If someone decided to become a nerd, there is no better place than a vegetable garden for this. And the history of vegetables can be very exciting. For example, everyone remembers well the history of the pot. About the fact that the potatoes were brought to Europe from America, that they were not immediately "bitten by" ... Peter brought it to Russia, but it spread after the war with Napoleon, when the economic Cossacks brought in bags of captured potatoes from France and planted them in their gardens ... But her first harvest was obtained in the Summer Garden.
The history of other vegetables is no less informative. In the Summer Garden in St. Petersburg under Peter I, there was a Pharmaceutical Garden, in which for the royal family were grown garden and greenhouse plants,as well as spicy and medicinal herbs. In this historic vegetable garden in the "Red Garden" bosquet you can attend the lecture and learn that the Tatar-Mongols brought the onion to us, that the new fashionable purple carrot is just a well forgotten old one, about the royal ways to get rid of mosquitoes and moths, in a word - about kings and cabbage. In any case, we can say with confidence that Peter ate both cabbage and artichokes, and Peter's chefs knew what to do with hyssop, parsnips and asparagus. I have long wanted to write about plants that have become the prototypes of jewelry, but under the impression of the opportunity to look into the pot to Peter 1, I will be distracted a little by the topic of the day.
This picture gives an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat vegetables may have been present on the table of a European in the 18th century.
In the Apothecary Garden of Peter the Great, in the Summer Garden in front of the greenhouse, they conduct excursions (by the way, free of charge) dedicated to the plants grown here under Peter. Many of these plants appeared in Russia thanks to Peter. Excursions (very interesting) are conducted by Viktor Melnikov, the garden has its own group on VKontakte - Botanical excursions in the Summer Garden.
On the first bed there is thyme or thyme (or Bogorodskaya grass). In the second bed, the onion and the onion, which is trimmed so that there are fresh feathers - chives.
On the right is lemon balm and peppermint. By the way, mint was used as an air freshener - for example, it was used to rub the benches at weddings.
This is tansy - before, with its help, they got rid of domestic insects, including mosquitoes and moths :))
This is a very noble vegetable called artichoke. In ancient Rome, only patricians were allowed to eat it. One or two fruits grew on one bush, and even the middle was cut out of it - of course, such a vegetable is not enough for everyone. There is only one artichoke in the garden - it has already bloomed and now is not suitable for food, it will go for seeds. Now artichokes are sold in super-marets, in many countries they are popular, but we have no idea what to do with them.
Carrots didn't immediately become the orange vegetable we are used to. Now purple carrots are coming into fashion, in fact, the very first carrots were just purple, but they were not very fond of using it in cooking, because it gave them a pale purple, not too appetizing shade. As pretty as it is now, it has become generally recently, and the white and yellow carrots, which were eaten before, are today grown only as fodder. This culture came to us from Afghanistan.
Multicolored carrots
This is how the carrot blooms
Still life with game, vegetables and fruits, painter Juan Sanchez Cotan, 1602, Prado Museum (Madrid). A celery-like vegetable is the Spanish artichoke (right), more precisely cardon. As a result of breeding thistle, an artichoke with a developed inflorescence and a cardon, a vegetable with a developed stem, were obtained
Marigolds - sometimes sold as saffron in oriental bazaars
Also marigolds, kohlrabi cabbage on the right along the edge and white cabbage in the middle
Hyssop, a spice and an ancient medicinal plant
The potatoes are white and red. After the potato came to Europe from America, it was grown for a long time in flower beds because of the flowers and they tried to eat the berries, but they were bitter. 5-pointed potato flower was worn as decoration
Cabbage on the left, hyssop on the right
One of the names of wormwood is vermouth, and absinthe was also made from it
Orange trees had bitter fruits, so they preferred oranges, but orange flowers were very much appreciated
Orange trees
Parsnip
Asparagus - in the picture a knitted bunch of asparagus, on the right it is in the garden
Ruta flower in the form of a Maltese cross
Fragrant rue is a spice and medicinal plant. The flowers are in the shape of a cross, so religious significance was attributed to it. Used to sprinkle temples before Sunday Mass.
Also sage
Dwarf sunflower - imported from America, and we came up with the idea of \u200b\u200bmaking sunflower oil in Russia
Oregano - especially a lot of bees fly around it
Oregano close up
It is cyanosis blue, the leaves look like mountain ash
Basil is noble in translation. In skillful hands he acquired witchcraft power. It happens green too, but in our country it does not take root because of its low frost resistance. It smells divine.
The flowers of nasturtium look like helmets, and the leaves look like shields, that is, war trophies - hence its Latin name "trophae". They ate everything from the roots.
I also forgot to take a picture of calendula and strawberries. Under Peter, makhorka was grown here. At the heart of the Petrovsky vegetable garden is the plan of monastic European gardens. In the plan there is a cross of two paths, in the center is a fountain. Monasteries were at the same time fortresses and a source of water was important for them.
Garden roses
This is the gardener's closet
Such a charming bouquet was formed from what we got to smell. The bouquet is completely unique, there may not be another opportunity to get plants from historical beds
This oak at the time of the founding of St. Petersburg was about 40 years old - the oldest tree in the Summer Garden.
Summer Garden grate
300-year-old linden trees of Peter's time
Lingonberry
Old linden
Fountain "Crown"
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Peter I
The Summer Garden is the oldest garden in St. Petersburg.
Already in the spring of 1704, Peter I wrote to boyar Streshnev an instruction to send flowers to St. Petersburg for his estate.
He arranged it on the banks of the Neva, on the site of the Swedish Major Konau's estate overgrown with spruce forest.
Peter himself drew a plan for the future park. At first, it was planted only with annual flowers, that is, "summer". That is why they called him Summer.
The garden originally occupied about a quarter of its modern area.
Le tny garden in 1717
Probably already in 1704, a manor wooden house was built for Peter I on the banks of the Neva - the futureSummer palace ... Its construction was entrusted to Ivan Matveyevich Ugryumov. He also laid out flower beds here, and in 1706 he began to equip fountains in the Summer Garden (the first in Russia).
A. Benois. Peter 1 on a walk
18 August 1710 architect Domenico Trezzini began construction of the stone Summer Palace.
A Havanese was dug from its southern side, the water came close to the walls. That is, the building was washed from three sides by water, it was only possible to enter it from a boat.
Behind the servants' house there was a water tower, the roof of which was crowned with a gilded two-headed eagle.
In 1714, three open galleries ("lusthauses") were erected on the same line with the Summer Palace by the architect G. I. Mattarnovi. We rested here in bad weather.
A. Benois. Summer Garden under Peter the Great. Postcard
In the middle of the galleries was a marble statue of the goddess Venus. This sculpture was presented to Peter I by Pope Clement XI. By the decree of the king, Venus was guarded by a sentry so that no one would damage it. Venus became the first public image of a naked female body in Russia.
Venus in the Summer Garden
Galleries, as well as Summer palace, stood on the very bank of the Neva. The shore was reinforced with piles. Later he was pushed back into the river.
In 1711-1716, to drain the territory, the Swan Canal was dug, separating the Summer Garden from the Amusement Meadow (now the Field of Mars). Approximately in the middle of the Summer Garden from the Swan Canal to the Fontanka in 1716, another canal was dug. The area to the north of it became the First, to the south - the Second Summer Garden. At the same time, the Moika and Fontanka rivers were connected. Since then, the Summer Garden has been on the island. The third Summer was the name of the territory south of the Moika, including the modern Mikhailovsky Garden .
In the northwestern corner of the Summer Garden, close to the Neva River and the Lebyazhya Canal, there was a one-story wooden Second Summer Palace. A bath was located behind it along the groove. In the Third Summer Garden, on the banks of the Moika, the wooden Summer Palace of Catherine and the houses of her servants were built.
In 1718, according to the project of J. B. Leblond, a poultry house was built not far from the Summer Palace. Not only birds (black storks, eagles, cranes, swans, pigeons, pelicans) lived here, but also rare animals (porcupine, blue fox). Next to the Poultry House, where the monument to Krylov is now located, the Dolphin Cascade was arranged. This was the name of the fountain, decorated with vases in the shape of dolphins.
Summer Palace of Peter I
In the first half of the 18th century, regular parks were in vogue, and it was according to this principle that the Summer Garden was organized. Straight alleys were laid along its territory. Trees and shrubs were neatly trimmed into a cube, ball, or pyramid shape. The Dutchman Jan Roosen supervised the gardening works.
A pond was dug in the southern part of the Summer Garden, where different species of fish were raised. Most often, carp were launched here, and therefore the pond began to be called Karpiev. Besides fish, a tame seal lived here for some time. On the territory of the 1st Summer Garden, an Oval Pond was dug.
On the territory of the 2nd Summer Garden, the architect M.G.Zemtsov created the Labyrinth - a complex system of paths surrounded by walls of bushes. The paths to the Labyrinth were laid along the footbridges. Here, fire fountains were equipped, under the jets of which visitors to the Summer Garden often fell.
About the appearance in the Summer Garden of moralistic sculptures-fountains in 1735, Jakob Shtelin wrote:
The Swedish gardener Schroeder, decorating the beautiful garden at the Summer Palace, among other things, made two curtains or small parks surrounded by high trellises, with seating.
The Tsar often came to look at his work and, having seen these parks, immediately decided to do something instructive in this place of entertainment.
He ordered to call the gardener and said to him: “I am very pleased with your work and handsome decorations. However, do not be angry that I will order you to redo the side curtains. I wish the people who walk in the garden here find something instructive in it. How can we do this? " “I don’t know how to do it differently,” answered the gardener, “would you order, your Majesty, to put the books in their places, covering them from the rain, so that walking, sitting down, could read them.”
More than six dozen fountains decorated with sculptural characters from Aesop's fables were placed in the Summer Garden. At the entrance there was a sculpture of the fabulist himself. Each fountain had a sign explaining the content of the fable.
Initially, the water-lifting mechanism that supplied the fountains was horse-drawn. In 1718 it was replaced by the first steam engine in Russia, designed by the French engineer Desagoulier. Water for this machine was taken from the Nameless Erik, which has since become known as the Fontanka.
View of the Fontanka River from the Grotto and the Reserve Palace
In 1721, according to the project of A. Schlüter and G. Mattarnovi, the Grotto was built on the banks of the Fontanka - a garden pavilion with columns and a high dome. This pavilion was divided into three rooms, each with a fountain. Organ music sounded during their work. The organ was powered by jets of fountains. After the death of Peter I, a naked Venus was moved here from the Gallery. She later found herself in Tauride Palace , and is now on display in the Hermitage.
On the border of the 1st and 2nd Summer Gardens, stone greenhouses were built. Southern plants were grown here, including tropical milkweed, oranges, lemons, tulips and Lebanese cedars. In summer, these plants were exhibited in the avenues of the garden.
According to the plan of Peter I, the Summer Garden was to be decorated with allegorical sculptures. All sculptures were selected on four themes: the nature of the universe (1), collisions from Ovid's Metamorphoses (2), the ideal model of the Earthly world (3) and its real embodiment (4). To implement this plan, special agents were sent to Italy: P. Beklemishev, Y. Kologrivov and S. Raguzinsky. They bought both antique sculptures and works late XVII - the beginning of the 18th century. Many sculptures were made to order. By 1725, more than a hundred busts and statues were installed in the Summer Garden, by 1736 there were already more than two hundred.
Since 1721, when the main landscaping work was completed, the Summer Garden became the royal residence.
In the Summer Garden, Peter I often arranged holidays; here he held the famous Peter's assemblies. The expressions “free kick” and “drink to the bottom”, widely known in Russia, began just at these assemblies. It was then that the latecomer began to bring a "penalty" goblet of wine, which he had to drink "to the bottom".
Peter's Assembly
The residents of the city were notified of the beginning of the next holiday with cannon shots from the bastions Peter and Paul Fortress ... Guests arrived at the Summer Garden along the Neva, disembarked from boats on a wooden pier. Behind the pier there was an alley and two platforms. On the Ladies' platform, dances were arranged, and on the Shkiperskaya there were tables with chess, checkers, tobacco and wine.
Under Empress Anna Ioannovna, bear, wolf and boar baiting was arranged in the Summer Garden. Animals scampered around the garden, breaking sculpture and trampling plants. At the end of the "fun" the corpses of the animals were handed over to the St. Petersburg meat rows.
A. Benois. Empress Anna Ioannovna chases a deer on horseback
IN AND. Surikov. Empress Anna Ioannovna at the Peterhof Temple
It was under Anna Ioannovna that the tradition of hiding on winter time sculptures in wooden boxes.
Since the middle of the 18th century, the Summer Garden has become a place for walks for a select public. From May 1756, by order of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, decently dressed visitors were allowed to walk here on Thursdays and Sundays.
Under Catherine II, walking days became more frequent.
Since May 1773, pupils of the Smolny Institute began to walk in the Summer Garden, they were first taken out of the school. The newspaper "St. Petersburg Vedomosti" then noted that the girls were accompanied by "a crowd of gawking walkers" who had conversations with the girls about "different matters" and noted their "noble unashamedness."
Levitsky D.G. Portraits of Smolyanok.
In the 1760s, according to the project of Yu.M. Felten, the Palace Embankment ... On the side of the roadway in 1771-1784, a fence was erected near the Summer Garden (designed by Yu. M. Felten and P. Ye. Yegorov), which became one of the symbols of St. Petersburg.
For the fence, 36 "pillars of wild sea stone", mined in Finland, were used. The pillars turned into columnss stonecutters from the village of Putilova, Shlisselburgsky district, and the grating was made by Tula craftsmen.
There is a legend that tells about an Englishman. He was very rich, he heard a lot about St. Petersburg, and one day in his declining years he decided to visit it. In one of the white nights, his yacht sailed to St. Petersburg, stopped at the Summer Garden. Having looked at the fence, the Englishman decided not to go ashore at all, since, according to him, he could not see anything more beautiful anyway. After some time, the yacht took the opposite course.
19.07.2013Summer Garden (initial)
1704-1706 - laying a garden
1721 - completion of major works
Peter I chose a place for his summer royal residence on the left bank of the Neva and Bezymyanny Erik (Fontanka), almost opposite Peter and Paul Fortress... The best architects I.M. Matveev (Ugryumov), J.-B. Leblon, MG Zemtsov created the look of the Summer Garden, masters of gardening art J. Roozen, and later I. Surmin were engaged in green decoration.
A small part of the Neva coast at the head of the Nameless Erik (Fontanka) belonged to the Swedish dignitary Konan. On the map of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. a building is shown in this place - a residential building. Konau's domain extended not far, and to the south the area was swampy.
The summer garden was founded in the early spring of 1704. It was formed in 1704-1706. and at first occupied only the northern part of the site, which goes directly to the Neva. At the same time, the system of straight perpendicular alleys was determined, which has survived to this day. The summer garden was created in a regular (architectural) style, in the manner of parks that existed in Europe at that time. Some researchers believe that Peter I himself outlined the direction of the alleys, the position of flower beds and fountains. In the first years (1704-1707), work under the leadership of Peter was conducted by architect. Ivan Matveev (Ugryumov). He expanded the boundaries of the garden, determined the initial layout, began building fountains, draining the territory, creating solid soil and planting trees, and prepared Konau mansions for the sovereign. The architect Fyodor Vasiliev, who arrived at the request of Peter, built the first oak galleries of the Corinthian order. In 1707 Matveev dies, and the organization of all work and supervision of the construction Peter entrusted A.V. Kikin, and since 1709 - A.A. Menshikov.
Under the control of the tsar, Russian and foreign architects, gardeners, and truck farmers worked on the implementation of the plan under the control of the tsar. In 1709, a group of young people was brought from Moscow to learn gardening. Some of them later worked independently: S. Lukyanov, I. Surmin, I. Yakovlev.
The first known plan of the Summer Garden was drawn up by Jan Roosen in 1713. This plan already shows the Summer Palace of Peter I, just built according to the project of D. Trezzini, occupying the northeastern corner. It was the Summer Palace that gave the name to the Summer Garden, which was originally called the "royal garden". The gardener Jan Roosen arrived in St. Petersburg in 1712 and worked in the Summer Garden for 13 years (1712-1726), he supervised all garden work. Several plans of the garden have survived: J. Roozen (1716 (1714?)), J. Leblond (1717), M. Zemtsov (1723), as well as a drawing attributed to Peter (1714-1716?).
The planning scheme of the original garden is based on the central longitudinal alley, which leads to curly flower beds inscribed in squares with images of currencies, cartouches and other ornaments. Each of the flower squares intersected with diagonal paths and had a lusthaus gazebo in the center. Behind the flower beds were areas planted with young linden trees. Two more longitudinal alleys were laid parallel to the central one. The eastern part separated the residential part of the garden with the palace of Peter I. The western one was a solid green trellis, separated the bosquets along the Swan Canal and led to the Karpiev Pond. The engraving by A.F. Zubov (1717) gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe original form of the Summer Garden ensemble, which was dominated by metrically planted trees, the crowns of which were trimmed into the shape of a cube, ball or pyramid. Along the straight alleys of the garden, a trellis stretches (up to 2-3 m high), forming green walls with niches for statues. The Dutchman Jan Roosen supervised the gardening works.
In 1714-1716. a pond was dug in the southern part of the Summer Garden, where different species of fish were raised. Most often, carp were launched here, and therefore the pond began to be called Karpiev. Besides fish, a tame seal lived here for some time. In the center of the pond was a multi-jet fountain. The pond has survived to this day.
Part of the modern Summer Garden and the Field of Mars was then a lowland, overgrown with stunted bushes. In 1711-1716. to drain the territory along the western part of the garden, a canal (later called the Lebyazhy Canal) was dug, separating the Summer Garden from the Bolshoi Meadow (Field of Mars). Approximately in the middle of the Summer Garden, from the Swan Canal almost to the Fontanka, by 1716, another canal was dug - the Cross. Thus, the 1st and 2nd Summer Gardens appeared. Fire fountains stood on the bridge thrown across the Transverse Canal. At the same time, the Moika and Fontanka rivers were connected. Since then, the Summer Garden has been on the island. The modern Mikhailovsky Garden was called the 3rd Summer.
The Summer Garden consisted of three parts: the Parade Garden (1st Garden) - from the Neva to the Cross Canal, the Red Garden (the 2nd Garden) or an economic garden where fruit trees grew - from the Cross Canal to the Moika, "Her Majesty's Garden" (3rd garden) - behind the Moika, on the site of the modern Mikhailovsky Garden and Sadovaya street. Peter gave this garden to Catherine.
Simultaneously with the construction of reservoirs, work was carried out to strengthen the soil for planting trees. For several years, land was brought into the garden. Trees of various species were brought from all over Russia and from abroad by Peter's decree, planted both in summer and winter. There were many oils in the garden, which Peter loved. They stood in several rows along the Swan Canal, along the alley leading to the Coffee House, along the Fontanka. In the first quarter of the 18th century. in the garden there were oaks, lindens, elms, maples, rowan, spruce, as well as boxwood, elm, chestnut, etc. Fruit trees also grew in the Summer Garden: apple, cherry, pear, currant bushes. Between the trees in the beds, they planted "cooking herbs": parsley, carrots, beets, parsnips, peas, beans, fragrant herbs. In the summer, tubs with tropical plants were exhibited in the alleys and grounds of the front garden.
The summer garden was distinguished by a varied and rich flora. A.E. Regel reported where the plants came from: lindens and lilies from Narva, elms from Moscow, hornbeams from Kiev, cedars from Solikamsk, apple trees from Sweden, peonies and barberries from Holland and Germany, peas, meadowsweet from Siberia. In the garden, work was underway to transplant mature trees, acclimatize foreign varieties.
On the Neva, along the main axis, the garden overlooked a gallery located near the water. Three open galleries (on the site of the existing fence of the Summer Garden) were built by architect. GI Mattarnovi in \u200b\u200b1714 Here they rested in bad weather. We got to the Summer Garden directly from boats, along the steps of the galleries. Two side galleries with a roof on wooden columns, with carved capitals were richly decorated. The roof of the central gallery rested on twelve paired columns ("on the pillars of Russian marble"), the floor was lined with black and white marble slabs, the roof was decorated with a balustad made of desolate balusters and tubmas. The central gallery was decorated with a marble statue of Venus ("Mrs. Venus"). This sculpture was presented to Peter I by Pope Clement IX. By the decree of the tsar, she was guarded by a sentry in the uniform of the Preobrazhensky regiment with a halberd so that no one would damage her. Venus became the first public image of a naked female body in Russia. The statue of Venus was in the Summer Garden until the middle of the 18th century. Later, the statue was moved to the closed grotto.
On the main alley (from the "Venus Gallery" to the Cross Pond) there were four sites: 1st - Palace (Damskaya), 2nd - Shkiperskaya, 3rd - Virtues, 4th - Cycle of the day. There were fountains on each site. Near the first fountain of white marble, the queen and the ladies of the court usually sat down. Near the second, on the octagonal Shkiperskaya site, was Peter with visiting foreigners. A little further there was a fountain decorated with gilded vases.
To the west of the cellars, on the banks of the Moika River, stood the palace of Catherine I - the Golden Mansions. It was located, possibly, on the site of the Rossi pavilion. According to indirect data, the palace was built in 1710-1711. A gilded lantern with eight windows stood on the roof of a small wooden building. The flashlight ended with a high spire. The walls of the main hall of the palace were trimmed with gold leather, the ceiling was covered with a painted canvas. Each room had tiled stoves.
In 1717 at the river. A pavilion with fountains was built in front of the Golden Mansions, where a huge Gottorp globe with starry sky in the inner sphere (then the globe was transferred to the Kunstkamera).
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1. Further development ensemble Summer garden during the reign of Peter I. 1. - Second palace, 2. - Grotto, 3. - Great labyrinth. 2. Layout HP on the second. Thursday XVIII century. Complication of the contours of parterres, etc. in the 1740-1750s. 3. A pond with a gazebo. Saint Hilaire's plan, 1764-1773. 4. Circular roads leading to the sculpture. Saint Hilaire's plan, 1764-1773. 5. Greenhouses in the 2nd Summer Garden. Axonometric plan of St. Petersburg St. Hilaire. 6. Wooden painting panel. 7. Figured fountain. Saint Hilaire's plan, 1764-1773.
8. Picture gallery. Measurement of M.G. Zemtsov. 1727. 9.
. Project by M.G. Zemtsov. |
In 1717 A. Leblond drew up a new plan for the Summer Garden, which, without changing the existing layout, made additions and improvements. This project also included the area around the Summer Garden (the future Field of Mars, the Mikhailovsky Palace and the Engineering Castle). In the new project, the longitudinal compositional axis of the garden was fixed. On the southern territory of the garden (3rd Summer Garden), the plan houses the residence of Catherine I. This palace, built only 25 years later, with its wide courdoner facing the Moika, was supposed to play the role of an architectural dominant. The garden behind this palace, in terms of the nature of the layout, seemed to continue the Summer Garden of Peter I. The huge meadow behind the Swan Canal (Field of Mars) was divided by driveways into 8 large triangles, converging to the central circular square. The garden behind the Moika was divided into small rectangular parts. At that time, there already existed an old wooden palace of Catherine - "golden mansions". Fruit plants were planted around it in the regular quarters of the garden, and among the garden paths there were many trill alleys.
Leblond worked out in detail the layout of the flower beds along the Lebyazhya Canal, which were outlined in Peter's sketch (1716). Moreover, each figured parterre and bosquet was developed as a non-repeating separate microcomposition. The main bosquettes with ideas were located around the Main Alley. In one bosquet, Leblond designed an oval pond, in another - a cascade with a flower garden and sculpture, in the third, with a fountain in the center, cruciform enveloping roads, in the fourth - an aviary and "animal yard". New sculptural groups, green offices, gazebos, reservoirs and fountains were introduced into the garden plan.
On the territory of the 1st Summer Garden, an Oval Pond was dug. In the center of the pond there was a small island with a gazebo, the dome of which ended with a carved lantern. Trellises and trellises stood around the perimeter of the almost square bosquet. Between the gratings along the bank of the pond, there were 8 wooden houses - "bird chambers" for the birds that were in the pond. In the pond were swimming rare fish and a small boat on which the dwarf jester rode. On the roof of a gazebo shaped like a Chinese pagoda, a weather vane, a golden dragon, glittered.
Where the monument to Krylov is now located, a bosquet with a Dolphin cascade and a pool was arranged. The cascade was decorated with gilded lead and decorated with vases in the shape of dolphins. The pool floor and walls were finished in white marble. There was a greenhouse in the southern part of the bosquet. The platform with a cascade was surrounded by wooden lattices, on the posts of which 24 lanterns with intricate carvings hung.
Opposite the bosquet with a cascade was a platform with bird and animal cages. There was a gallery stretched from east to west. In the gallery, the floor was covered with Putilov slabs, the walls were covered with canvas. In the middle of the roof was a double dome. It was a dovecote. The bosquet was framed by trellises, and 13 canopies with grates were arranged inside on three sides. Between the sheds there were three galleries - the animal yard. Birds (black storks, eagles, cranes, swans, pigeons, pelicans) and rare animals (porcupine, blue fox, big hedgehog, sables) lived here. In the center of the bosquet was a fountain with a round pool of white marble, the cornice was trimmed with black marble.
To the north of the Animal Yard was the last of the 4 main bosquets with ideas - a fir grove. Spruce trees growing in regular rows crossed covered (envelope) paths that walked crosswise, forming a platform with a fountain in the center of the bosquet. The fountain was decorated with the marble group "Venus with Cupid". The pond of the fountain was finished with lead, sinks, white and black marble tiles. Candles in hanging lanterns burned in the covered alleys.
There were also covered paths in the 2nd and 3rd gardens.
In addition to the spruce, in the 1st garden there were also oak and linden groves. An oak grove with a fountain in the center was located near the Summer Palace of Peter I. The linden grove was on the site of the Tea House.
The death of Leblond in 1719 interrupted his work. The bosquet with a cascade was completed according to the project of M.G. Leblon. Zemtsov. The gazebos at the bend in the road were built by G.-I. Matarnovi. The grotto, the construction of which was led by Leblond, continued to be erected by G.-I. Matarnovi and Michetti, while Zemtsov completed and decorated the interiors.
The garden was also decorated with three picturesque panels by art. Georg Gsell. The wooden panel (366.5 x 70 cm) consisted of four panels, separated by pilasters. The polychrome images on them are taken from the book "Symbols and Emblems ..." (unicorn, lion, warrior ...).
Greenhouses have been built to store tropical trees in winter. One of them was in a bosquet with a cascade, the other was a stone greenhouse in the Red Garden on the border of the 1st and 2nd Summer Gardens. In 1728, not far from it, another stone greenhouse was built according to the project of architect. K. Schroeder. Southern plants were grown here, including tropical milkweed, oranges, lemons, tulips and Lebanese cedars. In the summer, these plants were exhibited in the alleys of the garden. Later, 7 small wooden greenhouses appeared in the 2nd garden - steam, winter, pineapple, African, etc. Here there was a hut, in which in the 1730-1740s. worked as a sculptor "Yagan Zweigof". He restored damaged statues and busts.
In 1723-1725. M.G. Zemtsov made a measurement drawing that reflects the state of the Summer Garden in last years life of Peter I. By this time, a stone palace was erected at the intersection of the Lebyazhya Canal and the Neva. The central bosquets received a new layout. In 1725, Zemtsov built a "Hall for Glorious Celebrations" next to the second palace and made a new breakdown of the flower garden adjacent to the palace. The territory of the garden was expanded due to the plot of land poured along the Neva, but there was no passage along the Neva yet. At the same time, the grotto on the Fontanka was rebuilt and decorated with a gilded sculpture. The summer garden was often rebuilt and replenished with new buildings. Therefore, what is shown in Zubov's engraving does not in many ways correspond to Zemtsov's plan.
On the territory of the 2nd Summer Garden, between the Cross Canal and the Karpiev Pond, a labyrinth was created, in imitation of the famous Versailles Labyrinth (it was completed in the 1730s). The labyrinth was a complex system of paths among the bushes, with recessed niches (there were 32 of them), where a fountain gushed, and each fountain was decorated with sculptural characters from Aesop's fables, cast from lead (according to the drawings of M. Zemtsov, as well as the design of the labyrinth). Each fountain had a sign explaining the content of the fable. At the entrance to the Labyrinth stood a gilded lead statue of the humpbacked Aesop. The paths to the Labyrinth passed along the footbridges with fountains-firecrackers.
For the first time in Russian garden art, a large complex of various fountain devices was built in the Summer Garden. In 1705-1706. under the guidance of master I. Matveev, the beginning of the complex water-pressure system of the Summer Garden was laid. In 1725, there were 25 fountains in the Summer Garden, and by 1736 there were more than 50. The first fountains were supplied with water from the Nameless Erik, since then the Erik began to be called r. Fontanka. On the bank of the erik, water-platoon towers were erected. Initially, the water-lifting mechanism was horse-drawn, since 1719 a steam engine was in operation. For a more reliable supply of water to the fountains, they began to break through the Ligovsky Canal. Water was supplied from the Liga River to the pools located on the street called Basseinaya. From there, the water went through lead pipes to the water towers, where it was lifted by a wheeled machine. This first water pipeline began to operate in 1725. He rebuilt the old water towers in the middle of the 18th century. F.-B. Rastrelli, he gave the buildings the appearance of elegant pavilions and decorated them with baroque decor.
Sculptures
According to the plan of Peter I, the Summer Garden should be decorated with allegorical sculptures. (see Summer Garden. Sculpture). All sculptures were selected on four themes: the nature of the universe, collisions from Ovid's Metamorphoses, an ideal model of the Earthly world and its real embodiment. To implement the plan, special agents were sent to Italy: P. Beklemishev, Y. Kologrivov and S. Raguzinsky. They bought both antique sculptures and works of the late 17th - early 18th centuries. Many sculptures were made to order. By 1725, more than a hundred busts and statues were installed in the Summer Garden, by 1736 there were already more than two hundred. Already at this time, the Summer Garden possessed the largest collection of garden sculptures in Russia.
1721, when the main improvement works were completed, the Summer Garden became the royal residence. The garden was intended not only for walking, but also as a place for entertainment, ceremonies, diplomatic meetings. In the open air garden, festivities were constantly held, the famous Peter's assemblies and receptions of foreign ambassadors were held. The residents of the city were notified of the beginning of the next holiday with cannon shots from the bastions of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Guests arrived at the Summer Garden along the Neva, disembarked from boats on a wooden pier. In the summertime, court festivities were held in the avenues of the garden and in the covered galleries near the Neva. In the middle gallery a table with refreshments was set, in the side galleries there were tables with snacks for officers and ordinary people. On the Ladies' platform, dances were held, and on the Shkiperskaya there were tables with chess, checkers, tobacco and wine. After dinner and dancing, grenadier guards appeared in the alleys, carrying large tubs of bread vodka on poles. Each of the guests had to drink a glass. During the walks in the garden, an orchestra played. As a rule, the holiday ended with fireworks.
Summer Palace of Catherine
In the early 1720s. Peter decided to build a palace for Catherine symmetrically to the first palace - on the banks of the Neva and the Lebyazhy Canal, in the place where a soap-house and a hut were used to build. Here, within 4-5 years, an ensemble was created, which included Catherine's Palace, the Art Gallery and the Hall of Glorious Celebrations.
The second summer palace or New Chambers was built in 1721-1726. The construction of the palace of arch. Dutchman Stefan Van Zwieten according to the drawing of Peter I, but did not cope with the work. D. Trezzini began to observe the work, and then M.G. Zemtsov, who had to actively correct the project. Completed the construction of Zemtsov. The part of the building overlooking the Neva was two-story, the rest of the premises were one-story. The building had a large terrace and a staircase to the water. The palace had 4 rooms along the Neva and 15 along the Lebyazhy Canal. The interiors were close to those of Peter's palace. The ceilings of some rooms were decorated with picturesque plafonds, thin. B. Tarsia.
Picture gallery
The wooden gallery was built perpendicular to the elongated part of the second palace along the Lebyazhy Canal. It had 12 glazed window-doors with semicircular transoms, on the sides of which there were columns with capitals of the Corinthian order. The perimeter of the flat roof was decorated with a balustrade of chiseled balusters and pedestals. The master of the ward buildings François de Waal designed the gallery and supervised the construction.
While in Amsterdam in 1716-1717, Peter acquired many paintings by Rubens, Rembrandt, Van Dyck, Stein, Bruegel and others. Many of these canvases are housed in the Art Gallery in the Summer Garden.
The courtyard between Catherine's palace and the gallery was torn up yellow brick... South of Picture gallery a parterre flower garden with a fountain in the center was laid out.
Hall for glorious celebrations
In 1725, architect. MG Zemtsov built a Hall for Glorious Celebrations next to the second palace - a palace for holding especially important celebrations. At this time, the wedding of Peter's eldest daughter Anna with the Duke of Holstein was being prepared. The hall was built in 4 months. The wedding took place in May 1725, after the death of Peter
The building of the Hall was erected next to the palace of Catherine, on the showered bank of the Neva. The wooden structure on a stone foundation consisted of a two-height ceremonial hall and four small rooms. In one of them there was a staircase leading to the lantern. Pilasters of a large order with Corinthian capitals compositionally united two floors of the building. The building was crowned with a balustrade with vases. A high two-flight staircase led to the front entrance. The main entrance was richly decorated.
Inside the hall I amazed with wealth and splendor. The walls were decorated with carved oak and decorative paintings, tapestries and gilding. The ceilings were decorated with story paintings inside gilded frames. Picturesque plafonds for the Hall were made by thin. L. Caravak and B. Tarsia. According to Peter's plan, the walls were to be decorated with paintings based on the stories of the victories of the Russian army: the Battle of Kulikovo (A. Matveev), the Battle of Poltava (I. Nikitin), the Battle of Ganguts (I. Odolsky).
With the accession of Anna Ioannovna in 1732, the Hall was dismantled and moved to the Karpiev Pond.
Second Summer Palace of Anna Ioannovna
In 1732, approximately on the site of the Hall for Glorious Celebrations of Arch. F.-B. Rastrelli built the Second Summer Palace - the residence of Anna Ioannovna. The main facade of this wooden building overlooked the Neva, where the steps of the porch, which served as a pier, descended. The one-storey palace of strict proportions was decorated with restrained decor. The palace had 28 rooms. The palace was built in 2 months. After the death of the empress, EI Biron was arrested in this palace. In 1747, by order of Elizabeth, the palace was dismantled and transported to Yekateringof.
Grotto
The construction of the Grotto - a garden pavilion with columns and a high dome on the bank of the Fotanka River - began in 1914. The project was drawn up by the architect-sculptor. Andreas Schlüter, began the construction of J.-B. Leblond, continued the work of G.-I. Matarnovi and N. Michetti, and from 1723 he completed and decorated the interiors of M.G. Zemtsov. The construction was completed in 1725. This pavilion was divided into three rooms, each of which contained a fountain, in the central hall - a fountain with Neptune and a water organ.
During the time of Peter I, the Summer Garden was accessible to almost everyone (decently dressed and without a beard).
After the death of Peter I, in the short years of the reign of Catherine I, the Supreme Privy Council often sat in the Summer Palace - in fact, the highest power in the country, since the decree on the establishment of this body read: "No decrees should be issued before they are discussed in the Privy Council." ... In the 1730-1740s. The Summer Garden remained a ceremonial royal residence. To enter the Summer Garden at this time, it was necessary to obtain a special permit. Citizens in decent clothes were allowed to walk in the 1st and 2nd gardens, access to the 3rd garden was prohibited. Since the 1760s. free access was opened to the 1st Summer Garden.
After Peter's death in 1725, the garden continues to strictly follow the established order.
In 1725, the “Hall for Glorious Celebrations” was built on the banks of the Neva (architect MG Zemtsov). In 1725, in the “green study” to the left of the grotto, Catherine ordered to arrange the Favorite fountain on the model of Peterhof. In 1736-1738, the Lacoste fountain, named in honor of the beloved jester Peter, was built in the right "office". In the 1730s. Zemtsov completed the Labyrinth.
In 1732, architect. F.-B. Rastrelli on the Lebyazhye Canal creates an amphitheater with a cascade, flower beds, sod benches, many lead gilded sculptures, vases and urns. At this place a light bridge was thrown across the canal. The Summer Garden was connected to the Amusement Field.
In 1740, Anna Ioannovna gave orders to shelter sculptures for the winter. In the garden, old ones are being renovated and new greenhouses are being built. In 1744, Elizaveta Petrovna ordered the "large bird cage" to be replaced with a new one. Garden work was carried out with great care to care for trees, trellises and flower beds. In the 1730-1740s. Russian gardeners were already working in the garden. For many years Ilya Surmin, a student of Roozen, supervised the gardening work. By the middle of the 18th century, the Summer Garden reached its peak as a regular garden.
Under Anna Ionnovna, celebrations were still held in the Summer Garden, though not so magnificent. More often the queen in the garden or on the Big Meadow was fond of hunting.
In the 1740-1750s. under Elizabeth Petrovna in the Summer Garden, masquerades for the St. Petersburg nobility were replaced by balls with dances until dawn. In 1741 in the 3rd garden, designed by architect. F.-B. Rastrelli began construction of the Summer Palace. Elizabeth's court moved there.
The summer garden, having lost its significance as a royal residence, gradually turned into a promenade garden for the nobility and changed its appearance. In 1743, some of the Labyrinth sculptures were removed, and the fountain in the Birdcages was dismantled.
In 1763-1767. there was a major reconstruction of the Neva embankment at the northern border of the Summer Garden. An artificial embankment pushed the Neva 50 m away from the border of the garden. In the 1760s. equipped Palace Embankmenterezhnaya, on piles (architect YM Felten).
1770-1784 - construction of the grating of the Summer Garden from the side of the Neva (architects Yu.M. Felten, P. Ye. Yegorov).
In 1777 there was a severe flood. The fountain system was destroyed, the grotto and a significant number of sculptures and trees were damaged. Instead of restoration work, the "Havanets" near the Summer Palace, the transverse canal and the Oval Pond were filled up, the grotto was destroyed, galleries, gazebos, poultry houses were dismantled.
In 1798-1799, a view terrace was built on the banks of the Lebyazhy Canal (architect G.P. Pilnikov).
Anna Ioannovna turned the Summer Garden into an animal enclosure. Here, bears were hunted and wild boars were hunted among the marble statues and fountains, destroying trees and flower beds.
At the end of the 18th century. the landscape style replaced the regular park style.
(P. 49-52, p. 48-63, p. 21-33. Added by Mary)
(N. A. Naryshkina. Summer garden - the soul of St. Petersburg. History of St. Petersburg. No 3 (13) / 2003)
(B.G. Sinyukhaev, Sadovaya street, Lenizdat, 1974)
(E. Nikolin, Briefly about Leningrad, Lenizdat, 1988) (text by Mary)
Which was laid in the early years of the city's founding by a large group of architects and gardeners. Peter I dreamed of creating a Versailles-style garden. First, he rested in his house and followed the progress of work, and then he lived here with his family in the summer.
Opening hours of the Summer Palace of Peter I in 2020
- The museum is open only during the summer period (from May 1 to September 30). In the summer, in view of the large number of people who wish, tickets can be purchased only during the first hour of the ticket office. Ticket offices are open from 10:00 every day, except Thursday and Tuesday. Thursdays from 13:00. Tickets are sold daily for the current day only.
- Visiting is possible only as part of a group. Tickets are sold at the ticket office of the palace.
- On Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, sessions are at 12:00, 14:00, 16:00, 18:00 and 19:00.
- On Thursdays, sessions are at 14:00, 16:00, 18:00 and 20:00.
- On Saturdays and Sundays, sessions are at 12:00, 13:00, 14:00, 15:00, 16:00, 17:00, 18:00 and 19:00.
- Session times are indicated for individual visitors.
The cost of tickets to the Summer Palace of Peter I in 2020
- Full ticket - 500 rubles
- For students and pensioners - 250 rubles
- For children (under 16) - free
How to get there
On the second floor of the building, in addition to the kitchen, dressing room and maid of honor, there is a throne room, a bedroom and a nursery, as well as a dance room. Particularly attractive is the Green Cabinet, decorated with picturesque inserts, molding and gilding.
