Czech Republic (Czech Republic). Czech Republic Czech Republic Capital What country

Parliamentary republic The president
Prime Minister Vaclav Claus.
Jan Fisher Territory
Total
% water surface. 114th in the world
78 866 km²
2 Population
Total ()
Density 79th in the world
10 403 100 people.
129 people / km² GDP
TOTAL ()
Per capita 41th in the world
211.698 billion.
20 606 Currency Czech krona
(CZK, code 203) Internet domain Telephone code +420 Timezone UTC +1.

History

Czech lands are known since the end of the 9th century, when they were combined by Prezhislov. The kingdom of the Czech Republic had a significant strength, but religious conflicts (Gusitsky wars in the XV century and the thirty-year war in the XVII century) devastated him. Later, it fell under the influence of the Habsburgs and was part of Austria-Hungary.

Due to the collapse of this state, after World War II, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Subcarpathian Russia united and formed the Independent Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1918. In this country, a sufficiently large ethnic German minority lived, which was the reason for the disbandment of Czechoslovakia, when Germany achieved annexation of the Sukheki region as a result of the 1938 Munich Agreement, which led to the separation of Slovakia. The remaining Czech state was occupied by Germany in (Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia).

Sights of the Czech Republic

Main article: Sights of the Czech Republic

Political structure

Main article: The political structure of the Czech Republic

According to the Constitution, the Czech Republic is a parliamentary democracy. The head of state (president) indirectly elected every five years by parliament. Special powers are provided to the president: to offer the judges of the Constitutional Court, to dissolve parliament under certain conditions, impose a veto to the laws. He also appoints the Prime Minister, which establishes the direction of internal and foreign policy, as well as other members of the Government Cabinet for the Prime Minister's Representation.

Among all post-communist states, the Czech Republic has one of the most stable and successful economic systems. Its basis is the industry (mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and electronics, chemistry, food industry and black metallurgy) and services. The share of agriculture and forestry, as well as the mining industry is insignificant and continues to decrease.

The Czech Unit is Crohn (1 Crown \u003d 100 geller), which since 1995 is fully convertible. In contrast to almost all other post-communist countries, the Czech Republic managed to avoid hyperinflation and sharp devalues \u200b\u200bof the national currency. After some weakening of the crown in the late 90s. To date, its course on the main world currencies increased markedly.

Following the initial difficulties caused by the collapse of the CEV, the country's section and the change in the structure of the economy and the subsequent growth of the Czech economy in 1997-1998. Tested a certain crisis, to leave which it became only from mid-1999. The result was the growth of foreign debt and the unemployment leap. Crisis phenomena managed to overcome the export of exports to the countries of the market economy, above all, the European Union (and in its framework - Germany), bringing foreign investment and internal consumption growth. After joining the EU in May 2004, the economic growth of the Czech Republic was noticeably accelerated and, despite the largest extremely populist economic policy of several governments of social democrats, reached 6-7% per year. The share of industry in GDP, reached by 1990 62%, decreasing at first half, is currently growing and reaches 38%, which is quite rarely phenomenon among developed countries. Black metallurgy and military industry lost their importance at the expense of the automotive and electrical industry, due to the development of which since 2004, the Czech Republic has a positive balance of foreign trade balance, despite the rapid rise in prices for imported energy (oil and gas). In terms of foreign trade, the country is one of the leaders, ahead of the countries such as Japan, the United Kingdom, France or Italy.

Population

Consulate General Building in St. Petersburg

The basis of the Czech Republic of the Czech Republic (95%) is ethnic Czechs and speakers in Czech, belonging to the group of West Slavic languages. Foreigners account for about 4% of the country's population. Among immigrants, the most numerous diaspora in the Czech Republic is Ukrainians, who at the end of 2007 lived in the country of 126,500. In second place there are Slovaks (67,880), many of which, after separation in 1993, remained in the Czech Republic and account for approximately 2% of the population. On the third - citizens of Vietnam (51,000). Tracks are coming by citizens of Russia (23,300) and Poland (20,600). Other ethnic groups include Germans, Gypsies, Hungarians and Jews. The border between the Czech Republic and Slovakia is open to the citizens of the former Czechoslovakia.

By language, the Czechs refer to Western Slavic peoples. The basis of the early works of Czech writing of the XIII -XIV centuries, the language of the Central Czech Republic was laid. But as the influence in the country of the Catholic Church, the German feudalists and patrician cities, Czech, began to be oppressed in favor of German and Latin languages. But during the period of Gusite wars, literacy and literary Czech were widely distributed among the masses. Then there was a two-dimensional decline of Czech culture under the rule of the Habsburgs, which carried out the policies of the obstacles of the subject Slavic peoples (by the middle of the XIX century, 15% of the population was taking place in Czech, as a literary language, the possibility of capturing one of Slavic languages, in particular the Russian literary language). Czech began to revive only at the end of the XVIII century, its basis was the literary language of the XVI century, which explains the presence of many archaisms in the modern Czech language, unlike a living spoken language. The conversational language is divided into several groups of dialects: Czech, Middle Aravia and Eastern.

Czech Republic belongs to the number of densely populated states. The average population density is 130 people. per 1 sq. Km. Placing the population in the territory of the republic is relatively uniform. The most densely populated are areas of major urban agglomerations - Prague, Brno, Ostrava, Plzen (up to 250 people per 1 sq. Cm). The minimum density of the population has areas of Cesky-Krumlov and Prachets (about 37 people per 1 sq. Km). As of 1991, there were 5,479 settlements in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic refers to highly-banomed countries: about 71% of the population lives in cities and urban villages, and more than 50% - in cities with a population of over 20 thousand inhabitants, the share of the rural population continues to decline. The only megapolis in the Czech Republic is Prague, in which 1 188, thousands of thousands permanently resides (as of December 31, 2006; Prague population slowly decreases since 1985). As of 2006 in the Czech Republic, there are 5 cities with a population of more than 100,000 residents (Prague, Brno, Ostrava, Pilsen, Olomouc), 17 cities with a population of more than 50,000 inhabitants and 44 - more than 20,000 inhabitants.

The total population of the Czech Republic, reaching a post-war maximum in 1991 - 10,302 thousand people - in the future slowly decreased to 2003, when it was just over 10 thousand people, but since then there has been a small increase of up to 10,280 thousand . people - Mainly, due to an increase in the flow of migrants (primarily from Ukraine, from Slovakia, Vietnam, Russia, Poland and the countries of the Former. Yugoslavia). The natural growth of the population was negative in the period 1994-2005, in 2006, there is some positive increase due to increasing fertility and reduce mortality. At the same time, the level of fertility of women is still deeply insufficient for the reproduction of the population (about 1.2 children per 1 woman in reproductive age). In recent years, the Czech Republic has entered the number of states with a minimum level of infant mortality (less than 4 people per 1000 born). Since 1990, in the Czech Republic, there is a constant decrease in the number of abortions and cases of artificial abortion.

Most of the population - 71.2% - is at a productive age (from 15 to 65 years), with 14.4% of Czech citizens younger than 15 years, and 14.5% - over 65 years. At the productive age, the number of men slightly exceeds the number of women, but women will noticeably prevail in the post-conversion (there are one man for two women). The average age of the Czech Republic is 39.3 years (women - 41.1 years old, men - 37.5 years). The average life expectancy is 72.9 years in men and 79.7 years in women (as of 2006).

Most of the adult population is married, although the share of idle is relatively high: every fifth man and every eighth woman is not married. Currently, men are married at 28 years old, women at 26, which is approaching a European trend (for comparison: in 1993, these indicators were 23 and 19 years, respectively). The first child appears in the family most often after 6 months after the wedding. For Czech families, a high level of divorce is characterized. Currently, almost every second marriage ends with a divorce, with the result that almost 80% of all children under the age of 15 live in incomplete families. The average number of families decreased over the past 30 years from 3.5 to 2.2 people.

The economically active population is 51.5% of the total number. The specific feature of the Czech Republic among other countries is the high level of employment of women, which make up about 48% of the total economically active population. Most women work in the service sectors - health, education, trade and public catering. Most women work due to economic need to maintain family living standards. The unemployment rate is 7.3% (November 2006), which is more than in 1990-1997. (3-5%), but noticeably less than in 1999-2004. (up to 10.5%).

A significant part of Chekhov lives outside the Czech Republic - in Austria, Germany, USA, Canada, Australia and other countries. This is the result of economic migration in search of earnings, which took a noticeable scale at the end of the XIX-early XX century, and political emigration after the political coup 1948 and occupation of 1968.

There is practically absent illiteracy in the Czech Republic (occasionally occurs among representatives of the Gypsy nationality of older). The high level of literacy was typical of Chekhov during the First Republic (1918-1938): at that time, about 95% of all residents had basic education. In recent years, the level of education has grown noticeably. Each third economically active resident of the Czech Republic has a complete secondary education (corresponds to the level of 12-13 years of study), and every tenth citizen of the Czech Republic has or receives higher education. A typical worker has, at a minimum, secondary training. High qualifications of Czech workers is one of the main advantages of the Czech Republic's economy. So far, the country is lagging behind the most developed European countries for the share of population with completed secondary and higher education.

Culture

Castle Orlik

Main article: Culture of the Czech Republic

Famous people of the Czech Republic
Music of the Czech Republic
Cinema Czech Republic
Czech literature

Humanitarian organizations

Czech red cross (Czech.Český Červený Kříž, English Czech Red Cross)

Czech Red Cross (PCC) is a humanitarian organization operating throughout the Czech Republic. In its activities, the CCC focuses on humanitarian issues and the provision of medical and social assistance to the population.

Currently, the number of members of the ChCC reaches 70,381 people working in 1712 local organizations.

The Czech Red Cross is the only internationally recognized National Red Cross Society in the Czech Republic, which is recognized by the state. In accordance with the Geneva Conventions, the ChCC provides assistance and support for the medical service of the Armed Forces.

The status of the PCC and its goals are regulated by the law on the protection of the emblem and the names of the Czech Red Cross and about the Czechoslovak Red Cross (Act No. 126/1992).

On August 26, 1993, the PCC was recognized by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and on October 25, 1993, a member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFCCC).

Czech Red Cross continues the activities of its predecessors - the Patriotic Society of Assistance of the Czechoslovak Kingdom (Czech. "Vlastenecký Pomocný Spolek Pro Království České", English "Patriotic Society for aid in the Czech Kingdom.") (Founded on September 5, 1868) and Czechoslovak Red Cross (founded on February 6, 1919).

As an independent organization of the CCC, after the division of the Czechoslovak Red Cross, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Czech Republic was registered on June 10, 1993 (MinisterStvo Vnitra ČR DNE 10. 6. 1993 POD ČJ. VS / 1-20998 / 93-R)

Notes

Czech Republic (Czech Republic)

Introduction

Czech Republic, geographical abbreviation name (abbreviation CR), Czech writing Česká Republika. (abbreviation Čr. or Česko.), English International Writing Czech Republic.(abbreviation CZ.) is a state located on the territory of Czech lands or in Central Europe. January 1, 1969, the Czech Socialist Republic was officially formed in the federalization of Czechoslovakia, and from 6 March 1990 the current name was assigned to the Czech Republic. On January 1, 1993, in connection with the collapse of Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic became a full-fledged subject of international law and the first Constitution of the Czech Republic entered into force on the same date. The Czech Republic is a parliamentary republic, a democratic legal state with a liberal state regime and a political system based on free competition of political parties and movements. The head of state is the president. The only senior legislative body is the two-bearet parliament of the Czech Republic. The state supports the basic principles of liberalism, capitalism, market economy and free market. Czech Republic is in the list of developed countries. In accordance with economic, social and political indicators, such as GDP per capita, the human development index, the presses index, the freedom index from Internet censorship, the Czech Republic was assigned a very high rating among world countries. Economically, the World Bank, the Czech Republic was introduced into a group of 31 richest countries in the world with the highest financial income, the Czech Republic has some of the best indicators compared to other states in the share of the population living below the poverty line. Czech Republic has relatively low inequality indicators between rich and poor, as well as relatively balanced indicators distribution of wealth among the majority of the population. The unemployment rate is low in comparison with indicators of other developed countries. The environmental harm index is significantly lower than the average for Europe.

Independence date (from Czechoslovakia)	January 1, 1993
Motto	Pravda Vítězí (truth triumph)
Anthem	"KDE DOMOV MůJ" (where my house)
Capital	Prague
Other major cities	Plzen, Brno, Czech Budioevice, Ostrava, Olomouc, Pardubice, Grades Gradec Kralov, Liberec, Usti over Lab
Square	78,867 sq. Km. (2% water surface) - 115th place in the world
The highest point	Mountain Snow (1602 m)
Timezone	+2 hours from MSK
Population	10,505,445 people (as of January 1, 2012)
Population density	133 people / sq.km (82 people / sq. Km - global indicator)
Human Development Index	▲ 0,873 (very high) (28th place 2013)
Official language	Czech
Other languages	Slovenian, Polish, Russian, German, Ukrainian, English
Religion	Without faith 34.2%, Catholics 56%, Orthodox 3.6%, Other 6.2%
State system	Parliamentary republic
The president	Milos Zeman.
Currency	Czech crown (CZK)
GDP per capita:	26125 $ (18th place in the world)
Telephone code	+420
ISO code	CZ.
Internet domain	.cz.

Czech Republic is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, Council of Europe, Safety and Cooperation Organization in Europe, European Customs Union, European Union, Schengen Zone, European Economic Union Zones, member of the Visegrad Group and other international structures.

Today, the Czech Republic consists of land (parts) of historical Czech Republicwhich were a significant part of the history under the control of Czech's crown: Bohemia, Moravia (in 1920, the land of Czech Austria were also attached), as well as part of Silesia. Currently the area Czech Republic It is 78,867 km 2. Currently, the country is inside the European state who has no way out to the sea, in the West borders Germany (the length of the border of 810 km), north of Poland (762 km), in the east with Slovakia (252 km) and in the south with Austria (466 km). Administratively, the Czech Republic is divided by 14 administrative districts (edge). The capital is the city of Prague, which is also one of the 14 districts. In 2012, approximately 10.5 million people were registered in the Czech Republic. The overwhelming majority of people living in the Czech Republic refer themselves to Czech or Moravian nationality.

Content
1.
2.
3.
	3.1.
	3.2.
	3.3.
	3.4.
	3.5.
	3.6.
	3.7.
4.
	4.1.
	4.2.
	4.3.
	4.4.
5.
	5.1.
	5.2.
	5.3.
6. The largest cities of the Czech Republic in population
7. Political system in the Czech Republic
	7.1. Parliamentary Political Parties of the Czech Republic
	7.2. Government of the Czech Republic
8. Administrative division of the Czech Republic
	8.1. Territorial regions
	8.2. Areas
	8.3. Municipalities and districts
	8.4. Nuts.
	8.5. Army
9. Economy
	9.1. Economic development
	9.2. Mining and agriculture
	9.3. Industry
	9.4. Services
		9.4.1. Telecommunication
		9.4.2. Tourism
10. Transport
	10.1. Air Transport
	10.2. Road haulage
	10.3 . Railway transport
	10.4. Water transport
	10.5. Transportation of energy resources
11. Culture
	11.1. Literature
	11.2. Theater
	11.3. Movie
	11.4. Music
	11.5. Fine Arts
12. Other characteristics of the Czech Republic
	12.1. The science
	12.2. Education
	12.3. Sport
	12.4. Kitchen
	12.5. Vacations and holidays

1. The history of the formation of states on the land of the Czech Republic.

The first documented state structure on the territory of the current Czech Republic was formed in the second half of the 9th century - Big Moravia. When the Great Moravia (approximately 907) disappeared under the onslaught of nomadic Hungarian tribes, state focus of development shifted to the Czech Republic (Bohemia). Local rulers from the species of Prezhyslovski built a medieval "Prezhyslovskoye" state, also called both the Czech state, and from the fracture of the 10th and 11th century, which are part of the Sacred Roman Empire. Since 1526, Czech lands were gradually incorporated into the empire of the Habsburgs, whose rulers used the victory on the White Mountain (1620) to the final elimination of the last residues of the former independence. From 1749 to the end of the First World War, namely until 1918, the Czech kingdom, Moravian marking, the top duchy and lower silesia, which, however, were not interconnected by the lands of Habsburg remained. Since 1804, these lands were part of Austria, and then, since 1867, the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918, after military-political actions, the Czechoslovakia state was created on the basis of cultural and linguistic proximity, which included the land of Czech and Slovak. Czechoslovakia immediately after the emergence limits the freedom of its lands, which, with the exception of Slovakia, had their own laws, statutes, parliaments, and becomes a strictly centralized state. Czech lands were part of it until 1992, that is, before the collapse of Czechoslovakia. The Czech Republic was officially created on January 1, 1969 in the framework of the federalization of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic called the Czech Socialist Republic. Revolutionary political changes after November 1989 were not only to change the name of the Federation (Czech and Slovak Federal Republic), but also the Czech Republic (March 1990, the Czech Republic, after the adoption of the Constitution, the word "socialist" was removed). The decay of Czechoslovakia passed without a referendum, the first of January 1993 was terminated by the Federation Education Agreement. State Councils of Czechoslovakia became the state Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. At the same time, he entered the first to history, its own, the constitution of the Czech Republic.

2. Titles and state symbols of the Czech Republic

About the territory on which the Czech Republic is now located, it is customary to say as "Land Czech", which is an auxiliary historical and geographical term, which is used as a common term for the corresponding geographic Czech Republic (that is, three historically Czech land - Czech Republic (Bohemia), Moravia and the Czech part of Silesia). The term is based on the traditional, historical, geographical separation of political entities in the territory of the modern Czech Republic, which lasted from the Middle Ages and until 1928 (when Moravia and Czech Silesia were combined into one Moravskoslezské region), after 1948, when the Moravosles region was abolished, "land Czech "already denoted the Czech part of the Czechoslovakian state. The concept of "Czech lands" has now been expanded and included part of Czech Austria, which until 1919 were as part of "Lower Austria".

The official name of the country in the Constitution is the Czech Republic, the Czech Single Title in the Constitution, the Czech Republic is not used at all, part of the Society of the Czech Republic refuses to use the word "Czech Republic" as the designation of the state. The first use of the "Czech Republic" expression dated in 1777 as a synonym for the word "Bohemia", as the official designation of the Czechoslovak Federation, the word appeared in Czech in 1978. During the national revival, the form "Czech" obtained from the word "Czech Republic" (and the use of the word "Czech" was recognized as not right), in general, the word "Czech Republic" is a translation from the Latin word "Bohemia". Because of the traditions, the words "Czech Republic" are still used in turnover, as well as adjective "Czech".

State Symbols of the Czech Republic - a large and small coat of arms, the State Flag (Czech Republic after the collapse of Czechoslovak federation took over the original flag of Czechoslovakia, as Slovakia was not interested in the further use of this attribute), the presidential stage, state seal, state colors of the Republic and the National Hymn "Where is my house?". State symbols indicate the traditions of the medieval Czech state (symbol), the Gusitsky movement (the slogan on the President of the President), the National Revival (Anthem) and the Democratic Czechoslovakia (flag).

The name "Czech Republic" occurred as a result of the simplification of the word "Czech" obtained from the adjective "Czech", (although historically, the original writing is read as "Czechs", which in Latin denotes "Bohemia"). The documented record "Czech Republic" was subsidized in the 18th century, from the 19th century is also mentioned as the name "Czech lands". In this status, the word "Czech Republic" since 1938 began to use the Moravian linguist French Trashnishek. In the dictionary of the literary Czech language of 1960, the word "Czech Republic" is used both as the designation of the state and as the designation of the Bohemia region, at the same time it is called obsolete. The 1978 Dictionary uses the word "Czech Republic" only as the Bohemia region. In the spring of 1993, Czech administration of geodesy, cartography and cadastre on behalf of the government appointed to use the word "Czech Republic" as the abbreviated name "Czech Republic". After fierce disputes in support of the Czech geographical society and, despite opposition to President Gavel and other figures, the term has significantly expanded, but did not give him official status.

3. HISTORY

3.1. Firstbutclear settlements

Presumably the territory of the current Czech Republic was populated by a person about 750000 years ago. About the population of the territory of the Czech Republic since 28,000 BC Confirms a number of archaeological finds. From the third century BC. Inhabited this area of \u200b\u200bthe Celts (Boyi), and in the first century AD German tribes (marcomas and quads) came.

From the end of the fifth century, the first Slavs appeared on the territory of the current Czech Republic. In the 7th century, the Slavic tribes have formed the state "Self" (approximately 623-659), although the state itself was more like a large union of tribes. Between 830 - 833, on the lands of Moravia, Slovakia, Hungary in the north and west of Transcarpathia, the Empire of Great Moravia was created, which gradually subjugated to himself and the Czech Republic (890 - 894), Silesia, Puddles, Small Poland and the rest of Hungary. Great Moravia was the first state education in the territory of the modern Czech Republic. In 894, the Czech Republic left under the control of Great Moravia, and in 906 or 907 he was subjected to a devastating attack of Hungarians.

3.2. Middle Ages and New Time

The origins of the Czech state refer to the second half of the 9th century, when the first, documented, Czech Prince from the Premislovitsky dynasty, Borgeng I. During the 10th and 11th century, the state was consolidated in connection with which they were The territory of Moravia is attached. The Czech principality gradually appeared signs of a more or less independent state as part of the Middle Ages Sacred Roman Empire (Praguscon of the Bishopria was founded in 973, the National Saints became Saint Waclav).

Czech kingdom appeared only in 1198, when the German king acknowledged the heredity of the Czech royal title, which then admitted the emperor, dad, and in 1212 the Golden Sicilian Bulla was signed, which he secured at the King of the Czech Republic, the rejemis of Ottokar I had his royal title and set his heredity And also granted other privileges of the Czech kingdom. The Czech ruler should continue to be released from all obligations towards the Sacred Roman Empire right up to participation in imperial meetings. Premysl Otakar II significantly expanded his possession which now extended for the Alps already up to the Adriatic Sea. Vaclav II turned his attention to the north and east, where he managed to get Poland land with access to the Baltic Sea, and his son Vaclav III, joined Hungarian territories. His maximum grandeur, the Czech kingdom reached during the rule of the latter from the genus Pregelovich and Karl IV. (1316-1378), which in 1348 secured the borders of the land of the Czech crown and joined Brandenburg (in 1415), the puddles (in 1635) and Silesia (in 1742).

After burning Master Yana Gus in 1415 in German Constance, the rivalry between Catholics and Gusites turned into open hostility and events led to the Gusitsky Wars. Hussites founded the city of Tabor, which became the center of the Gusitsk Revolution. Yang Zhiwhi from Trozznova and Prokop naked were able to reflect all four crusades to the Czech Republic. The war was discontinued after signing the agreement between the Basel Cathedral and Gusites in 1436.

In 1526 he joined the Czech throne of the Habsburg Dynasty, which included the country to the monarchy of the Habsburgs. In 1547 and 1618, armed uprising occurred for the sovereignty of the Czech Protestant state. Defenstration (throwing out of the window) Imperial governors in 1618 was the cause of the thirty-year war. Troops Czech state in 1620 in the battle of white grief were defeated, and the remnants of the troops were in captivity were publicly executed in Prague. The violent reactivation began (re-appealing to the Catholic faith) of Czech Protestants. Most of the Czech nobility and intelligentsia became faithful supporters of Habsburgs. Until the middle of the 17th century, the population declined to the Czech Republic (Bohemia) and Moravia from 2.6 million to 1.5 million people. In 1627, a new collection of laws was adopted in the Czech Republic, according to which the king of Habsburg received the royal hereditary title, as the only permitted religion was declared Catholic and German received the status of the second state language on Roven with Czech language.

The proclamation of the Land of the Czech Crown was canceled in 1749 by Maria Terezia, however, Czech kings continued to be crushed within the framework of the Czech kingdom. In 1781, Joseph II reforms led to the abolition of serfdom, as well as spoiled religious tolerance in society. From the 17th century and before the beginning of the 19th century, processes took place to centralize the monarchy. Such centralization helped the German language to be dominant in the management of the state and the church. In response to the Germanization of Culture and Language, the end of the 18th century became the beginning of the Epoch of the Czech National Renaissance, attempts were made to restore Czech culture and language, and then to obtain political force representing the interests of the Czech ethnic group. In the second half of the 19th century, occurred in the Czech Republic and an important economic and cultural ascent. Most (about 70%) of the Austria-Hungary industry was concentrated in the Czech Republic.

3.3. Pre-war czechoslovakia

The first world war fought 1,500,000 people scored from Czech districts, of which 138,000 were killed by protecting the monarchy and about five and a half thousand people who fought as part of foreign legions. More than 90,000 volunteers have formed Czechoslovak Legion in France, Italy and Russia, where they fought against the central powers, and then against the Bolsheviks. After the defeat of Austria-Hungary on October 28, 1918 Czech lands, part of the Kingdom of Hungary, Carpathian Russia united, creating a new state Czechoslovakia. Despite the fact that the state was formed primarily on the national basis, nevertheless, the Germans, Hungarians, Poles, as well as Romanians (as part of national minorities) were also included in the state. After finding independence Czechoslovakia, border conflicts occurred on the border with Poland and Hungary, as well as unrest in the German regions of the country (Sudeten's Germans). Tomash Garrik Mazarik was elected first president of Czechoslovakia. In the period of such creation of the state to the dissolution of the "First Republic", Czechoslovakia was a unitary state and remained the only democratic state in Central Europe.

The German population in border areas, as a result of the Great Depression, Mass Unemployment and intense, Radical Nazi Propaganda, began to be required by Czechoslovakia. The most effort in this area was given to the Sudeo-German Party, headed by Conrad Genlane. Under pressure from Nazi Germany and European powers, in September 1938, Czechoslovakia, according to the Munich Agreement, was forced to give in Germany by the Sundean regions. South Districtons of Slovakia and Carpathian Rus Czechoslovakia gavedened Hungary, a small part of the Czechoslovak territory (in particular, the region of Tershin Silesia) departed to Poland, so appeared "The Second Republic" Czechoslovakia.

3.4. Protectorate of Bohemia (Czech Republic) and Morav

On March 14, 1939, Slovakia announced its independence, and after the occupation by the German troops of March 15, 1939, the remaining part of the Czechoslovak territory (that is, the Czech Republic without the Sundayevsky region, annexed in 1938 by Germany, and in the eastern part of the Tyshin Silesia, which In 1938, it was also annexed by Poland) was declared the protectory of Bohemia and Moravia (on the territory of the Protectorate there was a very small part of the Czech Silesia around the city of Ostrava and Friedka, the rest of the Earth, including the eastern part of the Czechoslovak Tishinskaya Silisia, were attached to Germany). The German occupation of Czechoslovakia was met by the mass resistance of the population of the country (Czech sources) and groups supported from abroad, to which the Nazis responded by Terror. During the war, the Nazis carried out the policy of forced labor of the Czech labor in Germany, as well as the destruction of the Jewish diaspora in the protectorate. Despite this, it should be noted that the Czech Republic made a very impressive contribution to Germany's success in the first years of war. Lion share of germany weapons, incl. And the tanks, was produced at the factories located in the Czech Republic and on which the Czechs worked, and cases of permit on the factories were single and did not make any significant contribution to the disruption of production. Also, a large number of citizens of the former Czechoslovakia served voluntarily in the SS troops. So, for example, Kurspel Kurt, one of the greatest tank assues of Germany, who destroyed 168 enemy tanks, was from Czechoslovakia. It is worth noting that the partisan movements in the Czech Republic, which appeared almost immediately after the occupation, did not make any significant contribution to the release of Czechoslovakia. Unfortunately, unfortunately, it is not possible to significantly determine the mood of the Czech Republic on the day of the occupation, but based on the measures taken or not undertaken to stop the occupation, it is possible to confidently declare that the Czechs were not against the inclusion of their country in Germany and considered it as a logical continuation of Germanization country. The only exception can be considered the heroic act of Captain Carla Pavlik, which on March 14, 1939, with his Rota, provided armed resistance to the occupying German troops. He was the only officer who broke the order and had resistance.

3.5. Post-war Czechoslovakia

In May 1945, Czechoslovakia was completely liberated by allies, which marked the official restoration of the Democratic state Czechoslovakia. However, during this period, strange political phenomena occurred in the Czech Republic, such as the expulsion of the Germans from Czechoslovakia to Germany and Austria or the limitations of party competition, extensive nationalization of key enterprises in the field of heavy industry, energy, film industry, banking, insurance companies, large construction companies, and TD .. In February 1948, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia came to power, the country became a totalitarian state and part of the Soviet bloc (East block). The structures of civil society were suppressed from the local management of the regions (1949) to suppressing freedom of speech, press and canceled market relations in the economic life of the country. State nationalization and monetary reform (1953) led to the fact that millions of citizens lost their property. In 1960, the new Constitution changed the official name of the country at the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czechoslovak Republic). In the late 50s - 60s, there is a gradual liberalization, which reached its peak in 1968. The period in which the movements aimed at the liberalization of Czechoslovakia are known as Prague Spring. Prague Prague Prague was suppressed by the invasion of the Soviet Union and other countries of the Warsaw Treaty on August 21, 1968. After the invasion, the outflow of the Czech intelligentsia began, many educated people in the democratic countries of Europe were emigrated, which even more accelerated the economic decline in the country, which survived the violent process to the Soviet block. At that time, Czechoslovakia was occupied by the Soviet army, which finally came out of the country only in 1991, i.e. The process of "normalization" launched over 20 years, fully suppressed the feeling of freedom among citizens of the Czech Republic.

Post-war Czechoslovakia was not completely unitary state, but had an asymmetrical structure. On the territory of Slovakia, the "Slovak National Council" was performed by the legislative body, until 1960, the executive body was the "meeting of representatives", while there were no such bodies on the territory of the Czech Republic. While the mutual borders of the Czech Republic, Moravia and Silesia in the post-war period were subjected to regional division, the border between the Czech Republic and Slovakia was prohibited at the legislative level, i.e. The boundaries of Slovakia remained not touched and remained uniform until the end. Some accepted Czech laws and regulations were limited to the territorial coverage of the Czech region. An example is the state environmental law. Slovak National Council, adopted Law No. 1/1955 "Protection of State Natural Resources", valid only for the Slovak region.

3.6. Socialist Republic of the Czech Republic and the Czech Republic in the federation.

The longest state-of-law consequence of Prague Spring was the federalization of the Czech-Social Socialist Republic, established on January 1, 1969, when a unitary state became a federation of two sovereign states - the Czech and Slovenian socialist republics.

The velvet revolution, started on November 17, 1989, overtook the communist regime and provided the opportunity to conduct democratic reforms and restore the freedom of entrepreneurship, but also contributed to a sharp increase in the crime level, a large national debt arose and provoked the decay of the federation. From the name of each federable state in 1990, the word "socialist" and the Czech Republic received its symbolism of the state. Between the two groups of the subjects of the Federation, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, disagreement began to appear very soon, with respect to the two republics there was a split, which ultimately led to the rapid decay of a single state. Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist on December 31, 1992, and the new republics divided the assets and obligations of the former Czechoslovakia. From this period, the Czech Republic and Slovakia exist as two independent states.

3.7. Independent Czech Republic

The subject of international law, the Czech Republic became the first January 1993, after the decay of the federation. Czech Republic joined Western European political structures. On March 12, 1999, the Czech Republic was adopted in NATO and on May 1, 2004 joined the European Union. In 2004, he joined the Schengen Agreement, and on this basis of the 21st December 2007 became part of the Schengen zone.

The existence of the Czech Republic as a subject of international law recognizes the vast majority of the countries of the world. Since its inception and until July 13, 2009, the Czech Republic was not recognized as an independent state of only Liechtenstein. Liechtenstein seeks, as a preliminary condition for recognizing and establishing diplomatic contractual relations with the Czech Republic, to solve property issues (property disputes existed between Liechtenstein and Czechoslovakia since the founding of Czechoslovakia, disputes are associated with the expropriation of the property of Liechtenstein according to Benesh Decree). Liechtenstein made significant efforts to prevent the adoption of the Czech Republic to international organizations, but this activity was not successful.

4. Geography

The Czech Republic is located in Central Europe and borders with four countries: on Western with Germany, in the north with Poland, with Slovakia in the south-east and the southern border is used in conjunction with Austria. The length of the Western border with Germany is 810.7 kilometers, 466.1 km from Austria, with Slovakia 251.8 km and with Poland in the north of 761.8 km. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe Czech Republic is 78,867 km², of which 2% aqueous surface. The Czech Republic on its perimeter has mountains and a hilly area, the highest mountains are in the north, the Mountains of Krkonoshi. The highest point of the Czech Republic is the snow mountain (1602 meters above sea level). In the western part of the Czech Republic, the Elba River (Laba) and Vltava, in the eastern part of the part, takes its origins of the Oder River. Thanks to the rivers, the Czech Republic has access to the North, Baltic and Black Sea. The climate in the Czech Republic is soft, just a week a year is "very" hot and a week a year is "very cold", during the rest of the time the temperature and weather is always comfortable, without sharp fluctuations (in summer the average temperature of +20 degrees, winter -3). Such an ideal climate is obtained by sea and continental influence. Due to the fact that the Czech Republic is surrounded by mountains around the perimeter, the negative impact of winds is significantly reduced, besides, a significant amount of snow falls in the mountains, which makes the Czech Republic by the ski country.

4.1. Geology,geomorphology and soil

Most of the territory belongs to the geologically stable Czech array formed in the fourth geological period of the Paleozoic era of Hercinsk folding. The Western Carpathian region, in the east of the territory, was formed in the last era of tectogenesis of alpine folding.

From the point of view of the geomorphology, the Czech Republic is located on the border of two mountain systems. The central and western part of the Czech Republic are located on the mountain massifs "Český Masiv", mainly consisting of hills and mountains (Shumava, Czech forest, the western mountain, Yizersk Mountain, Krkonosh, Orlyside Mountain, Kralytsky Snowflake, Yeseniki), and in the east of the Czech Republic are Western Carpathians (Beskida). Territory area of \u200b\u200b52817 km2, which is 67% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe Czech Republic, to be at an altitude of up to 500 meters above sea level, 25222 km2 (32%) at a height of 500 to 1000 meters, and only 827 km2 (1.05%) are at height Above 1000 meters above sea level. The highest place in the Czech Republic is the mountain "Sněžka", 1602 meters above sea level, and the lowest River "Labe" at the city "Hřensko", 115 meters above sea level. Middle height above sea level is 430 meters.

Soil cover of the country is diverse. The most common type of soil in the Czech Republic is "brown soils", on the plains fertile black earth earth.

4.2. Hydrology and climate

Through the territory of the Czech Republic, the chief European watershed of the destruction of the northern, Baltic and Black Sea basin is held. The main river axes are located in Bohemia - Labe (370 km) with Vltava (433 km); in Moravia - River Morava (246 km) with Thaya (306 km); In Silesia, Odra (135 km) with Opawau (131 km).

The climate in the Czech Republic is soft, transitional between the continental and oceanic type. Typical is the alternation of four seasons. Western winds and intensive cyclonic activities prevail. Sea influence manifests itself mainly in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia are more susceptible to continental climatic influences. The greatest impact on the climate in the Czech Republic, has a height above sea level and relief.

4.3. Flora and fauna

Flora and Fauna in the Czech Republic is a classic manifestation of the Middle Economy of the world, which indicates the interpenetration of the guidelines. Forests, mostly coniferous, cover 33% of the total land area.

4.4. Environmental protection

The preserved pristine nature is guarded in national parks and reserves. The highest body engaged in the protection and preservation of the environment in the Czech Republic is the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Czech Republic. In the Czech Republic there are four national parks: Shumava National Park, Krkonosh National Park, Czech Switzerland National Park and Soya National Park. Protected Territories include: National Parks (NP), Protected Landscape Square (CHKO), National Reserves (NPR), Reserves (PR), National Natural Monuments (NPP), Natural Attractions (PP).

Changes in the population in the Czech Republic according to Czech statistical management.
Year	Total population	Change
1857	7,016,531	-
1869	7,617,230	+8,6%
1880	8,222,013	+7,9%
1890	8,665,421	+5,4%
1900	9,372,214	+8,2%
1910	10,078,637	+7,5%
1921	10,009,587	-0,7%
1930	10,674,386	+6,6%
1950	8,896,133	-16,7%
1961	9,571,531	+7,6%
1970	9,807,697	2,5%
1980	10,291,927	+4,9%
1991	10,302,215	+0,1%
2001	10,230,060	-0,7%
2011	10,526,214	+2,9%

5. Population

The birth rate in the Czech Republic is one of the lowest in the world, in 2012 there were 1.27 children per woman. The total population, according to Czech Statistical Office, in the years from 1995 to 2002, it decreased somewhat, currently a total growth near zero (-0.08 in 2003 and + 0.9% in 2004) due to an increase in immigration from abroad, Although the natural increase since 1994 is always negative. The average life expectancy continues slowly increases and exceeds 72 years for men and 79 years for women (grade 2004). 71% of the population lives in cities.

In the last census in 2011, 63.7% of Czech citizens attributed themselves to Czech nationality (86% of those who took themselves to any nationality), which prevails in all parts of the Czech Republic, 4.9% of the population attributed themselves to the Moravian Nationality and 0.1% to Silesian nationality, although the Czech language is used in both nationalities to communicate. According to Czech Statistical Department (CSU), we are talking about the consequences of the division of Czech nationality, as a result of intensive coverage in the media and politicization of the Moravian National Question, so the Moravia Political Party actively uses this issue for its political purposes. Before the 1991 census, it was actually impossible to allocate nations, since there was no graph in which it would be possible to indicate this, because to trace the complete demographic situation among each nationality is not possible. In the 2011 census, 26% of the population, in the column of nationality, did not make any information, i.e. Left the field empty.

5.1. Religion

The Czech Republic has one of the least religious populations in the world. In the course of studies of the Eurobarometer project in 2005, 19% of respondents answered that they believe in God, 50% believe due to spiritual life, and 30% not Believe in religion. According to the last census of the population in 2011, about 3.6 million people do not adhere to what religion. This is 34.2% of the population. A different religion ranked almost 1.5 million people (13.9%). As believers, but not counting out of one of the existing religions, approximately 707,000 people took place (6.7%). In general, about 2,100,000 people or 20.6% of the Czech population rank as believing (regardless of religion). A total of 4,700,000 people (45.2%) in this voluntary column do not fill the census list.

The most common religion in the Czech Republic is Christianity. The largest religious group is the Roman Catholic Church, which has 1.1 million believers (10.26%), which is significantly lower compared to 2001, in the calculation of the believers, a total of 2.7 million people took themselves (26.8%). The high proportion of believers is still in the Orthodox Church, which has a total of 27,000 believers, supporters of Jedism 15,000 people, Jehovah's Witnesses - 13,000. More than 700,000 people indicated that they are believers, but did not attract themselves to one organized church. The number of adherents of Judaism is about 1,500 inhabitants, Islam is preached by almost 3,500 people. 6100 people took themselves to various branches of Buddhism. 1075 people were delivered to atheists, 863 people said gender.

The proportion of people who declared themselves believers, in comparison with previous census, in 2001 significantly decreased. Significantly decreased the number of people who have not declared any religion. In the innovation of the 2011 census, it was possible to register as believers without belonging to a certain church, this opportunity used almost 7% of the population, but the percentage of people who preferred not to respond to a question about their religion were increased. The greatest number of religious people lives in the eastern part of the Czech Republic - Moravia.

5.2. Ethnographic groups

In the Czech Republic, there are several ethnographic groups closely associated with the region where they live, which in the past had cultural differences, as well as the features of dialects. In Bohemia, this is: moves, plzyenazi, Bollascape, Dulyby, Moravia: Horaci, Ganakas, Moravian Croats, Moravian Slovaks, Drugs, Valashi, Lasi and others in Silesia, for example, Gurali. The differences between ethnographic groups after the "Second World War" began to be blurred, but some regional features are still supported. In addition to these geographically different ethnographic groups, it is necessary to note the groups that do not have geographic binding to the place of residence, but are also significant, this is: Romanesque and Israeli ethnographic group.

5.3. Foreigners

In general, in the Czech Republic, in 2011 the number of foreigners decreased compared with 2010 almost 8,000 people to 416,700 people (4%). On Prague and the Middle School region, there are more than half of the total number of foreigners living in the Czech Republic. Most immigrants arrived from Slovakia (1.4%), Ukraine (0.5%), Poland (0.4%), Vietnam (0.3%), Germany (0.2%), Russia (0.2% ) and Hungary (0.1%). In comparison with other countries of Europe, the Czech Republic remains relatively homogeneous strange, so for example in neighboring Germany, the largest number of foreigners living in the EU, that is, 7.2 million foreigners (9% of the population), Austria 10.8% and Spain 12% . The indisputable advantage is the fact that in the Czech Republic such ethnic groups as Turks and Negros are presented in minor quantities and are not a problem for the state, unlike the same Germany and France.

4.1.

Czech Republic - The state in the center of Europe with simply crazy concentration of attractions on one square kilometer literally of the word.The country borders with Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Poland. Territory Czech Republic It is divided into three regions: Bohemia (West), Silesia (Northeast), Moravia (East).

Tourist Czech Republic

The most interesting cities of the Czech Republic
Prague - The capital of the Czech Republic, the most beautiful and romantic city in Europe.
Brno - the largest settlement in the eastern region Czech Republic (Moravia).
Krumlov - One of the oldest Czech cities, where the same castle is located.
Opava - the most important city Czech Republic With a high concentration of historical values. Located almost on the border with Poland.
Karlovy Vary - The highest concentration of resistant, historical attractions and just beautiful cobbled streets with multi-colored houses.
Yesenik - famous winter resort town.
Kutna Mount - Historical value Czech RepublicWhere is the Saint Barbara Cathedral, Silver Mine and many other interesting facilities.
Plzen - The largest city in the west of the country, the birthplace of the most famous in Russia and not only a foam drink Pilsner Urquell.

Useful information for tourists:
- Tipping in restaurants, taxi driver and guide make up 10% of the check amount
- museums and attractions, where the entrance is not free, do not work on Mondays and the next day after the holidays
- The sale of entrance tickets to the museum ends an hour before the closure of the museum. Almost all museum complexes operate from nine in the morning and to six evenings. The time of work of the Jewish Museum, located in Prague from Sunday to Friday. Saturday - day off.
- at Czech Republic It is forbidden to smoke at public transport stops, as well as in the premises of educational institutions, public institutions. For violation of this ban Fine - 1000 kroons
- Emergency Rooms: Fire Safety Service - 150; Medical assistance - 155; Police - 156.
- There is a lot of ticks in the country - borreliosis and encephalitis carriers. Local residents try to make themselves and their loved ones in the spring, and tourists should be extremely attentive, choose for walking paved paving paths and avoid puddles, harassment on high grass.
- Czech - Country where it is allowed to have narcotic drugs, but in limited quantities
- Do not know Czech or English - you can try to communicate with the locals in Russian, most of the old-timers remember the language well and can talk freely with tourists from Russia.

"Mobile" Communication in the Czech Republic
AT Czech Republic You can purchase a "sim card" of the mobile operator Vodafone. The cost of a SIM card 200 crowns that arrive immediately to the account (the so-called loan for conversations). You can purchase a SIM card in Prague in close proximity to Wenceslas Square. Call to Russia follows the following scheme: +7, then codecities, then the subscriber number. AT Czech Republic Code for calls +420. To replenish the account in Prague, Trafika's kiosks are installed. The nearest such kiosk is located near the Wenceslas Square at Metro Metro Station.

Currency transactions in the Czech Republic
In the country, which is included in the EU, has its own currency - Czech crowns. Currency exchange rate in every bank is different. BUT! It is not necessary to be kept on an attractive exchange rate - most private exchangers establish a commission fee for currency exchange, often the Commission comes to ten percent of the amount of exchange. Typically, the commission is indicated on the stand, but it can be written in very small letters, which will not immediately and when the exchange passed - to return the money back it will be very difficult. In many exchangers, there are far from the Czechs, but the faces of Asian appearance. Therefore, it is worth, having come to the bank, the first thing to ask about the Commission and its percentage ratio. You can exchange currency in any, even a three-star hotel, however, the course is not very profitable. Also, exchange offices work at the railway stations at the airport.In Prague, you can exchange the currency for sellers of souvenirs. Usually, good "currency", which do not deceive and exchange without any commissions, know guides.

Czech traditions and holidays
The formation of culture of this wonderful country went over for several centuries. Actively influenced her and traditions adjacent to Czech Republic countries.
Amuses the hospitality of local residents. And this is not a taller quality, the desire to show yourself from the best side. Czechs are really very friendly, hospitable, are constantly smiling and trying to help every contact tourist. Many old-timers still remember Russian, so a tourist who does not know Czech or English will be easy to communicate with the locals whose age is 45+. Young people practically from small to great owns English, so going to the tour Czech Republic You can grab the English-Russian phrasebook with you. In general, Czech is not like that and complex - before the trip to replenish your vocabulary stock, you can learn a couple of part-to-use phrases to feel comfortable and answer your own courtesy to the courtesy of local residents.
AT Czech Republic Love celebrating holidays. And absolutely no matter whether it is about a religious event (Catholic or Orthodox) or worldly.That's what you should really visit, being in Czech RepublicSo it is a local wedding, passing through all Czech traditions. Impressive and incredible action!
Attitude towards national holidays in Chekhov is special - they do not just honor them, but also celebrate on all traditions and rules. December is one of the most saturated months in a year, in which the day of St. Barbara (Fourth of December) is celebrated, St. Nicholas Day, Christmas Eve, Christmas.
AT Day of St. Barbara Locals are cut off the rowan twig and put in water. If the twig to Christmas is blossoming, the next year for the family will be successful.
St. Nicolas day - This is like the international day of children celebrated worldwide on June 1, only in Czech. On this day, children's events, matinees, concerts and contests are held throughout the country.
Traditions of Christmas
Christmas without carp - not Christmas. This is the opinion of the Czechs who do not represent the holiday without carp in any form of preparation. Fish stewbake, stuffed, fry, make the bay. Generally B. Czech Republic More than a dozen dishes led by carp. It is believed that every self-respecting mistress should necessarily prepare this fish for Christmas.
Interesting fact: On the eve of the Catholic holiday in the stores, active sale of carp, remedy, fattened, selected, begins. But it floats in aquariums, barrels, mini-pools, baths right on the street near the entrance to the store. Moreover, water tanks and fish are not fenced - you can touch, look, get fish. Many Russian tourists left unattended and properly controlling the fish causes at least a surprise and a natural question: "Do not steal?". Explain. No. Do not steal. Local residents will not come to steal at all. They are laid at the level of education and mentality. By the way, in many shopping centers, self-service terminals are installed to pay for purchased goods. This is done so that the person does not stand in the box office, and could independently scan the cost of the goods and pay for it. The security service we asked a natural question: "And if they do not pay for all the goods?" Secondly answered with a smile: "We trust our customers." That's so!

How to get to Prague from Moscow

Reach Czech Republic In the presence of Shengen, there will be no difficulty. The country is located on the mainland, not fell apart by the seas and oceans, so you can safely travel by car, especially if we are talking about the inhabitants of Moscow, the Moscow region and other non-remote regions.
On a personal vehicle
You can deliver a lot of pleasure and go to Czech Republic on a personal car. Distance from Moscow to Prague about 1600 kilometers.
By plane
If the principle "quickly and comfortable" is valid, then optimally choose an air flight. Fly to prague Czech RepublicIt is possible from Moscow for two with the "tail" hour. Flight organizes several airlines: Aeroflot, Czech Airlines. Daily from Moscow, these airlines serve up to six flights to Prague and back.
On average, the cost of a ticket to the "peak" season is 9000 rubles on the direct flight Moscow-Prague. If you choose an option with a transplant, then you can get 1400 rubles as a "bonus". The only nuance is an enlarged flight time (minimum - 4 hours, Maxim - 19 hours). Therefore, if you want to get to Prague quickly, then the optimal option will be a direct flight to Prague from Moscow.
Cheap tickets can be bought in February, June and July.

Transport in the Czech Republic

City Transportation
Municipal transport links in the Czech Republic is very well developed, operates without failures and is in high demand among local residents. For public transport travel, a single travel ticket is provided, it is purchased at the cash desk at the metro stations or in special kiosks located on many bus stop points.A single ticket allows you to freely travel around the city in any form of public transport. The only condition is the time of the passage, the countdown of which begins from the moment the ticket was processed. The cost of travel is quite democratic. If we are planned to travel to the subway, on the tram inthe course of the day, it is better to buy a daily pass. By the way, controllers - public transport phenomenon regular, and fines on an overdue passage - weighty. It is better not to risk.
Public transport goes exclusively according to the schedule. And for the light day - one schedule, and for the night - another. You can get acquainted with traffic movement literally at each stopping point.
AT Czech Republic Long-distance transport links are well developed - you can move around the country by rail, on the flight buses or by plane.
Railway communication
The cheapest and comfortable option of movement by Czech Republic There will be a railway. AT Czech Republic Railway communication led by the CESKE DRAHY management company (abbreviation - CD) is perfectly developed. Trains go to all regions of the country from Prague several times per hour.
In the country, three types of trains run between cities:
- Intercity, Eurocity (Sometimes on the wagons you can see the abbreviation "IC", "EC"). It is worth the passage of expensive, but it is very comfortable, comfortable and fast.
- Rychlik, Express (abbreviation - R, EX) - the cost of passage is average, the speed of movement is high.
- Osobni (Abbreviation - O) - go very slowly, but also cost cheaply.
Tickets for railway stations work only during the day!
Intercity buses
Bus passenger transportation perfectly developed in Czech Republic. This method of movement is used by the locals themselves. There is nothing amazing - dozens of transport companies offer passengers comfortable, comfortable, modern buses, on which to travel is a pleasure.
Each city has at least one bus station, where you can buy bus tickets. Buses walk strictly on schedule, and the trip will deliver a lot of pleasant emotions and in no case tip.Bus tickets can be purchased from the driver right when entering the bus or online services. Places on tickets are not indicated, so the passenger can be saved anywhere.
The main bus carrier in the Czech Republic is CSAD, which also provides domestic and international flights. In Prague, you can go on the bus of this company from Florenz bus station.You can also contact the CSAD information window, working from six in the morning and up to eight in the evening on weekdays, on Saturday from 6 am to 16 pm, on Sunday - eight in the morning and to six evenings. In the information window, you can immediately purchase a ticket for travel.
No less popular in the Czech Republic is considered a motor transportation company that cargo in the country, Student Agency, the vehicles of which are characterized by impeccable comfort, as well as unmatched service. By the way, often tickets for the route cost cheaper in Student Agency than other carriers. Buses come from Prague from the Zlicin Metro Station. Tickets where landing places are specified, sold in the same place, in a special kiosk near the metro station.
How many travel tickets in the Czech Republic are
The cost of the ticket is influenced by several factors, firstly, the Vagon class, secondly, the distance. But you can safely save, purchasing "weekends" travel Sone +. The advantage of this travel is that it makes it possible to travel around the country on any kind of train without restrictions during all weekends. By the way, this type of travel ticket is valid even in areas at the borders of the neighboring countries of the Czech Republic. For trips to weekdays you can buy a Sitova Jizdenka ticket.By the way, students have the opportunity to gain weighty discounts on public transport. Children under six can drive in general for free. A 50% discount will be provided to children whose age has not reached fifteen years. And for students, the ticket will cost cheaper times in one and a half than for ordinary passengers.
Car rent
With a long stay in Czech Republic The optimal option will be renting a vehicle. To rent a car requires two conditions: age - from 21 years and a driver's license of a new sample.
Attention! Rules of movement on the roads of the Czech Republic!
Traffic Laws Czech Republic Slightly different from the rules installed in Russia.
For example, the maximum speed of movement in the city is 50 km / h, on the highway - no more than 90 km / h, on high-speed road roads the maximum permissible speed of 130 km / h.In the city, the tram has an advantage during movement and it is always necessary to remember - in every city the tram message is developed with a bang.
For unhindered movement around the country by car (even leased), transport tax should be paid. You can do this at any gas station, after which you will be given a special permissive coupon, which must be stored and not losing, and it is best to immediately stick to the windshield. Coupon acts during the year. His absence entails the imposition on the driver of a very impressive fine.
Filling stations are located at the entrance to the city, as well as on the transport highways at a distance, approximately every fifty kilometers. But unlike fasteners in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, working around the clock, in Czech Republic They work until nine evenings and then close.
Walking through the Czech Republic by bike
Riding on two-wheeled transport is very common in Czech Republic. There are more than 37 thousand kilometers of cycling paths around the country. In Prague, the largest length of cycling routes. In other regions, not less than cycleheads than in Prague. The routes are laid that local residents call "Greenway" predominantly along the water bodies, robes, railways. Traveling in Czech Republic By cycling, you can explore a lot of historical sites, including pilgrimage and trading roads, routes, architectural monuments and history. You can rent a bike in any of the numerous rental points located literally in every city.

Rest in the Czech Republic

Czech - Country with incredible tourist potential. Each city is present the country's wealth. Only the Prague with her cobbled streets, the breathtaking architectural monuments drives you crazy, and what to talk about Karlovy Vary, Brno, which are beautiful, regardless of the time of year and the weather outside the window. Numerous castles, estates, caves deserve separate attention deserve separate attention, which is unrealistic even for a weekly rest in the country.

Accommodation in the Czech Republic
The country has a well-developed hotel network. Moreover, it is possible to stop without pans, even in three-star hotels, private pensions, renting an apartment or apartments. A distinctive feature is a high level of service regardless of the "star" hotel, spacious, cozy, clean rooms, democratic prices, even in four and five star hotels. Most hotels have free Wi-Fi, parking (truth, paid). For large families with children, it is more profitable to rent apartments. Apartments, even the most presentable, also distinguishes low cost.

Main Czech attractions

Castles of the Czech Republic
This is the most important pride of the country - in total Czech Republic There are more than 2.5 thousand castles, which are perfectly preserved to this day! In each region Czech Republic There is a castle landmark, with history, legends.Today, a variety of festivals, theatrical ideas, concerts, costume shows and knight fighting are held on the territory of many castles. And each of the activities is aimed at disclosing history Czech Republic With its flavor, features and traditions.

Czech cities on the principle of MUST SEE
AT Czech RepublicProbably one of the highest concentrations of vintage cities that must be visited by arriving at this wonderful country.
Czech krumlov
One of the most famous cities South Czech Republicwhere the historical buildings in the Renaissance style, Baroque, Gothic are located. Krumlovsky degree in its significance is not inferior to Prague dealership and is included in the UNESCO list. The "Krumlovsky" ensemble includes more than forty buildings, palaces, five courtyards and a wonderful garden with centuries-old green plantings.
In the immediate vicinity of Krumlov, there is an interesting attraction, open in 2012 and received the title of the best Czech attractions of the new generation - an observation tower with a suspended design of a tree, starting with the Earth, supplied over the lake lipo and rising to the top of the tower.
Telch - Czech "Venice"
In the Moravia region there is a unique city on water, surrounded by two artificial reservoirs and a canal. The central object of the body is considered an old fortress, built in the period of the Middle Ages and preserved in almost the priority form to the present day. Arriving in bodies, it is necessary to visit the palace with many rooms that are distinguished by chic decoration and incredible beauty and entertainment.
Yindrhihow Grades - acquaintance with the castle of the 13th century
There is a third largest castle complex in this city, erected in the 13th century. The main attraction of the complex can be called a palace with the most valuable picture canvases, the Church of St. John, the internal space of which is decorated with rare frescoes, as well as the Minerite Monastery. In the city, the festivals of folklore and classical music are held annually.
Brno - the largest concentration of spiritual values
The central object of the city is the Gothic Grad Spileberg, founded in the 13th century and still amazing with his charm. The hail is located on the top of the mountain, so the review from the central point is awesome. By the way, Grad Spileberg is depicted almost on all Czech coins.
Being Brno, it is necessary to visit the Moravian gallery - the second most important and magnitude of the Czech Museum.And in Brno, a very beautiful Cathedral of Saints Paul and Peter, St. Yakuba Catholic chokes, St. Michael, Majestic Town Hall, Basilica Virgin Mary and many other no less significant historical attractions.
Kutna Mount
It was here that in the 14th century was the active mining of silver. And in the city there is a famous chapel of all saints, erected in the 15th century. Being in Kutna Mountain, it is necessary to get acquainted with the Vlaški courtyard - a complex of buildings dated 13-14 centuries (it was here that in the past times was the residence of the Czech kings). And Kutna Mountain is famous for its moon yard, a silver museum located in the Kamennaya Palace, the Cathedral of St. Barbara (an externally, the cathedral is practically no different from the French Notre Dam de Paris).
Memorial complex "Teresin"
Russian tourists will be interested in visiting Teresin Memorial, where in the days of World War II, the Jewish ghetto was in which about 140 thousand people were estimated. During the military, only 17 thousand people survived. Teresin liberated Soviet troops on May 9, 1945. Today Teresin is a memorial complex dedicated to the victims of the concentration camp.

Czech cuisine

National cuisine Czech Republic: not for losing weight and this is a fact! "Frost" - just like this can be called the kitchen Czech Republicwhere meat, flour, fried dishes are dominated. Size portions - the dream of lovers delicious to eat. But with such an abundance of food, its high caloric content, locals are distinguished by a slim and tightened figure! By the way, many Czechs consider most dishes of national cuisine with snacks. Yes Yes. It is snacks to the most important meal, or rather drinking beer. Brewing is so developed in the Czech Republic, that for the production of this foam drink, the country can be safely recorded on the podium. Hundreds of varieties, tastes and flavors. Delicious beer is served to the table at any restaurant and café. Moreover, many tourists note that it is in the cafes and bars the most delicious beer, the most delicious pork steering wheel and dumplings. Therefore, when, walking through the Czech city and is in search of the "most" restaurant "himself, pay attention to the cafe on some quiet street. AT Czech Republic The quality of food, the level of service in the institution, the degree of feeding is not determined by the status of the upochite institution.

Shopping in the Czech Republic

Czech One of the most attractive countries after Germany for shopaholics. In each city you can find stores of well-known world brands. Will delight a wide range, democratic prices. AT Czech Republic The Tesco supermarket chain is well developed, where, according to Russian standards, just a funny price tag for most of the goods and food. It is necessary to pay attention to the "red price", as it is possible to buy excellent things and interior items for the shipments.
Most trading facilities work from nine in the morning and up to six evenings. Hypermarkets and grocery stores work up to nine evenings and can open at six in the morning. On weekends, pre-holiday and holidays, the hours of shopping is reduced by a few hours, but not critical. By the way, many hypermarkets, especially in large cities, work around the clock.
On the eve of Catholic christmas, national holidays, most boutiques and shopping centers, for example, in the same in Prague, works in normal mode. But on the Christmas itself, almost everything is closed - the locals are very reading this holiday and try, despite the huge flows of tourists, meet a church holiday in the circle of their family.

Czech Republic Always occupied a separate situation among the Slavic countries of Eastern Europe. The country is famous for the abundance of exquisite architectural monuments of different styles and directions. Here you can see the Romanesque and Gothic Styles, Czech Baroque with Renaissance.

Features

The Czech Republic is a small country, but has a rich saturated story. Since time immemorial, the Czechs, Germans and Slovaks, Italian Kamenotesies and French Traders, as well as the weaving from the Army of Napoleon, lived and worked here, one way or another to influence each other. For centuries, they jointly treasured the land, created works of art, which today cause respect and admiration. Thanks to their ingenuity and skill, this little country is decorated with hundreds of old castles, monasteries and mansions, as well as entire cities. The Czech Republic has a huge number of architectural treasures and natural wealth.

general information

The Czech Republic is located in Central Europe, covers an area of \u200b\u200b78.8 thousand km2. The population of the Czech Republic is 10.3 million people, 95% of which are Czechs. Official language - Czech, some distribution have: German, English and Russian. Monetary unit - Czech Crown (CZK). 100 CZK \u003d $ CZK: USD: 100: 2. The time in the Czech Republic lags behind Moscow for 1 hour and 2 hours in winter. Time Zone UTC + 2 in the summer, UTC + 1 in winter. Network voltage 230 V at a frequency of 50 Hz, C, E. Country code of the country +420. Internet domain CZ.

Brief excursion in history

Czech lands were settled by Celtic tribes of labor during the first 4th centuries of the first 4th anniversary. In the 9th century, Slavs came here and founded Great Moravia, in whose territory the modern Czech Republic subsequently was formed. The rise of Habsburgs led to the fact that the Czech Republic became part of the Austrian Empire, and later became part of Austria-Hungary. After World War II, the Czechs and Slovaks united in the new state of Czechoslovakia, and after World War II, the country fell under Soviet influence. In November 1989, the Communist Government was overthrown as a result of a peaceful "velvet" revolution. In January 1993, the country was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Climate

In the Czech Republic, a temperate climate with a soft wet winter and warm summer. You can visit the Czech Republic year-round if you go on a sightseeing tour or therapeutic resorts. At the ski resorts of the Czech Republic, the snow lies from November to April.

Visa and customs regulations

Citizens of Russia and Ukraine need to issue a Schengen visa to visit the Czech Republic. You can import nonpropation products duty free, but only for personal use or as a gift.

How to get

Regular flights from Russian and Czech airlines are made daily from B. Before you can fly direct flight. Charters are carried out before, and from Moscow and some other Russian cities.

Transport

Between the cities of the Czech Republic, it is convenient to reach by bus or train, on some destinations go faster and more often, to others - buses. CD has a large railway network in the Czech Republic, there are many types of high-speed trains. For a trip around the city you can use public transport or taxi. Be sure to fit all passengers to fasten the safety belts, even on the bus.

Cities and resorts

Choose from the list of Brno Darkov Karlovy Vary Lazne Belograd Lugachovitsa Marianske Lazne Moravia Lake Lipno Olomouc Ostrava Pardubice Plzen Pragrata Prague ★ Greenhouse Frantishkov Lazne Cheske-Budejevice Chesky-Krumlov Yakhimov

Information

Czech resort business is inseparable from European cultural heritage, and the high quality of natural healing resources made it possible to acquire extraordinary popularity and respect among Europeans. The use of modern wellness and rehabilitation techniques in combination with many years of traditional use of natural mineral waters, dirt and climate allowed the Czech Republic to become the leading European power in the field of resort tourism. And yet, no matter what purpose you come to the Czech Republic, just on vacation or treatment, visit the capital of Prague.

- The capital and the largest city of the Czech Republic, spread on the shores of the Vltava River. Prague is ranked up the most beautiful cities in the world, such epithets as the "Golden City", the "Lights of the Nineties", "Mother of Cities", "City of Thousands of Spiers" and "Heart of Europe" were entrenched. Since 1992, the historical territory of the Prague Center is made by UNESCO in the world heritage. Prague is full of attractions, and you can not pay attention to such objects as, and Petrshinsky Holm.. But not only the sights attract tourists, there are many cozy basements and cafes, where they treat the best varieties of beer and wine, which is also famous for the Czech Republic. Well, of course, in three, his world fame attracts more and more tourists from year to year.

There are a small cozy town in the Czech Republic. He rightfully refers to the most beautiful cities of Europe. Its appearance has been preserved from the medieval period. So lives modern Cesky-Krumlov with his most older history. Each street, and maybe each house has its own history or legend.

From the resorts of the Czech Republic, worldwide fame received a resort in, in the old days it was a resort and a meeting place for exclusively noble in Europe. It is currently available to all. Mineral sources - this is the basis of the resort use of Karlovy Vary. The total number of mineral waters in the city and the surroundings - 132. The water of these sources with their healing properties allows you to cope with various diseases, used for drinking, cooking baths and other special procedures.

- The resort of the West Czech Republic, it characterizes the unusual beauty of the place in which it is located, clean air and a calm atmosphere, underlined by the silence of forests. Marianske Lazne is the second largest resort area in the Czech Republic, which is in close proximity to Karlovy Varam. The city is a picturesque place located in the southern arrays of the nightingale forest. The style of Italian Novorensance is visible in almost all buildings of houses and sanatoriums. The resort surrounds forests with numerous tourist paths laid in many interesting areas of surroundings.

The resort in the west of the country is among the largest resorts of the Czech Republic. He has world famous, this is one of the oldest European resorts, based at the end of the 18th century, and to this day, the atmosphere reigned here in the resort towns of the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. The architecture of classicism is decorated with resort buildings and pavilions, which allowed Františkovy Lazne to attribute to the number of attractive Czech resorts. A healthy climate, supported by the net air of nearby forests, and therapeutic properties of acidic mineral waters contribute to the fruitful in the sense of strengthening the health of time. Therapeutic procedures are carried out using mineral water sources, high-quality sulfur-iron dirt and gas. At the resort in action more than twenty sources with bicarbonate-sodium-calcium acid acid mineral waters. The resort of Frantichkov Lazne treats diseases of the circulatory system. These include heart defects, ischemia, hypertension, post-infarction state, arterial disease limbs, postoperative period. If diseases are subjected to a musculoskeletal system, then treatment is amenable to both arthrosis and spinal disease. In the treatment of gynecological diseases, good results were achieved, it is particularly possible about the success of the treatment of infertility, hormonal changes, inflammatory processes.

Czech Noteworthy medieval attractions and castles, excellent opportunities for treatment and rich in nature. Czech Republic I. its stars of its kitchen and good infrastructure, which attracts tourists from many countries of the world.

Accommodation

Since most tourists go to the Czech Republic in sightseeing tours, the hotel level becomes less important than its location. The most closely located hotels to historic places are characterized by a higher cost. As a rule, city hotels on the base of breakfasts with a small area of \u200b\u200bthe room, many are located in historic buildings. However, on therapeutic resorts, the most important criterion is the hotel level and its proximity to mineral sources.

Czech Republic (Czech Republic). Czech Republic Czech Republic Capital What country

History

Sights of the Czech Republic

Political structure

Population

Culture

Humanitarian organizations

Notes

Links

Information

Czech Republic (Czech Republic)

Introduction

1. The history of the formation of states on the land of the Czech Republic.

2. Titles and state symbols of the Czech Republic

3. HISTORY

4. Geography

5. Population

Tourist Czech Republic

How to get to Prague from Moscow

Transport in the Czech Republic

Rest in the Czech Republic

Main Czech attractions

Czech cuisine

Shopping in the Czech Republic

Features

general information

Brief excursion in history

Climate

Visa and customs regulations

How to get

Transport

Cities and resorts

Information

Accommodation

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