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Currently, the palace is under reconstruction, the opening is scheduled for mid-2018.
If the luxurious Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo was created for pompous receptions, then its simpler neighbor was destined for life. The future family residence of the Romanovs was erected under Catherine II. In 1796 the palace became a worthy wedding present to the tsarina's grandson Alexander Pavlovich. During his visits to Tsarskoye Selo, he himself liked to live in Bolshoy Tsarskoye Selo, but his younger brother and successor Nicholas I preferred the Alexander Palace and was happy to be engaged in its improvement. On the left side of the building were the living rooms of his grandson Alexander Alexandrovich, however, after becoming king, Alexander III chose the Gatchina Palace as his residence. The Alexander Palace became a real family nest for Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra Feodorovna. From there, the Romanovs went into exile, from which they never returned.
In 1918, the palace turned into a museum, then the building was converted into a rest house for representatives of the NKVD, on the second floor there was an orphanage, during the occupation there was a German headquarters and the Gestapo with prison cells in the basements. After the war, the premises of the palace were given to the Institute of Russian Literature, and then to the Military Department. Now the Alexander Palace is again serving as a museum.
Features of architecture
The two-story building seems quite simple, especially when compared to its nearest neighbor - Catherine Palace... Despite this, the Alexander Palace is recognized as one of the outstanding examples of classicism architecture. The author of the project was the famous Giacomo Quarnegi, the building was erected under the supervision of the architect Peter Neelov. On both sides of the palace there are double wings - previously there were living quarters. The main facade is decorated with a luxurious through colonnade - the halls were located in the center ceremonial suite... Part of the building is complemented by a semi-rotunda with a sphere-shaped dome.
Halls and interiors
The same Quarnegi worked on the furnishings of the Alexander Palace, and with him a dozen eminent artists, molders and decorators. The interiors of the residence were in accordance with the classical canons. Today they are actively recovering.
Three halls of the front part of the residence have been reconstructed: the Marble Living Room, decorated with a gilded set, mirrors and a tiger's skin, the Semicircular Hall, where at the beginning of the last century a Christmas tree was lit every year, and the Portrait Hall with images of members of the imperial dynasty. At the end of the suite there are the Emperor's Reception Room, sheathed in oak, and his State Office.
The living rooms of the imperial family were located in the eastern wing. The Corner Drawing Room, which belonged to Alexandra Feodorovna, the Lilac Study, the Empress's Maple Drawing Room and her bedroom have been restored. The decoration of some of the premises was completely lost, only archival photographs of the interiors remained.
From the estate to the palace and park ensemble: an architectural and historical cheat sheetThe park was set up outside the then Moscow on the banks of the river. The site chosen was inconvenient for construction, so over two years 700 people worked to level the soil to give the park the shape of an amphitheater. But the result was worth it: from the manor house to the river, the garden descended in ledges of different widths and heights, but the same length of 95 fathoms. In the park there were many stone greenhouses with palms and trees from hot countries: 2,000 varieties of rare plants were specially collected for it. On the fifth site from the top was a large pond and a poultry house with rare birds and animals ordered from Holland and England. And pineapples and grapes were grown in soil sheds and greenhouses.
The plants were guarded by chalk-smeared guards. At a quick glance, they did not differ from garden sculptures. But when visitors started to break something, the "sculptures" came to life and gave a voice. Rumors of talking statues filled Moscow, and people poured into the garden, which they called "Neskuchny".
Under the next owner - Count Alexei Orlov-Chesmensky - monuments in honor of military battles, pavilions, gazebos and various garden "ideas" appeared in Neskuchnik. But since the owner's main passion was horses (it was he who bred the famous Oryol trotters), an arena and stables appeared in the park. The main house was also rebuilt. Among the possible architects named I. Sitnikov, V. Iekhta, V. Yakovlev.
In 1830, a theater was built in Neskuchny Garden under open air - the so-called "air" theater. Bushes and trees were its scenery and backstage. There was no curtain or stage. Because of this, sometimes performances were given knee-deep in water. But the audience liked the innovation, and the theater enjoyed enviable popularity.
... the theater, set up in the open-air garden, delighted me; the decorations were age-old trees, a babbling brook, sod benches and double rose bushes. During the intermission, the ladies ran from box to box, the chairs were also full of elegant ladies' hats, the gentlemen brought bouquets, fruits and ice cream to their chosen ones and their silent and unsmiling bodyguards.
In the summer of 1830, Pushkin, Goncharova and Nashchokin visited the "air" theater in Neskuchny. A rehearsal was going on, but when the famous guest appeared, it was interrupted, and the actors followed him in a crowd while the poet examined the stage and the audience seats. And in 1834 the theater was closed.
In 1923, the first All-Russian agricultural and handicraft-industrial exhibition was held on the territory of Neskuchny Garden.
Several pavilions were set up in the park, including KS Makhorka. Melnikov and "Mechanical Engineering" I.V. Zholtovsky. And in 1947-1951, a gazebo was built in Neskuchnik, designed by Sergei Ikonnikov, in honor of the 800th anniversary of Moscow. The main events from the history of the city are captured on its walls.
And in 2006-2007, the square near the rotunda was landscaped and named "Lovers' Alley". Fountains were launched on it and a special clock was installed: now lovers do not need to worry about being late for a date - the clock is always five to six.
In Neskuchny Garden, on the edge of the Andreevsky ravine, there is a Hunting Lodge, where the games “What? Where? When?". There is a library in the summer house, a small zoo, and the oldest ping-pong court in Moscow. From the pond one can see the sculpture of a girl-diver by R. Iodko over the only cascade fountain in Moscow. And by the river itself there is a small grotto.
They say that... ... if the lovers walk along the Grotesque Bridge together, their love will be strong. And if they kiss at the same time, they will never part.
... a nondescript green building on the shore of a pond in Neskuchny Garden is all that remains of the Bath (Bathing) House of the late 18th century. Emperor Alexander II loved to bathe in marble baths there. And even the bottom the cleanest pond was lined with marble slabs.
In Soviet times, catering establishments were arranged in the Bath House, but after a fire it was empty. And now this park pavilion is slowly collapsing.
... on the bricks of the buildings and alleys of the Neskuchny Garden one can find the stamps "N.Ya." These bricks were made in the 19th century at the merchant Nikolai Yakunchikov's factory near Moscow.
... on his site P.N. Trubetskoy arranged the first voxal - an amusement garden with illumination, theater performances and snacks. Here in 1805, Muscovites watched the first flight to hot-air balloon... The next owner of the site - Shakhovskoy - set up a hydropathic establishment there. But no one sat in the baths there, they didn't drink water, they didn't walk in the galleries - the project turned out to be commercially unsuccessful, and the property had to be sold to the treasury.
... Ilya Ilf loved to walk in the Neskuchny Garden. One day he approached a trained elephant calf from a local tent circus. He suddenly stood up on his hind legs. Ilf was taken aback, but raised his camera, took a few shots and said with relief: "Sit down!" Here the elephant was already taken aback and sat down.
... for several years after the revolution in Alexandrinsky Palace the Moscow Furniture Museum was located. This is the same museum where Ostap Bender and Kisa Vorobyaninov were looking for precious chairs in the novel "The Twelve Chairs".
Garage Museum of Contemporary Art is a place where people, ideas and art meet to create history! The Garage Museum was founded in 2008 by Daria Zhukova and Roman Abramovich and became the first private philanthropic institution in Russia, whose activities are aimed at developing and popularizing contemporary art and culture. One of the main missions of Garage Museum is to show that contemporary art is a space for dialogue and search for answers to many questions. It hosts exhibitions of leading Russian and foreign contemporary artists (such as Marina Abramovich, Raymond Pettibon, Mark Rothko, Viktor Pivovarov, Yayoi Kusama), educational programs for adults and children of different ages, as well as film screenings, concerts, performances and much more. Garage guides, drawing on the knowledge and experience of the best art historians and curators, open the world of contemporary art to visitors every day. The tour guides will gladly conduct excursions for you in Russian and english, and also help the guide with consecutive translation from Russian into the language of the group. The history of the Museum has always been closely associated with architecture. His first "home" was the famous Bakhmetyevsky bus depot in Moscow (after which Garage got its name) - a monument of constructivism, designed by the architect Konstantin Melnikov. In 2012, Garage moved to the very heart of the capital - Gorky Park, to a temporary pavilion designed by the Japanese architect Shigeru Bana. In June 2015, the Museum opened its first permanent building on the territory of the Park, which formerly housed the Vremena Goda restaurant, popular in the 1960s, which became the embodiment of the dream of ideal leisure for Soviet citizens. Today a building restored worldwide famous architect Rem Koolhaas and his OMA bureau has become not just a museum, but also one of the city's main attractions, preserving many elements of its past. One of them is the mosaic that adorns the Museum Atrium and depicts a girl surrounded by autumn leaves. It is in the Atrium that every six months - in spring and autumn - a work of art created by artists specially for Garage appears and is available for free visits. Called Garage Atrium Commissions, the project's rotating installations include works by Eric Bulatov, Louise Bourgeois, Rashid Johnson and Irina Korina. For you in the Museum, a bookstore is open daily with the best selection books and magazines on Garage art and souvenirs made in Moscow (note the Made in Moscow label), including products created in collaboration with artists. There is a cozy cafe with original cuisine, a summer terrace and breakfasts that can be enjoyed throughout the day. The heart of the institution and the platform for exhibition, publishing and research projects Garage is his collection - the world's largest archive on the history of Russian contemporary art since the 1950s. The archive is available for Russian and foreign researchers, and its funds, numbering on this moment more than 400,000 storage units are constantly being replenished. In addition, in the building of the Educational Center of the Museum next to the Pionersky pond for everyone, the first in Russia public library on contemporary art. Garage also became the first museum in Russia to open an inclusive department and adapt exhibition and educational programs for visitors with various disabilities. All buildings of the Museum are equipped with ramps, and specialists of the inclusive department conduct excursions and special events for the deaf and hard of hearing, blind and visually impaired visitors, as well as for people with intellectual disabilities. We don't know what your plans are, but we definitely have something to offer: exhibitions, lectures, meetings with experts, open-air films in great company, cocktails at fresh air, festivals, concerts of famous musicians, performances, discussions, walks in the park and much more. See you at Garage! Ticket price: 0- 300 rubles
Demidov Palace is located next to the Tretyakov Gallery. Located on the banks of the Moskva River, it is an architectural monument of the middle of the 18th century.
Prokopiy Akinfievich Demidov is the eldest son of the largest Ural mining owner A.N. Demidova, the largest owner of mining enterprises. He founded the Moscow Commercial School in 1772, is known for his many thousands of donations to Moscow University and millions in contributions to the construction of the Moscow Orphanage, of which he was a member of the Board of Trustees. He was famous for his eccentricities, his contemporaries characterized him as a rude and independent person so much that he aroused the indignation of Catherine II, who spoke of him as a "daring chatterbox". He enthusiastically indulged in botany, collected a herbarium, transferred to Moscow University, wrote a study on bees, was very fond of songbirds.
For a number of years, Demidov acquired land in the name of his wife from several Moscow owners. In 1754, a courtyard with the house of F.I. Soymonov, a famous navigator and cartographer. This rounded the plot, and the estate occupied the entire space lying between the "moat and the road that goes from the Church of the Reese-Position to the Moscow River." The petition of the nobleman P.A. Demidov and his wife Matryona Antipova "dated April 10, 1756 that they want to build" stone chambers ". There is also a resolution: "It is allowed to build according to the attached plan of the architect Yakovlev."
Demidov Neskuchny Palace, located on the banks of the Moskva River, is an architectural monument of the middle of the 18th century and perfectly represents the classical style. The palace had an enviable fate. During the life of the owner, it was filled with thousands of bird cages. All the Moscow nobility went to admire such miracles. There were painters, writers, statesmen, scientists ... After the death of the owner, at one time the palace belonged to the Orlovs. Later, the building, along with the land, was bought by Nicholas I and settled in it his wife Alexandra Fedorovna (sometimes the palace was called the Alexandria palace). After the revolution, the unique historical monument was turned into a museum. People came here to get acquainted with the richest collections of exquisite furniture. They say that Ilf and Petrov wrote their famous novel about the ill-fated chairs, not without a hint heard within these walls.
The fence grate was made in the 50s of the 18th century at the Nizhniy Tagil plant of Demidov according to the project of F.S. Argunov. Cast iron doors are not assembled from separate parts, but cast in one piece.
During the time of Prokopy Demidov, the estate of the Neskuchny Palace was famous for its famous botanical garden. Demidov, being carried away by collecting exotic plants, back in the 1740s. asked his brother Gregory for layering and seeds from his Solikamsk garden. After the death of Grigory, Procopius transported the most interesting plants from the Ural collection to Moscow. The garden itself attracted the attention of visitors, the access to it was open, and it was always filled with visitors. The garden's popularity was also promoted by the owner's eccentric inventions. For example, once instead of plaster copies of Roman statues, he placed peasants smeared with chalk on the flower beds, who called out to everyone who dared to pick a flower. The rumor about living statues stirred up Moscow, and people threw people into the garden. It was then that the name of the present place appeared - Boring Garden.
In Demidov's garden, "herbalists" (herbaria) were annually compiled, which included numerous plants of his garden. These herbalists were supplied to "hunters and botanists". The catalog of the garden in 1781 was compiled by academician Pallas, he wrote: "The owner of this garden identified it first for fruits, and finally for one botany, and built many different stone greenhouses in it." Pallas mentions five terraces that slope down to the river, and eight greenhouses located on them. These greenhouses were intended not only for "lush plants and trees from warm countries", but also specifically for "growing seeds", and stretched for half a mile.
In the preface to his 1786 catalog, P.A. Demidov indicates 8000 plants - their total number for the entire period of the garden's existence, which includes 6000 species and at least 2000 garden forms. Among the plants of the Demidov garden, there were many species of Russian flora from various regions of the country. Some plants were native to distant overseas lands. To replenish the collection of plants in his garden, the owner established contacts with foreign and domestic botanists.
After P.A. Demidov Botanical Garden in Moscow gradually fell into disrepair. Direct heirs, sons, were not interested in the garden. Fulfilling the will of the deceased, his widow Tatyana Vasilievna turned in 1787 to Catherine II with a request to transfer the garden to the jurisdiction of Moscow University, but was refused, the new owners of the estate also did not pay attention to the garden, and it decayed and died as a botanical. Only some of the rare plants from it were transplanted into the university garden. In the 1920s. local historians L.P. Alexandrov and V.L. Nekrasov wrote: "The best way would be to restore the memory of the first botanical garden in Russia ... if the Neskuchny Garden, decorated with monuments to Demidov and Pallas, was turned into a large botanical garden ... and served the purpose of enlightenment, introducing the diverse flora of Russia."
Gazebo in Neskuchny Garden
Palace complex at Neskuchny garden is in good condition and is still mainly Russian Academy sciences.
The hunting lodge, preserved from the oldest Trubetskoy estate, is occupied by the elite club "What, where, when?" Highly fenced and guarded by dogs, the building is not easily accessible for inspection. However, it can be seen that the front facade, which serves as a decoration for filming the games, is in good condition, although in front of it there is a pile of metal structures, apparently used for filming. The back and side facades give the impression of abandonment, which is difficult to imagine when watching the building on TV during the regular games of connoisseurs.
Summer house, judging by appearance, is in a satisfactory condition, it houses a library in which only one middle-aged librarian (pictured on the right) works and supervises. One of her main concerns is to protect the building and the library from companies of drunks who gather in the evening on the benches near the house.
Neskuchny Garden is located on the right bank of the Moscow River and is the largest park in the historical part of the city.
Neskuchny Garden was formed in the first half of the reign of Nicholas I from the noble estates that used to belong to the Trubetskoys (in the south), the Golitsyn (in the center) and the Orlovs (in the north).
The garden got its name from the estate Neskuchnoye of Nikita Yurievich Trubetskoy.
The prince bought on October 18, 1728, in the name of his five-year-old son Peter, from the archimandrite of the Zaikonospassky school monastery German (Koptsevich) "a courtyard mansion building with trees planted on the banks of the Moskva River." The site was located near the St. Andrew's Monastery.
At the beginning of the 1750s, Trubetskoy, on the site of the purchased building, erected an estate according to the project of the architect Ukhtomsky - the Neskuchny country house (a two-story house with four wings).
A "labyrinth" and greenhouses were arranged behind the house, and a menagerie in the ravine.
By the beginning of the 19th century, little remained of the Trubetskoy estate. Holidays and festivities were held in the park, and in 1805, balloons were launched.
The only building left from the Trubetskoy estate is the Hunting Lodge.
Initially, there was a Stone Gallery, hunting rifles and gunpowder were kept, and servants lived. In Soviet times, the tea house "Samovarnik" was housed in the house.
And since 1990, the Hunting Lodge has been a venue for the games of the television club "What? Where? When?"
The last owner of the Trubetskoy estate, Prince Shakhovskoy, sold it in November 1826 for two hundred thousand rubles for a device in Moscow summer residence Emperor Nicholas I.
After the purchase, the garden was not closed to visitors, and in 1830 a summer air theater was opened in it, in the creation of which the architect Osip Ivanovich Bove took part.
The theater could seat up to 1,500 spectators and was "like a covered large gallery in a semicircle, and the stage itself was adapted so that trees and bushes replaced the scenery." The theater immediately became very popular among Muscovites. The performances were given twice a week. Famous Russian actors played here: Schepkin, Mochalov, Lensky and others. Ticket prices ranged from 15 rubles per box to one and a half rubles in the second gallery.
The theater existed until 1835, when the glory of Neskuchny was overshadowed by a new amusement park - Petrovsky, with a theater built in it.
The estate of the Trubetskoys was bordered by the possessions of the princes Golitsyn, whose name was also borne by the nearby Golitsyn hospital.
One of the owners of the estate was Natalya Petrovna Golitsyna, who became the prototype of the countess in Pushkin's story "The Queen of Spades".
Natalya Petrovna, who lived in St. Petersburg, did not want to part with the Moscow dacha and ordered in her will not to sell it earlier than 5 years after her death.
The princess's son, the Moscow mayor Dmitry Vladimirovich Golitsyn, sold the estate in 1843 to the Department of Appropriations for thirty thousand silver rubles. The property acquired by the emperor occupied an area of \u200b\u200babout 12.5 hectares. More than 2,500 trees grew in the park - lindens, birches and maples. Main house the estate stood without glass and was in a dilapidated state.
On the site of the Golitsyn estate, a rotunda gazebo was built in 1951 in honor of the 800th anniversary of Moscow.
The northern part of Neskuchny Garden, located closest to the city center, was purchased in 1754 by Prokofiy Demidov from different owners: one site from General Soimonov, the other from the widow of Prince Repnin.
A stone house was built on the resulting large plot. At the palace, Demidov laid out a garden in the form of an amphitheater.
The first plants were obtained by exchanging seeds and obtaining shoots from the Demidov Botanical Garden in Solikamsk.
From the manor house to the river, the garden descended with ledges that had different widths and heights, but the same length of 95 fathoms. The upper platform was separated from the courtyard and the house by a lattice about 10 fathoms wide.
Initially, fruit trees were planted, then shrubs and herbaceous plants. In the garden there were many stone greenhouses, where there were palms and trees from hot countries, and on the fifth site from the top there was a large pond and a poultry house with rare birds and animals ordered from Holland and England. In addition, soil sheds and greenhouses were used to grow pineapples, grapes and germinate other plants.
After the death of the owner, the deserted Demidov estate was acquired by Elena Nikitichna, the wife of Prosecutor General Vyazemsky, who spent her childhood in these places, on the estate of her father Nikita Trubetskoy.
In 1793, the former estate of Demidov was bought by Count Fyodor Grigorievich Orlov, one of the famous Orlov brothers.
Under Count Orlov, Demidov's house was rebuilt, a complex of outbuildings was created, a park was landscaped on the slope of the high bank of the Moskva River, in which a figured pond, pavilions, bridges and a grotto appeared.
Two thalweg, saturated with groundwater, were used to create the Catherine pond.
Lacking legitimate offspring, Fyodor Orlov bequeathed the estate to his 11-year-old niece Anna Chesmenskaya. All the management of Neskuchny on behalf of his daughter was carried out by her father, Alexei Grigorievich Orlov-Chesmensky.
In the former Demidov Palace, the old count gave feasts for the amusement of his only daughter, at the end of which fireworks were set off. Count Orlov turned a new estate, called at that time "May House", into an entertainment one.
"In the summer, not a single holiday, not a single Sunday did not go without the fact that there were no celebrations and holidays in the count's garden," contemporaries recalled. The slopes of the ravines were fortified and formed, two capital stone bridges were built across the dry ravine: the Upper and the Middle. The main planning transformations in the estate took place at the same time and they were associated with the main passion of the count - horses. Along the northeastern border of the service yard, a long stone two-story building of the Manege and the adjacent stables were erected. In the Orlov Manege, carousels were arranged - equestrian competitions and processions, in which his daughter Anna took part.
Currently, the former building of the arena houses the Fersman Mineralogical Museum.
The former house church at the arena has also survived.
In 1804−06, a two-story Summer (Tea) house with 4 Corinthian columns was erected on the Orlov estate. In front of the southern facade of the house, a large area was arranged.
According to one version, the house was a place of secret meetings of Empress Catherine II with Grigory Orlov, according to another - as a place for games for Anna Alekseevna Orlova-Chesmenskaya. The house offers a picturesque view of the Moskva River and Frunzenskaya Embankment.
In a ravine, by the figured Catherine's pond with natural banks, another classic pavilion was erected - the Bath House (or Bath), built on the site between the thalweg. Until now, a significant amount of groundwater is filtered through the pile system of the Bath House.
Baths were installed in the house and there was a bathhouse.
In Soviet times, the Bath House was a dining room and cafe "Poplavok".
Since the 1960s, after the first fire, the Bath House has been gradually destroyed. During another fire in 2003, the columns partially collapsed, the dome burned down, and the remains of the building were sheathed with iron sheets and painted green. Now in this shabby, painted building, it is difficult to recognize the elegant Bath House.
Near the Ekaterininsky pond, there is a "Walk-through grotto with a stone vault, removed from the outside with a spongy stone", which was previously crowned with a "Birch pavilion". The grotto was built in 1807, after which it was rebuilt twice - in 1836 and 1856. Its last reconstruction in 1856 was carried out by the architect and engineer Peter Dmitrievich Delsal.
In the 1970s, the grotto was used by Moscow "walruses" as a locker room: "It was in this grotto that the Moscow walruses arranged a dressing room for themselves. parties and divided the resulting enclosed space into male and female halves "(from the story" Walruses of the Neskuchny Garden "by Valentin Kuznetsov).
After the death of Count Orlov, his daughter Anna inherited his fortune.
In 1826, Orlova gave a ball on the occasion of the coronation of Emperor Nicholas I, 1200 guests were present, and the halls of the palace were lit by 7000 candles.
In 1832 Anna Orlova sold luxurious manor for one and a half million rubles to Nicholas I, who presented it to his wife Alexandra Feodorovna - since then the palace began to be called Alexandria.
In 1843, after the purchase of the Golitsyn dacha, the Neskuchny Garden and the Alexandria Garden were merged summer palace into a single ensemble.
Evgraf Dmitrievich Tyurin was the main architect involved in the alteration of the former Demidov house into the royal palace. The manor was renovated and the office buildings were rebuilt. Lawns were arranged in front of the palace, a guardhouse was built next to the Cavalry Corps.
On the pylons of the entrance gate, sculptural two-figure groups were installed, holding a cornucopia.
A cast-iron fountain by the sculptor Ivan Petrovich Vitali has been preserved in front of the palace. Earlier, from 1835 to 1934, the fountain stood on Lubyanskaya Square, where it served as a water intake basin, which received drinking water from the Mytishchi water pipeline.
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After the revolution, the palace housed a furniture museum. And in 1934, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences was transferred to it from Leningrad.
The Neskuchny Garden was opened to the public in the absence of the imperial family in Moscow.
In 1861, it was planned to transfer the Neskuchny Garden with the former Golitsyn estate to the disposal of the Society for the Acclimatization of Animals and Plants for the establishment of a Zoological Garden here. However, the Zoo was built at Presnenskie ponds.
In 1890-1905, Neskuchny Garden became the summer residence of the Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov. In those days, access to Neskuchny Garden was limited.
In 1928, the territory of Neskuchny Garden became part of the Park of Culture and Leisure, which later received the name Gorky Park.
