It justifies its name: there are almost a dozen large palaces in which the most important figures of Russian history of the 18th - 19th centuries lived: the offspring of the Romanov dynasty, great nobles, cultural figures. We have selected the most popular ones.
1. Summer Palace of Peter the Great
A very modest two-story palace in the Summer Garden, where Peter the Great lived from May to October for twelve years, from 1712 to 1725. In the time of Peter, a small canal was dug from the Fontanka to the entrance to the palace, so that the royal residence was on the peninsula. The emperor loved when guests came to him by boats.
Modesty was generally inherent in Peter's buildings. For example, the Marly Palace did not have a main hall at all, and the Summer Palace was not much like the residence of the emperor of a huge country. Luxury is Menshikov's. Peter tried to avoid excesses and used only the most necessary. So all the palaces of those times turned out to be small and cramped. Formally, the palace is registered in the Summer Garden, but is located a few meters from the Palace Embankment.
Address: Summer Garden, 2
2. Palace of the Prince of Oldenburg (Betsky House, University of Culture and Arts)
Until the 1770s, there was a theater building in which the Italian troupe constantly performed: as a rule, the courtiers of Elizabeth Petrovna attended its performances. After the death of the empress and the departure of the Italians, the building designed by Rastrelli was demolished, and in 1784 - 1787 a house was built here for Ivan Betsky, who conducted classes here for pupils of his educational institutions, and also gradually collected a collection of art. Ivan Krylov lived there, who opened a printing house in the building and published his magazines.
The house got its second name when Prince Peter of Oldenburg moved in in 1830. Under him, the architect Stasov added to and reconstructed the building. His son, Alexander Oldenburgsky, sold the building to the Provisional Government for a large sum at that time (1.5 million rubles). In 1962, the Leningrad Library Institute was housed here, and the building of the Betskoy House was connected with the neighboring Saltykov House. Now there is the University of Culture and Arts, the famous "kulek".
Address: Palace embankment, 2
3. Marble palace
Before, according to the project of the architect Rinaldi, they began to build a palace here for the favorite of Catherine II, Grigory Orlov, here at first there was a postal yard, then an animal yard, where the first Petersburg elephant lived for a short time, then the building burned down, and then a place was cleared for the square.
The count did not wait for the tsarina's gift, but she bought the palace from Orlov's descendants and gave it to her grandson Konstantin Pavlovich. After that, until 1918, it remained the residence for members of the House of Romanov. Then there was the Russian Academy of the History of Material Culture, then a branch of the Lenin Museum was opened, and in 1992 the Marble Palace became a branch of the Russian Museum, where mainly exhibitions of contemporary art are held (Warhol, Ludwig Museum, etc.).
Address: Millionnaya Street, 5/1
4. Novo-Mikhailovsky Palace
The third palace, built by Stakenschneider for the children of Nicholas I (after the Mariinsky and Nikolaevsky). Its design began after the wedding of Mikhail Nikolaevich. Several older buildings in the neighborhood were demolished to erect the building. The palace itself is a fine example of early eclecticism and combines in its appearance features of a variety of architectural styles: baroque, rococo, classicism. In addition, in the construction of the Novo-Mikhailovsky Palace, metal structures, rare at that time, were used.
Mikhail Nikolaevich did not have time to immediately enjoy the beauty of the palace, because literally after settling in 1862, he was forced to go as governor to the Caucasus. He returned home only in 1881, when he was appointed chairman of the State Council. In recent years, he usually did not leave the palace anywhere and sat thoughtfully at the windows of the first floor. Passers-by sometimes noticed him and saluted him. After his death, the building passed into the hands of his son Nikolai Mikhailovich. And now there is a library of oriental manuscripts.
Address: Palace Embankment, 18
5. Palace of Vladimir Alexandrovich
Vladimir Alexandrovich is the third son in the family of Emperor Alexander II. The architect of the palace was Mesmacher, who would soon build another grand ducal palace (the future House of Music on the Moika). It turned out to be a modest eclectic building, which, due to its masonry, slightly does not fit into the ensemble of the Palace Embankment.
Subsequently, by the decision of the Petrograd Council, the Grand Duke's palace was turned into the House of Scientists. Herbert Wells was here, academician Vavilov worked here (as chairman of the council). During the Blockade, a hospital was located here. At the moment, there are dozens of various scientific sections in various fields.
Address: Dvortsovaya embankment, 26
6. Small Hermitage
Despite the fact that this building by Felten and Vallin-Delamot is the smallest in the Hermitage ensemble, it is here that one of the most famous exhibits Hermitage Museum: including the Pavilion Hall, the Clock with a Peacock, and the famous Hanging Gardens. At first there was the Winter Garden, but then, when the building turned from a home residence into a museum, the concept had to be changed. You can look at this garden only from the window.
Address: Dvortsovaya embankment, 30
The main St. Petersburg palace, one of the most important museums in the world, a repository of hundreds of masterpieces of artistic culture, is already the fifth in a row. The first was built under Peter, the second, too, the third was ordered to be erected by Anna Ioannovna, the fourth - temporary - was built by Rastrelli, while he was erecting a new one for Elizabeth Petrovna. In the current one, only Catherine the Second settled: Elizabeth did not live to see the end of construction, Peter III was overthrown shortly before the delivery of the palace.
The Winter Palace has witnessed almost all major events in the history of Russia after the 18th century. Monuments to the country's main military victories were built around it, almost all Russian emperors lived here, it was here that one of the loudest attempts on the emperor was committed (Khalturin detonated a bomb right under the dining room, Alexander II was not injured), a peaceful demonstration was shot near him on Bloody Sunday ", The Provisional Government sat here and here it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks. Finally, some of the most massive rallies in 1991 and 1993 for democracy were held near the Winter Palace. Nowadays, concerts and street sports festivals are often held near the Hermitage.
Address: Dvortsovaya embankment, 32
The bridge was built in 1856: the merchants needed a direct connection with the Exchange and the Trade Port. In the manufacture of the structure, the floating Isaac Bridge was used. Then it was modernized and named Dvortsov. The permanent bridge appeared in 1916, although it was conceived earlier. The construction was hampered by a variety of events: first - the flood, then - the First world War... In 1917, the bridge was renamed Republican, but in 1944 its original name was returned. Cast iron grates were installed only in 1939. In 2013, this architectural monument was reconstructed.
Palace bridgeThe garden owes its name to the fact that earlier it was here that the palace guard was raised. The garden was laid out in 1896 and separated the royal residence - the Winter Palace - from the roadway. The planning was carried out by the architect Nikolai Kramskoy, according to whose project the garden was raised about a meter above the street. A fountain and tree saplings appeared in it. The garden was fenced in the Rastrelli Baroque style: the leaf pattern was supplemented with the emblem of the imperial family and the state emblem. In 1920, the fence was dismantled and installed in. In 2008, the original appearance of the fountain was restored. Now the garden is a great place to relax in the center. In summer, you can hide from the sun, and in winter you can admire the colorful garlands decorating the tree branches.
Winter Palace 0+
The main residence of the Russian emperors changed its appearance five times. Construction began under Peter I, and ended under Peter III. Bartolomeo Rastrelli gave the building a modern baroque look.
Many decisive events for the country took place in this place: here the revolutionary Stepan Khalturin tried to kill Emperor Alexander II, here a demonstration of workers was shot in 1905, a little later the Provisional Government, ousted by the Bolsheviks, sat in the palace. For 20 years, the Museum of the Revolution functioned in the Winter Palace, which was closed in 1941. Now the palace is the main building of the Hermitage, which stores many cultural and historical values \u200b\u200band objects of art.
pl. Dvortsovaya, 2
The museum was built by Yuri Felten and Jean-Baptiste-Michel Wallen-Delamot in 1775. The miniature gallery is fraught with many famous exhibits: this is the Clock with a Peacock, and the Pavilion Hall, and Hanging garden... Initially, unique works of art acquired by Catherine II were exhibited here. Only a select few could see them - not without reason the word "hermitage" is translated as "a place of solitude." Only in 1852 the Hermitage became available to the public.
Dvortsovaya emb., 36
The museum was built in 1787 by the architect Yuri Felten. The building, built in the style of classicism, impresses with its interior: the rooms are painted with gilding, decorated with colored stones and skillful stucco molding. Nowadays it houses administrative premises and displays works of Italian painting of the 13th-18th centuries. Five years after the construction of the building, Raphael's loggias were added to the Great Hermitage, which contain copies of the artist's frescoes.
Among the famous objects inside are the Theater and Soviet Stairs. The first one connects the floors of the Great Hermitage and allows access to the Hermitage Theater and Raphael's Loggia. The second staircase appeared due to the need for its own entrance to the premises where the Committee of Ministers and the State Council met. The architect Andrei Shtakenschneider decorated the staircase with marble, and the lobby was decorated with red porphyry columns.
The New Hermitage, designed by Leo von Klenze in 1851, is located behind the Great Hermitage. Famous for its portico with ten Atlanteans, the museum was created specifically for public visits. Initially, it housed halls of Russian and Western European sculpture; now the Knights' Hall with a rich collection of armor and weapons functions here. Another interesting exhibit is the Big Kolyvan vase made of green jasper weighing 19 tons.
Dvortsovaya emb., 34Winter groove
The groove was dug in 1719 and named the Old Palace Canal. It connects the Neva and Moika and stretches for 228 meters. Despite the fact that the canal is so short, several bridges have been thrown across it. The Hermitage Bridge became the ancestor of stone construction in the city: before it, all bridges were constructed exclusively of wood. It was built in the 18th century, like the 1st Winter Bridge. 2nd Winter Bridge was erected in the middle of the 20th century, but made in the style of the previous two. The buildings of the Greater Hermitage and the Hermitage Theater are connected by an arched structure supporting the gallery passage. From the side of the embankment, it looks very beautiful: the groove flows under the arch, disappearing in perspective.
Zimnyaya kanavka embankmentHermitage Theater
It was originally located here. In 1787, in its place, Giacomo Quarenghi built a magnificent theater in the antique style. The Hermitage Theater was intended for the imperial family and the highest nobility: in addition to operas and performances, balls, masquerades were held here, and amateur performances were played. The chamber hall is located as an amphitheater and is designed for 250 people. The inner space of the theater is framed by marble columns, statues of Apollo and muses of art, portraits of great musicians and poets. Since 1990, the theater has been performing performances by the Russian Ballet troupe, the St. Petersburg Ballet Theater named after Tchaikovsky, Chamber Theater "St. Petersburg Opera" and Ballet Theater L. Yakobson.
Dvortsovaya emb., 34
Earlier on the site of the palace was the mansion of Ivan Musin-Pushkin, then - Dmitry Volkonsky, which later housed the French embassy. In 1872, the architect Alexander Rezanov erected a palace intended for the third son of Alexander II, Vladimir. The building was built in the Florentine style, decorated with large Venetian windows and family coats of arms. It was called the "Small Imperial Palace" because the decoration of the interiors boggled the imagination: the decor of the halls harmoniously intertwined architectural styles... The Grand Duke was president of the Academy of Arts and collected paintings.
In the first third of the 20th century, the House of Scientists was opened in the palace, where meetings, round tables, open lectures, and debates were held. Now there are several dozen scientific sections dealing with technology and science. Also in this place they shoot historical films, arrange exhibitions and presentations.
Dvortsovaya emb., 26
The palace was erected for the family of Grand Duke Mikhail, the son of Nicholas I. Architect Andrei Shtakenshneider created the building in the eclectic style, combining trends from various architectural trends. During the construction, metal structures were used, which was an innovation of that time. In 1911, a museum was opened here, the exposition of which tells about the life and work of Prince Mikhail, who for a long time was the governor in the Caucasus. On this moment the palace houses the Institute for the History of Material Culture and a large library that stores many oriental manuscripts.
Dvortsovaya emb., 18Marble Palace (Russian Museum) 0+
This is the first palace in St. Petersburg, the cladding of which is made of natural stone. In the work on the exterior and interior decoration of the building, Antonio Rinaldi used more than 30 types of marble. Many of them are displayed in the Marble Hall. A wrought iron lattice and marble vases adorn the main entrance to the palace. Previously, on the site of the palace there was a Postal Yard, and then a menagerie where an elephant lived.
The palace was intended for Count Orlov, but he never settled in it - the count died two years before the completion of construction work. Catherine II had to redeem the palace from his heirs. For some time, the favorite of the Empress Stanislav Ponyatovsky lodged here, and then the building passed into the possession of the Romanov princes. Here lived the grandson of Catherine II, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, then the son of Nicholas I, Constantine, and the heirs of his family.
For 17 years the Russian Academy of the History of Material Culture functioned here, then worked Central Museum named after Lenin. In 1996 the palace became a branch of the Russian Museum. The exhibition features works by foreign artists of the 18th - early 19th centuries. From time to time, exhibitions of works by contemporary masters are held here.
An armored car "Enemy of Capital" stood at the walls of the Marble Palace for a long time. The car was installed in memory of Lenin, who performed on an armored car of a similar model in 1917. Now it houses the authorship of Paolo Trubetskoy, who worked on it at the beginning of the 20th century. Previously, it stood on Znamenskaya Square, not far from the modern Moscow railway station. The monument was created as a tribute to the memory of the founder of the Siberian Way. The sculpture captured not the emperor's face, familiar from the ceremonial paintings, but a true portrait likeness. In 1919, the ironic poem "Scarecrow" by Demyan Bedny appeared on the monument. He was also involved in the celebration of the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution. The monument was placed in a cage, decorated with a hammer and sickle and the emblem "USSR". Since 1937, the monument has rested in the Russian Museum and was returned to the city only in the early 90s.
st. Millionnaya, 5/1Troitsky bridge
It was originally a flood bridge, named Troitsky in honor of the nearby square. The permanent drawbridge was built at the beginning of the 20th century in honor of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the marriage of Alexander III and Maria Feodorovna. Lattices and lanterns are decorated in Art Nouveau style by architects René Patullar and Vincent Chabrol, granite columns with bronze rostras and eagles on the tops - by Amandus Adamson. Troitsky Bridge has undergone two reconstructions. According to legend, it was above this architectural monument that Valery Chkalov flew during his famous non-stop flight on the route Moscow - the North Pole.
Troitsky bridge
The territory belonged to Count Alexander Vorontsov, who renounced his own rights. By the decision of a neighbor, Field Marshal Nikolai Saltykov, a garden was laid out here. In 1818, the state bought the site, and on this site was created a square, on the plan of which Carl Rossi worked.
In the center of the square, a bronze monument was erected to the commander Alexander Suvorov, on which Mikhail Kozlovsky worked. It originally stood on the Champ de Mars. Suvorov is depicted in the allegorical image of the god of war Mars. It was the country's first monument to an uncrowned person, erected by the decree of Paul I in honor of the commander's victorious campaign in Italy.
It was erected in 1788 by Giacomo Quarenghi in the classicist style and belonged to the merchant Groten. The house changed several more owners and, at the behest of Catherine II, was bought by the state and presented to Nikolai Saltykov as gratitude for the upbringing of Konstantin Pavlovich, the beloved grandson of the empress. Alexander Suvorov was a frequent guest of the house, it was here that Mikhail Kutuzov was appointed field marshal of the army. Before the October Revolution, the house was rented by various foreign embassies. Despite the fact that the building was rebuilt several times, the beautiful interiors have survived in the White Hall and the lobby. Now it houses the St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts.
Dvortsovaya emb., 4
Originally, a spruce grove grew here. A little later, Domenico Trezzini built a pavilion for Peter I, where the tsar spent hours of rest. In 1750, Bartolomeo Rastrelli erected the Opera House on the vacated space, where European troupes gave performances. For a long time, the building was rented by an Italian theater. After 22 years, the Opera House was demolished, and construction began on the mansion of the personal secretary of Catherine II, Ivan Betsky. Among the official's guests were Denis Diderot and Ivan Krylov. It was here that the fabulist took up publishing and published the magazines "Spectator" and "St. Petersburg Mercury".
In 1830 the mansion was bought by the state treasury and presented to the Prince of Oldenburg. The architect Vasily Stasov redecorated the building. The son of Prince Oldenburgsky sold the mansion to the Provisional Government for 1.5 million rubles. After the October Revolution inner chambers were divided into communal apartments, then a museum and a circle named after Saltykov-Shchedrin appeared in the former palace. In the second half of the 20th century, the mansion was connected to the Saltykov house, therefore, there is also a wing of the St. state university culture and arts.
One of the oldest buildings in the city was built in 1714. Dominico Trezzini created a baroque palace, very simple and modest inside. Outside, the building is decorated with bas-reliefs depicting the events of the Northern War. The palace has 14 rooms and 2 kitchens. The palace was built for the rest of Peter I in the summer. After the death of the king, dignitaries lived here, and under Alexander I, the palace became public. In 1934 a museum was opened there. In the middle of the 20th century, a major restoration was carried out. Now the building is a branch of the Russian Museum.
It was conceived as a regular park and the personal residence of the king. Official landscaping began in 1704. For 15 years, the garden has acquired the desired appearance. They began to let visitors into it, they did it selectively and on Sundays. Composition Summer garden Jean Baptiste Leblond was engaged, and Bartolomeo Rastrelli created a wooden palace for Anna Ioanovna, the Amphitheater cascade and the Crown fountain. The garden was filled with Venetian sculptures, becoming, along with fountains, its main decoration. Later, the flood destroyed the fountains and the "Grotto" pavilion, which it was decided not to restore. The fence appeared in 1784, and in 1855 a monument to Krylov was erected here. Gradually, the garden acquired the features of a landscape English park and completely opened its doors to the public. In 2012, the reconstruction of the Summer Garden was completed, the layout of which was given its original appearance.
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Photo 21.07.2011:
Photo May 2015:
Palace Embankment Is one of the most famous streets. Stretches along the left bank of the Neva River from to. It is a continuation, and after it begins.
There are many architectural monuments and sights on the Palace Embankment:
- house number 2 - Palace of the Prince of Oldenburg
- house number 4 - House of Count Saltykov
- house # 8 - Cantemir Palace
- house number 10 - Gagarin's mansion
- house number 12 - House of Saltykova
- house number 16 - Ushakov's mansion
- house number 18 - Novo-Mikhailovsky Palace
- house number 20 - Moshkov House
- house number 22 - Chertkov's mansion
- house number 24 - Trofimov's mansion
- house number 26 - Palace of the Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich
- house number 28 - Reserve house of the palace of the Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich
- Upper Lebyazhy Bridge
- Sculpture "The First Horsewoman"
- Monument to Emperor Alexander III
Palace Embankment (based on the book “St. Petersburg and the Suburbs: A Guide to Cultural and Historical Monuments / Yu.G. Ivanov, O.Yu. Ivanova, R.A. Khalkhatov. - Smolensk: Rusich, 2010. - 336 p .: ill. - ( Memorable places Russia) "):
In 1763, after the completion of the next one, the creation of a granite embankment began. For four years, under the leadership of master T. Nasonov, the capital (now Palace) embankment 1.6 km long was laid out of granite blocks in front of the palace. Above the retaining wall, set with a slight slope, there is a slightly rounded cornice of the sidewalk. The parapet is made of massive blocks with rounded edges. Rhythmically repeating seven semicircular stairs, the Hermitage equestrian descent, as well as humpbacked stone bridges across the sources, the Red Canal, and the Fontanka completed the creation of the architectural and artistic appearance of the city's front embankment. Stretching on the left bank of the Neva from to the bridge, the Palace Embankment stood without major repairs for almost two centuries and served as a model for the creation of other St. Petersburg embankments.
The appearance of the embankment is formed by buildings of outstanding artistic significance, as well as former palaces and mansions of the nobility. A wonderful view of the wide expanses of the Neva opens from here, and.
Palace Embankment (based on the book "Historical quarters of St. Petersburg / A. G. Vladimirovich, A. D. Erofeev. - M .: AST, 2014. - 544 p."):
This name is familiar and dear to every citizen of St. Petersburg. Today, it is even difficult to imagine that the embankment could bear any other names besides this one. Meanwhile, it first appeared in 1776, when the current architectural miracle of Francesco Bartolomeo (or, as it was called in Russian, Bartholomew Varfolomeevich) Rastrelli already existed.
Initially, since 1737, the embankment was called the Nalichnaya line, which was typical for the front, front streets of the city. On April 20, 1738, Empress Anna Ioannovna, at the suggestion of the Commission on the St. Petersburg building, assigns it the name Upper Naberezhnaya Street. This was due to the fact that the street was located upstream of the Neva in relation to the Lower Naberezhnaya street (modern).
The name was used until the middle of the 18th century. In parallel, there were options: Upper Embankment line, Embankment Upper Kamennaya line, Upper embankment of the Neva river line, Embankment of the Neva river line, or simply the Embankment line, Embankment street, Nevskaya embankment or Upper embankment.
But these are not all names yet. In the second half of the 18th century, the definition "Millionnaya" was stuck to the embankment - along the line parallel to it. Accordingly, the embankment was Millionnaya Embankment Street, Millionnaya Embankment Line, Millionnaya or Bolshaya Millionnaya Embankment. The last two options were used in parallel with the Palace Embankment until the mid-1790s.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the embankment was called Bolshoi and Bolshaya Dvortsovaya, and the name Dvortsovaya Naberezhnaya street was used until 1822. After that, the modern name was finally fixed for the embankment. For 101 years. For on October 6, 1923, it was renamed the Ninth January Embankment (1905). Moreover, the year was taken in brackets, so it was often omitted when this name was used.
Palace Embankment at Wikimedia CommonsThe embankment houses the buildings of the State Hermitage, the Russian Museum, etc.
Communication with the urban road network
Main highways
Streets
Water communications
Transport
Ground public transport only crosses the embankment without walking along it.
On the embankment, there are marinas serving aquatic species transport:
Public transport crossing the embankment:
- Stop "Palace Embankment" at the Palace Bridge:
- Stop "Suvorovskaya Square" at the Troitsky bridge:
Construction history
Coastline formation
At the beginning of the 18th century, the swampy bank of the Neva had not yet been fortified, the development was carried out in the depths of the plots, thus the embankment passed approximately in the middle of the block between the present Millionnaya Street and the modern embankment of the Neva and was called Upper embankment... However, already in 1716, due to the expansion land plots moves northward: broke the piles along the shallow water of the river and set up a new embankment that exists today.
In April 1707, a decree was issued that strictly regulated the allotment of land plots for building, depending on the official and property status of the applicants. The same decree established the size of land allotments. All of them with a narrow side (from 5 to 12 fathoms) went to the banks of the Neva and were intended only for persons related to the Admiralty Department.
Architectural ensemble
Stone parapets
In 1761, Catherine II conceived grandiose ambitious plans for the renovation of the capital. Urban planning tasks began to come to the fore, and the Commission on the Stone Construction of St. Petersburg and Moscow was established, the chief architect of which was Yuri Felten. Among the first measures to transform St. Petersburg was the replacement of the wooden embankment of the Neva with a stone parapet with landing staircases. In July 1762, a decree followed:
Felten played a decisive role in the implementation of this plan. Time-consuming work on the construction of the granite embankment continued until 1780. The shaky soil hardened by pile, in some places the earth was added. The mooring stairs were supposed to be straight ledges, but in the final version they acquired an oval shape. " Along the entire coast and piers, although the balustrade was appointed with iron gratings, but ... for strength, the panels were made of cut sea stone". From the same stone they laid out " a pedestrian». « From this to the pedestrian to the houses from under the old road, the weak earth was taken out, and instead of that, the foundation was strengthened into the real depth and fixed with special solid paving". Lanterns on metal poles were installed along the entire embankment. At the same time, near the old Winter Palace, a stone " bridge with arch and balustrade ". The bridge across the Fontanka was conceived of stone only at the coast, and in the middle it was made of wood, with a lifting device, but for the sake of strength it was built " all stone vaulted”, The one that has survived to this day.
sights
Notable residents
- Representatives of the ruling dynasty of the Romanovs - the Summer Palace of Peter I, the Winter Palace of Peter I, the Winter Palace, grand ducal palaces.
- I. I. Betskoy - building 2
- I.A.Krylov (1791-1796) - house 2
- Prince Peter of Oldenburg - house 2
- C. Yu. Witte - building 30
- Tarle, Evgeny Viktorovich (01.1933 - 1955) - building 30, apt. 4
- Giacomo Quarenghi - house 32
- Joseph Orbeli - house 32
- K. E. Makovsky - house 30 (house of G. F. Mengden)
For the main part of the Alexander Column (a granite monolith weighing 600 tons), mined in 1830-1832 in the Puterlak quarry, a special pier on the Palace Embankment was used. Shipping issues were handled by the ship engineer Colonel Glasin, who designed and built a special bot called "St. Nicholas" with a carrying capacity of up to 1100 tons. A special pier was built to carry out unloading operations. Unloading was carried out onto a wooden platform at the end of the pier, which coincided in height with the side of the vessel. The work on the extraction and delivery was headed by the contractor, the merchant's son V.A.Yakovlev, who was responsible for the entire part of the operation from the beginning to the moment the monolith was unloaded ashore.
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Notes
Literature
- Gorbachevich K.S., Khablo E.P. Why are they named so? About the origin of the names of streets, squares, islands, rivers and bridges in Leningrad. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - L.: Lenizdat, 1985 .-- S. 106-107. - 511 p.
- Gorbachevich K.S., Khablo E.P. Why are they named so? About the origin of the names of streets, squares, islands, rivers and bridges in St. Petersburg. - 4th ed., Rev. - SPb. : Norint, 1996 .-- S. 71-72. - 359 p. - ISBN 5-7711-0002-1.
- City names today and yesterday: Petersburg toponymy / comp. S. V. Alekseeva, A. G. Vladimirovich, A. D. Erofeev et al. - 2nd ed., Revised. and add. - SPb. : Lik, 1997 .-- S. 40 .-- 288 p. - (Three centuries of Northern Palmyra). - ISBN 5-86038-023-2.
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The development of the Palace Embankment began to form one of the first in St. Petersburg. Its character was determined by the construction of both the summer and winter residences of Peter I on this bank of the Neva. Due to the proximity to the Admiralty, the highest naval authorities settled here, first of all. A little further, upstream of the Neva, ship masters settled. Among them are Peter Mikhailov (the "tsar-carpenter" Peter I himself), Fedosey Sklyaev, Philip Palchikov, Gavrila Menshikov.
The first buildings on the Palace Embankment, as in the whole city, were made of wood. In the summer of 1705, at a distance of 200 yards from the Admiralty, a wooden house for General Admiral Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin was built according to the project of Domenico Trezzini. This distance from the Admiralty was required by the rules of the "fortification esplanade". In the same summer, the construction of a wooden choir for Vice Admiral Cornelius Cruis began. The Apraksin house set the red line for the Palace Embankment, while the Cruys house was located a little further from the river bank, which is low in this place. The gap between these two buildings marked the beginning of Srednyaya Street, which ran parallel to the bank of the Neva.
The next building on the Palace Embankment in 1706 was the Postal Yard. At the same time (in 1706-1708), the wooden house of the Swedish Major Konou, which became the predecessor of the Summer Palace of Peter I, was moved closer to the banks of the Neva. In 1708, the first Winter Palace of Peter I was built on the site of house No. 32. Srednaya Street was extended to its main facade from the Apraksin house. The latter did not last long, since Peter I did not want to have narrow "medieval" passages between houses in St. Petersburg.
At the beginning of the 18th century, the embankment was called the Postal Embankment, since the Post Yard was located in the place where the Marble Palace is now located. Next to it in 1711, the Red Canal was dug, which connected the Neva and Moika. Parallel to it, on the other side of the Tsaritsyn meadow (now the Field of Mars), the Swan Canal was dug.
After the victory at Poltava (1709) and the capture of Vyborg (1710), active stone construction began in St. Petersburg. Not everyone could afford the construction of an expensive stone house, but the residents of the Palace Embankment had enough funds for this. Apraksin's house was rebuilt in stone in 1712, but four years later the admiral wanted to have more spacious apartments. The new building was moved about 50 meters closer to the river, defining the current red line of the embankment. At the same time, they began to build new luxurious buildings for Raguzinsky, Yaguzhinsky, Olsufiev, Kruis, Golovin. The construction of these palaces was completed by 1721, when the construction of the palace of Dmitry Kantemir (house No. 8) began at the opposite end of the embankment. This was the first project of the young FB Rastrelli in St. Petersburg.
In those same years, the new Winter Palace of Peter I was under construction, which was moved to the Neva itself. For this, the coast was reinforced with wooden walls, and the docks were equipped. Thus, more than 80 meters were "recaptured" from the Neva. In 1718, a canal called the Winter Canal was dug between the Neva and the Moika. Through it, in the alignment of the embankment, the engineer Hermann van Boles built a wooden drawbridge Zimnedvortsovy bridge.
The development of the bank of the Neva was regulated by administrative methods. On January 30, 1720, a decree of Peter I was issued:
"The Great Sovereign ... indicated to those who have chambers under the roof of the Neva River down from the Post Yard, so that, of course, in those chambers they would build 2 or 3, or 1 chambers by this winter and move into them to live, so that the street following from the Postal Yard to the Winter Tsar's Majesty's house must be partitioned off into those courtyards when it is ordered. And if someone will be ordered to build a wooden one, yielding from the chambers to the courtyards of twenty and not less than fifteen fathoms, and with those embankment chambers from the river, of course, all the places were properly placed and not occupied by anything ... "[ Quoted from: 2, p. 6, 7]
One of the decrees of 1721 lists all the owners of land plots on the embankment [Quoted from: 2, p. 8]:
- 1. Postal Yard
- 2.Mr Prince Volosky
- 3. Jagana Feltin, cochmeister
- 4. Prokofey the Short
- 5. Danilo Chevkina
- 6. Booty Beats
- 7. Major Ushakov
- 8. Major Volkova
- 9. Life Guards clerk Andrey Ivanov
- 10. Major Korchmina
- 11. Doctor Areskin
- 12. Petra Moshkova
- 13. Lieutenant Prokofy Murzin
- 14. Prince Vasily Dolgorukov
- 15. Count Musin-Pushkin
- 16. Gavrila Menshikova
- 17. Feodosia Sklyaeva
- 18. His Royal Majesty's Winter House
The surname of Pyotr Moshkov, who lived on the site of the modern house number 20, remained on the maps of St. Petersburg as the name of Moshkov Lane. The legendary Vasily Korchmin lived nearby, after whom, according to legend, Vasilyevsky Island was named. Most of the buildings existing at that time were built according to standard designs and resembled each other. The houses of Peter I and Admiral Apraksin stood out especially.
Until 1724, the Winter Palace of Peter I expanded along the embankment. The emperor died there in 1725. At the same time, the newlyweds were temporarily settled in the Apraksin mansion: the Duke of Holstein and the daughter of Peter I, Anna.
Petersburg in 1726 is captured in the memoirs of the Frenchman Aubry de la Motre. He wrote about the future Palace Embankment as follows:
"You find yourself on an embankment 800 steps long and 30 wide, dominated by a number of palaces. Russian nobles built these palaces, as well as many other large houses and public buildings that adorned St. Petersburg" [Cit. by: 2, p. 12, 13].
The house of Apraksin in 1728 was passed on to Peter II by will. The young emperor never settled here, he moved with the government to Moscow, where he died of cholera. The Apraksin house was empty all this time, since 1731 it began to be rebuilt under the residence of Anna Ioannovna. Domenico Trezzini began this work, continued at the request of the Empress FB Rastrelli. To accommodate new premises, a neighboring land plot belonging to the Maritime Academy was purchased. By 1735, the new Winter House of Anna Ioannovna was built here, with the main facade facing the Admiralty.
In 1729, the artist H. Marcelius created two drawings that conveyed in sufficient detail the nature of the development of the entire Palace Embankment. They became the first such historical document.
Initially, since 1737, the embankment was called Nalichnaya line. It ended at the border of the city, which was the Fontanka in the 18th century. The numbering of houses then went against the flow of the river. On April 20, 1738, the highway was named Upper Embankment Street (Lower was the modern English Embankment). Along with this name, there were others: Upper Embankment Line, Embankment Upper Kamennaya Line, Upper Embankment of the River Line, Embankment of the Neva River, Line, Embankment Line, Embankment Street, Nevskaya Embankment or Upper Embankment. In the 1740-1790s, the embankment was also called Millionnaya. There were also other names: Millionnaya Embankment Line, Millionnaya Embankment Street, Bolshaya Millionnaya Embankment. The last two options were used together with the "Palace Embankment" until the 1790s.
In 1746, Moshkov lane appeared, facing the Neva between houses 20 and 22 along the Palace Embankment.
The most notable building on the Palace Embankment is the Winter Palace, built in 1754-1762 by the architect FB Rastrelli. After the start of its construction, it turned out that the construction site was separated from the Neva by a very narrow, inconvenient for travel strip of the coast. In this regard, the architect provided the Office of the buildings with a plan and profile of an expanded and additionally fortified wooden embankment.
The plan began to be implemented by the carpenter master I. Erich called from Moscow, who in 1758 submitted two projects for strengthening the coast, providing for its facing with stone. Work began in December 1762, until the following May, piles were driven into the ground, and on June 7, a team of masons began to lay the foundation for the stone wall. At the same time, the supply of hewn stone for facing began.
The first stone was laid on the embankment in mid-June 1763. Construction works were made under the guidance of stone craftsmen B. Manigotti, G. Litseni and P. Corti. The construction of the stone embankment opposite the Winter Palace was completed, most likely in 1764. But due to miscalculations in the design, very soon it began to collapse. In September 1765, in some places the coast sagged noticeably due to the fact that the foundation was not given sufficient time for settlement. Having discovered these shortcomings, Lieutenant-General N.E. Muravyov and Engineer-Major General I.M. Golenitsev-Kutuzov reported to Catherine II that it was impossible to repair the embankment, it was necessary to redo it.
Most local historians believe that the Palace Embankment was built according to the project of Yuri Matveyevich Felten. This assumption was made at the beginning of the 20th century by I.E. Grabar, without supporting it with documents. Therefore, the authorship of Felten was easily refuted by the historian V.I.Kochedamov. He proved that Felten was mentioned in documents related to the stone Palace Embankment only six years after the start of its creation, when the embankment wall from Liteiny Dvor to the Admiralty had already been built.
So who actually became the author of the Palace Embankment project? Various local historians proposed such candidates as J. B. Wallen-Delamot, architect S. A. Volkov. The author of the book "St. Petersburg of the 18th century" K.V. Malinovsky proves that he is the advisor to the Chancellery from the buildings of Ignatio Rossi. He refers to documents in which Rossi is directly named as the author of the Palace Embankment project and the corresponding estimate. For example, the minutes of the Office of the Buildings on September 7, 1762: " ... Mr. Collegiate Counselor Ignati Rossi who, according to his ability to project the banks and bridges to the structure and the estimate, was"[Quoted from: 4, p. 379]. On September 10, he was appointed head of the" Office of the construction along the Neva River on the Kamenny Bank ".
Rossi's initial project involved the creation of a stone embankment wall and a metal balustrade. The descents to the water were straight ladders with the same metal rails. It was proposed to make the pier in the form of slopes widened twice. The bridge across the Fontanka was designed as a stone, lifting on chains. Therefore his central part was supposed to be wooden.
It should be noted that not only the Palace Embankment was being erected at that time. The project provided for the facing with stone of the entire bank of the Neva from the Liteiny Dvor to the Galley Shipyard. On February 14, 1763, the first piles were driven into the bank. Already in the process of these works, their volume increased significantly, since it was decided to hammer not one row of piles, but 13. At the same time, round pine logs with a length of eight to ten meters and a thickness of 20 to 30 centimeters were used.
During the construction process, adjustments were made to the project. Since 1764, the descents to the water were created not straight, but oval. Fences "for strength" began to be made entirely of stone. The author of these changes is unknown. It is possible that they were offered to Catherine II by J.-B. Vallin-Delamot, who was then engaged in the reconstruction of the premises in the Winter Palace. In the museum of the city of Angoulême in France, there is a drawing of Delamot depicting an oval descent to the Neva.
In 1763-1766, instead of the wooden one, the stone Hermitage Bridge was built across the Winter Canal. To improve transport links with the Moscow side, the embankment was extended beyond the Fontanka. At the same time, in 1766-1769, a Laundry Bridge was built across the Fontanka, and in 1767-1768, the Verkhne-Lebyazhy Bridge over the Lebyazhya Canal. The profile of these crossings is organically introduced into the silhouette of the granite embankment. The bridges form a single architectural ensemble with it.
Already in January 1765, Catherine II checked the finished section of the embankment opposite the old Winter Palace. On February 8, it was decided to increase the minimum permissible height of buildings erected here. On April 27, 1766, the Commission from the stone structure of St. Petersburg and Moscow determined this height to be equal to ten fathoms.
The construction of the Palace Embankment was fully completed in November 1767. In the following January, the "architect's assistant" Neelov erected stone pillars connected with iron chains at the slopes in the Neva.
After the completion of the main part of the stone cladding of the left bank of the Neva, Ignatio Rossi resigned. He was replaced by the architect Yuri Matveyevich Felten, who had to deal with the creation of the famous fence of the Summer Garden. The bank opposite to it was taken out into the river bed for 20 meters.
Dvortsovaya became the first embankment faced with granite in St. Petersburg. It has seven slopes to the water. The granite parapet is interrupted only at the Hermitage Bridge, where the cobblestone shore is surrounded only by pedestals with chains hanging from them.
The construction of new buildings on the Palace Embankment began simultaneously with its facing with stone. In 1762-1769, the building of the Small Hermitage (house No. 36) was added to the Winter Palace, and then the Great Hermitage (house No. 34). In 1762-1785, the Marble Palace was built on the site of the old Postal Yard. At the same time, the Red Channel was filled up. An office building (house no. 6) was erected next to the Marble Palace. In 1784-1788, the Saltykovs' house (No. 4) was built. The neighboring house of Betsky (No. 2) was also built in the 1780s. In 1783-1787, on the site of the old Winter Palace of Peter I, the architect Quarenghi erected the Hermitage Theater, which was connected to the Great Hermitage by an arch.
On October 6, 1778, the highway was officially called the Palace Embankment. At the beginning of the 19th century, it was also called the Bolshoi and Bolshoi Palaces. The name "Palace Embankment Street" existed until 1822.
In 1799, two buildings on the site of the currently existing house No. were combined into one according to the project of Quarenghi. This was a gift from Emperor Paul I to his favorite Anna Petrovna Lopukhina for her wedding with Prince Gagarin.
At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, the Palace Embankment was sketched by the Swedish artist Benjamin Patersen. He created a number of watercolors on which from the Hare and Vasilievsky Islands the left bank of the Neva is visible.
In 1803, the Dvortsovaya Embankment was connected to the Petersburg side by the floating Trinity Bridge. Initially, it went to the left bank of the Neva in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Summer Garden.
The area between the Saltykovs' house and the service building of the Marble Palace was originally intended for development. But by the end of the 1810s, nothing had been erected here. In 1818, at the suggestion of the architect K. Rossi, the site became a new square, which connected the Field of Mars with the Palace Embankment. A monument to A.V.Suvorov was erected in its center, the square was named Suvorov.
In the early 1820s, the section of the embankment near the Winter Palace was a construction site. There were barns, sheds, piles of stone, heaps of sand and stacks of boards prepared for the construction of the General Staff building. Nicholas I made a decision on the improvement of this territory, the work was entrusted to the architect Karl Rossi. According to his project, a wide descent to the Neva was arranged here. Rossi planned to decorate it with sculptures of Dioscuri (youths holding back horses) and cast-iron lions, copies of those at the Mikhailovsky Palace. The emperor forbade placing the dioscuri here, the architect replaced them with porphyry vases.
In 1827, in connection with the construction of the first floating Trinity Bridge on the embankment, the fence and lanterns were renewed. In 1857-1862, the Novo-Mikhailovsky Palace was built (house No. 18), in 1867-1872, the palace of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich (No. 26).
By the 1860s, the buildings on Dvortsovaya Embankment had grown far beyond the Fontanka. At this time, the "overflowing" part of the highway was allocated to a separate Gagarinskaya embankment, which now bears the name of the great Russian commander MI Kutuzov. At the same time, the numbering of houses that still exists today was introduced.
After the construction of the first permanent bridge across the Neva, the floating Isaac Bridge was moved closer to the Winter Palace. It was given a different name - Palace.
In 1903, a permanent metal Trinity Bridge was built between the Palace Embankment and Troitskaya Square. In 1915, in connection with the commissioning of the permanent Palace Bridge, the pier with lions was moved to the Admiralty Embankment. The route of the new ferry went right through the old pier.
Of the nineteen houses here, half belonged to the royal family. Thanks to this, until 1917, the Palace Embankment lived according to its own "schedule". In summer, the palaces located here were empty. Their owners left for country estates, with them the numerous retinue left St. Petersburg. At this time, the facades of the houses were put in order, repainted. The pavement was being repaired. In winter, the palaces came to life. The embankment was filled with luxurious carriages, walking public.
On October 6, 1923, the Palace Embankment was renamed into the "Embankment of the Ninth January (1905)". The year was indicated in parentheses, so it was often omitted. This name of the highway was given due to the fact that the order to shoot the peaceful demonstration on January 9, 1905 was given by the Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich who lived here.
On September 9, 1941, during an air raid, one of the bombs fell in front of house No. 14, destroying its facade and the facades of neighboring houses No. 12 and 16. After the war, the facades of these buildings were united.
In 1944, the embankment was returned to its former name - Dvortsovaya.
