In 1741, as a result of the next palace coup, the junior daughter of Peter I Elizabeth became Russian Empress. Many contemporaries perceived the adoption of Petrovnah Elizabeth's throne as a guarantee of returning to the traditions of the internal and foreign policy of her father. A new stage of development of culture, science, art began in the country.
The new period of heyday was also the capital of Russia. The city was quickly built, new official residences, palaces, cathedrals, theaters appeared. The time of the reign of Elizabeth is a period of domination in the European Baroque style architecture, for which the magnificity and fancy architectural forms are characterized, luxury finishes using stucco parts, gilding, sculptures, painting. In St. Petersburg, at this time the talented architect Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli works, and it is him that the creation of the masterpieces of the Russian Baroque, reflecting the idea of \u200b\u200bthe celebration and power of the country, which has become one of the world's largest powers.
The order for the construction of the first buildings for Elizabeth Rastrelli received when she was not yet an empress. Zesarevna ordered to build a summer palace for her on the territory of the third summer garden (modern territory, limited by a fountain, washing, Italian street and the Catherine Canal).
Thanks to the preserved engravings and drawings, we can imagine how this creation of Rastrelli looked like. The first floor of the palace was made of stone, the second is wooden. The palace was painted in light pink, the basement was gray. The palace had two facades: one was turned towards the Nevsky Perspective, the other is the main thing - to the washing, towards the summer garden. From the Nevsky Perspectors along the Fontanka laid a wide road, the greenhouses stretched along it, fruit trees were growing, there was an ivory yard, while his inhabitants could swim in the fountain.
The territory of the Palace could be hit through the wide gate with an openwork lattice, decorated with gilded eagles. Before the main facade, addressed to the washing, arranged huge curly flower beds, landed neatly trimmed trees - it turned out a real regular park. Rastrelli himself wrote: "The building had more than one hundred sixty apartments, including the church, hall and gallery. Everything was decorated with mirrors and a rich sculpture, as well as a new garden, decorated with beautiful fountains ...". In 1745, they built a covered gallery to move from the palace in a summer garden through a sink.
The queen loved his luxurious summer palace. Every year at the end of April, she moved along with all the yard from Winter Palace in summer. Moving turned into a whole ceremony with orchestral music and artillery. At the end of September, Elizabeth returned to the Winter Palace again.
In September 1754, the future emperor Paul I was born in the summer residence of Elizabeth. The fate ordered that it was he who at the very beginning of his reign demolished the eyed the summer palace and ordered the castle on his place, which we know today as Mikhailovsky. And it was here that the life of Paul I was tragically cut.
The text has prepared Galina Domegles
For those who want to learn more:
1. Architect St. Petersburg. XVIII century. St. Petersburg, 1997
2. Ovsyannikov Y. Great Architects St. Petersburg. SPb., 2000
3. Anisimov E.V. Elizabeth Petrovna. M., 2000.
Coordinates: 59 ° 56'26.5 "s. sh. 30 ° 20'15.5 "in. d. / 59.940694 ° C. sh. 30.337639 ° C. d. (G) (O) (I)59.940694 , 30.337639
Summer Palace Elizabeth Petrovna - Unconcted Imperial Residence in St. Petersburg, built by B. F. Rastrelli in 1741-1744 in place, where Mikhailovsky (engineering) castle is now located. Demolished in 1796.
Construction history
Already then the idea appeared to close the alley of the summer garden opposite Karpiev Pond Palace Construction. This is evidenced by the project - GG, preserved in the archives. Possible his author J. B. Leblon. It shows a small nine-bed palace, the increased center of which is completed by a four-headed dome. Wide single-storey galleries cover the Kurdonor with a magnificent curly parter facing the washing. Behind the garden broken with numerous bosets of various outlines. The fruit fittings are preserved on the territory of the current Mikhailovsky Garden. However, the case did not go further.
However, while the construction was carried out, the coup was occurred, and Elizaveta Petrovna became the mistress of the building. By the city of Wooden on the stone cellars, the palace was worked out. The architect in the description of the buildings created by him so spoke of him:
"This building had more than 160 apartments, including a church, a hall and gallery. Everything was decorated with mirrors and a rich sculpture, as well as a new garden, decorated with beautiful fountains, with the Hermitage, built at the level of the first floor, surrounded by rich trils, all the decorations of which were gilded. "
Despite the location in the urban feature, the building is decided on a manorway scheme. The plan was created under the obvious influence of the Versaille, which is especially noticeable by Kurdonyra: consistently tousing spaces increased the effect of the baroque perspective of the yard, fenced from the access road with a lush pattern with state coat of arms. One-story service buildings along the perimeter of Kurdneur emphasize the traditional ensemble closure for the baroque. Pretty plane decor of light-pink facades (Pilators of the BELETAZH with Corinthian capitals and corresponding to them by the rush blades of the stone base, figured windows windows) was compensated by a rich game of volumes. Complicated in terms of highly developed side wings included domestic courtyards with small flower parquets. The magnificent driveways led to the staircases, as always in Rastrelli, shifted from the central axis. From the front staircase of a series of living rooms, decorated with gilded carvings, led to the most representative hall of the palace - TRONER. His two pilot volume emphasized the center of the building. From the outside the curly stairs, from the garden, supplemented with ramps. The appearance of the palace was completed, giving him a baroque pomp, numerous statues and vases on the crowded building and balustrade. Space to washing Rastrelli decorated with flower parquets with three fountain basins of complex outlines.
As not rarely happened to the creations of the architecture, over time, a logical and slender initial plan varies in favor of the momentary requirements. In 1744, for the transition of the Empress in the 2nd Summer Garden through the sink, he builds a one-story covered gallery, decorated with rages on the walls of paintings. Here, G. North-Western Rizalit He creates a terrace hanging Garden At the level of the Belfare with the Hermitage Pavilion and the fountain in the center of the parquet. According to the contour, it is fencing with a lush-melted trolling grille, arrange multi-hour gardens into the garden. In the future, the Northeast Rizalit is attached to the palace church, expanding it with an additional number of premises from the Fontanka. Erkers appear on the Western facade.
On the area adjacent to the palace, the decorative park with a huge complex green labyrinth, bosets, trilty arbors and two trapezoids with semicircular protrusions of ponds (preserved until now, they have acquired free outlines when reconstructing a park for a great-residency residence). About his work in the park in 1745 Rastrelli reports:
"On the Berg of washing in the new garden I built large building Ban with a round cabin and a fountain in a few jets, with front-room faces. "
In the center of the park were swing, slides, carousels. The device of the latter is unusual: around the large tree placed routing benches, and the gazebo was hiding in Krone, which climbed along the screw staircase.
Another building, located in close proximity to the northeast corner of the palace, is associated with the name of the architecture: the water supply system of the summer garden fountains, performed in the 1720s. No longer gave sufficient pressure, and did not fit the brilliance and the greatness of the imperial residence. In the mid-1740s. Rastrelli builds a water tower with aqueduct through a fountain. Sophisticated B. technical Plan, a purely utilitarian construction from wood was decorated with a palace luxury: wall painting imitated a lush baroque modeling.
Despite the fact that the palace was a parade imperial residence, there was no direct communication with the Nevsky Perspective: the road that went among small-presentable random buildings (on the shore of the Fontanka stood glaciers, greenhouses, workshops and an elephant yard) turned into Italian street, and only bypassing the palace and . I. Shuvalova, built by Sawa Chevakinsky, crews across a small garden fell to the central transport artery of the city. Direct connection will appear only in the next century thanks to the works of K. Rossi.
Elizabeth Petrovna loved the summer palace very much. At the end of April - early May (as the weather allowed), the solemn move of the Empress from the winter residence was drawn up with a magnificent ceremonial with the participation of the courtyard, orchestra, guardian regiments under the artillery salute guns at the Winter Palace and tools of the Petropavlovsk Fortress and Admiralty. In parallel, the imperial yachts, stood on the raid opposite Apraksina at home, sailed to Summer garden. AT return trip The queen was sent in the recent September numbers with the same ceremonies.
On September 20, the future emperor Paul I is born in the walls of the palace. After the death of the Tsaritsa, the palace is still used: the conclusion of the world with Prussia is celebrated here. In the throne hall, Ekaterina II adopts congratulations from foreign ambassadors on the occasion of the end of the throne. However, over time, the owner begins to give preference to other summer residences, especially the royal village, and the building winds. At first, he was assisted by the city of Orlov, then Potemkin. Catastrophic flooding in September destroyed the fountain system of the summer garden. Fashion for regular parks has passed, and the waterways did not rebuild, unnecessary aqueduct Rastrelli disassembled. There are two legends of the founding of Mikhailovsky Castle: one Paul said: "I want to die where the soldier standing on the clock in the summer palace in the summer palace, when he tried out, the Archangel Mikhail was delivered and commanded the king to build a church in this place . Be that as it may, in February G. "Outcome", Elizabethan dwelling broke and started the construction of a new imperial stronghold. And today, only the volume construction of the facade of the castle facing the summer garden (possibly, at the request of the monarch), the magnificent pictures of M. I. Makhaev remind of the disappeared building.
Literature
With the death of Empress Anna John, who followed Biron in 1740 became a regent with a small emperor John Antonovich, who was at that time 2 months from the genus. However, his regency was short. Biron was arrested for abuse and exiled a link. The reign of the mother of the Minor Emperor Anna Leopoldovna, who appointed regen with him was short-lived. On November 25, 1741, the daughter of Emperor Peter I Elizaveta Petrovna rose as a result of the palace coup on the throne. The time of her reign - the time of the powerful take-off of St. Petersburg architecture. Family felicious and splendor, Elizabeth Petrovna wanted to see the brainchild of his father decorated beautiful buildings And therefore it was very stuck about the parade construction in St. Petersburg and his suburbs. Having joined the throne, Elizaveta Petrovna mainly lived in the summer palace on the site of the current Mikhailovsky Castle, which soon became cracked for the scared imperial yard. During her reign, the Nikolsky Marine Cathedral was built, the winter palace was built, the ensemble of the Smolny Monastery was built, Tuchkov and Sampsonievsky bridges were built, and, finally, Moscow University, Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg and the Prazi Corps were opened. She invited the best architects of Europe to St. Petersburg, and among them the brightest was Bartolomeo Rastrelli. They were erected in St. Petersburg the best buildings. This is the Winter Palace, twice them rebuilt, Anichkov, Vorontsovsky, Stroganovsky Palaces; Large Peterhof Palace, Tsarskostsky (Ekaterininsky) Palace, Smolny Monastery and other buildings. Looking at the Cathedral of the Smolny Monastery, the quarters, who did not like the architecture of Elizabethan Baroque, with the words: "Well, the church!", I took off my hat.
Upon arrival in St. Petersburg Elizaveta Petrovna ordered to build two palaces for himself, one temporary, wooden near the police bridge, the other stone on the Neva Embankment. Both palaces were built under the project B. Rastrelli. The wooden palace, although it was built as temporary, was decorated with a large luxury.
Nevsky Prospect by then became the best street of the city. Elizabeth followed his improvement. Decrees prohibiting building wooden buildings on the main street of the city. Only stone houses were erected on the avenue. But they were not like the current. As a rule, these were two-story buildings with a mandatory parisade in front of the facade, fenced by the patterned cast-iron grille. In 1755, the living room began to rebuild. Plan of Rastrelli, distinguished by a great magnitude of the building finishes, was not carried out for lack of financing. Now we see the building Seating Dvor., built on the project of an architect Valen-Delaware, which retained the planning of Rastrelli, but carried out building a building in the style of early classicism.
Elizaveta Petrovna according to the reviews of contemporaries was very beautiful, alive and flirt. Her palaces were settled by the mirrors in which she constantly saw his repeated reflection. For her they were bought in Europe in large numbers the most expensive outfits. After death in the wardrobe, the empress was 15,000 dresses, some of which were never dressed. They herself never dressed twice the same dress. And the same demanded from the courtiers, for external species whom very much watched, publishing one by one decrees regulating the appearance of their approximations. For example, a decree was issued, prohibiting the court ladies to wear dark dresses, a decree that 
To the masquerade ride only in a good dress, and not "in the vile". And in the winter of 1747, the "hair establishment" was released, which prescribed all the court ladies to cut the launches, and the head was covered with "black slammed worshi", which herself issued. The reason for such a tough establishment was that the emperant's powder did not want to go from the hair, the Empress decided to paint the hair into a black color, but it was for some reason it didn't work out and then she had to be the first coordinated hair and put on a black wig. And she did not love anyone superior to her beauty and perfection. Well, how was it not to publish "hair establishment"?
The time of Elizabeth is the time when the Baroque style reigned in art, which was to become a funny character of the empress with her whims and love for luxury. Architectural masterpieces Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, still affecting us with grace, luxury and splendor - a monument to that time. And one of them is a set monastery, which was built by the Empress for himself. At one time she had a desire to renounce the throne and go to the monastery. For the construction of the monastery, thousands of soldiers and craftsmen were cozy. It was built with a big sweep. And after a few years, it was ready. But here the seven-year-old war began, and the construction ceased to the lack of money. Soon and the desire to go to the monastery of Elizabeth also disappeared. 
G. R. Derzhavin called the Board of Elizabeth "Age of Songs". Elizabeth Petrovna and in fact loved music and herself possessed outstanding musical abilities: playing many tools and composed songs. Thanks to her, Russia met a guitar, mandolina, harp and other tools. With her, the opera, ballet, as well as the dramatic theater she loved very much. Shakespeare, Moliere played on the stage of Russian theaters and, of course, the plays of the first Russian tragic Alexander Sumarow. In 1750, Fyodor Grigorievich Volkovo Theater was established in Yaroslavl, whose performances were with great success. Having learned about the "Yaroslavl Comedy", Empress with a special decree called Volkova with a troupe to St. Petersburg. In 1756, the initiative of Sumarokov and Volkov was officially established "Russian to present the tragedy and comedy theater", which marked the creation of the imperial theaters of Russia. The theater at first was located in the Menshikov Palace, in which the Slyham Cadet Cabinet for young nobles opened in 1732th. The first Russian tragedy of "Heores" was set here, they also posted in 1752 the actors of the troupe Fyodor Volkov.
With that active secular life, which led Elizabeth, it sometimes simply did not reach the state of government. The ministers were running behind her for months so that she would have time to sign a document between the dressing towards the ball or the masquerade. Fortunately, the bureaucratic machine, launched by Peter, continued its work, and then went to his guy. In addition, she had wonderful assistants. She could well rely on internal politics at P. I. Shuvalov, in the external on A. P. Bestumev-Ryumin, in the field of education on I. I. Shuvalov. .jpg)
Ballas and masquerads replaced each other, competing among themselves in pomp and shine. But on the background of this, it seemed an endless holiday in St. Petersburg, important events took place. Petersburg of this time is Petersburg Lomonosov, founder of domestic science and poetry, is St. Petersburg important geographical research and discoveries. In 1743, the eleven-year-old second Kamchatka expedition ended, and in two years an academic atlas was published with a huge territory card from Baikal to Anadyr and Northwestern America.
Having created the Academy of Sciences, Peter I thought it as a center of higher education in Russia. This is seen from the project "The Provisions of the Academy of Sciences and Arts", in which it was said that members of the Academy, working "about the perfection of art and sciences", were "those art and science to publicly teach", that is, teach. That is, the Academy Peter thought as a university. In 1745, M. V. Lomonosov became a professor at this academic (or Petrovsky), who insisted that the university's training could take place not only by the nobles: "There is no one person to learn from universities, whoever he is, and At the university, that student is honorable, who learned more. " Such an installation of a professor of the first in Russia of a higher educational institution, the founder of domestic science discovered the way to receive education for many talented young people. Among the first "natural Russians" who graduated from Petrovsky University were Antiha Chanatemir, Ivan Magnitsky, Peter Remizov. The poetic "satirs" of Antioch Kantemir was very popular at the time and went to the lists.
The cultural needs and interests of the empress and the courtyard, the proximity to Europe, the spirit of the city itself, contributed to an increase in interest in culture and education, and the very birth of the city itself is intended to be "window to Europe". Gymnasiums are emerging in the city, both public and private. In 1757, the "Academy of the Three Calcificent Arts" was formed in St. Petersburg - painting, architecture and sculptures. The construction of the building for the Academy of Arts on the University Embankment will begin only in 1764, and since the foundation until that time it was located in the house of the initiator of its creation I. I. Shuvalov, in the Shuvalovsk Palace on Sadovaya Street, between Nevsky Prospect and Italian Street. Ivan Starov, Fyodor Rockots, Vasily Bazhenov became the first pupils. As an artist-mosaicist M. V. Lomonosov became an honorary member of the Academy. Mosaic panel of work M. V. Lomonosov "Poltava Batalia" is now in the building of the Academy of Sciences.
In 1751, in the Nikolaev Naberezhnye Neva, the current embankment of Lieutenant Schmidt, opened a sea-born cadet corps, later became the maritime academy. From the pier, where there is a monument to Cruise, leaving all the outstanding Russian navigators and admirals. 
St. Petersburg of the noisy Elizabetan pore has already reminded the modest Petrovsky "paradise". In the city, by this time there was a favorable environment for the development of the economy. He did not require exceptional measures to attract population and finance. The ever-increasing needs of the new capital transformed the whole territory for many kilometers around. The ages with building materials, food, various products of local crafts stretched from Novgorod, Pskov, Olonetskaya province. Ships from Europe, Barki, boats, the rafts of hundreds were looking for a place for mooring near the citys of the city.
During his twenty-year-old Board Elizabeth, Petrovna did not sign a single death sentence. And maybe, therefore, the inner life of the country as a whole during this period was stable - there were no rebellion in the country nor the fierce. Some brutal fun were prohibited: in Moscow and St. Petersburg, it was forbidden to have bears, shoot from guns. In the field of foreign policy, this time was also peaceful time: out of 20 years of the reign of Elizabeth 15 years old were peaceful. And four years of Russia's participation in the seven-year war (1756-1760) discovered the combat capability of the Russian army, who defeated the unbeatable Dotoli forces of the Great Friedrich's troops. And this is with eternal Russian confusion, theft in the rear, the ill-impaired strategic plans.
The Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna - an incomplete imperial residence in St. Petersburg, built by B. F. Rastrelli in 1741-1744 in the place where Mikhailovsky (engineering) castle is now located. Demolished in 1796.
The Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna (built in 1741, was demolished in 1797).
M.I. Makhaev 1756
In 1712 on south Bank Washing there, where the Pavilion of the Mikhailovsky Garden is now, for Catherine Alekseevna, a small manor house, completed by a turret with a gilded spire, which carried the pretentious name "Golden choirs". There is a big meadow (the future of Marso field) on the opposite shore received the name of Tsaritsyn Luga: it would be most often used in XVIII, and at the beginning of the XIX in .. the territory of the palace is called the 3rd Summer Garden. The Duke of the Duke of the Duke of the Holstein Burhgolts on July 11, 1721, examined the estate, recorded:
"The garden is divorced recently and therefore there is nothing yet, except for quite large fruit trees. Here are five nearby ponds for the maintenance of live fish brought to the royal table. "
In the oranges of the queen, the gardener Ecliben grown rare for northern latitudes fruit: pineapples, bananas, etc.
Already then the idea appeared to close the alley of the summer garden opposite Karpiev Pond Palace Construction. This is evidenced by the project 1716-1717, preserved in the archives. Possible his author J. B. Leblon. It shows a small nine-bed palace, the increased center of which is completed by a four-headed dome. Wide single-storey galleries cover the Kurdonor with a magnificent curly parter facing the washing. Behind the garden broken with numerous bosets of various outlines. The fruit landings are preserved on the territory of the current Mikhailovsky Garden.
However, the case did not go further.
Makhaev Mikhail Ivanovich
Summer Palace Elizabeth Petrovna and the front courtyard in front of him. View from the south. B. G. Mascara, Feather, brush
With Anna Ioannovna, the 3rd summer garden turns into "YARD GARTEN" - a garden for "race and shooting of deer, boars, hares, as well as a gallery for hunters and stone walls to prevent lounge bullets and fraraty." "Vegetable garden" at the same time moved to a foundry street, where they will subsequently build a Mariinian hospital.
In the early 1740s. B. F. Rastrelli began the construction of one of the most noteworthy buildings of the developed Russian baroque - Summer Palace In the 3rd Summer Garden for the Government of Anna Leopoldovna.
Ivan Argunov (1727 (29) -1802). Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna.
However, while the construction was carried out, the coup was occurred, and Elizaveta Petrovna became the mistress of the building. By 1744, the wooden palace on the stone cellar was completed. The architect in the description of the buildings created by him so spoke of him:
"This building had more than 160 apartments, including a church, a hall and gallery. Everything was decorated with mirrors and a rich sculpture, as well as a new garden, decorated with beautiful fountains, with the Hermitage, built at the level of the first floor, surrounded by rich trils, all the decorations of which were gilded. "
Summer Palace.
Fragment "Axonometric Plan of St. Petersburg 1765-1773 P. de Saint-Iler".
Despite the location in the urban feature, the building is decided on a manorway scheme. The plan was created under the obvious influence of the Versaille, which is especially noticeable by Kurdonyra: consistently tousing spaces increased the effect of the baroque perspective of the yard, fenced from the access road with a lush pattern with state coat of arms.
One-story service buildings along the perimeter of Kurdneur emphasize the traditional ensemble closure for the baroque. Pretty plane decor of light-pink facades (Pilators of the BELETAZH with Corinthian capitals and corresponding to them by the rush blades of the stone base, figured windows windows) was compensated by a rich game of volumes.
Sophisticated in the plan, highly developed side wings included inland yards with small floral parquets. The magnificent driveways led to the staircases, as always in Rastrelli, shifted from the central axis. From the front staircase of a series of living rooms, decorated with gilded carvings, led to the most representative hall of the palace - TRONER. His two pilot volume emphasized the center of the building.
From the outside the curly stairs, from the garden, supplemented with ramps. The appearance of the palace was completed, giving him a baroque pomp, numerous statues and vases on the crowded building and balustrade.
Space to washing Rastrelli decorated with flower parquets with three fountain basins of complex outlines.
Summer Palace of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna in St. Petersburg.
Hood L. F. Bonstedt. (in fig. M. I. Makhaev. 1753). 1847.
As not rarely happened to the creations of the architecture, over time, a logical and slender initial plan varies in favor of the momentary requirements.
In 1744, for the transition of the Empress in the 2nd Summer Garden through the sink, he builds a one-story covered gallery, decorated with rages on the walls of paintings. Here, 1747, from the northwestern rizalita, he creates a terrace of a hanging garden at the level of the Belethage with the Hermitage Pavilion and the fountain in the center of the parquet.
According to the contour, it is fencing with a lush-melted trolling grille, arrange multi-hour gardens into the garden. In the future, the Northeast Rizalit is attached to the palace church, expanding it with an additional number of premises from the Fontanka.
Erkers-lanterns appear on the Western facade.
On the area adjacent to the palace, the decorative park with a huge complex green labyrinth, bosets, trilty arbors and two trapezoids with semicircular protrusions of ponds (preserved until now, they have acquired free outlines when reconstructing a park for a great-residency residence). About his work in the park in 1745 Rastrelli reports:
"On the shore of the sink in the new garden, I built a large building of a bath with a round cabin and a fountain in a few jets, with front-room faces."
In the center of the park were swing, slides, carousels. The device of the latter is unusual: around the large tree placed routing benches, and the gazebo was hiding in Krone, which climbed along the screw staircase.
Alexey Greek. View of the Summer Palace Empress Elizabeth
Another building, located in close proximity to the northeast corner of the palace, is associated with the name of the architecture: the water supply system of the summer garden fountains, performed in the 1720s. No longer gave sufficient pressure, and did not fit the brilliance and the greatness of the imperial residence.
In the mid-1740s. Rastrelli builds a water tower with aqueduct through a fountain.
Complicated in a technical plan, a purely utilitarian structure made of wood was decorated with a palace luxury: the wall painting imitated the lush baroque modeling.
Despite the fact that the palace was a parade imperial residence, there was no direct communication with the Nevsky Perspective: the road that went among small-presentable random buildings (on the shore of the Fontanka stood glaciers, greenhouses, workshops and an elephant yard) turned into Italian street, and only bypassing the palace and . I. Shuvalova, built by Sawa Chevakinsky, crews across a small garden fell to the central transport artery of the city.
Direct connection will appear only in the next century thanks to the works of K. Rossi.
Elizabeth Petrovna loved the summer palace very much. At the end of April - early May (as the weather allowed) the solemn move of the Empress from the winter residence was drawn up with a lush ceremonial with the participation of the courtyard, orchestra, guardian regiments under artillery salute guns at the winter palace and guns Petropavlovsk Fortress and admiralty.
In parallel, the imperial yachts that stood on the raid opposite Apraksin at home sailed to the summer garden. The reverse route of the queen was sent in the recent September numbers with the same ceremonies.
On September 20, 1754, the future emperor Paul I is born in the walls of the palace. After the death of the Tsaritsa, the Palace is still used: the conclusion of peace with Prussia is celebrated here.
In the throne hall, Ekaterina II adopts congratulations from foreign ambassadors on the occasion of the end of the throne. However, over time, the owner begins to give preference to other summer residences, especially Tsarist Selu, and building winds.
At first, he was assisted by the city of Orlov, then Potemkin. Catastrophic flooding in September 1777 destroyed the fountain system of the summer garden. Fashion for regular parks has passed, and the waterways did not rebuild, unnecessary aqueduct Rastrelli disassembled.
Mikhailovsky Castle on the part of Nab. Fontanka.
Benjan Pateren.
In the late 1770s. The palace was disassembled by the order of Paul I for the construction of Mikhailovsky Castle, whose bookmark took place on February 28, 1797.
There are two legends of the founding of Mikhailovsky Castle: one Paul said: "I want to die where the soldier standing on the clock in the summer palace in the summer palace, when he tried out, the Archangel Mikhail was delivered and commanded the king to build a church in this place .
Begrov K.P.
Type of engineering castle from summer garden. 1830s.
Be that as it may, in February 1796, the Elizavtian dwelling was broken and began to build a new imperial stronghold. And today, only the volume construction of the facade of the castle facing the summer garden (possibly, at the request of the monarch), the magnificent pictures of M. I. Makhaev remind of the disappeared building.
***
St. Petersburg and suburbs
At the time of the first Romanov, Mikhail Fedorovich Rubtsovo belonged to his mother inkine Marfe. Becoming king Mikhail loved to spend in Pokrovsky summer time. In 1615, it was consecrated wooden church in the name of Nicholas WonderworkerMikhail elevated him in gratitude for the salvation of Moscow from Polyakov and in honor of the liberation of his father - Patriarch Filaret, from Polish captivity. After eight years, the wooden temple was replaced by stone, a palace was built, in which family celebrations were arranged.
AT 1619 In memory of the deliverance of Moscow from the troops of the Polish kingdom Vladislav laid stone church of the Intercession Blessed Virgin Mary. According to the temple, the village began to be called "Pokrovskoye, Rubtsovo Tezh", and then just Pokrovsky.
Church of the Intercession in Rubtsovo.
Mikhail Fedorovich himself engaged in arrangement of the royal manor. Nearby have stables, kitchens, bees hives, brewery, mill and other facilities.
The built wooden palace was facade toward the road and the River of the Gnilushki. AT 1632 g. She was brazed, because of what was formed Rybinsky pond, (the remains of which were covered in the 1920s.). On the bank of the pond smashed a fruit garden, where unique trees, shrubs, healing herbs and flowers landed and built a stone gazebo.
In Pokrovsky in 1627, the eldest daughter Mikhail Fedorovich was born, Great Princess Irina Mikhailovna, in honor of the heavenly patronage of which was built in the village church of the Martyr Irina. It was Irina Mikhailovna who got to the property of Pokrovskoe. Her brother, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, did not particularly complained the tricky victim, although he regularly visited the estate, especially in the spring, summer and during the hunting season.
He loved to hunt here and the young king Peter II. AT 1728 He came to Moscow with his young aunt Elizabeth Petrovna, and she very soon joined it to the ping and falcon hunting in the vicinity of the first-hearth. With his retinue, they often went to hunt to Sokolniki and stayed in the old Pokrovsky Palace. The royal hunt has become the theme of the famous painting of Valentina Serov.
However, at the beginning 1730. Peter II died. The niece of Peter I, Anna Ioannovna, rose to the throne. Elizaveta Petrovna was in Opal, was sent from St. Petersburg to Moscow and settled in the Pokrovsky Palace who loved her with his relatives of Spavron and gender. The palace for more than ten years became the residence of Tsarevna.
There is a legend that Elizabeth, from nature having a mumble cheerful, participated in festive rounds, composed of the Pokrovsky maiden. He loved to dress up at the satin sundress and Kokoshnik, wept in a braid bright tape and peel the chastushki. It is very similar to Elizabeth, who already becoming an empress adored to arrange carnavals-metamorphosis, disguised into a male suit to demonstrate their slim legs.
Going to the throne in 1741, After the death of Anna Ioannovna, Elizabeth rules for 20 years and all this time did not forget his beloved Pokrovsky. Already at the end of February 1741, arriving at Moscow for the coronation scheduled for April 25, and barely visiting the Kremlin Cathedrals, Elizabeth left in Pokrovskoe, "To the winter to his home, that on Jauza." In the fall of the same year, her nephew of the Duke Peter Holsteinsky was brought there by order of Elizabeth, whom she declared his heir on the Russian throne as the nearest blood relative.
At the same time, the heir accepted the Orthodox faith and became referred to as Peter Fedorovich (Peter III). In February 1744, the Princess Anhalt Cerebst, the Pokrovsky Palace came to the Pokrovsky Palace with a 14-year-old daughter Sofia-Tomb-Frederic, who was intended to Peter Fedorovich. On June 28, Miropomanazing of Sofia-Augustus, who received the name of Ekaterina Alekseevna in Orthodoxy, and the next day she was engaged with the heir to the throne.
Elizabeth from time to time visited Pokrovskoye and for a long time, almost a year, there lived there. On the spot burnt in the fire 1737 year she built themselves palace of stone. It was a rizalitite block with a front-line two-sweat hall and an imbalam intersecting at the right angle system. Typical, in general, for your time layout. But the rooms at the same time were decorated in the "Chinese taste", in the same style there were many dishes in the palace.
In 1752, Pokrovsky became part of the city. The state of the estate at that time did not satisfy the imperial courtyard. This is how Ivan Yakovlev architect Ivan Yakovlev described: "In the Palace, the ceilings and roofing, covered with Tesov, came to great moisteness; And the sozerh with the rest for a lot of durability should be rebuilt: and the palace is not overcome again, it will be for strength to iron: and besides all the restructuring, it will not be dealt? "
To compile a new project expansion of the palace was invited F.-B.Rastrelli. BUT rkhitector wanted to add another floor, Increase central part Buildings and enrich the facades by baroque decor and semicircular ramps adjacent to the speaking central risalit. However, the project to restructure the building was not implemented, and it remained initially until the second half of the 4th century.
But the garden in Pokrovsky was of great interest - one of the best in Moscow (planned all the same Rastrelli). Located in the form of a rectangle with the church in the center, it is permeated by diverging from the oval platform around the church with longitudinal and transverse fan-shaped alleys. The base of the garden was fruit trees and shrubs. Parteros were planted with pears, apple trees, plums, cherries and nuts. Walking on them, it was possible to exult.
Already in 1760, Elizabeth took the search for the project of Rastrelli and inquired, were not stored in connection with him construction Materials? However, on the point and stopped.
Project restructuring of the Pokrovsky Palace. Main facade. F.-B. Rastrelli, 1752 B., Pen, Mascara, AKV. RGAD.
