Not many know, but the Great Pyramids in Giza can not only get around and climb along its lower tiers, but climb inside the ancient tunnels left by the builders. The main tourist flow does it in the pyramid of Heops, I will show you that is inside the Pyramid of Micheer.
The third, the smallest of the pyramids belongs to Pharaoh of the 4th Michery Dynasty (Mencauru), who lived in the XXVI century BC, in those days when there was no ancient Greece and in risen. It is 65.5 meters in height, the base is 103 meters.
This is now all the pyramids are yellow from limestone, and in those days the Pyramid Micherina was lined at the bottom of its part (visible and now) with red granite, the above level was covered with white limestone, and the most tip again was from red granite. But over time, most of the cladding collapsed or was cleared
To the left of the pyramid, 3 more small pyramids are located - satellites are the pyramids in which Tsaritz were buried.
You can get inside only in the pyramid of Heops and the Pyramid of Micheer, the first is at the entrance to Giza and there is just a crowd of those who want to be hot, closely, uncomfortable. In the case of a micryine, I descended in the pyramid alone. And for the price it is much more profitable. The entrance to the Heops pyramid costs about 10 dollars, whereas in Micheryina - 60 Egyptian pounds, that is, 3.5 dollars. True, a ticket must be taken at the beginning at the checkout. I agreed with the caretaker, handed it even a little more - 70 Egyptian pounds. But there were 4 people there at the entrance, including policemen, and they won't plunge without a ticket for a pass.
One problem, I took the camera at the entrance. It is possible to remove inside it is impossible, and maybe because I am a shorter ... But inside I took everything on the phone
On this video, I am in the first funeral room and go down to the main burial room, where I had to be the sarcophage Michery
Here I am in the main burial chamber, climb up the first funeral camera, inspecting her (maybe we see the entrance to a false tunnel), and then after 2 tunnels and two small rooms come to the exit from the pyramid
As it should be for most pyramids, inside only one small burial chamber, where there was a sarcophagus with the dead. And this camera is located at the ground level or slightly lower. A simple narrow corridor leads to the chamber. There are no tunnels and labyrinths in the pyramids - this is a fairy tale, and they do not need. The existing move was needed in order to put the body of Pharaoh in the burial chamber, and then people left her. Therefore, the passages are small and very uncomfortable. And if there are a lot of people and heat (inside the pyramid, the air, you yourself understand what), then this is a big problem for tourists. But in the case of a micryer's pyramid, not everything is so difficult - the descent is not very large, the knees, of course, are hard, but tolerant. But if you get into a pink pyramid, then about 100 meters will have to descend cool ...
In the case of the Pyramid of Micheryina you will find a small descent, then two small, parallel land, corridors with a small hall in the center, after you get into the first burial chamber. Here is a small descent to a real burial chamber, where there was Pharaoh's sarcophag. It is worth noting - and this can be seen on the plan - with the first burial chamber another corridor is connected, which goes up and ends with a dead end. It is difficult to say his appointment, most likely his task to lead robbers from the real burial of the ruler hidden under the floor.
In the pyramid itself there are no inscriptions, drawings, decor elements - just tunnels and cameras. True, in some other pyramids, the minimum architecture is found - a stepped arch of the cameras, the stars ... But nothing more.
As for the robbers, it is not a secret, the felled rooms of Pharaoh often contained a large amount of gold - masks, decorations, royal regalia, and other valuable items. Because of this, most pyramids and other burials robbed immediately after the burial ceremony or in the same ancient period. So that this does not happen, the builders of the pyramids did one narrow entrance and then seal it, and the entrance could be at different height and not always in the center. The only thing remained unchanged - the entrance to the pyramid was always on the north side. In the pyramid itself, false moves and even traps, as in the case of a false tunnel, flowing up, in the Pyramid of Mikherina.
In our case, the pyramid also did not remain untouched, in the diagram and the photo shows that the robbers did LAZ in the center of the pyramid, they reached her hearts and began to dig down, but stopped at the ground level. However, when in 1837, the inner chambers explored the British archaeologist, then on the approach in the galleries, he discovered wooden (internal) sarcophagus with the bones of a man and a map belonging to Micheryin. However, later studies have shown that these bones belong to a person who deceased 2000 years ago, and not 4500 ... That is, it was a skeleton of a person of the period of Roman rule in Egypt. Even further, scientists found basalt sarcophagus with the bones of a young woman. Sarcophag himself subsequently sank with the ship "Biatric" in the Mediterranean Sea. In the way, to our time, the pyramid reached empty.
Get around and climb around will not succeed, but it does not stop many
The desert around the pyramid, although in fact the haze hides Multimillion Cairo
View of the pyramid of Hefre
) And Heliopol for the Millennium to the foundation of Cairo. For more than three thousand years (before the construction of the Cathedral in Lincoln, England, Ok. 1300)
The Great Pyramid was the highest built on Earth. Since 1979, as many other pyramids of the complex " Memphis and its necropolis - the area of \u200b\u200bthe pyramids from Giza to Dakhsura"Is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Age of pyramid
The architect of the Great Pyramid is Chemiow, Vizier and the nephew of Heops. He also wore the title "Managing all the construction plants of Pharaoh." It is assumed that the construction launched twenty years (the time of the Board of Heops) ended at about 2540 to N. e.
unknown, Public DomainExisting methods of dating the start of construction of the pyramid are divided into historical, astronomical and radiocarbon. In Egypt, officially established (2009) and the date began to start the construction of the Hoeop Pyramid - August 23, 2560 BC. e. Such a date was obtained using the Astronomical method of Kate Spence (University of Cambridge). However, this method and the dates obtained with it were criticized by many egyptologists.
Dates according to other dating methods: 2720 BC e. (Stephen Hak, University of Nebraska), 2577 BC. e. (Juan Antonio Belmont, University of Astrophysics in Canary) and 2708 BC. e. (Pollux, University of Bauman). The radiocarbon method gives the range from 2680 BC. e. up to 2850 BC e. Therefore, there are no serious confirmations to the "birthday" of the pyramid, as Egyptologists cannot fall into what year construction began.
The first mentions of the pyramid
The mystery remains a complete lack of mentioning the pyramid in Egyptian papyrus. The first descriptions are found at the Greek historian of Herodota (V century BC) and in the ancient Arab legends. Herodotus reported (at a minimum, after 2 millennia after the advent of the Great Pyramid), that she was erected with pharaoh-despot named Heops (Greek. Koufou.), Raissed 50 years that 100 thousand people were employed on construction. For twenty years, and that the pyramid is in honor of Heops, but not his grave. True grave is burial near the pyramid. Herodotus brought erroneous information about the sizes of the pyramid, and also mentioned the medium pyramid of Plateau Giza, that she was erected by Heops's daughter, which sold himself, and that each building stone corresponded to the man to whom she was given.
Appearance
The pyramid is called "Ahet-Huf" - Horizon Hofu (or more accurately "referring to the sky - (this) huof"). Consists of limestone and granite blocks. It was built on a natural limestone hill. After the pyramid lost several layers of cladding, this hill is partially visible on the eastern, northern and southern sides of the pyramid.
Despite the fact that Heops's pyramid is the highest and most voluminous of all Egyptian pyramids, still Pharaoh Snofer built pyramids in Maidum and in Dakhshut (broken pyramid and), the total mass of which is estimated at 8.4 million tons.
Rigelus, CC BY-SA 3.0 Initially, the pyramid was lined with more solid than the main blocks, white limestone. The top of the pyramid was crowned gilded stone - Pyramidion (Dr. Egypt. - Benben). Facing shining in the sun with peach color, as if "the shining miracle myself seemed to gave all his rays."
In 1168, Arabs looted and burned Cairo. Residents of Cairo removed the cladding with the pyramid in order to build new homes.
Franck Monnier, Public Domain Bending party
When the sun moves around the pyramid, you can notice the irregularities of the walls - the concaveness of the central part of the walls. Perhaps the cause of this is erosion or damage as a result of the fall of the stone cladding. It is also possible that it was specially done during construction.
Franck Monnier, Public Domain According to Vito Marajolo (Vito Maragiooglio) and Cherep Rinaldi (Celeste Rinaldi), the Pyramid of Micheryina no longer has such concavation of the parties. I.E.S. Edwards explains this feature by the fact that the central part of each side over time simply went inside from a large mass of stone blocks.
VIVANT DENON, DOMINIQUE, PUBLIC DOMAIN As in the XVIII century, when this phenomenon was opened, today there is still a satisfactory explanation of this feature of architecture.
Tilt angle
To accurately determine the initial parameters of the pyramid is not possible, since its edges and surfaces are currently mostly dismantled and destroyed. This makes it difficult to calculate the exact angle of inclination. In addition, its symmetry itself is not ideal, so with different dimensions there are deviations in numbers.
Peter Janoshi, Mark Leger, Miroslav Werner, Zaakhi Havass, Alberto Sylotti, who believe that the length of the parties can be from 230.33 to 230.37 m. Knowing the length of the side and the angle at the base The height of the pyramid was calculated - from 146.59 to 146.60 m. The slope of the pyramid is 51 ° 50 ", which corresponds to the sek (the ancient Egyptian unit of tilt measurement, which is defined as the ratio of half the base to height) in 5 ½ palms. Taking into account the fact that In one elbow (cube) 7 palms, it turns out that with such a selected selected, the double ratio of the base to height is 22/7, the approximation of the number of pi is well known with ancient times. which, apparently, it turned out randomly, since other pyramids were chosen Other values \u200b\u200bfor the sequence.
Franck Monnier, Public Domain The study of the geometry of the Great Pyramid does not give an unequivocal answer to the question of the initial proportions of this structure. It is assumed that the Egyptians had an idea of \u200b\u200bthe "gold section" and the number of Pi, which were reflected in the proportions of the pyramid: So, the ratio of height to half the perimeter of the base is 14/22 (height \u003d 280 elbows, and the base \u003d 220 elbows, the base point \u003d 2 × 220 elbow; 280/440 \u003d 14/22). For the first time in world history, these quantities were used in the construction of a pyramid in Maidum. However, for the pyramids of late epochs, these proportions have no longer applied anywhere, as, for example, some have altitude ratios to the base, like 6/5 (pink pyramid), 4/3 (Hefren pyramid) or 7/5 (pyramid pyramid).
Some of theories consider the Pyramid of the Astronomical Observatory. It is alleged that the corridors of the pyramids accurately indicate the "Polar Star" of that time - Tuban, the Sirius ventilation corridors - at the Sirius star, and from the Northern side - on the star Alnik.
Internal structure
The entrance to the pyramid is at an altitude of 15.63 meters on the north side. The input form stone plates laid in the form of the arch, but this is a structure that was inside the pyramid - the true entrance is not preserved. The true entrance to the pyramid is most likely closed by a stone stopper. A description of such a traffic jam can be found at Strabo, it can also be a look at it, based on the preserved plate, which closed the upper entrance to the broken pyramid of the Snofer, Huefs's father. Today, tourists fall inside the pyramid through a 17-meter break, which in 820 Baghdad Caliph Abdullah al-Mamun is 10 meters below. He hoped to find the impenetrable Treasures of Pharaoh, but found a layer of dust thick in half an elbow there.
Inside the pyramid of Heops there are three burial chambers, located one above the other.
Yucatan, CC BY-SA 4.0 Burial "Yama"
A downward corridor of 105 m long, running under the tilt of 26 ° 26'46, leads to a horizontal corridor with a length of 8.9 m, leading to the camera 5 . Located below the ground level in the rock limestone base, it remained unfinished. The size of the chamber is 14 × 8.1 m, it is elongated from the east to the west. Height reaches 3.5 m, the ceiling has a large crack. The southern wall of the chamber has a well depth of about 3 m, from which a narrow LAZ (0.7 × 0.7 m in section) is stretched in the southern direction to 16 m (0.7 m in cross section), ending with a dead end.
john and Edgar Morton, Public Domain John Perring Engineers and Howard Wiz (Richard William Howard VYSE) At the beginning of the XIX century, the floor was cleared in the chamber in the chamber and pulled a well depth 11.6 m, in which they hoped to detect the hidden burial room. They were based on Herodota's testimonies that claimed that the body of Heops is located on the island surrounded by a channel in a hidden underground chamber.
Their excavations did not lead to anything. Late studies have shown that the camera was thrown in progress, and the funeral cameras were decided to arrange in the center of the pyramid itself.
Photos taken in 1910
john and Edgar Morton, Public Domain 
john and Edgar Morton, Public Domain
Ascending Corridor and Chamber of the Queen
From the first third of the descending passage (after 18 m from the main entrance) Up under the same angle of 26.5 ° goes south of the upstream ( 6 ) about 40 m long, ending at the bottom of the big gallery ( 9 ).
At its beginning, the ascending pass contains 3 large cubic granite "traffic jams", which are outside, from a downward passage, were disguised as a limestone unit that fell during the works of al-Mamuna. Thus, the previous ones about 3 thousand years have believed that there are no other premises in a large pyramid, except for the downstream passage and an underground chamber. Al-Mamuan could not break through these traffic jams and he just won in a softer limestone bypassing to the right of them. This passage is used so far. For traffic jams, there are two main theories, one of them is based on the fact that the upstream has corks installed at the beginning of construction and, thus, this passage was sealed with them from the very beginning. The second claims that the current narrowing of the walls is caused by an earthquake, and the plugs were before that within a large gallery and were used to seal the passage only after Pharaoh's funerals.
FRANCK MONNIER, GNU 1.2 An important mystery of this section of the ascending pass is that in the place where traffic jams are now located, in a full-sized, albeit a shortened model of the pyramid moves - the so-called test corridors north of the big pyramid - there is no bog, and at once three corridors, the third of which is the vertical tunnel. Since the plugs still could not move from the spot, the question is whether there are vertical Lases over them, it remains open.
JON BODSWORTH, GREEN COPYRIGHT In the middle of the upstream passage, the wall design has a feature: in three places the so-called "frame stones" are installed - that is, the square through the entire length is pierced three monoliths. The appointment of these stones is unknown. There are several small niches in the area of \u200b\u200bthe frame stones.
john and Edgar Morton, Public Domain In the second burial chamber, a horizontal corridor with a length of 35 m and a height of 1.75 m in southern direction, the walls of this horizontal corridor are composed of very large limestone blocks, which are applied fake "seams", imitating masonry from smaller blocks . Behind the western wall of the passage there are cavities filled with sand.
The second chamber is traditionally referred to as the "Queen chamber", although the Faux of Pharaohov was buried in separate small pyramids. The "Tsaritsa chamber", lined with limestone, has 5.74 meters from east to west and 5.23 meters from north to south; Its maximum height is 6.22 meters. There is a high niche in the eastern wall of the chamber.
Grotto, Big Gallery and Chamber of Pharaoh
Another branch from the lower part of the big gallery is a narrow almost vertical mine with a height of about 60 m, leading to the bottom of the downward pass. There is a suggestion that it was intended to evacuate workers or priests, completing the "sealing" of the main passage to the "king chamber". In approximately in the middle, it is small, most likely, the natural expansion is the "Grotto" (Grotto) of the wrong form, in which several people could fit.
JON BODSWORTH, GREEN COPYRIGHT Grotto ( 12 ) Located on the "junction" of the stone masonry of the pyramid and a small, about 9 meters high, a hill on limestone plateau lying at the base of a large pyramid. The walls of the grotto are partially fortified by the ancient stone masonry, and since its separate stones are too large, there is a suggestion that the grotto existed on the Giza Plateau as an independent structure is still long before the construction of the pyramids, and the evacuation mines itself was built by the location of the grotto. However, taking into account the fact that Mine was drowned in the already laid masonry, and did not laid out, as he says its wrong round section, the question arises of how builders managed to accurately go to the grotto.
JON BODSWORTH, GREEN COPYRIGHT The big gallery continues the upstream. Its height is 8.53 m, it is rectangular in a section, with a bit narrowing up (t. N. "False arch") walls, a high inclined tunnel with a length of 46.6 m. In the middle of a large gallery almost along the entire length goes correctly in the section Square deepening The size of 1 meter width and a depth of 60 cm, and on both side protrusions there are 27 pairs of deepening unclear destinations. The deepening ends t. N. The "big step" is a high horizontal protrusion, a platform of 1 × 2 meters at the end of a large gallery, immediately before Laz in the "hallway" - the pre-booth. The playground has a pair of similar recesses of the ramp, recesses at the corners at the wall (28th and last pair of BG decks). Through the "entrance hall", LAZ leads the funeral "king's lined in the black granite", where the empty granite sarcophagus is placed. Sarcophagus lid is missing. The ventilation mines have mouths in the King Camera on the South and Northern Walls at an altitude of about a meter from the floor level. The mouth of South Ventshacht is badly damaged, the northern appears intact. Paul, ceiling, the walls of the camera do not have any decorations or holes or elements of attaching anything related to the construction of the pyramid. The ceiling plates all bunt along the southern wall and do not fall inside the room only due to the clamping weight of the overlying blocks.
john and Edgar Morton, Public Domain Over the "King Camera" there are five unloading cavities with a total height of 17 m, between which there are monolithic granite slabs with a thickness of about 2 m, and above is the boulder overlap of limestone. It is believed that their purpose is to distribute the weight of the overlying layers of the pyramid (about a million tons) to protect the "king chamber" from the pressure. In these voids, graffiti were found left, probably workers.
Ventilation channels
From the King Camera and the Tsaritsa Cameras in the North and South directions (first horizontally, then obliquely up) the so-called "ventilation" channels width 20-25 cm. At the same time, the channels of the King Camera, known since the XVII century, Through, they are open and below and from above (on the edges of the pyramid), while the lower ends of the channels of the "Queen chamber" separates about 13 cm from the wall surface, they were found when climbing in 1872. The upper ends of these channels do not reach the surface of about 12 meters. The top ends of the channels of the Queen Chamber are closed by stone "Guntenbreak" doors, each with two copper handles. Copper handles were sealed with gypsum seals (not survived, but traces remained). In the South Ventshachte "The door" was found in 1993 using a tele-controlled robot "Lock II"; The bending of the northern mine did not allow to detect the same "door" by this robot. In 2002, with the help of a new modification of the robot in the southern "door", a hole was drilled, but there was a small cavity with a length of 18 centimeters and another stone "door". What is next is still unknown. This robot confirmed the presence of a similar "door" at the end of the northern canal, but it did not drill it. In 2010, the new robot was able to push the drilled hole in the southern "door" a snake-shaped camera and found that the copper "handles" from the side of the "doors" are decorated in the form of neat loops, and on the floor of the "ventilation" mines are applied with separate ocher icons on the floor. Currently, the most common version is that the purpose of the "ventilation" channels was religious and is associated with the submission of the Egyptians about the Soul Travel. And the "door" at the end of the channel is nothing but the door to the afterlife. That is why it does not enter the surface of the pyramid. Pyramid Queen Meritites (G1B)
Heops Pyramid (Hufu)
Great Pyramid Giza
arab. الهرم الأكبر or هرم خوفو
english Great Pyramid of Giza, Pyramid of Khufu or Pyramid of Cheops
Statistical data
- Height (today): ≈ 138.75 m
- The angle of inclination of the side face (now): 51 ° 50 "
- Length of the side edge (initially): 230.33 m (by calculations) or about 440 royal elbows
- Length of the side edge (now): about 225 m
- Length of the base of the base of the pyramid: South - 230.454 m; North - 230.253 m; West - 230,357 m; East - 230,394 m
- The base area (initially): ≈ 53,000 m² (5.3 hectares)
- Side surface of the pyramid (initially): ≈ 85,500 m²
- Perimeter base: 922 m
- The total volume of the pyramid without deducting cavities inside the pyramid (initially): ≈ 2.58 million m³
- The total volume of the pyramid minus all known cavities (initially): 2.50 million m³
- Middle volume of stone blocks: 1,147 m³
- The middle mass of stone blocks: 2.5 t
- The most difficult stone block: about 35 tons - located above the entrance to the King Camera.
- The number of averaged volume blocks does not exceed 1.65 million (2.50 million m³ - 0.6 million m³ of rock base inside the pyramid \u003d 1.9 million m³ / 1.147 m³ \u003d 1.65 million blocks of the specified volume can physically fit in the pyramid without taking into account the volume of the solution in inter-block seams); The attribution to the 20-year construction period * 300 business days per year * 10 working hours per day * 60 minutes in an hour leads to the speed of laying (and delivery to the construction site) - near the block in two minutes.
- According to calculations, the total weight of the pyramid is about 4 million tons (1.65 million blocks x 2.5 tons)
- The base of the pyramid is resting on the natural rocky elevation height in the center of about 12-14 m and occupies, according to the latest data, at least 23% of the original volume of the pyramid
Study history
Recent research
There is a version that is trying to explain the exact fit of individual blocks when building a pyramid in that the blocks were created from the concrete of the material by a gradual raising of formwork and the manufacture of blocks immediately on the ground - from here and the accuracy of fitting. This version was offered the French chemist, Professor J. Daviditz. Professor Daviditz in the middle of the twentieth century developed a way to create the so-called geopolymer concrete. Daviditz suggested that his discovery could be known to the creators of the pyramids. Subsequently conducted studies refuted this theory.
There are also devoted to the pyramids of the unscientific work of some researchers, such as Erich von Danikin and Christopher Dann ("Mystery of Ancient Egyptian Machines", 1984), relying on the outdated information of Sir William Flinders Putrice from the book "Pyramids and Temples Giza" (1883).
Around the pyramid
Pharaoh boats
Near the pyramids, seven holes were discovered with real ancient Egyptian boats disassembled into parts.
The first of these vessels called "" or "Sunny areas" was discovered in 1954 by the Egyptian architect Kamael El-Mallah and the archaeologist Zaka Nur.
The boat was from the cedar and did not have a single trail from the nails for fastening the elements. The boat consisted of 1224 parts, they managed to mount the restorer Ahmed Yussef Mustafa only in 1968.
Boat sizes: Length - 43.3 m, width - 5.6 m, and a sediment is 1.50 m. On the south side of the pyramid of Cheops, the museum of this boat is open.
How much of our civilization goes "around and about" the Egyptian pyramids, and the number of riddles if decreases, then very slowly. How we even argued with you, and not, then tried to figure out and in general
And right these days in Egypt are a large-scale project to study the pyramids. The international group of scientists managed to make a discovery that the point in the dispute on the construction methods of the Pyramid of Heops.
The history of the study of the Great Pyramid of Giza, or the Pyramid of Heops (Hufu) began in the 19th century, when Napoleon brought here archaeologists, geodesists and other scientists. Studies continue to this day, but this monument of architectural art of ancient Egypt has not yet revealed all its secrets. In particular, it is not exactly known when its construction began: the radiocarbon method gives the range from 2680 BC. e. up to 2850 BC e. Another mystery was methods for transporting the hardest blocks for huge distances.
For different Egyptian pyramids, various construction techniques were used. Earlier in one of the necropolis, the fresco of the XII dynasty was discovered, at which 172 people pull on the Sanya-Volokuchi Alebaster Statue of Gehutichotep II. The sand along the way the employee waterproof water, why the slip is facilitated.
Some pyramids were built by rolling blocks with the help of a lulent mechanism: such devices were found during the excavations of various sanctuations of the new kingdom. In addition, the so-called "Square Wheel Technology" was used in places: the square of the square section rolls along the road created from the cereals.
In 1997, Archaeologist Mark Leger (Mark Lehner) conducted experimental construction of a small pyramid with a width of the base of about nine meters and 6.1 meters high. Blocks Weighing about two tons moved by 12-20 people, subject to the use of wooden polozov, sliding along the wooden flooring.
But all experiments and hypotheses did not answer the question of the delivery of 2,5-ton blocks from limestone and granite to the site, where Hoeop's pyramid was erected. The answer was found only in 2017: the international group of archaeologists under the leadership of Lénera discovered papyrus, in which the supervisor over 40 workers describes this method.
Deciphering the text gave the following knowledge: first the Egyptians took the water from the Nile and laid artificial channels through the garment plateau. Then the builders joined wooden boats with ropes, and with their help they transported the blocks to almost the foot of the pyramid.
But the pyramid of Heops revealed another riddle. Infrared thermography showed the presence of inexplicable emptiness at the base of the Great Pyramid.
Scientists at different times of the day measured the temperature of the stones from which the pyramid was erected. The stones were heated and cooled at different speeds, which indicates the presence of third-party factors. In general, the difference in temperatures in neighboring stones did not exceed 0.1-0.5 ° C, but in some sections this parameter reached 6ºC. The most notable temperature anomaly was found on the eastern side of the Heops pyramid, at the ground level.
It can be assumed that there is an underground course or another empty space. It is also possible that this part of the pyramid is constructed from another material. The east location of emptiness may be associated with the cult of Ra - God of the Sun. Meanwhile, plots with different temperatures were also found at the top of the pyramid - where there can be no speech about the dungeons. Representatives of the Ministry of Antiquities refused to voice any hypotheses until more material was collected.
sources
Of course, everyone knows where Heops Pyramid is located. After all, this is one of the most prominent monuments not only Egypt, but also the entire planet. And despite the achievements of modern science, the secrets of the pyramid of Heops are still unscrews. This is one of the reasons why this huge structure attracts numerous tourists, as well as the only miracle of the world that has been preserved before our time.
This place really has some special magnetism. And even numerous wishes to earn in curious tourists sellers souvenirs and camel challenges do not spoil the overall impression. Running forever, I will say that the peyramid of Heops inside is not so amazing as outside. And if you decide to save on the "inner" excursion, then you do not lose much. Moreover, I would not recommend entering people with claustrophobia, breathing problems or heart. Corridors are quite narrow here, and the air is heavy and silent, despite the presence of ventilation moves. By the way, often excursion tours are very rich and do not provide for a time to get acquainted with pyramidal facilities inside. Therefore, be sure to specify this moment before, if you still decide to get in touch with a secret from the inside
Construction history
By his "birth", the most famous pyramidal structure is obliged by Pharaoh Huf, who ruled Egypt for at least 27 years. According to legends, the creation of this great monument took a huge amount of funds, which led to the weakening of the state. Scientists have not yet have a single opinion, as far as it is true. But definitely, a lot of resources were spent. After all, the initial height of the Heops pyramid is 146.6 meters. But what is noteworthy, it looks slightly below the neighboring structure. And not only because "lost" the top. The son of Heops, building his pyramid, a little schitril by choosing a place above 10 meters.
There are many versions, as the Heopse pyramid was built, consisting of 2.3 million stone blocks. Their total weight is approximately 6.5 million tons. Stone blocks are carefully adjusted to each other and fastened with a special composition - gypsum "milk" pink color. The walls have a slope of 52 degrees and embody the number "PI". This giant is placed on the area of \u200b\u200b5 hectares. The pyramid scheme of Heops clearly demonstrates that inside it is almost a monolith, in which there are only a few corridors, halls and ventilation moves. To avoid plundering, the ancient Egyptians inside placed special mechanisms. But the traps of the pyramid of Heops, religious bans and other tricks did not save the construction from robbers.
There are also no accurate information how old is the pyramid of Heops. Its age is estimated only at about 4.5 thousand years. But some researchers believe that the monument could be erected much earlier - another 11 millennium BC, and that representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations are involved in construction.
There is a lot of legends about this constructure. But I also picked up interesting facts about Heops pyramid, confirmed by scientific research. Among them are those that still remain little-known. And if you have never been here on the excursion, it is unlikely to be in the know that:
- For almost three thousand years, the Pyramid of Heops was the highest construction in the world. "Palm Championship" she gave only in 1311 - at this time the construction of the Cathedral was completed in Lincoln. Sometimes an erroneously new record holder is called Eiffel Tower, built at the end of the 19th century. In fact, and before it was constructions above the pyramid of Heops. These are predominantly temple facilities, as well as Washington Memorial.
- Many consider the pyramid of Pharaoh's tomb. But this is a delusion, since the Egyptian ruler was buried in the valley of the kings, and his body was never inside the construction. But still a connection with the pharaoh is direct. The pyramid functionally played the role of a kind of "suitcase". In its walls, there are many things that, in the opinion of the ancient Egyptians, are necessary for the royal person in the afterlife.
- For a long time it was believed that the pyramids were erected by slaves. But as modern researchers have proven, free residents of ancient Egypt have been occupied in construction, besides, having high professional qualifications. The sizes and proportions of the peyramid of cheops are ideally calculated, and the design is constructed with flawless accuracy.
- For the first time in writing, the pyramid of Cheops in Egypt is mentioned in the works of Herodota. The author describes his own impressions of this religious construction and shares the information that received from local priests. Dated this writings 440 BC However, any valuable information of Herodotus could not be requested, except for some geometric data.
- The pyramid of Heops has its own "birthday" of the Egyptians celebrate it on August 23, and this day is a national holiday. However, this holiday appeared in Egypt recently - only in 2009, and only an alleged attitude to the exact date of construction began. Such a hypothesis was put forward by scientists from Cambridge.
But, nevertheless, on this day there are too many tourists here, and if you want to inspect the main Egyptian attraction in a relaxed atmosphere, do not plan a tour of this day. There are also other nuances to know which is useful if you are going to get acquainted with this miracle of the world.
Helpful information
Hope's pyramid on the map is on the left and slightly south of Cairo, in Giza. It is from the Egyptian capital that it is most convenient to get to this pyramid complex, where in addition to the famous tomb of the huof, you will see the pyramids of the son and the grandson of Pharaoh (Hefrena and Micheryina), which are somewhat lower. This is the best preserved pyramidal complex in the whole country. The road from Cairo takes about 20 minutes. The excursion tour can be purchased both directly in the capital and in any of the resorts. The road from Hugard is about 5-6 hours away by bus, from Sherm al-Sheikh - from 7 to 8 hours.
- Buying excursions from these cities, do not focus on the cheapest offers - there is a risk of being in an uncomfortable bus without air conditioning that at high Egyptian temperatures it is able to spoil all the impression of the excursion.
- Entrance to the territory of paid (80 and 40 EGPs for adults and children, respectively). Separately, the entrance is paid in - (200 EGP for adults and half a smaller child's ticket). You will also have to pay extra for taking pictures inside.
- Be sure to look at the weather forecast. If in the future is a strong wind, it is better to postpone the trip, as everything will be in the sand. And do not forget to take a headpiece - this is protection and heat, and from the sellers.
The number of internal visits is limited (300 people per day), so the chances of getting inside the pyramid complex on their own, not as part of the excursion group, not too high. But the magnificent photos against the background of the most famous Egyptian monument can be done anyway, and they will long remind of this fascinating journey.
The pyramid of Heops - the legacy of the ancient Egyptian civilization, they are trying to see all the tourists come to Egypt. It affects the imagination of the grand sizes. The weight of the pyramid is about 4 million tons, its height is 139 meters, and age - 4.5 thousand years. Until now, it remains a mystery how people built the pyramids in those long-standing times. It is not known to reliably for what these majestic structures were erected.
Legends of Heops Pyramid
The ancient Egypt was shrouded in secrets was once the most powerful country on Earth. Perhaps his people were known secrets that are not available to modern humanity. Looking at the huge stone blocks of the pyramids that are laid with perfect accuracy, you begin to believe in miracles. 
According to one of the legends of the pyramid, served as a grain repository during a great starvation. These events are described in the Bible (Book Exodus). Pharaoh dreamed of a prophetic dream, warned about a series of lack of town years. Joseph, the son of Jacob, sold by the brothers in slavery, managed to solve the sleep of Pharaoh. The ruler of Egypt instructed Joseph to organize a harvesting of grain, appointing it with his first advisor. The storages were supposed to be huge, given that many nations were fed from them for seven years, when hunger was hunger on Earth. A small discrepancy in the dates is about 1 thousand years old, adherents of this theory are explained by the inaccuracy of carbon analysis, due to which the archaeologists determine the age of ancient buildings. 
On another legend, the pyramid served to transition the material body of Pharaoh to the highest world of the gods. An amazing fact is that inside the pyramid where the sarcophagus for the body is not found, the Mummy of Pharaoh, which the robbers could not pick up. Why did the rulers of Egypt built such huge tombs for themselves? Did the purpose of the beautiful Mausoleum, testifying to the greatness and power? If the construction of the construction occupied several decades and demanded tremendous labor costs, it means that the ultimate goal of the construction of the pyramid was vital for Pharaoh. Some researchers believe that we know very little about the level of development of ancient civilization, whose riddles have yet to be discovered. Egyptians knew the secret of eternal life. She was acquired by Pharaoh after death, thanks to the technology that was hidden inside the pyramids. 
Some researchers believe that Heops's pyramid built a great civilization even more ancient than the Egyptian, which we do not know anything about. And the Egyptians were only restored by the existing ancient buildings, and used them at their discretion. They themselves unknown the idea of \u200b\u200bthe forerunning of the pyramids. The forerunners could be giants of the dough civilization or inhabitants of other planets, flew to the ground in search of a new homeland. Giant sizes of blocks from which the pyramid is constructed is easier to present a convenient building material for ten meters than for ordinary people. 
Another interesting legend about the pyramid of Heops would like to mention. It is said that inside the monolithic structure hides a secret room in which the portal is located, which opens the ways to other dimensions. Thanks to the portal, you can instantly find yourself in the selected point of time or on another, inhabited planet universe. He was carefully hidden by the builders for the benefit of people, but will be found soon. The question remains whether modern scientists will be sought in ancient technologies to take advantage of the discovery. In the meantime, the research of archaeologists in the pyramid continues. 
In the era of antiquity, when the heyday of the Greco-Roman civilization began, the ancient philosophers were a description of the most prominent monuments of architecture on Earth. They were called "Seven Wonders of the World". They were counted on the hanging gardens of Babylon, Kolos Rododsky and other majestic buildings, built even to our era. Hope's pyramid, as the most ancient, is in this list in the first place. This miracle of light is the only one who came to the present day, everyone else was destroyed many centuries ago. 
According to the descriptions of the ancient Greek historians, a large pyramid shone in the rays of the sun, casting a warm golden glitter. It was lined with limestone plates for meter thickness. In the smooth white limestone, decorated with hieroglyphs and drawings, the sands of the surrounding desert were reflected. Later, local residents disassembled a cladding for their homes, which they lost as a result of destructive fires. Perhaps the top of the pyramids was decorated with a special triangular block made of precious material. 
A whole city of the dead was located around the pyramid of Heops in the valley. The dilapidated buildings of the clock temples, two other major pyramids and several tomb smaller. The huge statue of the sphinx with a chopped nose, which was recently restored, extruded from a monolithic block of giant sizes. He is taken from the same career as stones for the construction of tombs. Once in ten meters from the pyramid there was a three-meter thickness wall. It may be intended for the protection of royal treasures, but could not stop robbers. 
Construction history
Scientists still can not come to a common opinion as an ancient people built a pyramid of Heops from huge stone blocks. According to the found figures on the walls of others, it was assumed that each block workers were cut into rocks, and then dragged to the construction site on a ramp made from cedar. History does not have a single opinion and about who was involved in the works - the peasants for whom during the spill of the Nile there was no other work, the slaves of Pharaoh or hired workers. 
The complexity is that the blocks needed not only to deliver to the construction site, but also raise to a huge height. Hope's pyramid before the construction was the highest construction on Earth. Solving this task Modern architects see differently. According to the official version, primitive mechanical blocks were used for lifting. It is terrible to imagine how many people died in building such a method. When the ropes and belts that kept shutters were rummaged, she could crush tens of people with their weight. It was especially difficult to install the upper block of building at an altitude of 140 meters above the ground. 
Some scientists suggest that ancient people have the technology of management of earthly gravity. The blocks weighing more than 2 tons, of which the peyramid of Heops was constructed, could move with such a method with ease. Construction was carried out by hired workers who knew all the secrets of the crafts, under the leadership of the nephew of Pharaoh Heops. There were no human victims, the failure of slaves, only the construction art that has reached the highest technologies that our civilization is not available. 
The pyramid has the base the same on each side. Its length is 230 meters and 40 centimeters. Amazing accuracy for ancient uneducated builders. The laying density of the stones is so great that it is impossible to push the razor blade between them. The area of \u200b\u200bfive hectares is occupied by one monolithic structure, whose boulders are connected by a special solution. Inside the pyramid several moves and cameras. There are ventilation holes overlooking different sides of light. The purpose of many interior premises remains a mystery. Robbers carried out all valuable long before the tomb included the first archaeologists. 
Currently, the pyramid is included in the UNESCO cultural heritage list. Her photo decorates many Egyptian tourist prospectuses. In the XIX century, Egypt's authorities wanted to disassemble huge monolithic blocks of ancient structures for the construction of a dam on the Nile River. But the cost of labor was much superior to the benefits of work, therefore monuments of ancient architecture stand to this day, admiring pilgrims of the Giza Valley.
