities-states of Crimea had three branches traditional for our days, they could solve all internal problems and independently choose state bodies. The legislative power was represented by the People's Assembly, executive - by the Board and Magistrates. Adult men were allowed to solve the problems of state importance. Slaves, foreigners and female individuals did not have. The courts in the Greek colonies of the Crimea were highly specialized.

First greek city Grew up in the east of Crimea, his name is Panticapey.


Kerch. Ruins Pantikapey - the first Greek city-state on the territory of Crimea	In the center of the picture K.F. Bogaevsky "Feodosia" (1930) - a quarantine hill - an estimated place of the foundation of the Greek city-state, whose traces are now hidden by layers of follow-up civilizations. On a quarantine hill, the Genoese Fortress of the cafe is depicted.

Over time, there are some more large on the peninsula. settlements: Chersones, Kerkinitida, Koslos Limam, Nymfe, Feodosia.


Greek city-state Chersonesos: Residential Quarter ruins (Gagarinsky district of Sevastopol)	Ruins of the Greek City-state Koslos Limen (North-West Coast of Crimea)

The most important Greek state association of the Crimean Peninsula of Ancient Times - the Bosporus Kingdom - appeared as a result of constant confrontation with local barbarians, it will be described separately.

Greek-cities-states in the Crimean Peninsula can be divided into two parts - those who have fallen into some historical moment under the influence of Chersonesos and in the sphere of the interests of Pantoaty. The second, starting as independent cities-states, united into an alliance, more precisely, they had a need for this - it was necessary to resist local tribes and develop trade with the metropolis. Later, these policies were included in the Bosporian kingdom of the Dynasty of Spartokidov. What kind of cities are it?

Greek cities-states under the influence of Pantikaty

If the capital was founded in the VII century to our era, then a little south of the nymphy - at the beginning of the VI. It was one of the largest and most significant Greek cities-states.

Founded by martes, soon he fell under the influence of Athens and, accordingly, entered the Delos Symphony, which in the fight against Sparta eventually suffered defeat. Nymfe was postponed from Athens and handed over to the fate of Spartokydam and the Bosporian kingdom. More than once the city was destroyed (especially catastrophically - goths), more than once the artifacts were afraid already in our time, so there were not so many archaeologists. But the fact that remains, allows to judge the greatness of the city and its architectural splendor.

Slightly north of Nymphi, in the same period as the last, was founded by mite another Polis - Tyritaka. This Greek state-state had an industrial-economic orientation, which confirm the excavations. Walls was observed only in the III century of our era. Repeatedly destroyed both the enemy and earthquakes. When Byzantine, the Board of Justinian I, the Basilica was established in Tyritak, the ruins of which were investigated during the archaeological expedition.

Among all Greek cities-states of the Crimea, the most attractive is an acre, all because this policy almost completely went under water as a result of transgression, raising the water level of the Black Sea. This city was not as big as Panticapey, his main structure was a port. As a result of underwater archaeological expeditions, walls, towers, bases of buildings were found, many small items and a rich coin collection.

From the West, the ports of the Greek cities-states were constantly subjected to a raise of nomads, especially after the fall in the Pontic Kingdom. To protect policies from these raids from depth Kerch Peninsula The city of Ilurat was built in the first century of our era. Active excavations were carried out after the war, massive walls were discovered, which were repeatedly rebuilt. Underground moves, wells, towers - Ilurat was built using all modern fortifications at the time. However, the fortress existed for long, already at the end of the third century, our era defenders left her.

The history of the Crimea of \u200b\u200bAntiquity Times is a constant search for comrades and regular struggle for survival. Who were afraid of the Crimean Greeks? Relationships with brands that inhabited by the peninsula were changed. Initially, the Crimean Aborigines were perceived by Hellans, only as a pirate people who could kill a stranger to bring him sacrificing. In places in the settlement of Tavrov, almost no items manufactured by the Greeks were practically found. This means that trade relations between nations did not exist.

IN antique polisters Samples of stupid ceramics with black walls were found, which suggests the presence of marriage relations between young representatives of the Tavrian tribes and sons of the colonists. The Panticada also found the gravestone V c. BC e., located above the grave of the distinguished brand. So, the brand men sometimes lived in the Greek cities of Crimea. Scientists believe that, as a rule, they had the status of slaves, but there were still exceptions.

With Scythians's neighbors, Greek migrants tried to live peacefully, brought rich gifts to the kings of the barbarians, and they inferior their territories. At times between them, there were still short-term military confrontations and the murmured Greeks were built defense fortresses. One of these wars marked the end of the existence of the Scythian kingdom.

During the excavations of some Greek cities, surgical instruments made from bronze and bones were found. These artifacts suggest that in the Crimean ancient settlements of immigrants from Greece existed quite developed medicine.

High level cultural life In the Greek cities, the states of the Crimea testifies to the presence of the same theaters as those that existed on the historical homeland of Ellinov. In such structures, up to 3,000 people simultaneously could be located. Scientists have found and musical instruments used by the Greeks in the Crimea: Liru, Pipe, Flute, Kifaru.

People who inhabited Greek cities-states of Crimea professed politicalism, polytheism. They worshiped the pagan gods that personified the forces of nature. Very soon more attention began to be given to Apollon - defender of immigrants.

In Chersonese, Cult Artemis, the patroness of this policy, was honored. They were given victims in the form of fish, pets, agriculture products. The deities worshiped in the sanctuary, in the temples, at home altars. There often brought clay copies of victims. In the III century. n. e. Pitaghenism in Crimea began to be replaced by Christian teachings.

We will make several conclusions. Antique colonization of the Crimea began in the VIII-VII centuries. BC e. And the Greek cities-states have existed before the invasion of the Huns, which occurred in the IV century. n. e.

All settlements based on the immigrants from the Mileta, the Pontic, Colofon, Ephesus and Taos, were republics with three branches of power. Among them are allocated only one monarchy - the Bosporian kingdom. The first Greek city in the Crimea - Panticapey. He appeared in the VII century. BC e.

A nymph was built a century later. Then Tyritaka, Acre, Ilurat, Chinese, Kimmerik, Pormfius, Mirmekiy, Zenonov, Guersonese, Feodosiya rose. Soon all of them were under the influence of Panticaphey and became part of the Bosporus kingdom.

In the VI century BC e. Greeks built Chersonese Tavrichesky, who managed to conquer Kerkinitid and Koslos Limam. The Crimean Greeks got along with brands, Scythians, Sarmatians, who were also happily in the peninsula. With i c. BC e. The authorities of the Greek cities-states of the Crimea were forced to submit Rome. Chersonese existed longer than all the remaining Greek policies and became the stronghold of Byzantinism in the Crimea.

Inlight / olegman37

The main reason for the resettlement of this people in the territory of the Northern Black Sea region was the search for low-income citizens for normal life. The metropolis was overpopulated, products and lands to all free citizens were not enough, which caused such a phenomenon as a mass colonization. This movement refers to 7-6 centuries to our era - the archaic era in the history of ancient Greece. The first two waves of colonization touched the lands near Greece. The colonialists of the third wave were overpowered by Pont Evksinsky (the ancient Greek name of the Black Sea, translated - the "hospitable sea") and found fertile land, the abundance of animals, birds, fish. Being Moreleholds, the Greeks-migrants estimated local harbor and bays.

The first city, which was founded by Hellen in the Crimea, was a panticapy - the current Kerch. The appearance of this city is referred to by the turn of 7-6 centuries to our era. A little later, in the 6th century BC, the Feodosia is erected, on the Crimean coast of the Kerch Strait, the agrarian towns of Tiritak, perfumes, Porphmia, Mirmekiy appear. The main inhabitants of these Hellenistic settlements were residents of the West Coast of Malaya Asia (mainly from the Ionian city of Mileta) and the cities of the Aegean Sea.

All that the Greeks reached on their historic homeland, finds widespread use in the Crimea. Urban planning, architecture, painting, philosophy, education, lawmaking, medicine, literature, theater, sport, high level of agricultural development and crafts - All this finds fertile soil in the Crimean Earth for use and distribution. Most likely, the Kimmerian Bospore was also a settlement located on the site of the current Old Crimea. Numerous archaeological finds of Hellenistic origin, Panticapey coins confirm this assumption.

In the southwestern part of Crimea there was another Hellenistic state - Chersonese Tauride. His center was Chersonese (now Sevastopol), which was founded in the second half of the V century BC. Colonists from Herakley Pontic - Dorian city on the southern coast of the Black Sea. The constant threat of an attack from the neighboring brands forced immigrants to quickly turn Chersonesos to the fortress city. The social and economic development of Chersonessents occurs according to the scenario, very similar to the development of their countrymen, who mastered the Crimean lands a little earlier, - on the borrowers. Dear time Chersonese was even under the Bosporus Protector. In 2-3 centuries of our era, Chersonese became the center of Roman military occupation in the Crimea. From the Gunnov, the city was not injured, as it was outside their conquering routes. At the end of the V century, Chersonese becomes part of the Eastern Roman Empire.