The Neskuchnoye estate was located near the Kaluzhskaya outpost and covered the area from the Kaluga road to the Moskva River, where part of a high plateau and a deep, unsightly ravine with steep and gentle banks went out.
It was not easy for D.I. Ukhtomsky to transform this territory into a ceremonial residence, since the estate had a rather difficult relief for setting up a park.
The manor was built in the first half of the 1750s under the influence of the Baroque style, and later became an example of a Russian manor in the mid-18th century.
The Trubetskoy family - the last family of pre-Petrine Russia - was in close relations with the Romanovs. Nikita Yuryevich's aunt, Irina Grigorievna Naryshkina, is the second cousin of Peter I's mother. Her daughter, cousin of the owner of the estate, A.I. von Hesse-Homburg - wife of Louis-John-Wilhelm of Hesse-Homburg - heir to the German throne of the Land County.
The title page of the album of D.V. Ukhtomsky estate Neskuchnoye
The most vivid idea of how the architectural and park ensemble of the Trubetskoy estate looked like is given by some of the sheets of Ukhtomsky's album of 1753.
Perspective of the estate of N.Yu. Trubetskoy. From the album of D.V. Ukhtomsky
From the street there was a view of the estate, hidden behind a wooden fence, consisting of a balustrade, over which towered sculptures and vases of flowers. The entrance gate was decorated with wood carvings and paintings. In the niches of the pylons, shells and busts were located, and luxurious garlands were hung on the sides, which completed the baroque attire of the gate. There were guards at the gate.
Outside the gate is a regular garden. Green spaces taller than human height were divided into separate rooms - quarters - in the form of squares or rectangles.
The space of the garden was strictly organized: zones of greenery, main and economic pavilions, for example, a poultry house, were distinguished in it.
Through the entire park, from the gate to the main house, there was a central alley with trees, the crowns of which were trimmed in a spherical manner.
Several wooden gates in the regular part of the park led from one part to another. Also, a wooden gate was the entrance to the quarters. The statues located at the intersections of the alleys gave the garden solemnity and illusion.
Ukhtomsky adapted the ravine for a menagerie - a menagerie. The added gloss of regularity coexisted with the natural naturalness of the transformed relief. A stream flowed along the ravine, passing closer to the Moskva River into a cascading pond.
Between the house, surrounded by four symmetrically placed outbuildings, and the river, there was a labyrinth - a parterre and greenhouses.
The alley, which contained the main axis of the estate planning, led to the main entrance to the main two-story house. An elegant gate led to the front yard, similar to a triumphal arch, with carved figures and draperies.
The facade of the main house is richly decorated with a baroque pediment and sculptural decoration above the roof.
The main house of the Neskuchnoye estate.
The main house is a very typical example for the architecture of the middle of the 18th century. The first floor was decorated with a colonnade, and on the second floor the balcony was the most impressive. The roof of the main house was cut through with lucarnes, framed by curly platbands. The decoration used cartouches with shells and garlands that adorn the window frames. The pediment of the main house was decorated with reclining female figures and crowned with a crown. The cartouche contains the princely coat of arms, which was supported by the figures of cupids. The house was completed by a carved parapet with vases on pedestals.
The house for the valet was harmoniously combined with the main house - one of the service buildings of the courtier, also decorated with lucarnes and a balustrade.
A small guesthouse was located closer to the entrance, isolated by a park specifically for the owners to feel calm. Yes and main house stood at the back of the noisy road.
Also on the sidelines was a house of solitude - closed from prying eyes by the greenery of the quarter, in which, as the name suggests, the owner or his guests could retire.
There was a poultry yard in the park - an aviary for songbirds with an internal bypass gallery.
On the very bank of the Moskva River there was a gallery and a greenhouse.
And the whole prospect of the palace and park ensemble was closed by the Moskva River and the Novodevichy Monastery, which could be seen in the distance.
In 1791, the estate passed to P.N. Trubetskoy - from his son into the hands of Nikita Yuryevich's brother, Prince D.Yu. Trubetskoy.
In September of the same year, due to dilapidation, the main house, four outbuildings, exit gates, a gallery, three gazebos, a greenhouse and services were dismantled.
Only the so-called hunting lodge has survived to this day.
On the plan, this house is designated as "Gallery Standing on an Island". During its construction, the project was slightly modified, as a result of which the existing volume was formed. The house still stands on the edge of the cliff.
Hunting lodge
P.S. I also came across an interesting note that I had never met before, but it is, however, related to the Neskuchny Garden from the time of Nicholas I - a description of the church in the Alexandrinsky Palace:
“There is a Church in the upper part of the Palace. This is a small hall, illuminated from above by a matte cap, with three semicircular windows from the large ceremonial hall. Church of Saint Alexandra. The iconostasis is simple, wooden, with images without riz, but good Italian writing; on the cornice, above the altar, along the golden field, the inscriptions: “Your holy temple, Divin in truth, hear us, O God.” The image of the Savior is in the altar; there is also a cypress semi-round board on which, with remarkable artistry, the face of the Lord is depicted in oil paints Savaoѳa ".
Literature:
1. Monuments of Moscow architecture. Volume 6
2. Murzin-Gundorov V.V. - Architectural heritage of Russia. Dmitry Ukhtomsky
3. Architect Dmitry Vasilievich Ukhtomsky. 1719 -1774. Catalog
100 great sights of Moscow Myasnikov senior Alexander Leonidovich
Alexandria Palace in Neskuchny garden
Boring Garden. Oldest park located on the right bank of the Moskva River.
On this territory there is a manor, which was named the Alexandria Palace. But first, the palace was named Demidovsky.
Prokofiy Akinfievich Demidov was a representative of the second generation of a family of owners of mining plants in the Urals and Altai, was known in Moscow for his eccentricities and generous charitable activities. At his expense, Ivan Ivanovich Betskoy opened at Orphanage on the Moskvoretskaya embankment, Moscow's first Commercial Educational School, also known as the Demidov Merchant School.
Prokofiy Akinfievich became famous as the creator of a unique botanical garden, which he placed on the terraces of his estate in Neskuchny Garden. According to Prokofy Demidov's idea, the steep bank of the Moskva River became a construction site, where seven hundred workers in two years turned the hill into an amphitheater, convenient for arranging a marvelous garden, greenhouses and greenhouses. The owner's eccentric inventions also contributed to the popularity of the garden. For example, once instead of plaster copies of Roman statues, he placed peasants smeared with chalk on the flower beds, who called out to everyone who dared to pick a flower. The rumor about living statues stirred up Moscow, and people threw people into the garden.
On the basis of an all-consuming hobby for gardening, Demidov agreed with the famous botanist, academician Pallas. By order of the owner, he drew up a scientific description and a plan of the garden. The garden featured four thousand species of plants, most of which were exotic. In Demidov's garden, “herbalists” (herbaria) were compiled annually, which included numerous plants from his garden. These herbalists were supplied to "hunters and botanists".
Alexandria Palace in Neskuchny Garden
Counts Fyodor and Alexei Orlov, who consistently owned the same estate, received wealth, titles and orders for helping Empress Catherine II during the coup d'état in June 1762. Of great importance in their fate was the position at the court of the third brother, Gregory, who until 1775 was the favorite of the empress. After his resignation, both brothers retired from public affairs and settled in Moscow.
Fyodor Grigorievich Orlov - General-in-Chief, Chief Prosecutor of the ruling Senate, united several disparate areas on the banks of the Moskva River into one large estate and left it as a legacy to his niece Anna. For the time being, Anna's father, Alexei Grigorievich Orlov, was the guardian of the inheritance.
Alexey Grigorievich was a prominent statesman and military leader of the second half of the 18th century, the most gifted and energetic of the Orlov brothers. During the Russo-Turkish War, he led the overseas corps of Russian troops operating in the Balkans, and commanded a Mediterranean squadron. For the defeat of the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Chesme in 1770, he was awarded the prefix to the surname - Chesmensky. Later he kidnapped from Italy "Princess Tarakanova", who declared herself the daughter of Elizabeth Petrovna. He delivered the "princess" on a warship to the Peter and Paul Fortress.
Having retired, he glorified his name as the creator of the Russian horse breed - the Oryol trotters.
Not far from Neskuchny, on the Don Field, he set up a hippodrome, where all of Moscow flocked to watch trotting and horse racing, in winter the same thing happened on the ice of the Moskva River.
In the arena of Neskuchny Garden, horse races were constantly arranged for aristocratic youth. Under Alexei Grigorievich, several wooden arbors and two stone pavilions were built in the garden. For the first time in Neskuchny, by the order of the count, birch bark - birch bark was used as decoration for garden buildings.
The count not only did not refuse to walk in his garden to all visitors, but also cordially fulfilled his duty of hospitality. He gained fame as a hospitable master: on Sundays, from 150 to 300 people dined with him. He was the first to appreciate the gypsy singing and arranged a choir. He organized fistfights and personally participated in them. Therefore, it is with Orlov and with Neskuchny Sad that the birth of the expression "to go to Moscow to disperse melancholy" is sometimes associated.
Anna Alekseevna Orlova-Chesmenskaya, in her youth, gladly participated in her father's undertakings. She perfectly controlled the horse, rode in the arena, chopping off the heads of cardboard knights and pulling rings out of the wall. After the death of her father, she became very religious. She was engaged in charity work and the construction of temples. Only in the Voronezh province from 1813 to 1846, a dozen churches and a theological seminary were built at her expense. She invested the main funds from the sale of her estates in the Yuryevsky Monastery near Novgorod, next to which she lived until the end of her days.
Anna Alekseevna Orlova-Chesmenskaya and sold the estate to the emperor.
Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, wife of Nicholas I, received the suburban estate Neskuchnoye as a gift for the 25th wedding anniversary.
Under Emperor Nicholas I Pavlovich, the palace received the name of Alexandria, in honor of the empress, and was rebuilt. The palace has acquired a strict and official appearance: a classic three-story mansion with arched windows on the first floor.
The reconstruction was carried out according to the designs of the architects Evgraf Dmitrievich Tyurin and Ivan Lvovich Mironovsky. Both architects were supporters of the classical school and taught at the architectural school. In Neskuchny, Evgraf Dmitrievich gave a magnificent artistic decor to the arena hall, where Orlov once arranged horse races. In the 30s of the twentieth century, this room housed one of the oldest in Europe Mineralogical Museum, transported from the city on the Neva.
The Alexandria Palace became the center of the royal residence; a front alley led to it from the side of the gate. The front yard was decorated by the Freilinsky and Cavalier buildings, and a small guardhouse appeared nearby. From that time on, the Alexandria Palace remained the imperial residence.
Among the members of the royal family, the Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and his wife Elizaveta Fedorovna lived in the estate for the longest time. From 1891 to 1904, he was the Moscow governor-general. His work in organizing Moscow's economy and eradicating shortcomings was fruitful, but unusually harsh for Muscovites. The prince was killed by a bomb thrown into his carriage by a terrorist SR. His wife Elizaveta Fedorovna, sister of Empress Alexandra Fedorovna, after the death of her husband became the founder and abbess of the Martha-Mariinsky monastery, was shot in 1918 in Alapaevsk.
During the Soviet era, the palace was nationalized. The unique historical monument was turned into a museum, where the richest collection of exquisite furniture was collected. Then the museum workers were replaced by scientists, since in 1936 the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, now the Russian Academy of Sciences, which was transported from Leningrad, settled in the Alexandria Palace.
At the same time, a cast-iron fountain successfully fit into the ensemble. Previously, the fountain stood on Lubyanskaya Square, where it served as a water intake basin, into which drinking water was supplied from the Mytishchi water pipeline.
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Garage Museum of Contemporary Art is a place where people, ideas and art meet to create history! The Garage Museum was founded in 2008 by Daria Zhukova and Roman Abramovich and became the first private philanthropic institution in Russia, whose activities are aimed at the development and popularization of contemporary art and culture. One of the main missions of Garage Museum is to show that contemporary art is a space for dialogue and search for answers to many questions. It hosts exhibitions of leading Russian and foreign contemporary artists (such as Marina Abramovich, Raymond Pettibon, Mark Rothko, Viktor Pivovarov, Yayoi Kusama), educational programs for adults and children of different ages, as well as film screenings, concerts, performances and much more. Garage guides, drawing on the knowledge and experience of the best art historians and curators, open the world of contemporary art to visitors every day. The tour guides will gladly conduct excursions for you in Russian and English, as well as help the guide with consecutive translation from Russian into the language of the group. The history of the Museum has always been closely related to architecture. His first "home" was the famous Bakhmetyevsky bus depot in Moscow (after which Garage got its name) - a monument of constructivism, designed by the architect Konstantin Melnikov. In 2012, Garage moved to the very heart of the capital, Gorky Park, to a temporary pavilion designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Bana. In June 2015, the Museum opened its first permanent building on the territory of the Park, which previously housed the Vremena Goda restaurant, popular in the 1960s, which became the embodiment of the dream of ideal leisure for Soviet citizens. Today, a building restored worldwide famous architect Rem Koolhaas and his OMA bureau has become not just a museum, but also one of the city's main attractions, preserving many elements of its past. One of them is the mosaic that adorns the Atrium of the Museum and depicts a girl surrounded by autumn leaves. It is in the Atrium that every six months - in spring and autumn - a work of art created by the artists specially for Garage appears and is available for free visits. Called Garage Atrium Commissions, the project's rotating installations include works by Eric Bulatov, Louise Bourgeois, Rashid Johnson and Irina Korina. The Museum is open daily for you book store with the best selection books and magazines on Garage art and souvenirs made in Moscow (note the Made in Moscow label), including products created in collaboration with artists. There is a cozy cafe with original cuisine, a summer veranda and breakfasts that you can enjoy throughout the day. The heart of the institution and the platform for exhibition, publishing and research projects Garage is his collection - the world's largest archive on the history of Russian contemporary art dating back to the 1950s. The archive is available for Russian and foreign researchers, and its funds, numbering on this moment more than 400,000 storage units are constantly being replenished. In addition, in the building of the Educational Center of the Museum next to the Pionersky pond, the first in Russia public library on contemporary art. The Garage Museum also became the first museum in Russia to open an inclusive department and adapt exhibition and educational programs for visitors with various disabilities. All buildings of the Museum are equipped with ramps, and specialists of the inclusive department conduct excursions and special events for deaf and hard of hearing, blind and visually impaired visitors, as well as for people with intellectual disabilities. We do not know what your plans are, but we definitely have something to offer: exhibitions, lectures, meetings with experts, films under open air in great company, cocktails for fresh air, festivals, concerts of famous musicians, performances, discussions, walks in the park and much more. See you at Garage! Ticket price: 0- 300 rubles
August 29th, 2016, 06:10 pm
Neskuchny Sad is a landscape park on the banks of the Moskva River with an area of almost 60 hectares, which was formed from several noble estates that belonged to the Trubetskoy (in the south), the Golitsyn (in the center) and the Orlov (in the north). The owners knew a lot about gardening art and the area looked very picturesque. After the death of Count Alexei Orlov, Emperor Nicholas I bought up all the lands and presented this " little Versailles»To his wife, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna.
And this story began in the middle of the 18th century, when the Ural industrialist Prokopiy Demidov, who was not indifferent to botany, arranged bulk terraces on the shore and laid out a garden. It took almost two years to level the soil so that the garden descended to the water in ledges that had different widths and heights, but the same length of 95 fathoms. More than 2000 species of rare plants were selected especially for the Demidov Garden. Fruit trees were planted first, then shrubs and herbaceous plants. Palm trees and other thermophilic trees took root in stone greenhouses, pineapples and grapes were grown in soil sheds and greenhouses.
In 1756, Demidov turned to the authorities with a petition for permission to build the main building of the estate and this request was granted: "it is allowed to build according to the attached plan of the architect Yakovlev." The cast-iron fence of the courtyard was cast, of course, at the Demidov factories.
Alexandrinsky Palace. 1896: https://pastvu.com/p/69023
Later, this palace, after being rebuilt by the architect E. Tyurin, will become an imperial residence with the name of the Alexandrinsky Palace - in honor of the emperor's wife. In those years, the ensemble was supplemented with buildings for maids of honor and gentlemen, as well as a guardhouse. Sculptural compositions symbolizing abundance appeared on the gate in 1846 (sculptor Ivan Vitali).
Gates. 1910-1914: https://pastvu.com/p/51044
However, there are discrepancies in the dating and authorship of the sculptures. But the authorship of the current cast-iron fountain definitely belongs to Vitali, but it was installed in the estate only in 1936. And before that, the fountain had been decorating the water intake pool on Lubyanka Square for a hundred years.
Lubyanskaya square. 1907-1910: https://pastvu.com/p/25503
It is unusual that the entrance is guarded not by lions (as in many other estates), but by watchdogs.
Alexandrinsky Palace. 1880-1892: https://pastvu.com/p/99921 And this is a view from the Moskva River, here is another fountain with angels. The fountain, unfortunately, does not work and is surrounded by dense thickets of bushes.
Alexandrinsky Palace. 1880-1896: https://pastvu.com/p/99923 View of the flower garden from the windows of the palace.
When Procopius Demidov died, his exquisite garden began to fall into desolation. The subsequent renaissance of the estate is associated with the name of Count Alexei Orlov-Chesmensky, who had many adventures on the battlefields and at the imperial court. In the context of the plot, it is necessary to mention his passion for horse breeding, at his factories the Orlov trotter and Russian horse breeds were bred. It is not surprising that an equestrian arena appeared in the estate, now known as the Fersman Museum of Mineralogy.
Count Orlov was far from the only landowner on the steep Moskvoretsky banks, from the Crimean shaft to the village of Vorobyovo, the estates of the Yaguzhinsky, Shakhovsky, Zubov, Golitsyn were built. And in the history of Neskuchny Garden, a special place is occupied by Prince Nikita Trubetskoy, who organized balls and receptions for up to 500 guests on his estate. It is believed that the name "Neskuchnoye" was invented by Trubetskoy himself, giving a positive message to his parties. Dinner, dancing, cards, walks and games in nature were the obligatory program of these picnics.
But Alexander Golitsyn disposed of his territory for the benefit of the townspeople, building a hospital with the money bequeathed by Prince Dmitry Golitsyn. The Golitsyn hospital, which opened in 1802, received free treatment for representatives of all segments of the population, except for serfs - "both Russians and foreigners, of every gender, rank, religion and nationality."
Golitsyn hospital. 1929-1930: https://pastvu.com/p/49421 Golitsynskaya later became part of the complex of the First Gradskaya Hospital and has nothing to do with Neskuchny Garden itself.
In memory of the Golitsyn family, the name of the ponds in Gorky Park - Golitsynskie - remained.
Cast-iron fountain of the Batashov plant in the park
Despite the fact that in different eras a lot of buildings and pavilions were built in Neskuchny Garden, only a few have survived to this day. We present the oldest surviving buildings of Neskuchny Garden.
Summer (Tea) House of Count Orlov (1804-1806). Near the entrance, two beautiful cast-iron flower stands from the middle of the 19th century, decorated in the corners with the heads of strange creatures - like a lion's face, but with ram's horns, attract attention.
View from the opposite bank of the Moskva River
The hunting lodge was built in the middle of the 18th century on the edge of the Andreevsky ravine by the project of the architect D. Ukhtomsky, this is the only surviving building of the estate of Prince Trubetskoy. According to legend, from the house to the ravine led underground passage.
Hunting lodge. 1978: https://pastvu.com/p/18807
The bathhouse (Bathing) house, built at the end of the 18th century, is now a dismal sight and resembles a Soviet brick booth of a heating plant. But there were times when Emperor Alexander II bathed in his marble bath. The reason for the disastrous state of the house was the relatively recent fires.
Bathroom house. 1920-1922: https://pastvu.com/p/63966
In 1856, the architect P. Delsalle built a grotto in the park, which is named after the creator - the grotto of Delsal.
In the garden you can see three vintage bridge built of bricks and rough stones: Bolshoi Kamenny (Upper) led from the palace to the arena and two more smaller ones were thrown over a ravine and a now dried-up stream. They say that the lowest - Grotesque - bridge can bring family happiness to newlyweds, you just need to cross it holding hands.
Big Stone Bridge. 1970: https://pastvu.com/p/93585
Summer 2016, restoration of the Big Stone Bridge
Middle bridge before and after restoration
Grotesque bridge
Relatively not far from the new building of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, there is also the old building of the Presidium Russian Academy sciences. The official address of the building located in Neskuchny Garden is Leninsky Prospect, house 14. Scholars occupy the building of the Alexandria Palace (also known as Neskuchny Palace) in Neskuchny Garden.
Prokopiy Akinfievich Demidov is the eldest son of the largest Ural mining owner A.N. Demidova, the largest owner of mining enterprises. He founded the Moscow Commercial School in 1772, is known for his many thousands of donations to Moscow University and millions in contributions to the construction of the Moscow Orphanage, of which he was a member of the Board of Trustees. He was famous for his eccentricities, his contemporaries characterized him as a rude and independent person so much that he aroused the indignation of Catherine II, who spoke of him as a “daring chatterbox”. With enthusiasm he indulged in botany, collected a herbarium, transferred to Moscow University, wrote a study on bees, was very fond of songbirds.
Over the course of a number of years, Demidov acquired land in the name of his wife from several Moscow owners. In 1754, a courtyard with the house of F.I. Soymonov, a famous navigator and cartographer. This rounded off the plot, and the estate occupied the entire space lying between the "moat and the road that travel from the Church of the Reese-Position to the Moscow River." The petition of the nobleman P.A. Demidov and his wife Matryona Antipova "dated April 10, 1756 that they want to build" stone chambers ". There is also a resolution: "It is allowed to build according to the attached plan of the architect Yakovlev."
Demidov Neskuchny Palace, located on the banks of the Moskva River, is an architectural monument of the mid-18th century and perfectly represents the classical style. The palace had an enviable fate. During the life of the owner, it was filled with thousands of bird cages. All Moscow nobility went to admire such miracles. It was visited by painters, writers, statesmen, scientists ... After the death of the owner, at one time the palace belonged to the Orlovs. Later, the building, along with the land, was bought by Nicholas I and settled in it his wife, Alexandra Fedorovna (sometimes the palace was called Alexandria). After the revolution, the unique historical monument was turned into a museum. People came here to get acquainted with the richest collections of exquisite furniture. They say that Ilf and Petrov wrote their famous novel about the ill-fated chairs, not without a hint heard within these walls.
The lattice of the fence was made in the 50s of the 18th century at the Nizhniy Tagil plant of Demidov according to the project of F.S. Argunov. Cast iron doors are not assembled from separate parts, but cast in one piece.
During the time of Prokopy Demidov, the estate of the Neskuchny Palace was famous for its famous botanical garden. Demidov, carried away by collecting exotic plants, back in the 1740s. I asked my brother Gregory for layering and seeds from his Solikamsk garden. After the death of Grigory, Procopius transported the most interesting plants from the Ural collection to Moscow. The garden itself attracted the attention of visitors, access to it was open, and it was always filled with visitors. The owner's eccentric inventions also contributed to the popularity of the garden. For example, once instead of plaster copies of Roman statues, he placed peasants smeared with chalk on the flower beds, who called out to everyone who dared to pick a flower. The rumor about living statues stirred up Moscow, and people threw people into the garden. It was then that the name of the present place appeared - Neskuchny Sad.
