The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) - the state at 607 islands in the largest ocean southeast of the Philippines, stretching north of the equator to 2,700 km. It occupies the central and eastern part of the Caroline Islands (the western part belongs to Palau), as well as Atoll Kapingamaranga.
Geography
Only 40 of the islands have significant sizes, others are small islets and coral atolls. Total 65 islands are populated. According to the islands area (702 km 2), the Federated States of Micronesia are one of the smallest states in the world.
FSM is represented by four states formed according to a single principle: each consists of one or more large islands of volcanic origin and includes numerous atolls (the exception is only the staff of Kosrae, whose territory does not include the atoll). Large islands (they are called "high" here in the coral reef ring. They are mountaineers, they cover forest thickets. Small islands are represented by atolls: ring-shaped coral islands with shallow lagoon.
The Equatorial climate prevails on FSM, and the temperature here is all year round about 30 ° C. In this part of the Pacific Ocean is the area of \u200b\u200bthe origin of Typhins: per year on FSM islands passes an average of 25 typhoons, sometimes catastrophic, with a destructive hurricane wind speed of 240 km / h.
Nature
Nature generously gave the islands of this part of Micronesia, unlike many neighboring tropical forests grow on fertile volcanic soil, part of the sushi are occupied by savanna, the coconut palm trees, pandanus, breadwinning and bananas are dominated by mangroves along the coast. Numerous rivers run from the slopes of the mountains, feeding with abundant rain rainfalls: on Poipei Island, for example, about 300 rainy days a year.
History
The ancestors of the current residents of the Federated States of Micronesia settled the islands of more than 4 thousand years ago. Before the appearance of Europeans, there was a special hierarchy with leaders and caste societies. Evidence of the existence of an ancient civilization is the "dead city" of Nan-Madol, built on monumental coral platforms, lined with basalt plates. On the platforms stood residential buildings and temples. This civilization has declined even before the appearance of Europeans who have found a society in which there were walking in the form of large stone disks with a hole in the center.
The Portuguese were the first representatives of the Old World, which stepped on the islands in the XVI century. Following them, Spaniards appeared here - in the XVII century. They declared the islands with their possessions, but did not receive actual control over the territories. In 1898, after defeat in the war with the United States, Spain sold German Islands.
During World War I, in 1914, the islands were occupied by Japan, engaged in the violent assimilation of the islanders, which affected their appearance, language and names. After the war, the territory of the future states remained under the control of Japan.
During World War II, there were bloody fights between American and Japanese troops on the islands. In 1945, the Japanese were expelled from Micronesia, the archipelago passed under the US control.
For a long time, the island was managed by the US military administration, until the independent Federated States of Micronesia were proclaimed in 1986.
The Federated States of Micronesia are an archipelago, consisting of low coral islands and higher volcanic, with highly central parts. Volcanic islands are surrounded by lagunis separated from the ocean by coral barrier reefs of dozens of small islands. In reefs there are passes through which the ocean vessels are suitable for major islands.
The population of the island republic is almost completely represented by the peoples of the Pacific Islands. A small proportion of the population is the descendants of those who were born from marriages between the Japanese and Micronesians during the occupation of the Islands of Japan. The Assymilation of the Islanders of the Japanese was held so designerously that many older people on the islands still speak Japanese.
The traditions and customs of the peoples of FSM are almost the same on all islands. Here, everything is also building houses of the local pillars without walls, the function of which is performed by double roofs to the ground, covered with palm leaves or mats. In addition, Micronesians retain the ancient technology for the manufacture of wooden boats without a single metal nail. The leaders play all the same important role in the life of the community, as in the old days. The villages have surrendered in the villages, and in some islands even the custom of wearing loose dressings and skirts of plant fibers remained.
Intensive contacts with the Western World in recent decades have changed the mentality of the young generation of FSM citizens who are no longer focused on traditional values, and they strive to join the achievements of Western civilization.
Despite the fact that the Federated States of Micronesia formally gained independence back in 1986, they retained the status of the "Free Association with the United States". Thus, the United States is obliged to ensure the defense of the state, and the economy of FSM largely depends on American economic assistance. The "Free Association" agreement with the United States allows citizens of the country to choose resistance within the United States than they actively use, leaving a country that is experiencing serious difficulties.
The main problems of the country remain a high level of unemployment, the reduction of fish catch and a high degree of dependence on American assistance. There is even no own monetary unit in the country, which the US dollar is currently replaced.
The economy of the Federated States of Micronesia, where there are no significant mineral resources, except phosphates, is based mainly on agriculture and fisheries. Europeans and Asians brought to the islands of citrus, maniacs, butat, various tropical fruit trees, chocolate tree, black pepper. Locals are clearing for plantations small sections of the forest. In addition to fishing, which caused substantial damage to the ichthyofaun islands, the population also deals with the collection of mollusks and crustaceans on the reef.
Recently, the role of tourism increases, and an increasing number of islanders are involved in the service sector (for example, in the manufacture of traditional souvenirs). The development of tourism is hampered by the remoteness of the islands, but the number of coming to see the beauty of the islands and the "dead city" of Nan-Mandol, which received the fame of the "Venice of the Pacific Ocean", is constantly growing.
general information
Location: North of the Pacific Ocean.Official name
Administrative composition: 4 states (Caraea Staff - Kosya Island; Poipei Islands - Islands of Ponai, Ant, Pakin, Ololuk, Mokype, Pinglap, Nukoro and Kapingamaranga's Atoll, Namollah, Namoluk, Laol, Pulap, Pulap, Kooop, Nama, Lozap, Mortlock, Chuch Island; Yap - Yap Islands, Maap, Rumung, Gagil-Tamil).
The origin of the islands: Volcanic, coral.
Administrative center: City of Palikir (Poipei Island) - 7000 people. (2009).
Languages: English (Official), Chupeza, Kosrae, Purseian, Yaphastan, Ulitansky, Nukoro, Kapingamaranga.
Ethnic composition: Chuch, Ponap, Kosyaa, Yap, PJ of the external islands, Asians, Polynesians.
Religions: Catholicism, Protestantism.
Currency unit: U.S. dollar.
The most important port: Column (Palikir, Poipei Island).
The most important airports: Pontai International Airports, Chuha (Chuch Island), Kosrae (Koszae Island), Yap (Yap Island).
Neighboring countries and territories: in the south-east -, in the south-west -, in the north - Guam and the Northern, in the East - Nauru and Marshall Islands, in the West - Palau and.
Numbers
Area: Islands - 702 km 2, state territory (including water management) - more than 2.6 million km 2.Number of islands: 607.
Population: 106 104 people. (2013).
Population density: 151.1 people / km 2.
Urban population: 23% (2010).
The highest point: Mount Dolomwar (791 m), according to other data - Mount Nana-Loud (Poipei Island, 798 m).
Climate and weather
Equatorial and subequatorial, trade-monsoon type.Two seasons: Dry (January - March) and wet (April - December).
Direction of the wind: From November to December - Northeastern Passats, the rest of the year - southwestern monsoons.
Mid annual temperature: + 26-33 ° С.
The average annual amount of precipitation: from 2250 mm to 3000-6000 mm (in the mountains on the island of Kusayan).
Relative humidity: 75%.
Frequent destructive Typhins (from June to December).
Economy
GDP: $ 310 million (2011), per capita - $ 3000 (2011).
Minerals: Phosphates.
Agriculture: Crop (citrus, maniacs, butat, various tropical fruit trees, chocolate wood, black pepper), animal husbandry (poultry farming, pig breeding).
Industry: Food (Fish Consumer).
Fishing (tuna).
Traditional crafts.
Field of services: tourist, trading.
sights
■ Pontai Island: "Dead City" Nan-Madol (XIII century), Japanese shore artillery guns of the Second World War (Skols Ridge), Save-Rock Rock (180 m).■ Krayae Island: The temple of the goddess Synylac, the ruins of the buildings of the XIV century, sunken Pirate ship Bully Hayes Wreck (1874), Japanese defensive tunnels in the Hill Lelu (the highest point of the island), the underwater cave Blue Hole ("Blue Hole", Cape Hirosh Point , Basalt dam between the Islands of Kosrae and Lele.
■ Island Chuchuk: Sunken ships and aircraft of the period of World War II, Mount Tonachau (229 m), cave Neoj.
■ Yap Island: Giant stone "coins", Tabolov (178m).
■ Atoll Slita: remains of sunken ships of the period of World War II.
Curious facts
■ Yap island was a major German naval port to the First World War, as well as an important node of the International Transcaan Cable Telegraph.■ In 1978, the Islands of Micronesia received the status of "freely associated territory associated with the USA", in 1979 the Constitution of FSM was adopted, but officially the Year of Independence is called the 1986, when the "guardian" of the United States was finally discontinued.
■ Federated States of Micronesia - UN member since 1991, as well as a number of regional organizations, such as the Pacific Forum.
■ Most inhabitants of Ponei island are monochromates (monochromasia - congenital full color blindness; a person suffering from monochromazia, distinguishes colors only by their brightness). The reasons for this phenomenon are not defined in this region.
■ Starting from the XVIII century. Micronesia Islands began to visit trade and scientific Russian courts. In 1828, the Russian navigator, geographer and admiral F.P. Lytka (1797-1882) opened the islands of Ponap (Poipei), Ant and Pakin and called them in honor of Admiral D.N. Senjanina is the Islands of Senjanin.
■ Under the terms of the Treaty on the "Free Association" of the United States allocated FSM from 1986 to 2001. 1.3 billion dollars. Then the amount of annual aid was reduced, but permanent multi-million dollars from the United States are promised until 2023.
■ Micronesia - generalizing the name of small islands in Oceania, in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, north of the Equator, only about 1,500 islands. The name "Micronesia" is literally translated from the ancient Greek as "Melkoostrovye".
There are many amazing countries in the world. I can often hear about some of them, and some of them rarely fall into the field of view of most people. Of course, it is necessary to constantly increase your level of knowledge, get acquainted with other states and cultures. This article will talk about such a wonderful country as the Federated States of Micronesia. Indeed, this state is not so often audible, which is why it is worth telling about it in detail. This country is unique in many ways, coming there, tourists are often amazed how much it is not similar to other corners of the world. Now it is worth moving to a detailed story about this state, its history, population, culture and many other interesting things.
A little about the country itself
So, first you need to consider basic information about this country. The Federated States of Micronesia is a state, it is located in the Caroline Islands, which, in turn, are near New Guinea. It can also be said that it is located in Oceania. Of course, it is believed that this is an independent state. This status has been for a long time, since 1986. However, despite this, the country actually depends on the US economic assistance. A special agreement was concluded between these two states, according to which America undertakes to support the financial system of the Federated States of Micronesia, as well as if necessary, to ensure their defense.
A few words should be said about the part of the world where Micronesia is located, that is, oceania. You can hear this word DONAL often, but it is not always clear that it means. Oceania is a very unusual region, which consists of a large number of different islands. He is in the Pacific Ocean. This territory plays an important geopolitical role, it is also often distinguished as a separate geographical object.
How and at what time it was born
Now it is worth moving towards the story of the country's history. It is incredibly interesting, since rich in various events. According to many data, it is believed that the first residents appeared here in the 2nd millennium BC. e. On this basis, it can be said that the Federated States of Micronesia is a really ancient country. Even some monuments of that time, for example, the ruins of the ancient NAN-Madol, which appeared in time immemorial times are preserved.
Federated States of Micronesia: the history of the country
After a long time, colonization occurred. In those days it was completely no wonder. At that moment, when the process of colonization began, the local society was still only at the stage of primitive system, where communities existed.
The islands where the state is located, discovered in 1527. They were opened by Spanish navigators. After some time, the Spaniards said that Caroline Islands were in their possession, although in fact at that time control over the territory was not established. After a long time, Germany became interested in them. In 1885, she declared his rights to this state. However, Spain was opposed to such actions and declared this to arbitration, as a result of which the islands were left behind Spain. It would seem that the situation was solved. But this is not quite how Germany expressed a desire to purchase Islands in Spain. In 1899, such a deal was committed.
During the First World War, the island switched to other hands, since they were captured by Japan. At that time they were used to create sugar plantations. In the Second World War, these territories switched to the United States. And already in 1986, as mentioned above, the country received the status of free, but is in factual dependence on the United States.
Federated States of Micronesia: detailed information about the population
Now it is worth talking about the population of this state. Of course, as a result of the colonization and permanent transition to various countries, FSM has a very unusual composition of the population. So, if we talk about the entire population, it is more than 102 thousand people. Such statistics exists in 2010, when a census was conducted in the country. Due to the low level of living, there is a fairly large outflow of people, so the level of emigration is also quite high. However, despite this, the indicators of the average life expectancy of the population here are quite high - 73 years for women and 69 years for men. The ethnic composition is very diverse here and is represented by various peoples. The largest share is the indigenous population of the island, which is called "Chuch". It is slightly less than 50% of the number. The rest of the population is represented by other peoples, for example, ponap.
Interestingly, the official language of this country is English. It is also used to communicate between different peoples. In addition, there are few more languages \u200b\u200bfor communication between the locals. Basically, the population of this country is competent (about 90%).
What nations live in the state
Speaking about the country's population, it is necessary to separately say a few words about its ethnic composition. So, as already mentioned, nationality dominates in the country called Chuch. Sometimes you can also hear another name for this people - Truk. This is the indigenous population of the islands, which appeared here in time expanse. Representatives of this people are now no more than 50 thousand people. They have their own language, which has the name "Truk". Their main religion is Christianity, but some traditional destinations of faith are still preserved.
Another people, which constitutes a significant proportion of the country's population (about 25%) - Ponap. This is the ancient people of Micronesia, which has long been living on the island of the same name. The number of it is only 28 thousand people. Religious views, mainly Catholicism and Protestant, however, as well as the people of Truk, traditional cults are preserved. Other people live here, but they are represented by a much smaller number of people.
So, a small overview of the peoples, which inhabit the Federated States of Micronesia. The detailed characteristics of these nationalities is necessary in order to better understand the history and culture of this country.
A country's economy
Now, when there are already much information about this wonderful country, it is worth moving to the consideration of the economy. Many are interested in what production activities are engaged and what the Federated States of Micronesia are produced. It is possible to hear about the country that it is mainly a manufacturer of agricultural products.
This is true, the economic activity of Micronesia is presented for the most part of the production of agricultural products and fishing. Thanks to the climate, here you can grow many different plants, such as coconut palms, vegetables and fruits of different types and varieties and much more. Also enjoys animal husbandry, most often breed pigs, goats and chickens.
Federated States of Micronesia also have their own industry. Mostly here are enterprises for the processing of agricultural products, plants for the production of soap and woodworking production.
What climate in the Federated States of Micronesia
It is also worth paying slightly attention to local climatic conditions. In these places, nature and weather can be very pleased. The country lies in the zones of the equatorial and subequatorial climate. The temperature here mainly keeps at level from 26 ° C to 33 ° C. Good weather most of the year boasts the Federated States of Micronesia. Photo of the wonderful nature of this country can be found in guidebooks and other materials, in particular in this article. It is especially interesting that this part of the ocean is considered a place where the birth of large typhoons occurs. Basically, their season lasts from August to December.
The vegetation world is quite diverse here, most often you can see coconut palms. Basically, tropical forests are dominated here, as well as savanna.
Sights of the country
One of the main attractions of this country is Nan-Madol. It is truly interesting ruins of an ancient city, which existed in time immemorial. It was located on a large area, which included more than 90 islands in its composition. They were interconnected by a whole system of different channels.
Many cultural monuments, in addition to the ancient city, boast the Federated States of Micronesia. Capital - Palikir is also very interesting in terms of history. Here you can get acquainted with the culture and sights of this ancient country.
Official name - Federated States of Micronesia (Federated States of Micronesia).
Located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. The area is 702 km2, the population is 137 thousand people. (2003). State language - English. Capital - Palikir (11.7 thousand people, 2003). State party - the day of the Constitution on May 10 (since 1979). The monetary unit is the US dollar.
UN member (since 1991), IMF (from 1993), Pacific Islands Forum (previously, 1987).
The Federated States of Micronesia are located north of Papua-New Guinea and Solomon Islands at 607 Islands of the Central and Eastern Union of the Caroline Archipelago and the South Kapanmanga South Atoll. The length from the West (Yap island) to the East (Kosya Island) is approx. 3 thousand km.
Attractions Micronesia
Geographic coordinates: 6 ° 55 Northern latitude and 158 ° 15 Eastern longitude. The Federated States of Micronesia are divided into 4 parts: 1) PONEI - the same island (the largest, 334 km2) and more than 160 islands and atolls; 2) Chuha - 11 "high" islands in Truk's lagoon (one of the largest in the world - St. 2 thousand km2) and several groups of coral atolls and islands; 3) Yap - 4 islands that make up the island of PP (three of them are interconnected by bridges) and 15 groups of small islands and atolls; 4) Cosaire is the same island and island of Lelu, connected by Dam. The length of the coastline is 6112 km.
Most of the islands of the Caroline Archipelago are low coral. Rain moisture is not delayed in the upper layers of limestone soils. Vegetation is adapted to salty soil waters. At the "high" volcanic islands - PONPIA and KOSMARE - the soil are rich in organica, vegetation is much more diverse (arke palm, ramp, bamboo, etc.). Mangrove thickets cover the coast of almost all volcanic islands. The highest point is 791 m (PPEI). On Poipei - more than 40 rivers. Animal world is represented by volatile mice, rats, crocodiles, snakes, lizards are found. Diverse the world of feathered. Yap, unlike other "high" islands, non-tank origin, it covers the hills and meadows. Water coral reefs and lagoon are rich in fish and marine beast.
Minerals: The world's largest tuna reserves in the 200-mile economic zone (area of \u200b\u200bSt. 2.6 million km2), high-quality phosphate deposits and potential reserves of mineral raw materials at the seabed.
The climate is tropical. Temperature + 23-30 ° C. Poipei Island is one of the most "wet" places on the planet (over 5000 mm of precipitation per year). But under the influence of El Niño, drought happen. Regular destructive Typhins (June-December).
The average annual growth rates of the population approx. 3% per year are partially compensated by emigration (approx. 15 thousand immigrants from the Federated States of Micronesia lives on Guam, Mariana and Hawaiian Islands, as well as in the mainland of the United States). The overwhelming majority of residents are Micronesians, there are Polynesians. On ethnic traits, many years of contact with Europeans and Japanese occupation are affected. English, two main of the 8th languages \u200b\u200bof the Malaysian-Polynesian group - Chupezsky (approx 50% of the population) and Ponian (25%) are widespread. Each of the main parts of the country has its culture and tradition, but there are general features. Promptically 89% of the adult population. The life expectancy of men is 67 years old, women - 71 years old. Baby mortality 33 people. on 1000 newborns.
Catholics - 50% of believers, Protestants - 47%, there are adherents of local beliefs.
Caroline Islands received name in honor of the Spanish King of Charles II - in 1521 F. Magellan landed here. From the 1899 archipelago under the control of Germany (bought it in Spain). In 1914, Japan occupied him. After the 2nd World War, 6 Pacific territories on the UN mandate fell under US custody (1947). Of these, 3 (PONPIA, including cospace; Yap and Chuch) are the current components of the Federated States of Micronesia. Since 1979, the Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia, the National Government and the State of the States. In 1986, with the entry into force of the Treaty on Free Association with the United States, the federation States of Micronesia became a sovereign state. In 1990, UN Security Council has abolished the status of a submanent territory regarding the Federated States of Micronesia.
Federated States of Micronesia - Presidential Republic. The President is the head of state and government.
Administratively divided into 4 states, respectively, geographic parts. In addition to the capital, there are administrative centers in the States.
Legislative power at the National Congress. In it, 14 senators: 4 - one from each state - elected for 4 years (the following elections in 2007), another 10 - for 2 years in proportion to the population number (the following elections in 2005). From the composition of the "four-year-old" senators, Congress elected for 4 years of the president (from 2003 - J. Rushemal) and Vice-President (R. Killion). To fill out after this vacancies, additional elections are held. With the election of state leaders, the informal principle of rotation between states is valid. A similar structure of executive and legislative power, according to its own constitution, has each of the 4 states of the country. States of states carry out most of the executive functions in the state.
Political parties are absent.
Under the "Free Association" agreement with the United States, the latter is carried out by the defense of the Federated States of Micronesia.
The Federated States of Micronesia have diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation from 1999.
GDP per capita OK. 2 thousand dollars. GDP growth rates with gray. 1990s. - 1-2% per year. Agriculture retains semi-natural character. Its value drops. It employs up to 50%. The rest work in the public sector, retail trade and the tourism industry. Unemployment - 15-20%.
Coconut palm trees, bethell, cassav, tropical fruits and vegetables, sweet potatoes, black peppers are grown, the poultry and pig breeding, fisheries and fish processing are developing. Souvenirs made of seashells, wood and pearls.
Highways - 240 km (42 km - with solid coating). Each of the 4 city centers is an international airport capable of receiving medium-range aircraft, and a deep-water port available to the ocean courts. In the Federated States of Micronesia - 2 thousand Internet users (2000).
Every year, the island is visited up to 15 thousand tourists. The remoteness and lack of infrastructure impede the development of tourism, but the Asian Development Bank considers this industry the most promising.
The Federated States of Micronesia are highly dependent on US financial assistance. Under the Agreement on the Free Association in 1986-2001, it was approx. $ 2 billion in grants and subsidies. Since 1999, negotiations on the extension of the contract are coming. The assistance has been extended at the time of negotiations, but in recent years it is reduced, which affects the economic situation of the Federated States of Micronesia.
In addition to fish and fish products (85% of exports), copra and coconut oil, black pepper, bananas, etc. are exported. Food and beverages, finished products, equipment are imported. Main partners - USA, Japan, Guam, Australia. Up to 30% of budget revenues brings sale licenses to foreign fishing ships.
Primary (eight-year) government learning necessarily (but 25% of children are not visited by school). There are 2 (private) School of Second Steps, Marine and Fishing Academy (School level of the second stage and college). College Micronesia (Poipei) gives higher education.
The content of the article
Micronesia,Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), the state in the north-western part of Oceania between 0 and 14 ° S.Sh. and 136 and 166 ° V.D. (2500 km from the west to the East), occupies 607 islands of the Caroline Archipelago (except for OG Palau, or Belarus, in the West). Consists of four states: Yap, Chuha (Truk), Ponia (former. Ponap) and cospace (former. Kusay). The total area of \u200b\u200bland 702 square meters. km. (incl. Poipei 0.34 thousand square meters. km, Chuha 0.13 thousand square meters. km, Yap 0.12 thousand square meters. km, Kossy 0.12 thousand square meters). Only 40 islands are significantly in size. The largest of them are islands with the same names as the states. The capital is the city of Palikir on O. Ponpei.
NATURE
According to the geological structure, low coral islands are distinguished, rising by 3-5 m above U.m., and higher volcanic (Yap, Chuch, Poipei, Cospace), with raised high-willed central parts. Volcanic islands are surrounded by lagoons separated from the ocean by coral barrier reefs, often consisting of several dozen small islands. Many reefs have passes that allow ships to approach major islands.
PJA includes seven small and four largest islands (Yap, MAP, Rumung, Gagil-Tomil) and 134 Atolls, spread from west to east at 1100 km. The Yap island is characterized by a hilly relief with a maximum height of 178 m (Mountain Tabolov) and fertile soils. It is surrounded by barrier reef. Most part of the population of the state of the same name lives on O.Yap. The administrative center of the state is the city of Colonia. The largest atoll of Caroline O-Great Bossi O. Yuliti (8 square meters) consists of 40 small islets. Fais Atoll in the PJ group is known in the reserves of phosphorites.
The state of Chuha, which occupies the central position in FSM, is 1440 km east of the O. Yap and consists of 15 small island groups scattered in the waters of the Pacific Ocean for 480 km in the latitudinal direction in the north and 960 km - in the south. The staff also includes Nampuito atolls (on the square in the world in the world), consisting of 10 islets, namoluk (triangular shape), LAOL, Pular, Talap, Pular Islands, Plowwat, Kooop, Nama, Losaq, Mortok (100 islands in three groups - Etal, Lucunor and Satavan). Actually, Chuha - a compact group of 14 highlands of volcanic origin (Moen, Tol, Droke, Fahan, Uman, etc.) with a total area of \u200b\u200b72 square meters. km, surrounded by coral reef. The main city of Chuha Moen is located on the island of the same name. Laguna, the surrounding 14 central islands of the GUC Group of 2000 square meters. km, serves as a wonderful harbor for the port on the Plock. Settlements are confined to the islands coasts.
Poipei is occupied by the same largest island, surrounded by reef consisting of 2.5 dozen islands, half of which has volcanic origin. The staff also includes the islands of ANT (2 large and 12 small), Pakin, Oroluk (with small islands), Mokil (Islands of Utric, Manton, Mokil with an excellent crash forest and several hundred minor), Penglap (Pengelap itself, Takai and Tagula United by one reef), as well as two isolated atoll, Nukoro and Kapingamaranga (also known as Greenwich).
Soils O. Ponpei fertile, lush forest vegetation covers the slopes, rising straight from the shores up to the mountain of Nana-Loud (798 m), located in the center of the island. Numerous rivers originate from it - sources of drinking water. On this island is the capital of the State Palikir with the Residences of the Government and Congress, the modern airport and the seaport. The administrative center of the state is the city of Colonia.
The staff is located on the island of the same name and its surrounding reef in the extreme east of FSM. The island is mountainous with a strongly dissected relief (the highest point - Mount Finkol, 634 m above U.M.), covered in thickets of excellent building forest. Soil fertile. There are significant reserves of river drinking water. Cosarier Island is surrounded by reef, there are four comfortable bays (Oakat, Lelu, Taf and ultrasound). Major settlements - Tafundsak, Lelu, Male and ultrasound - are located on the coast and are interconnected by a gentle dear. The main city of the state - Lelu. There is local air communication with O. Ponpei. Airport functions.
Climate FSM Equatorial, woeful in the east of the archipelago, where the zone of cyclones passes. Conditionally distinguished two seasons: Dry (January - March) and wet (April - December). From November to December, northeastern trade winds dominate, the rest of the year is the southwestern monsoon winds, bringing abundant precipitation. On Poipei, an average of 300 rainy days a year. Average annual precipitation 3000-4000 mm. Seasonal air temperature fluctuations are insignificant, average monthly temperatures 24-30 ° C. The length of the day the day is the same throughout the year.
Vegetation is presented mainly by virgin wet equatorial forests on the slopes of the mountains. On the volcanic islands, it is significantly more diverse than on coral. The coast of volcanic islands is often covered with mangrove thickets. Coconut palm trees, breadwinning, pandanus, bananas grow on the islands of both types. The Europeans and Asians were delivered citrus, maniacs, butat, various tropical fruit trees, chocolate tree, black pepper.
Land fauna does not differ in great variety. The bats are presented, rats (brought ones on ships the first Europeans), lizards. Many birds feathers. The animal world of the ocean is extremely diverse and rich in the ocean, including many types of fish, crustaceans, bivalve mollusks, dolphins, sometimes whales and dugoni are found.
POPULATION
According to July 2003, 108,143 people lived in FSM. The age composition of the population: younger than 15 years old - 38%, aged 15 to 64 years - 59%, over 65 years - 3%. The average life expectancy is 69.13 years. The growth of the population in 2003 was 0.04%. The birth rate reaches 26.47 per 1000 inhabitants, the mortality rate of 5.1 per 1000. The level of emigration is 20.98 per 1000. Infant mortality is 32.39 per 1000 newborns.
The "Free Association" agreement with the United States allows citizens of the country to freely choose residence within the United States. Currently in the United States (on O.Gam, Hawaiian O-WAH and the mainland) work and learn approx. 15 thousand citizens of FSM.
The ancestors of the modern inhabitants of Caroline O-Greats come from Southeast Asia. In a racial attitude, they form a special group formed as a result of mixing the Australoid and Mongoloid elements. Nukoro and Kapanmanga's atolls are populated by Polynesian. Ethnically allocated 9 groups.
The official language of FSM and the language of interethnic communication is English. The languages \u200b\u200bof the indigenous population of the archipelago refer to the Eastern Okanian group of the ocean branch of the Austronesian family: Yaphastan, Volaya, the street and Sonorol, Caroline, Truk, Kosyari, Nukoro and Kapanmanga. The last two belongs to Polynesian languages. Local writing is built on Latin schedule. Many older people speak Japanese.
50% refer to Catholics, 47% to Protestants, less than 1% of the population adheres to local traditional beliefs.
Ethnic composition and employment.
The ancestors of the modern inhabitants of Caroline O-Greats come from Southeast Asia. According to the last theories, Micronesia settled in two ways - through the islands of the Malay Archipelago, and possibly Japanese O-Wa, as well as through Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides). Inhabitants of Caroline O-Gossi, like all Micronesians, form a special group formed as a result of mixing the Australoid and Mongoloid elements. They are characterized by pretty dark skin, wavy, straight and curly hair, medium height. In the appearance of some Carolinians there are also Japanese, Chinese and European features. Nukoro and Kapanmanga's atolls are populated by Polynesian.
Traditional sessions of the local population are fishing and agriculture. Small forest areas separated from the forest are used under the cultivation of coconut palm, breadwinner, pandanus, yams, bathata, manica, bananas, tarot, sugar cane. Citrus, various fruits (pineapples, papaya, mango, etc.), chocolate tree, pepper (black and betel) are also grown. The population is also engaged in fishing and the collection of mollusks and crustaceans on the reef. In recent years, employment has been growing in the service of travel business (hotels, restaurants, agencies) and airports. In the cities, Carolinians work with small employees and are engaged in handicrafts, in particular, the manufacture of souvenirs.
Language and writing.
The official language of FSM is English, it is the language of inter-ethnic communication. The native population languages \u200b\u200bof the archipelago refer to the Eastern Okanian group of the ocean branch of the Austronesian family - Yapan, Volayei, the street and Sonorol, Carolinsky, Truk, Kosjae, Nukoro and Kapyanmanga. The last two belongs to Polynesian languages. Local writing is built on Latin schedule. English is studied in all schools. Many older people speak Japanese.
Religion.
In the overwhelming majority, the population professes Christianity, and there is a roughly equal number of Catholics and Protestants. Protestants predominate in one states (over 98% in the cospace), in others - Catholics (Chuch). Less than 1% of the population adheres to local traditional beliefs.
POLITICAL SYSTEM
FSM is a democratic, federal presidential Republic, which is in the relationship of the "Free Association" with the United States. Head of State and Government - President. Like the vice president, he is elected by Congress from its composition for a period of four years. In 2003, the President of Micronesia was elected Joseph John Russer.
The Supreme Legislative Body is the National Congress consisting of 14 members. 4 of them (sometimes called senators) are elected by the population for 4 years (one by one from each state), the remaining 10 - for 2 years on single-member districts (5 on the Futea, 3 on PONEI, 1 on the pit and cospace). The last elections were held in 2003. The minimum age to participate in the elections is 18 years.
Each of the 4 states have a governor and the legislature elected by the population.
Official political parties are absent.
The highest judicial authority is the Supreme Court.
FSM - UN member (since 1991) and its specialized organizations, as well as a number of regional organizations, such as the Pacific Forum.
Own armed forces are absent. According to the Agreement on the Free Association, the country's military protection provides the United States.
ECONOMY
The basis of the economy of Micronesia is natural and semi-natural agriculture and fisheries. On the islands there are few minerals, except for phosphates. There is a significant potential for the development of the tourism industry, but the remote location, the lack of a developed infrastructure and the established transport link system contain it. The private sector grows slowly.
After the GDP value reached $ 145 million in 1989, in subsequent years, it decreased in 2002, according to $ 100 million, or approximately $ 100 million. 2 thousand dollars per capita. Real GDP growth in 2002 reached 1%. Agriculture gave 50% of the cost of GDP, industry - 4%, services - 46%.
The inflation rate in 2002 was 1%. OK. 28% of the population lives below the formal level of poverty. Two thirds of the hired labor worked in the public sector. Unemployment in 1999 reached 16%.
Agriculture provides 60% of the country's essential country. Almost 50% of the working-age population is all year round or during agricultural work. Coconut palm trees, breadwinner, pandanus, yams, batt, maniacs, bananas, tarot, citrus, papaya, mango, chocolate tree, pepper (black and bleel) and other cultures. On Poipei is breeding goats, sheep and buffaloes. Part of the agricultural products goes to export, mainly coconut products. Coconut palm tree, her leaves and nuts are the main food islanders. In recent years in the economy of the country, the role of fisheries increases, as the ocean resources within the marine economic zone (2.6 million square meters. Km.) Are its property. Licensed fish fish produce Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Mexico and the USA. The Mapa functions the Micronesian Marine Academy, engaged in training for fisheries development.
Foreign tourism develops. Every year, the country is visited by OK. 25 thousand tourists, mainly from Australia and Japan. The construction of the construction, fish processing, the cultivation of aquaculture, the production of craft and souvenir products made of sinks, wood and pearles.
The main articles of exports - a copra (more than 50% of the cost of exports), pepper (black and betel), fish (mainly tuna), Trohus sinks, coconut derivatives (food and cosmetic oil, soap, creams), bananas, segments of local crafts. Export volume of 73 million dollars per year. Goods are exported, first of all, in Japan, USA and O.Gam.
The value of imports is estimated at $ 168 million (1996). FSM imports up to 40% of food, industrial goods, cars and other machines, petroleum products. Main import partners: USA, Australia and Japan.
The total length of highways is 240 km., Of these are 42 km. have a solid coating. The main ports of Colonia (YAP), Colonia (Poipei), Lele, Moen. In 2002, there were 7 airports, of which 6 with a solid coating.
In Micronesia 11 thousand telephone lines and 2 thousand Internet users, 6 radio and 2 television factors. The population owns 9.4 thousand radio receivers and 2.8 thousand TVs.
The budget develops from taxes, exports of agricultural products, seafood, licensing of the catch of tuna by foreign states in the marine economic zone. The financial assistance of the United States helped to cover excess costs of income. In accordance with the Agreement on the Free Association, in 1986-2001, the United States provided financial and technical assistance to a total of $ 1.3 billion. Under agreement 2002, this assistance was significantly reduced. External debt $ 53.1 million. Monetary unit is the US dollar.
Society and culture
Education.
According to the FSM Constitution, education is funded from central and regional budgets. Primary and secondary schools belong to the state and religious missions. The state authorities ensure the initial training and training of pedagogical personnel, and the central supports and coordinate education at all levels. Professional education youth gets in the Micronesian College in Palikir (open in 1972, has business faculties, pedagogical, applied arts, etc.), Micronesian professional center on O. Kosraye, in agriculture schools and trading on Pephe, High School of Javier on Chuke, and Also in educational institutions of the United States (on the mainland, O.Gam and Hawaiian O-WAH).
Health.
Medical assistance to the population is carried out in full state medical institutions. True, in recent years, private dental and medical practice appeared on O. Ponpei. The Government of FSM is gaining physicians for public health programs through the US National Health Service and the UN Development Program. It also implements various programs for health, nutrition and sanitation of the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Fund for Assistance to UN Children (UNICEF) and the South Pacific Commission (UTK). In each state there are hospitals, there are several dispensaries in the country and more than 100 ambulatory. In difficult cases, patients are sent to hospitals on O.Gam and Hawaiian O-Wa.
Culture.
The traditional culture of the population of FSM is the glorious (with the exception of the culture of the two Polynesian Atollles Nukoro and Kapingamaranga). However, she has undergone significant changes in a few centuries of foreign domination. But at present, at many islands there are houses of the local pillars without walls, the function of which is performed by double roofs that reach the ground, covered with palm leaves or mats. Micronesians still own the art of making wooden boats without a single metal nail. In public life, FSM is a prominent role to play leaders. Perhaps the most conservative remained the culture of the Japanery (folklore, dances, houses on stone foundations under the palm leaves, loose bandages in men and lush skirts from plant fibers in women).
Intensive contacts in recent decades with Western world changed the mentality of the young generation of FSM citizens who are no longer focused on traditional values, and they strive to join the achievements of Western civilization.
HISTORY
The ancestors of Micronesians settled the Caroline Islands more than 4 thousand years ago. Over the course of centuries, two social groups - "noble" and "simple" were developed in the Micronesian Society; The first were not physically practiced and differed from the second special tattooing and decorations. The head of territorial associations stood leaders (Tol), but their power was unequal in various islands. On O.Teen (Poipei), the remains of an ancient civilization were found - the stone city of Nan-Madol. It consisted of monumental structures erected on the reefs - platforms isolated from coral rubble and lined with basalt plates. At the platforms, residential and temple complexes were erected, buried the dead and committed various rituals. According to legends, the city was the center of the extensive power of the Safeners and was destroyed by the conquerors, after which PPEI broke up into five territorial entities. Similar monuments were found on O. Lelu (Cosaire). On the O.YAP in later times, there was apparently centralized state education that had economic and religious functions. With the conquered tribes collected tribute. The first Europeans caught the same single and bunk platforms with temples and male houses, as well as peculiar money in the form of large stone disks with a hole in the center.
Caroline Islands were open to European navigators in 16-17 centuries. In 1526, di Meziga opened the O-Va Yap, and in 1528 Alvaro Saoveoverov first saw Truk (Sovuk. Chuch). In 1685, Captain Francisco Lazeano recently discovered O.Yap and called the island of Carolinsky (named King of Spain Charles Second). Later, this name was postponed to the entire archipelago, which was declared the possession of the Spanish crown. However, the opening of its islands continued in subsequent years. The first Spanish Catholic missionaries who arrived in 1710 on O-Va Sonzorol and in 1731 at the atoll of the street were killed by the islanders, and the Spaniards left attempts to colive the Caroline Islands until the 1870s.
From the end of the 18th century The archipelago began to attend trade and scientific British, French and even Russian courts. So, in 1828, the Russian navigator F.P. Litke opened the islands of Ponap (Ponai), Ant and Pakin and called them in honor of Admiral D.N. Senavin. From 1830, American kitobi often came here. In 1820-1830, the British sailors lived on Poipei, the victims of the shipwreck, when they were brought to the cospace of the English missionary. In 1852, American evangelicals founded the Protestant mission on O-Wah and Kospace. German and English traders began to penetrate the archipelago.
In 1869, Germany founded a trading station on the Yap, which became the center of the German trading network in Micronesia and Samoa. In 1885, the German authorities announced their claims to the Caroline O-Wa, which Spain considered them. Thanks to the mediation of the Roman Pope, the German-Spanish agreement was concluded, which recognized the Spanish archipelago, but granted German traders to create factory and plantations on them. Spanish soldiers and missionaries arrived on the island, but they met fierce resistance on Ponei. The islanders raised the uprisings and destroyed plantations.
After defeating in the war from the United States, Spain in 1898 agreed to give way to Caroline and Mariana, Germany. Since 1906, they were managed from German New Guinea. The German colonial authorities introduced an universal labor service for adults islanders and began to widely build roads. In response, the residents of Poipei rebelled and killed the governor of the hip. The uprising was suppressed by the German fleet only in 1911. In autumn 1914, Micronesia was occupied by Japanese troops.
Officially, Japan received the mandate of the League of Nations for the management of Micronesia only in 1921. It used the territory of Carolinsky O-GWOs for economic purposes (fishing, production of flour from manica and sugar cane alcohol), to create naval and air bases. In relation to the indigenous population, Japan conducted a policy of violent assimilation. Tens of thousands of Japanese were resettled to the islands, which were transferred to the best lands. There were Japanese settlements. Traces of Japanese domination have been preserved in the appearance of Carolinsev, in their language and names.
Since 1944, bloody battles between American and Japanese troops began on the islands. By 1945, the Japanese forces were expelled from Micronesia, the archipelago passed under the control of the US military authorities, and in 1947, Carolinsky O-Wa (together with the Mariani and Marshall) became the UNIC of the UN-managed territory, the Pacific Islands (PTTO). In 1947-1951, the territory was under the jurisdiction of the US Department of Navy, then was transferred to the Office of the Civil Administration of the US Department of Internal Affairs. In 1962, the administrative authorities were transferred from O.Gam to O. Sippan (Mariana O-VA). In 1961, the Council of Micronesia was created, but all the power remained in the hands of the American High Commissioner. In 1965, the first elections took place in the Micronesia Congress. In 1967, Congress created a commission for the future political status, which recommended to achieve independence or establish the relationship of the "Free Association" with the United States with full internal self-government. From 1969 there were negotiations between representatives of the Congress of Micronesia and the USA.
July 12, 1978 The population of Truk (Chuch), Ponap (Poipei), PJ and Kusayan (Cosaire) spoke in a referendum for the creation of the Federated States of Micronesia. Mariana, Marshall Islands and Palau refused to enter a new state. On May 10, 1979, the Constitution of FSM was adopted, and the first elections in the National Congress were held in the fall, as well as four state governors. The president of the country was the former President of the Congress of Micronesia Tosiva Nakaima, who began the execution of responsibilities in January 1980.
During 1979-1986, the United States consistently transferred management functions to the new chapter of the state and the government. Issues of foreign policy and defense FSM remained prerogative. In 1983, the population at the referendum approved the status of the "Free Association" with the United States. On November 3, 1985, PTTO was officially dissolved and the US guardianship regime was stopped. On December 22, 1990, the UN Security Council approved the cancellation of guardianship and FSM became an officially independent state.
Micronesia at the end of 20V - the beginning of the 21st century
In 1991, President Micronesia John Haglelagam (1987-1991), loser elections to Parliament, resigned from the post of head of state. In 1991-1996, the presidential post occupied Bailey Old, in 1996-1999 Jackoba (Cosaria), in 1999-2003 Leo Ami Falkef, and from 2003 - Joseph John Russerval. The draft amendment to the Constitution, which provided for direct elections of the President and Vice President, was rejected.
The main problems of the country remain a high level of unemployment, cutting fish catches and a high degree of dependence on American assistance.
general information
The largest islands of micronesia of volcanic origin (height up to 791 m), surrounded by coral reefs. Climate Equatorial and subequatorial. The precipitation falls from 2250 mm to 3000-4500 and 6000 mm (in the mountains on the island of Kusape) per year. Part of the Pacific Ocean, where Micronesia is located is the area of \u200b\u200bthe origin of Typhins (there are 25 typhoon per year on average). Islands are covered by evergreen tropical forests and savannah; Coconut palm trees and Pandanus predominate on the coral islands.
From the seventeenth century, Caroline Islands belonged to Spain. In 1898, Spain sold them in Germany. In 1914, the islands were captured by Japan, and during World War II, were engaged in US troops who began to manage them on the UN mandate. In 1978, the Caroline Islands received the status of "freely associated territory". In 1979, the Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia was adopted.
The basis of the economy of Micronesia is fishing, the production of copers, vegetable growing. On the islands are breeding cattle, pigs, goats. To master your fishing zone, Micronesia cooperates with the United States, Australia, Japan, South Korea. Every year, Micronesia is visited by 25 thousand tourists mainly from Australia and Japan. The length of the asphalt road is 226 km. Exports half consists of a copra, pepper, fish, craft products, coconut oil are also exported. The main foreign trade partners are USA, Japan. Micronesia receives significant cash subsidies from the United States and the American dollar uses as a monetary unit.
Culture
The traditional culture of the population of the Federated States of Micronesia is the glorious (with the exception of the culture of the two Polynesian atolls of Nukoro and Kapingamaranga). However, she has undergone significant changes in a few centuries of foreign domination. But at present, at many islands there are houses of the local pillars without walls, the function of which is performed by double roofs that reach the ground, covered with palm leaves or mats. Micronesians still own the art of making wooden boats without a single metal nail. In public life, FSM is a prominent role to play leaders. Perhaps the most conservative remained the culture of the Japanery (folklore, dances, houses on stone foundations under the palm leaves, loose bandages in men and lush skirts from plant fibers in women).
Intensive contacts in recent decades with Western world changed the mentality of the young generation of Micronesia citizens, which are no longer focused on traditional values, and strive to join the achievements of Western civilization.
History
The ancestors of Micronesians settled the Caroline Islands more than 4 thousand years ago. Over the course of centuries, two social groups - "noble" and "simple" were developed in the Micronesian Society; The first were not physically practiced and differed from the second special tattooing and decorations. The head of territorial associations stood leaders (Tol), but their power was unequal in various islands. On about. The dopes (PPEI) found the remains of an ancient civilization - the stone city of Nan-Madol. It consisted of monumental structures erected on the reefs - platforms isolated from coral rubble and lined with basalt plates. At the platforms, residential and temple complexes were erected, buried the dead and committed various rituals. According to legends, the city was the center of the extensive power of the Safeners and was destroyed by the conquerors, after which PPEI broke up into five territorial entities. Similar monuments were found on about. Lelu (cosmier state). On the O.YAP in later times, there was apparently centralized state education that had economic and religious functions. With the conquered tribes collected tribute. The first Europeans caught the same single and bunk platforms with temples and male houses, as well as peculiar money in the form of large stone disks with a hole in the center.
Caroline Islands were open to European navigators in 16-17 centuries. In 1526, Di Menezigi opened the O-Va PJ, and in 1528 Alvaro Saoveovenov first saw O-Va Trak (Sovuk. Chuch). In 1685, Captain Francisco Lazeano recently discovered O.Yap and called Carolinsky Island (named King Spain Karl Second). Later, this name was postponed to the entire archipelago, which was declared the possession of the Spanish crown. However, the opening of its islands continued in subsequent years. The first Spanish Catholic missionaries arrived in 1710 on the O-Va Sonzorol and in 1731 to the Slutni Atoll, were killed by the islanders, and the Spaniards left attempts to colive the Caroline Islands until the 1870s.
From the end of the 18th century The archipelago began to attend trade and scientific British, French and even Russian courts. So, in 1828, the Russian navigator F. P. Litke opened the islands of Ponap (Poipei), Ant and Pakin and called them in honor of Admiral D.N. Senavin. Since 1830, American kitobi often came here. In 1820-1830, the British sailors lived on Poipei, the victims of the shipwreck, when they were brought to the cospace of the English missionary. In 1852, the American evangelists founded the Protestant mission on O-Wah and Kospace. German and English traders began to penetrate the archipelago.
In 1869, Germany founded a trading station on the Yap, which became the center of the German trading network in Micronesia and Samoa. In 1885, the German authorities announced their claims to the Caroline O-Wa, which Spain considered them. Thanks to the mediation of the Roman Pope, the German-Spanish agreement was concluded, which recognized the Spanish archipelago, but granted German traders to create factory and plantations on them. Spanish soldiers and missionaries arrived on the island, but they met fierce resistance on Ponei. The islanders raised the uprisings and destroyed plantations.
After the defeat in the war from the United States, Spain in 1898 agreed to give way to Caroline and Mariana, Germany. Since 1906, they were managed from German New Guinea. The German colonial authorities introduced an universal labor service for adults islanders and began to widely build roads. In response, the residents of Poipei rebelled and killed the governor of the hip. The uprising was suppressed by the German fleet only in 1911. In the fall of 1914, Micronesia was occupied by Japanese troops.
Officially, Japan received the mandate of the League of Nations for the Office of Micronesia only in 1921. The territory of Caroline O-GWOs was used for economic purposes (fishing, the production of flour from manica and sugar cane alcohol), to create naval and air bases. In relation to the indigenous population, Japan conducted a policy of violent assimilation. Tens of thousands of Japanese were resettled to the islands, which were transferred to the best lands. There were Japanese settlements. Traces of Japanese domination have been preserved in the appearance of Carolinsev, in their language and names.
Since 1944, bloody battles between American and Japanese troops began on the islands. By 1945, the Japanese forces were expelled from Micronesia, the archipelago passed under the control of the US military authorities, and in 1947, the Carolinsky O-Wa (together with Mariansk and Marshall) became the UNIP, managed by the United States, the Pacific Islands (PTTO). In 1947-1951 The territory was under the jurisdiction of the US Department of Navy, then was transferred to the Office of the Civil Administration of the US Department of Internal Affairs. In 1962, the administrative authorities were transferred from O.Gam to O. Sippan (Mariana O-VA). In 1961, the Council of Micronesia was created, but all the power remained in the hands of the American High Commissioner. In 1965, the first elections took place in the Micronesia Congress. In 1967, Congress created a commission for the future political status, which recommended to achieve independence or establish the relations of the "Free Association" with the United States with full internal self-government. Since 1969, negotiations were conducted between representatives of the Congress of Micronesia and the United States.
On July 12, 1978, the population of Truk (Chuch), Ponap (Poipei), Yap and Kusayan (cospace) expressed a referendum for creating federal states of Micronesia. Mariana, Marshall Islands and Palau refused to enter a new state. On May 10, 1979, the Constitution of FSM was adopted, and the first elections were held in the National Congress, as well as the governors of four states. The president of the country was the former President of the Congress of Micronesia Tosiva Nakaima, who began the execution of duties in January 1980
Throughout 1979-1986. The United States consistently transferred management functions to the new chapter of the state and government. Issues of foreign policy and defense FSM remained prerogative. In 1983, the population at the referendum approved the status of the "Free Association" with the United States. On November 3, 1985, PTTO was officially dissolved and the US guardianship regime was stopped. On December 22, 1990, the UN Security Council approved the cancellation of the guardianship and FSM became an officially independent state.
In 1991, President Micronesia John Haglelagam (1987-1991), losing elections to parliament, resigned from the post of head of state. In 1991-1996 The presidential post was occupied by Bailey Alter (PPEI), in 1996-1999. - Jackoba (cosmier), in 1999-2003. - Leo Ami Falke, and since 2003 - Joseph John Urushemal. The draft amendment to the Constitution, which provided for direct elections of the President and Vice President, was rejected.
The main problems of the country remain a high level of unemployment, cutting fish catches and a high degree of dependence on American assistance.
