The sun is the source of life on the planet. Its rays provide the necessary light and warmth. At the same time, the ultraviolet radiation of the Sun is detrimental to all living things. To find a compromise between the beneficial and harmful properties of the sun, meteorologists calculate the index of ultraviolet radiation, which characterizes the degree of its danger.
What UV radiation from the Sun is
Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun has a wide range and is subdivided into three regions, two of which reach the Earth.
-
UV-A. Long-wavelength radiation range
315-400 nmThe rays pass almost freely through all atmospheric "barriers" and reach the Earth.
-
UV-B. Medium wavelength range
280-315 nmThe rays are 90% absorbed by the ozone layer, carbon dioxide and water vapor.
-
UV-C. Shortwave range
100-280 nmThe most dangerous area. They are completely absorbed by stratospheric ozone before reaching the Earth.
The more ozone, clouds and aerosols in the atmosphere, the less the harmful effects of the Sun. However, these saving factors have a high natural variability. The annual maximum of stratospheric ozone is in the spring, and the minimum is in the fall. Cloudiness is one of the most variable characteristics of weather. The carbon dioxide content also changes all the time.
At what values \u200b\u200bof the UV index is there a danger
The UV Index gives an estimate of the amount of UV radiation from the Sun on the Earth's surface. UV Index values \u200b\u200brange from safe 0 to extreme 11+.
- 0 - 2 Low
- 3 - 5 Moderate
- 6 - 7 High
- 8 - 10 Very high
- 11+ Extreme
At mid-latitudes, the UV index approaches unsafe values \u200b\u200b(6–7) only at the maximum height of the Sun above the horizon (occurs in late June - early July). At the equator, the UV index reaches 9 ... 11+ points throughout the year.
Why the sun is useful
In small doses, UV radiation from the Sun is essential. The sun's rays synthesize melanin, serotonin, vitamin D necessary for our health, and prevent rickets.
Melanin creates a kind of protective barrier for skin cells from the harmful effects of the sun. Because of it, our skin darkens and becomes more elastic.
The hormone of happiness serotonin affects our well-being: it improves mood and increases overall vitality.
Vitamin D strengthens the immune system, stabilizes blood pressure and has antirachitis functions.
Why the sun is dangerous
Taking sunbathing, it is important to understand that the border between useful and harmful Sun is very thin. Excessive tanning always borders on a burn. Ultraviolet radiation damages DNA in skin cells.
The body's defense system cannot cope with such an aggressive effect. It lowers immunity, damages the retina of the eyes, causes aging of the skin, and can lead to cancer.
Ultraviolet light destroys the DNA chain
How the sun affects people
Susceptibility to UV radiation depends on skin type. People of the European race are most sensitive to the Sun - for them protection is required already at index 3, and 6 is considered dangerous.
At the same time, for Indonesians and African Americans, this threshold is 6 and 8, respectively.
Who is most affected by the Sun
People with light
skin tone
People with many moles
Residents of the middle latitudes while vacationing in the south
Winter lovers
fishing
Alpine skiers and climbers
People with a family history of skin cancer
In what weather is the sun more dangerous
It is a common misconception that the Sun is dangerous only in hot and clear weather. You can get burnt even in cool cloudy weather.
Cloudiness, no matter how dense it may be, does not at all reduce the amount of ultraviolet radiation to zero. In mid-latitudes, cloudiness significantly reduces the risk of sunburn, which cannot be said about traditional places. beach holiday... For example, in the tropics, if in sunny weather you can get sunburned in 30 minutes, in cloudy weather - in a couple of hours.
How to protect yourself from the sun
To protect yourself from destructive rays, follow these simple rules:
Stay less in the Sun at midday hours
Wear light-colored clothing, including wide-brimmed hats
Use protective creams
Wear sunglasses
You are more in the shade on the beach
Which sunscreen to choose
Sunscreen varies in sun protection and is labeled from 2 to 50+. The numbers indicate the proportion of solar radiation that overcomes the protection of the cream and reaches the skin.
For example, when applying a cream labeled 15, only 1/15 (or 7%) of the UV rays will penetrate the protective film. In the case of 50 cream - only 1/50, or 2%, affect the skin.
Sunscreen creates a reflective layer on the body. At the same time, it is important to understand that no cream is capable of reflecting 100% of ultraviolet radiation.
For everyday use, when the time spent under the sun does not exceed half an hour, a cream with protection 15 is quite suitable. For sunbathing on the beach, it is better to take 30 or more. However, for light-skinned people, it is recommended to use a cream labeled 50+.
How to apply sunscreen
The cream should be applied evenly to all exposed skin, including the face, ears and neck. If you plan to sunbathe long enough, then the cream should be applied twice: 30 minutes before going out and, additionally, before going to the beach.
Specify the required amount for application in the instructions of the cream.
How to apply sunscreen when swimming
Sunscreen should be applied every time you bathe. Water washes away the protective film and, reflecting the sun's rays, increases the dose of ultraviolet radiation received. Thus, when bathing, the risk of sunburn increases. However, due to the cooling effect, you may not feel the burn.
Excessive sweating and towel drying is also a reason to re-protect your skin.
It should be remembered that on the beach, even under an umbrella, the shade does not provide adequate protection. Sand, water and even grass reflect up to 20% of UV rays, increasing their effect on the skin.
How to protect your eyes
Sunlight bouncing off water, snow or sand can cause painful retinal burns. Use UV-filtered sunglasses to protect your eyes.
Danger for skiers and climbers
In the mountains, the atmospheric "filter" is thinner. For every 100 meters of altitude, the UV index increases by 5%.
Snow reflects up to 85% of UV rays. In addition, up to 80% of the ultraviolet reflected by the snow cover is again reflected by the clouds.
Thus, the Sun is most dangerous in the mountains. Protecting your face, lower chin and ears is essential even in cloudy weather.
How to deal with sunburn if you are burned
Sponge your body with a damp sponge to dampen the burn
Apply an anti-burn cream to the burned areas.
If the temperature rises, consult a doctor, you may be advised to take an antipyretic
If the burn is severe (the skin is very swollen and blistering), seek medical attention
Jan Hus is one of the most famous Czechs in the world. His life serves as an example of how a person, even in the darkest and most ignorant times, can defend the truth. Although the fate of Jan Hus himself was tragic, his name for a long time became a real banner under which the preacher's supporters defended their views. The dedication and courage of this man later made him a revered figure not only among Protestants, but also among Orthodox and even Catholics.
Biography of Jan Hus
Early years and first glory
The nickname "Gus" stuck with Jan in adolescence. It was an abbreviation for the name of his native village - Gusents. The exact date of his birth is unknown, according to the tradition established in historical science, it is believed that Jan Hus was born in 1369. Apparently, he came from a poor peasant family. As a child, the boy decided to become a priest, so at a fairly young age he went to Prague to get a master's degree in free arts at the University of Prague. In 1400, Huss became a priest and received the post of dean of the faculty.
At the same time, there were significant changes in the character of Hus. If earlier he was a lover of feasts, songs, luxurious clothes and chess, now he is becoming a modest ascetic. Obviously, such a change was associated with the philosophical research of the future preacher and his acquaintance with the works of the English theologian John Wyclif. Even before taking the priesthood, Jan Hus gained the experience of a national preacher, addressing Czech townspeople and peasants in their native language and touching on topics close to them in sermons.
The time when Jan Hus lived was very difficult for the Czech Republic. The Czech king Wenceslas IV, who simultaneously held the titles of the Roman king and the king of Germany, regularly clashed with the clergy, defending the supremacy of secular power over the church and opposing the dominance of Roman and German confessors in Bohemia. In addition, the German electors opposed the candidacy of Wenceslas for the title of Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and voted for a person closer to them. Czech citizens, tired of extortions from the Catholic Church, sermons delivered in incomprehensible languages, and the arbitrariness of German officials who ruled in Bohemia, supported their king. The most progressive Czech clergy, including Jan Hus, were on his side. Friction between the Bohemian king and the electors turned into a war. The confrontation was seething in the theological environment between the progressive Czech priests, who adhere to the need to reform the church, and conservative German clergy, who advocate the inviolability of the positions emanating from Rome. Any changes in the life of Europe were immediately reflected in the University of Prague, where fierce disputes between Czechs and Germans began. Many Czechs were unhappy that German professors and students were solving all the important issues in the life of the university.
In the person of Jan Hus, Vaclav IV found a faithful companion. On the initiative of the king, the Bethlehem chapel was founded in Prague, where sermons would be conducted exclusively in the Czech language, and Jan Hus, already known among the townspeople for his statements, was appointed as a preacher. The young preacher soon became known throughout the Czech Republic, people came to listen to him from other cities, and in 1403 he was even appointed rector of the University of Prague. And soon Jan Hus became the personal confessor of Queen Sofia.
Gus's speeches fell on fertile ground. The Czech people have long awaited a person who would express their sorrows and aspirations in the form of a sermon. Gus understood that in order to better spread his ideas, it was necessary to convey them to people in the simplest and most understandable form, so he began to reform czech languageby creating a convenient spelling system.
Of course, very soon Huss had influential enemies among German theologians. At the same time, Gus himself was not at all going to break with catholic church, but simply believed that she needed a small reformation and renewal of personnel. Huss more than once defended theologians and ordinary people accused of heresy from persecution by the inquisitors, in particular those who preached the teachings of Wyclif. In 1405, a papal bull came out, ordering the fight against the heresy of Wyclif. The Czech Archbishop Zbynek ordered to burn all the books of the English theologian found and forbade the preachers to publicly criticize the clergy. The enemies of Hus, who knew about his attitude to the ideas of Wyclif, began to write numerous denunciations against the preacher, addressing them both to the Czech archbishop and to the Pope.
Conflict with the Czech Archbishop and Pope
Meanwhile, there was a split in Rome. On the papal throne there were two popes at once - one in Rome, and the other in Avignon. King Wenceslas decided to support the Avignon Pope and demanded the same from the Czech clergy. German clerics strongly supported the Pope, and most Czechs, including Jan Hus, supported their king. Vaclav IV, as a sign of his solidarity with the people, issued a decree according to which Czech students and professors had much more rights at the University of Prague than Germans. In protest, German students and university deans demonstratively left Prague for Leipzig.
Jan Hus, meanwhile, read a sermon in the Church of Bethlehem in which he argued that the persecution of Wyclif's teachings is fundamentally wrong. In response, Archbishop Zbynek burned many of Wyclif's books in the center of Prague and excommunicated Jan Hus from the church. This decision caused a wave of indignation among the Czechs. Everywhere blasphemy against the archbishop was heard, and some supporters of Huss even attacked preachers who criticized his ideas. The Pope supported Zbynek and demanded that a trial be held against Husom. The citizens of Prague responded with a new wave of indignation. King Wenceslas wrote a letter to the Pope, where he stood up to defend Hus, but the Roman high priest was relentless. He anathematized Hus and banned worship in Prague in order to punish the obstinate townspeople. In the face of confrontation with Zbynek and the constant change of popes on the throne, Hus decided to ignore the obstacles and continue to preach in his church, despite all the prohibitions.
Meanwhile, the troubles in Rome continued. The next Pope, John XIII, had two rivals at once, supported by some European monarchs. He demanded that Christians set out on a Crusade against his enemies, promising absolution for all sins. Jan Hus condemned the campaign and most Czechs supported him. This finally angered the Pope, he cursed Hus and ordered to destroy his chapel to the ground. However, the preacher's supporters were able to defend their church. King Wenceslas did not want to spoil relations with Huss, but he could not close his eyes to the unrest in the capital. In a personal conversation, he convinced the preacher to leave Prague for a while. So in 1412, Gus had to go into voluntary exile. However, the departure of Gus did not affect his popularity in any way. In his absence, many Hussites began to sit in the city magistrate and persuaded the king to make several decisions in their favor. Moreover, the teachings of Hus became known outside the Czech Republic - in Austria, France, Poland.
Constance Cathedral and execution
In the end, the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund learned about the stubborn heretic, with whom the Pope could not do anything. He decided to invite Jan Hus to the church council in Constance, where all the disputing parties could meet and debate. Friends dissuaded Gus from participating in the cathedral, but he considered it his duty to carry the truth.
In November 1414, the cathedral was opened. However, Jan Hus did not speak at it, the papal cardinals ordered his arrest, thereby violating the protective letter of Emperor Sigismund, issued to him by Hus. The Emperor, not wanting to go into conflict with the Pope, closed his eyes to this violation. Subsequently, the papal ministers convinced the emperor that Hus was the main enemy of the unity of the Catholic world and the monarchy. Hus's friends, many of whom were high-ranking Czech nobles, did everything to rescue him from prison, but all their attempts failed.
Only in June 1415 did the court hearings begin. The judges demanded that Huss renounce his heretical views, but he stubbornly insisted that he preached only the truth and would renounce his teaching only if he was consistently proven wrong. In July of the same year, Jan Hus was burned at the stake as a heretic. At the same time, even in the very last minutes of his life, he retained courage, perseverance and faith in his work.
Post-execution events
The news of the execution of Jan Hus caused a wave of indignation among the Czechs. The most influential nobles addressed their protest to the Council of Constance, but the clergy responded with persecution of the supporters of Hus. During these events, King Wenceslas died and Emperor Sigismund was to become the Czech king, whom the Czechs despised for breaking promises and cowardice. The uprisings against the Roman throne and Sigismund gradually developed into a series of the Hussite wars of 1419-1434.
The teachings of Jan Hus
The first sermons of Jan Hus, delivered by him in the Bethlehem chapel, primarily concerned the moral character of the Catholic clergy of his day. Gus denounced their laziness, depravity, self-interest and greed. At the same time, he did not touch upon the dogmas of the Catholic faith themselves, condemning only the sins of those who were supposed to defend the foundations of this doctrine. With criticism, he attacked the sellers of indulgences, who, in his opinion, deceived the people and destroyed the church. In his sermons, he lucidly debunked the popular superstitions and belief in miracles. Gus understood perfectly well that uneducated people are most susceptible to all sorts of heresies, so he strove to enlighten his flock as much as possible.
The teaching of Hus can be divided into two parts: the interpretation of the teaching of Christ and the idea of \u200b\u200bchurch organization. The first part can be summarized as follows:
- the essence of Christianity is compassion and love for one's neighbor;
- the only source of faith is the gospel. All sorts of miracles and relics are inventions of greedy people. Scripture should be comprehended with the help of your own reason and rational thinking.
Based on these key postulates, Huss is already moving on to his understanding of church authority:
- it makes no sense to put the authority of church hierarchs above all else, since even the Pope can misunderstand the Gospel;
- even among the priests there may be sinners, therefore if the church authority contradicts the word of God, it is the duty of the righteous man to oppose such a church;
- priests have no right to rob the common people.
The teaching of Hus almost did not touch on dogma, it was, rather, a moral teaching about what the face of the church should be, therefore it was much more dangerous for the Roman throne than any dogmatic heresy.
: 53 ° 19'09''N 060 ° 25'33''W / 53.31917 ° N 60.42583 ° W / 53.31917; -60.42583
Deployed units deployed from:1954 - Construction of the Strategic Aviation Arms Storage Area
Construction of the Strategic Aviation Weapons Storage Area at Goose AFB was officially completed in 1954.The area was surrounded by two fences, with barbed wire. It was the highest security zone at Goose AFB and consists of
- One guard house
- Building One Administration
- Three warehouses (base of spare parts # 1, base of spare parts # 2, supply warehouse)
- Six watchtowers
- Group building One plant
- Five terrestrial covered magazines for storing non-nuclear
- Four terrestrial covered logs for storage pit (built with vaults and birdcage pit storage racks)
The design and location of the weapons storage area of \u200b\u200bthe goose air base was identical, with only minor changes for weather and terrain, to the three strategic aviation weapons storage areas in Morocco, located at Sidi Slimane air base, Ben Gerir air base and Nouasseur Air Base, which were built between 1951 and 1952 as overseas operational storage facilities. The last nuclear components of the bomb, which are stored in the weapons storage area of \u200b\u200bthe Goose Air Base, were removed in June 1971.
1958 - Construction of a storage area for air defense ammunition teams
Construction of the Air Defense Command's ammunition storage area at Guz AFB was completed in 1958. This expansion of the Strategic Air Command's weapons storage area was built directly adjacent to the previously constructed area, with a separate entrance. The buildings built in the area were:
- Three storage buildings
- One guardhouse
- One rocket assembly shop.
The store was built to house the components of the GARA-11 / AIM-26 "Nuclear" falcons, which are usually kept in the part that needs assembly before use.
1976 - Departure of Strategic Air Command, United States Air Force and closure of Goose AB
The former US properties were renamed CFB Goose Bay (this was the name of the property used a second time). The value of the airfield and facilities built and improved by the United States Air Force since 1953 and transferred to Canada is estimated to be over $ 250 million (USD). By 1976, all assets of the Strategic Air Command were down, and only the logistics and transportation of the USAF remained.
1980 - Low-level multinational flying training intensified
In response to lessons learned from the Vietnam War and the growing sophistication of Soviet anti-aircraft radar and surface-to-air missile technology being deployed in Europe, NATO allies began looking at new doctrines in the 1970s-1980s that mandated low-level flight to avoid detection. The location of CFB Goose Bay in Labrador, with a population of about 30,000 and an area of \u200b\u200b294,000 km 2, made it an ideal location for low-level flight training. The sparse settlement of Labrador and the terrain similar to that of the Soviet Union, in addition to its proximity to European NATO nations caused CFB Goose Bay to grow and become the primary low-level tactical training area for several NATO air forces in the 1980s.
The increased flights of low-level fighters were not without serious controversy as the Innu Nation protested these operations vociferously, arguing that the noise of aircraft traveling at supersonic speeds in close proximity to the ground ("earth flight nap") was negatively affecting wildlife, namely the caribou. and was a hindrance to their way of life in their traditional lands.
During the 1980s and 1990s, CFB Goose Bay hosted permanent troops from the Air Force, Luftwaffe, Kingdom of the Netherlands Air Force, and the Aeronautica Militare, in addition to temporary deployments from several other NATO countries. The permanent RNAF squad left CFB Goose Bay in the 1990s, although temporary training missions have been conducted since then. Goose Bay was attractive place for the practical training of these air forces in light of the high population concentration in their countries; and the numerous laws preventing low-level flying. The bombardment range is thirteen million hectares (130,000 km) larger than several European countries.
1983 - Space Shuttle Enterprise Visits
In 1983, a NASA Boeing 747 transport aircraft carrying the Space Shuttle Enterprise landed at CFB Goose Bay for refueling en route for a European tour, where a prototype shuttle was then displayed in France and the UK. This was the first time a US Shuttle had ever "landed" outside the United States.
1988 - closing of the Dalnyaya radar
In 1988, the Pinetree line radar site (Melville Airfield) near CFB Goose Bay was closed.
Post-Cold War history
1993 - Base Flight Rescue and 444 Combat Support SquadronTo provide rescue and range support for jet aircraft operating from Goose Bay, the Canadian Armed Forces provided an Air Flight Rescue base consisting of three CH-135 Twin Huey helicopters. In 1993, Flight Rescue Base was re-badged as 444 Combat Support Squadron and the same fleet of three helicopters continued to operate. In 1996, the CH-135S were replaced by three CH-146 Griffon helicopters.
2001 - 9/11 Operation Yellow Ribbon
On September 11, 2001, CFB Goose Bay organized seven transatlantic commercial airliners, which were diverted to the ground as part of a yellow tape operation following closure airspace North America as a result of the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington DC, it was also the first Canadian airport to receive rerouted aircraft.
2005 - End of Low Level Multinational Flight Training
In 2004, the RAF announced its intention to close the RAF's standing detachment, effective on 31 March 2005 by the German and Italian military air force agreements were signed not to use the base until 2006, however they have not been updated as of 2004. This air force is still operating in Goose Bay, but plans to start training a simulator instead. The base continues in its role as a low-level tactical training center and as a direct deployment site for the Canadian Armed Forces Air Command, although the total addition of Canadian Forces personnel is less than 100.
2005 - missile defense
Labradorian politicians such as former Liberal Senator Bill Rompka have advocated using CFB Goose Bay as a site for missile defense radar systems developed by the US Department of Defense. Defense contractor Raytheon has surveyed CFB Goose Bay as a suitable location for such a radar installation.
Airlines and destinations
Civilian flights use a smaller terminal structure located on the Zweibruecken Crescent. New terminal the structure is being built in 2012 to accommodate civilian use. The terminal has one retail tenant, a Flightline Cafe and Robin's Donuts Gift Shop.
An increasing number of aircraft (especially mid-range aircraft like
- the identity card specified in the order,
- birth certificate when flying with children,
- printed itinerary receipt (optional).
What you can take with you on the plane
Carry-on baggage is items that you take with you on board the aircraft. Weight norm hand luggage can vary from 5 to 10 kg, and its size most often should not exceed the sum of three dimensions (length, width and height) from 115 to 203 cm (depending on the airline). Ladies' bag is not carry-on baggage and can be carried freely.
The bag that you take with you on the plane should not contain knives, scissors, medicines, aerosols, or cosmetics. Alcohol from shops duty free can only be carried in sealed bags.
How to pay for baggage at the airport
If the baggage weight exceeds the norms established by the airline (most often - 20-23 kg), you need to pay for each kilogram of excess weight. In addition, many Russian and foreign airlines, as well as low-cost airlines, have tariffs that do not include free transportation baggage and must be paid for separately as an additional service.
In this case, baggage must be checked in at the airport at a separate Drop-off check-in counter. If you are unable to print your boarding pass, you can get it at the airline's regular check-in counter, and check in and drop off your baggage there.
Where to find out the arrival time if you are a greeter
You can find out the time of arrival of the aircraft on the airport's online scoreboard. The Tutu.ru website has an online scoreboard of the main Russian and foreign airports.
You can find out the number of the exit (gate) on the arrival board at the airport. This number is located next to the inbound flight information.
What to do if your flight is canceled
If the flight is canceled more than 24 hours before departure, then passengers are transferred to similar flights of the airline. The costs are borne by the carrier, the service is free for the passenger. If none of the options offered by the airline suits you, most airlines can issue a "forced return". After confirmation by the airline, the money will be returned to your account. This can sometimes take several weeks.
How to check in at the airport
Online check-in is available on the websites of most airlines. Most often it opens 23 hours before the start of the flight. You can pass it no later than 1 hour before the departure of the plane.
To check in at the airport you will need:
Anywayanyday offers a convenient search for cheap tickets to Goose Bay. Choose a flight from the proposed options from 800 airlines and book flights for the desired date right now.
Direct flights
Direct flight is the most convenient option for air travel to Goose Bay. The list of airlines operating direct flights to this city is presented in the section "Airlines flying to Goose Bay".
Flights with transfers
If you failed to find a cheap air ticket for the direct flight to Goose Bay, there is always a second option - the connecting flight.
If the transfer is at least 6 hours, you can get to know a new place or walk the streets of a long-familiar city.
Do not forget that the earlier you buy a ticket, the lower the price. Try to buy tickets in advance in order to choose the best flight option: by price, availability of connections and other parameters.
Specials
Many airlines have regular ticket sales for Goose Bay. Stay tuned for these specials on our social media and weekly newsletters.
Payment for air tickets
Anywayanyday offers its customers convenient payment for air tickets to Goose Bay. Flights to the site are paid in 4 currencies of your choice:
- rubles;
- uS dollars;
- euro;
- ukrainian hryvnia.
You can pay for tickets to Goose Bay in 2 different ways:
- by bank card;
- cash.
