"Paradise of the earth, the name of which - Oreanda ..."
At the initiative of the graph, there were great work on the creation of plantations of the best European varieties of grapes, and in the royal possession - and a magnificent park, which received the status of the "Imperial Garden in the Oreand."
The foundation of this beautiful garden is connected with the names of Kambaj's famous gardeners and Botany, V. Ross and N. Gatvis, who was at the time at the time of the director of Nikitsky Garden. In 1838, the main gardener of the Oreandan estate was Runer, especially a lot to decorate the park: in Europe, seeds and seedlings of various exotic were acquired in Europe, and Reuner himself specially traveled to the Caucasus for collecting beautifully mixing and decorative plants.
Interestingly, the first managing estate was a chemist F.A. Desser, student of the famous Lavoise, who fled to Russia in the years of the French revolution.
From August to October 1837, Nicholas I took a large inspection trip to the Western and South provinces of Russia and the Transcaucasus, and at the invitation of Count M.S. Vorontsov to the route was included and visiting the South Coast.
In Crimea, he decided to go along with Empress Alexander Fedorovna and Zesarevich Alexander Nikolayevich. Everyone met at the end of August in Voznesensk, a small town-pier in the southern Bug. Alexandra Fedorovna arrived here from Moscow along with his daughter, the Great Prince Maria Nikolaevna, and the 19-year-old heir to the throne from Kharkov, one of the many cities with whom he was acquainted during his journey in Russia. From Voznesensk on the ship, they arrived in Sevastopol, and then in wheelchairs and riding drove through Bakhchisarai and Simferopol to the estate of Vorontsovaya "Massandra".
For the history of Yalta, on September 17, it became a significant date: On this day, Nicholas I with Empress Alexander Fedorovna and children, who had passed in Massandra, went on the consecration ceremony just rebuilt on the project of the architect Toricelli Church of John Zlatoust. Immediately after this event, the emperor commanded to provide the status of the county city began to grow up the South Bank village and gave an indication of Count M.S. Vorontsov and architect K.I. Eshliman make up the city plan.
At the same time, on September 17, after inspecting Yalta and visiting the estate of Count L.S. Pototsky "Livadia" their imperial majesty headed to Oreand. This is how the an eyewitness describes the arrival of the royal family there: "Arriving to the goal leading to the Oreandsky Park, the emperor stopped the horse and approached the Empress announced that he gives her Oreand. Empress, great princes and court ladies immediately went on top of a beautiful park. At the entrance to the estate had the happiness to be represented by the imperial name of the manager of the estate of the city of Asher and the gardener of the Englishman Ross. "Here is your manager," said the sovereign, turning to the Empress. "
On the same day, the construction of the architect F. Elson was examined by the architect: "House with the Tower" for guests, a greenhouse, house manager, gardener and winery. To the highest arrival was carefully repaired and a small "royal" house, in which, in 1825, Alexander I dined and dined with friends: covered the roof of the tiles, changed the ceiling, and the gallery was attached to the facade.
Alexandra Fedorovna was delighted with Oreanda, and Nikolai immediately decided to build a palace here for her.
The luxurious estate was one of the countless precious gifts, which Nikolai Pavlovich showered his spouse. In the memoirs of people who closely observed the life of the royal family, we find evidence that severe autocrats, despite the amourous adherents attributed to him, gently loved Alexander Fedorovna.
"Emperor Nicholas," Freilina A.F. Tyutchev, - Putal to his wife, this fragile, irresponsible and elegant creating, passionate and despotic adoration of strong nature to the substantial, the only ruler and the legislator of which he feels. For him, it was an adorable bird, which he kept locked in gold and decorated with precious stones<...>But whose wings he would have cut off if she wanted to escape from the gilded lattices of their cell. But in his magic dungeon, the bird did not even remember his wings. For the Empress, the fantastic world, which was surrounded by her worship of her almighty spouse, the world of magnificent palaces, luxury gardens, fun villas, the world of spectacles and enchanting balls filled the entire horizon, and she did not suspect that behind this horizon, for the diamonds and pearls, jewels, jewelry Flowers, silk, lace and brilliant baubles There is a real world, there is a beggar, ignorant, half-barbarian Russia, which would require from his head of the heart, activity and harsh energy of the sister of mercy, ready to come to the aid of its numerous needs. "
The famous French traveler and writer Marquis A. De-Kyustin: "Her state (i.e. Empress. - N.K., M.Z.) Loves, whether she loves, whether she lies, chained in bed with the disease, - he himself cares for her, spends the night of her bed, prepares like a nurse, she drinks. But barely recover, he again kills her unrest, festivities, journey. And only when a risk of life again appears, he refuses his intentions. Precautions that could prevent danger, the emperor does not allow: wife, children, servants, native, favorites - everything in Russia should spin in the imperial swirl, with a smile on the mouth, until the very death, everyone should until the last drop of blood obey the slightest thinking The Lord, it decides the fate of everyone. "
Often and for a long time, the Empress traveled for health amendment abroad, mainly in Palermo on Sicily. And when the royal couple was convinced that the climate of the South Core, his nature was not inferior to the famous European resorts of the Mediterranean, with the construction of the palace in the Crimea for summer holiday And the treatment of Alexandra Fedorovna decided not to slow down.
After visiting Oreanda Nikolai Pavlovich with his family further went to the so-called "Oreand Witt" where they were joined, and then until the end of September, I was located at M.S. and EK Vorontsova in Alupkinsky Palace. From Alupka, Alexander Fedorovna came to Oreanda twice: he chose together with the South Coast architect K.I. Ashliman place for the construction of the future palace and made long walks on horseback from its new estate.
A small random event of that time was forever imprinted in the title of the most majestic cliff in Oreand. On September 30, the Empress, together with Vorontsov, rose to the common northern slope to the top of Mount Udomand, set there a wooden cross and personally planted a laurel bush. Subsequently, this cross was replaced with pig-iron with special holes for the illumination device. The cross has long been no longer, but the name of the mountain is the cross - preserved to the present day.
Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Alexander Fedorovna turned through his brother, Prussian crown of Friedrich-Wilhelm, with the order for the Palace project in Oreanda to the famous K.F. Shinel. The Empress suggested to have a house like the Charlottenhof Palace, built by Zodkim in Potsdam in 1825-27. In the style of the Roman Villa, known by the description of Parley Jr..
Soon after Shinkel got a terrain in Berlin, met with a description of her climatic features and, in all likelihood, with watercolors N.G. Chernetov, he suggested a project in the style created by him, according to which the house of the empress would have already been a cozy "Roman villa", but a grandiose structure located on the top of the rock, reigning over the surrounding terrain. Eastern and Western facades of it with the counterphorts and strengthening the rocks had the kind of severe fortress walls. But attracted the luxury of the design of the huge plan inland yard With a swimming pool, fountains, a garden of subtropical plants surrounded by gallery with colonnade, decorated with mosaics of colored stones.
At the end of 1839, the project was already in St. Petersburg and caused the admiration of the royal family. But after a detailed discussion, it was politely abandoned from its implementation because of the enormous cost of construction (more than a million rubles with silver) and the complexity of its implementation in such a low-disabilitis then the edge like the South Coast. Schinel paid all his costs and generously thanked: on behalf of the Empress presented a diamond ring with its monogram.
The processing of the palace created by German architects was commissioned in 1840. Nikolai I, the famous St. Petersburg architect Andrei Ivanovich Shtakhenshneera, who, leaving the style proposed by his predecessor, first of all, led the wishes of the empress to have a small cozy villa: he almost 4.5 times reduced the construction area on Shinkel's project.
In the fall of 1841, the Shockenshneider, together with the Assistant architect A. Lange, arrived in the estate for exploring the terrain. In the first version of its project, he contributes a number of constructive changes, but the most important thing is that it decides to arrange the building not on the rock, but by the not far from its foot, in the park, which gave the opportunity to harmoniously combine his East and West facades with the surrounding landscape in portices, pavilion and pergolas. A year later, the new project was approved and appointed a construction commission.
The construction of the palace stretched for 10 years; There was even a long break in construction workah from 1847 to 1850 due to the "lack of money", as explained in the reports of the Commission.
The construction of the construction was carried out by the famous "Stone Affairs Master" Englishman V. Gount, who before it was erected in Alupka Palace of Graph MS. Vorontsov, and some time Odessa architect Cambagio. In early 1850, the architect K.I. is appointed by the head of the oleanda buildings. Eshliman. Upon it, work on the completion of the palace, the design of his interiors and the construction of official buildings was noticeably accelerated and, finally, in the fall of 1852 to the highest arrival in Crimea completely ended.
The magazine "Architectural Bulletin" so responded about the new Creation of A.I. Shockenshneera: "... Palace on South Bank The Crimean Peninsula is known for all the magnificence described by many in different newspapers and publications. It is built in Greek, Shinkelevsky style. Building in nature is a majestic look, resembling ancient Tauridu with its rich structures of Greek colonies. "
The view of the palace surrounded by exotic vegetation Park delighted the royal family who arrived in Oreand. After his consecration, all builders were adequately rewarded. This time the rest lasted for more than one and a half months.
The Oreanda Park was then an example of a brilliant creative fantasy of architects and gardeners. Imagine, reader, numerous, originally decorated pools, charming small waterfalls hiding in a thick green, or a fountain hitting a huge oak mellow - water to it was supposed to be so unnoticed that the full illusion of a natural spring was created; Finally, imagine small lanes - "Daniel" and noble deer, freely grazing on the lawns of the park. The vegetation was chosen so that individual corners of the park were represented by various areas of subtropics of the entire globe. And high above the park and the palace, on the edge of a cool cliff, steaming the crown of the snow-white Greek rotunda, built in 1842 - at the same time, when they started the construction of the palace.
A simple lifestyle of the royal family in Oreanda, walking around the neighborhoods and park, swimming in the sea, hunting in the mountain forest occasionally interrupted by visits to the Vorontsov Palace, visits to Yalta, Livadia. There was no place in the estate in the estate, so in the Orthodox holidays of the Nativity of the Virgin, the Exaltation of the Honest Cross and the day went to the John-Zlatousty Cathedral in Yalta. The king's visits were then a few nobles of Yalta, deputation of local residents - Greeks, Tatars, Karaimov. Frequent guest of the imperial couple was the Tauride Governor Count A.V. Adlerberg.
Before leaving Alexander Fedorovna, as if anticipating the near future, he dropped: "... This palace will be my vowy house." Premonition did not deceive it. Soon the Crimean War began, so informative for Russia. On February 18, 1855, Nicholas I died. Health Alexandra Fedorovna after the death of her husband deteriorated sharply, and she no longer came to their southern estate.
After her death on October 20, 1860, according to the will, Oreanda passed into the possession of the second son of Nicholas I c. kn. Konstantin Nikolayevich and up to 1894 died in the status of grand-road, and not royal estates.
The bright identity of the new owner of the Oreanda deserves that at least briefly stop at some moments of his life, so few even known to the wide circle of readers.
Admiral General in. kn. Konstantin Nikolaevich since childhood was intended for its parent for the marine service. The upbringing of the little "admiral" was introduced by the outstanding Russian navigator and Geographed F.P. Lytka, subsequently, who became the President of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and the Vice-Chairman of the Russian Geographical Society. The young Grand Duke showed uncommon ability to teach.
In 1855, during the Crimean War, who actually destroyed the Black Sea Fleet for many years, who had just entered the throne Alexander II instructed his brother the leadership of the Russian fleet as a maritime minister.
An outstanding lawyer, Academician A.F. Horses, giving an assessment of activities in. kn. Konstantin Nikolayevich for the benefit of the Fatherland, noted the main properties of his nature: a clear and turning mind, thirst for knowledge and inclinations to all come up to himself, - the properties that were protected from danger only within a major military specialist. "He was not capable of the role of an indifferent contemporance, and his lively susceptibility, sometimes even-impressed in nervous impressionability, forced him before many to understand the needs of the time and the nearest tasks of Russia after the Sevastopol pogrom. He not only souls surrendered to the conversion aspirations of his reigning brother, but<...> In a word and case, the Council and personal participation contributed to the successful transition of generous assumptions in practical implementation.<...> The ability to quickly grab the essential in each new phenomenon, or the question and clearly imagine his volume and the importance helped him very much. "
At the most difficult period of the struggle for the implementation of historical reforms of the 60-70s, Alexander II was based primarily on a small, but cohesive group of like-minded people from among the liberal nearest relatives, ministers and members of the State Council. Konstantin Nikolaevich headed this group: "With his first assistant in the peasant business," the emperor brother, whom he staged at the head of the "Standing Committee about the rural state" was called.
It is difficult to overestimate everything that this committee made for the Great Day on February 19, 1861, when Alexander II signed a manifesto on the abolition of serfdom. But in the diary of Konstantin Nikolayevich about this event, only a few lines: "They gathered to dinner in the winter, after which the prayer was prayer with wonderful prayers on the occasion of the appearance of the throne. After breakfast, everyone was separated, and I stayed to see how Sasha would sign a manifesto, and asked him to call it to this and Nice. There was also Maria. At first he read him loudly and, crossing him, signed, and I fell asleep with sand. Then during the day he signed all the "provisions", and the pen, which he used to serve, presented to Nix. From today, it began to be, begins new story, New era of Russia. God forbid that it was to the worst of her greatness. "
The magazine "Marine Collection", who came down under the auspices of the Grand Duke, belonged to the honor of widespread polarity in domestic press: he was boldly exposed all the ulcers and abuses, which was full of the country lying "vaguely, immovable" at the feet of a limited and self-supporting military and civilian bureaucracy. " And in its maritime department, Admiral General Konstantin Nikolayevich undertook a number of extremely important measures in which it was practically carried out that theoretically was developed on the pages of the Maritime Collection.
This is not a complete characteristic of the activities of the Grand Duke, who led the liberal movement in Russia for a number of years in Russia, an active conductor of the "revolution from above".
Live susceptibility, sometimes passed into nervous impressionability, which noted in Great Knyaz A.F. Horses, - qualities characteristic of artistic nature. And indeed, Konstantin Nikolayevich was known as a subtle connoisseur of graceful arts, architecture, literature, theater, music itself, perfectly owned by several musical instruments - cello, piano, organ. Musication along with outstanding virtuosos and composers of that time - KB Schubert, A.G. Rubinstein, M. Vavansky delivered to him "Increasing pleasure", performed the most difficult works of Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Mozart, Schubert.
The talented pianist was the spouse of Konstantin Nikolayevich, in. kn. Alexander Iosifovna, nee Princess Saxen-Altenburg.
In August 1861, after the inspection trip to Nikolaev and Sevastopol, Konstantin Nikolayevich could finally come to Oreanda for several days, which now became his own name.
"August 7. <...> At the gate on the pass (Baidars. - N.K., M.Z.) Wonderful spectacle of the sea. There have breakfast. Further on the south coast on the charming postal road. Sometimes it rains. I got to the wonderful sacraola. They came from the gate on foot, past Rotunda. Miracle, charm. Inspessing the house, bought in the sea. Then lunch and smoked on the terrace and walked under the lunar light.
8 August. In the morning I wrote a letter to Zhinka. Then bathed. At noon - through our adorable park in Livadia breakfast. Cute, but can not compare with the hareand. From there in wheelchairs through Yalta, Massandra, Magarach, Idanil in Jursuf. The house rested and drank wonderful wine. From there, the bottom roads riding back. Little stayed in the Nikitsky Garden. In Massandra sat in the crews and home already under the lunar light. Dinned and evening sat on the terrace. Charm.
August 9.. In the morning I was woken with the news of the arrival of the courier. Lying in bed began to read the letters of life, and what letters, I just melted! All morning disassembled brought papers. Then bathed. Little surf. I went to the shore, so I went to the surf through me. After breakfast examined the palace with all his adorable economic devices. Then the riding burned down the garden, Lazili on the rock, where the cross, and inspect all economic conditions and devices. You can arrange an excellent profitable estate from this. In the evening bathed again.
August 10. <...> At 3 o'clock went to the crew on the post office station to Mishor. There were riding, and through the estate Mishor on the seashore in Alupka. We saw the palace and bathed. Alupka is good, but the Oreanda is not suitable at the notes ...
11th August. <...> With the eye and Eshliman, the monetary side of the Oreanda was considered. Now economies are already possible, and over time, when there is a multiple winemaking, and suppressed. At 3 o'clock there were riding all the Oreand and the park, and part of Livadia, and the Oreand Dibica, and the mountainous part where the deceless plains were found. After this visit, I even more loved this wonderful Oreand.
12th of August. Absolutely, it remained only a decent sound and it was charm. At 9 o'clock with sadness, they said goodbye to the halo and went back ... "
Intense work on the management of the Russian fleet and the management of the committees for the implementation of reforms of his reigning brother did not allow Konstantin Nikolayevich to be in Oreanda, and each visit to South Coast became a joyful event. The owner of several magnificent estates, the Grand Duke chose the name of the most beloved of them for the surname, under which he often traveled in Europe Incognito: "Background of the Oreandsky, a landowner from Crimea, Russia," he presented in such cases in hotels.
More often came to the Crimea Alexander Iosifovna with children and the younger brothers Konstantin Nikolayevich - Great Princes Nikolay and Mikhail Nikolayevichi. During the highest arrival in Livadia, while the last landscaped, a retinue of Empress Mary Alexandrovna was placed in the Oreand Palace.
From the six children of Konstantin Nikolayevich and Alexandra Josephovna, the seal of bright talent was noted by their second son, Konstantin, who inherited the artistic abilities of his parents. In childhood and youth, he often came to Oreanda, and it was the beautiful nature of the South Coast that made it possible to reveal the outstanding poetic gift of the Grand Duke.
His poems that printed under the pseudonym "K. R. ", invariably attracted the attention of reading public with thin lyrism. Contemporaries saw in this new ascending star of Russian literature direct successor F.I. Tyutcheva, A.A. Feta and A.N. Maikova.
Biographers K.R. They considered the first test of his poetic dating a poem written in Oreand in May 1879. Therefore, it was usually the cycle of beautiful lyrical poems "off the coast" normally began in all collections of its works:
Waves raised,
Clear sky arch;
Shines month full
Over the water azure.Silver sea,
Breakly burning ...
So the joy of grief brightly illuminates.
However, attentive study of the diary of the Grand Prince for 1879 gave us the right to confidently assert that it was not that, and a completely different poem was the first essay of the twentieth-year-old Flegel Adjutant Konstantin Romanova. April-May will provide the rarest for world memoir literature the opportunity to trace the emergence of a special state of the soul, covering her delight, trepidation, - the fact that in the old days figuratively called the "Tombey of the Soul" - which precede a wonderful moment: the hand of the future poet takes the pen and captures on The paper is the first in life poems.
So, let's turn by May 12, 1879: "After breakfast<...> went to Alupka. Wonderful day. Roses all sorts there in full color, the garden is choking there from their drinking beauty. It was so good and wonderful that I became God to pray, and then I sat down under the arch of the big arch of the castle and began to look at the silent, vast sea.<...> And I wanted to compose poems yourself ... After lunch, I went on the covered terrace. Evening was quiet and warm; It has already been fatal. I continued my poems.
Here is the Ready Start:
When the sunset is observing the beam purple,
When a cloudless evening sky
In the depths of sea - transparent and azure -
As in smooth mirrors of the vast reflected ... "
The memory of the experienced in Alupka and Oreander, the happiness of poetic inspiration, sent to him by the beauty of the South Coast nature, K. R. carried through his life. Many years later, again visiting the Oreand, with which fate brought him for a long time and in which it had already changed so much, the poet returns to the unforgettable moments of May 1879:
I visited my native ashische -
Destroyed parent hearth
My last youth dwelling,
Where everyone reminds me of step
About days when soul is light and cleaner
Touching the first higher from the best
Poetry of Holy Inspirations
I survived the blissful moments.
But back to the owner of the estate, the Great Prince Konstantin Nikolayevich. 1881 was fatal for him. On March 1, Emperor Alexander II was killed in St. Petersburg. Emperor Alexander II was killed by an explosion of the bomb bomb. The era of liberal reforms ended with him, which were the country to the constitutional monarchy. With the new Emperor, the Grand Duke was not at the affairs, was removed almost from all positions. He was preserved only by the honorable, but not giving the real power of a member of the State Council.
And in the summer of the same year, a dramatic event occurred in Oreanda: due to the ridiculous accident on the night of August 7, the palace burned down. The fire began in the attic, and then, despite the desperate efforts of firefighters, covered the entire building. More than a year, the burned walls of the palace stood unemmit: the Grand Duke intended to first restore it, for which the drawings of A.I. requested from St. Petersburg Shockenshneera. However, soon I left this thought, as he himself explained, due to the lack of funds. The part of the burnt palace threatening part of the burnt palace was disassembled for construction work in the estate, and what remains - so reminded the ancient ruins that for many years he was a kind of decoration of the park.
Konstantin Nikolaevich decided to settle in the "imperial house", in which he lived during now frequent and long visitors to the southern estate (hence the renaming of the house in the "Admiralsky" - by the rank of its hosgered owner).
All cool summer of 1884, the Grand Duke spent in Oreand. In a letter to your near friend A.V. He wrote the head with bitterness: "Now I am so clearing from politics, from public affairs, what does not seem to me that I never participated in them, and that Konstantin Nikolaevich, which is talking about that he says that he I did something completely different person, but not at all ... ".
However, the memory of the merits of the nearest associate Alexander II was still fresh in contemporaries. On the day of his birth, on September 13, a survey of General Admiral came the squadron from Sevastopol, headed by the cruiser "Memory of Azov", his close friend came, former military minister Count D.A. Milyutin, Yalta urban head Baron A.L. Wrangel and many others whose warm words deeply touched the owner of the Oreanda: "Gathered to be all the faces simply, to bring me pleasure and show a good location to me, and, I confess that this consciousness was especially nice to me."
The energy of his active nature the Grand Duke now basically turns to charity, on the arrangement of the Oreand, increasing its profitability.
Little Aureandan vitrogen, although gave high quality wines, but in small quantities (about 500 buckets per year). They are usually implemented in the Richter store in St. Petersburg. The acquisition of the Upper Oreand with its beautiful vineyards made it possible to put winemaking on a wider leg. Square busy under the plantations of the vine was already now more than 22 tents, and in 1888, by order of Konstantin Nikolayevich, a new large vitrogen was built with various technical improvements.
Since the organization of the winery in the estate of "Oreand", several main winemakers changed. Basically it was foreigners - the French and the Germans. However, the greatest successes were achieved in a talented graduate of the Magarachi school, a wonderful practice-practitioner I.T. Plum. Wines, created under his leadership in the Oreand Vieta, won on the All-Russian agricultural exhibition in Kharkov in 1887, the highest awards.
... "Paradise of the earth, the name of which - Oreanda," Konstantin Nikolayevich called his estate with pride. In this paradise there was not only one - the house of the temple: the Crimean War, and then a sustainable death prevented the emperor Nikolai Pavlovich to carry out his construction.
In 1884, the Grand Duke decided to implement a long-time dream of a small church: "I received an adorable palace from the mother, it is no longer. I will never restore it. Let the temple of God be created from the residues. It seems to me that this thought is very decent, Mila and worthy of Mother's memory. "
Place for the construction of the Church Konstantin Nikolaevich chose himself: "The Lord God really encouraged me to start a good holy case," he wrote A.V. Head, reporting on the bookmark of the first stone in the base of the church on October 1, 1884.
Four other important issues were rapidly resolved - about the name of the temple and his architectural style. The Grand Duke wished the church to be built in the traditions of Caucasian-Byzantine architecture: in his opinion, this style was most suitable for small temples of the southern shore. A compilation project of the building took one of the best connoisseurs of the Byzantine style in Russia Academician A.A. Avdeev. The future church decided to devote to the beloved Orthodox holiday Konstantin Nikolayevich - the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, who noted on October 1.
Exactly one year after booking, the temple was solemnly consecrated in the presence of the very owner of the estate and his loved ones.
The ceremony of consecration of the Orthodox Church, which the Grand Prince first watched, struck him with the beauty and wisdom of ancient traditions. With delight, he describes the smallest details of more than a two-hour service and began after this holiday. A common great good deed combined the Grand Duke Romanov and simple workers: "I came directly from the church to a tent, which was broken a few steps from her in the oak grove. There was a treat for all our workers, more than 80 people. All of them were already standing in three long tables. I approached them, drank for their health and thanked for their hard work. They answered me loudly cheers. Immediately I kissed the excellent foreman Egor Medvedev, especially he was talked and pinned him on the chest in a pettice, a silver medal for diligence at Stanislav Ribe, which I managed to get to him. The same medal, but on the neck, in the morning I also gave Ducro Contractor in the morning. They were very pleased. "
According to admission, the Pokrovskaya Church has become one of the decorations of the southern shore. Konstantin Nikolayevich so wrote about her: "I have to confess that the church fully admires me with the grace and proportionality of all its forms, the entire ensemble. The style is descended perfectly, and it makes the impression, one can say archaic - with her elegant and noble simplicity.<...> The main beauty of the church, in my opinion, is the actual consent and nobility of all lines<...>. I absolutely admire, and all that have so far have seen it, share my opinion. "
The bell tower of the Pokrovsk Church was originally solved. Just as with a small temple of the Adoption of the Head of John the Forerunner, built in 1832 in the estate of the Vorontsov "Massandra", here adapted to the belfry old abdomen of Oak.
In the decoration of the church, outstanding architects and painters took part: Academicians D.I. Grimm, M.V. Vasilyev, Vice President of the Imperial Academy of Arts Prince G.G. Gagarin. The latter not only readily responded to the request of Konstantin Nikolayevich to complete the project of the Church in connection with the sustainable death of Avdeev, but he himself volunteered to write icons and make drawings for utensils.
Large crosses inserted into the outer walls, and the window frames in the drum of the dome from the White Carrara Marble were ordered by Konstantin Nikolayevich in Livorno.
But, perhaps, the mosaic icons and ornaments made by the famous Antonio Salvati became the most spectacular decoration of the temple.
After a month from the day of the consecration of the church from his workshops in Venice, the mosaic icons of the Savior and the Blessed Virgin Mary on the originals of the KN arrived. Gagarin. They were intended for the outdoor decoration of the walls of the temple. Mosaics led to the delight of the Oreand owner, he saw in them the top of the perfection of this beautiful type of art.
And soon A. Salviati received a personal invitation from Konstantin Nikolaevich to come to him in Oreanda to discuss orders for decorating the interior of the Pokrovskaya Church. Invitation was pleased with satisfaction, and in the spring of 1886, the famous Italian first arrived in Russia.
"On May 6, Salviat arrived in the evening," the Grand Duke wrote about this event. - It was very happy circumstance for me. All joining time went to conversations with him.<...> I hope that the results of these conversations with Salviati will be useful not only for me and for my Oreandan Church, but also for the whole of Russia and will make the original item in the history of its artistic development. "
In Oreand, Salviati received not only a large order for further work in the Pokrovskaya Church, but also enlisted the full support of the Grand Duke, one of the most influential persons in the empire, to propaganda in Russia the beautiful and affordable art of the ancient Visantine "Muscia".
Orenda admired all who were in her. Poets P.A. Vyazemsky and I.F. Annensky challenged it in wonderful poems, A N.A. Nekrasov wrote from Yalta in 1876: "The sea and the local nature conquer me and die. I go now every day, just often in Oreanda; This is the best that I have already seen ... ".
The church in Oreanda was subsequently mentioned by A.P. Chekhov in the story "Lady with a dog." The great writer chose this place near Yalta, where his heroes - Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna acutely felt the fabulousness of their nature, remembered the joy and higher purposes of human existence ...
In 1889, Konstantin Nikolaevich fell seriously, and his arrivals in the Crimea stopped. After his death on January 13, 1892, the Oreanda was transferred to the ownership of the younger son, c. kn. Dmitry Konstantinovich. In the absence of a new owner, the surveillance surveillance was carried out by Livadia.
In August 1894, shortly before the death in Livadia, Emperor Alexander III wished to purchase Oreand for the heir to the throne - in. kn. Nikolai Alexandrovich. More than 300 decishes of the Oreanda lands with a park, forest, church, all residential and economic buildings were then appreciated by the main department of 15 million 300 thousand rubles.
And although the estate became part of the Livadian-Massandrovskoye Specific Administration, further development It has not received. It was built on its outgrows a barracks and stables for the Vilen infantry, the 16th rifle. Emperor Alexander II and Kabardian regiments and the Crimean Tatar squadron, residential buildings for employees.
On autumn church holidays The entire royal family has come to pray to the temple of the Pokrov of the Virgin, and these days at the Master's rock of Oreanda raised the Tsarevich Alexei Standard. The emperor himself loved to spend alone many hours from the rocks of Oreanda, especially in stormy days, contemplating the element of the sea ...
Notes
Under this name, Oreanda appeared until 1836 even in official documents.
Famous Soviet archaeologist, geologist and historian L.V. Firsov in their fundamental study of Isarov - the medieval fortresses of the South coastal zone mountain Crimea - leads two probable interpretation of this mysterious word. One of them, associated with the Greek name of the mountain nymph-oread, seems to be the most successful for this romantic area. "High-wide relief of the surroundings of the Oreandy brand," the author writes, "the abundance of rocks and stone chaos, water-registered varnishes and deep beams between them - is it not enough to observe this place in this way?<... > Why not assume that in the imagination of the inhabitants of the fertile basin of her guardians should be friendly rations? "
Regarding the recognition made by Alexander a year to death: "Fame for Russia is pretty; do not need anymore; Mistor who wishes more. But when I think about how little is still done inside the state, then this thought falls on my heart as a decade of a grade. From this I'm tired. "
Changing the estate was finally decorated only in 1826 and already addressed to Emperor Nikolai I. For the Oreand, which was then existed, according to its plan, only 95 tents of 271 Sazhele, Kushelev-Bezborodko, paid 50 thousand rubles to the appliances.
The estate of the "Upper Oreanda" occupied a large land plot at the foot of the mountain of Ay-Nikola and bordered with the Tsarist "Orenda". It was purchased in 1825 by F. Relvoti Alexander I and was presented to his friend, head of the main headquarters of his imperial majesty Count I.I. Dibash-Barokalan.
Mikhail Semenovich Vorontsov performed these duties until the appointment of him in 1844 by the commander-in-chief troops and the governor in the Caucasus, after which the control of the activities of the administrator of the Imperial "Oreanda" was instructed by the Tauridious civilian governor.
. "Wedding with Russia" called Tsearevich's mentor Alexander Nikolayevich Poet V.A. Zhukovsky is unique in terms of range (20 thousand versts) and duration (from May 2 to December 12, 1837) a journey equal to which none of the Russian kings and great princes took up to that time. In the "instructions" - the instruction drawn up for Son Samulatically Nikolai Pavlovich, the main goal of a rich program of travel, the emperor defined simply: "... in detail to familiarize yourself with the state, over which you can definitely reign on." The heir to the throne was already in the Crimea in many cities of Northern and Central Russia, the Urals, and even to Tobolsk.
In March 1838, the Government of the Senate approved the decision of the emperor, and this year is considered the date of birth of Yalta as the city.
In it, in particular, in 1833-36. During the creative business trip to the south coast of the Crimea, a talented painter N. Chernets lived, imprinted the unique nature of the Oreanda in beautiful watercolors stored in the Hermitage collections.
Empress Alexander Fedorovna (1798-1860), daughter of the Prussian King Friedrich-Wilhelm. In marriage with c. kn. Nikolai Pavlovich, afterwards the emperor Nikolai I, from 1 (13) of July 1817.
The estate of Count I.O. Witta, General from infanteria, inspector of the South Military Cavalry settlements, Fanichilo with the "Oreanda" of the Count Dibic-Barokalkan and was located near one of the wonderful places of the Crimea - the Hacla Cayasy cliffs.
Sewing a little at the hospitable Vorontsov, Nicholas I went further to the Caucasus. Cesarevich spent it to Gelendzhik, after which he returned to the Crimea and continued his acquaintance with the Tavrician province, telling about his impressions in letters to his father.
Later, already in 1879, several reservoirs that repeat the outlines were added to them. southern Moreley. Russia.24. G.A. Gashenap, Vice-Admiral, Personal friend Konstantin Nikolaevich.
V. KN. Konstantin Konstantinovich, General Adjutant, in 1900-10. - Head, and from 1910 - General Inspector of military educational institutions. From 1889 he headed the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. A man of versatile interests and high morality, gifted poet, playwright, translator, musician, scientist, teacher, military, - the great prince has seen the meaning of his life, first of all, in serving the Motherland. For merit in elegant literature in 1900 was elected one of the nine first honorary academicians from representatives of literature and criticism.
But it was exactly that in this outstanding son of Russia "royal blood flowed", the reason for the complete oblivion of his name for many decades. Several generations of Soviet people, listening to the masterpieces of world vocal culture - the romance of Tchaikovsky and Glazunov "I dissolved the window", "Lilac", "re-cherry", "about the child, under the window of yours", did not know that the music to them the great composers composed on Poems K.R., and his poem of the "poor fellow" was based on the folk song of the same name, whose popularity could only be compared with the "Varyag's death"; reading the best translations into Russian Shakespeare and Goethe, published in Soviet times, we have not seen the name of their author; They did not know that the majestic cantathip, which in Moscow performed the choir at the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Pushkin, composed the Grand Prince Konstantin Romanov ...
Young Konstantin began a diary in 1870 and then almost without interruptions filled his pages to November 1913. Shortly before the death of K.R. He handed over to the notebook with records to the Academy of Sciences with the prohibition of their viewing for 90 years. Violating this testament, the Government Commission held in 1929 to clean the Academy of Sciences, made a diary of the proletarian community, and the "Red Archive" magazine published several passages from him, transmitting them to the preface, aged in the spirit of class consciousness: "Diary Konstantin Romanova is printed In extracts, since most of it is made up of recordings of various trifles. " A few years ago by Garf's staff Publication of the K.R. diary, unfortunately, also selective and started only with records of 1888.
Fully text of this poem is unknown, as K.R himself In the future, he never included him in his collections.
Golinov A.V. (1821-1886), biographer in. kn. Konstantin Nikolayevich. He began his career from a number of responsible posts in the Ministry of the Interior; Since 1848, he moved to the service in the maritime ministry and in 1859 he became Stattto Secretary at its imperial high grade. kn. Konstantine Nikolayevich. From 1862 to 1866 - Minister of Folk Enlightenment, then a member of the State Council. We carefully saved by him letters of the Grand Duke give now the opportunity to have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe views of the latter on art, literature, architecture, social life of Russia, etc.
Oreand of the late c. I.I. Dibica in 1863 was acquired as a result of a complex exchange for the Vasakar estate near St. Petersburg. Later, Oreand GR included in the composition of the Grand Peas. AND ABOUT. Witta, to that leased by Konstantin Nikolayevich at the heiress of the graph - in. kn. Elena Pavlovna. Comparing the 1830 interacted military maps from later, it can be noted that in addition to these acquisitions, the estate has expanded and through the purchase of the extensive land plot located above the Sevastopol highway of the Gaspinsky Tatar Mulla-Ali.
The basement has been preserved and is now included in the combination of Massandra.
Plum Ivan Trofimovich (1856-19 ..), from the peasants of the Poltava province, brought up a stateless scholarship in the Umansky School of Agriculture and Gardening. By order of the Minister of State Protection in 1876, it was sent to study the winemaking to the southern coast of Crimea to the Magarachian school, from where, on the recommendation of the Director of the Nikitsky Garden in 1879 he entered the winery in the estimate of his imperial highness. kn. Konstantin Nikolayevich.
In the justice of this assessment given by a subtle connoisseur and an expert on art, you can make sure that looking at what is left now from the Pokrovsk Church. Surrounded by closely approaching the economic buildings of the elite sanatorium "Lower Oreanda", disfigured by barbaric use under storage facilities, it, despite this, still attracts attention to the grace of forms.
Salviati Antonio (1816-1890), Italian Mosaicist. Received legal education in the Paduan and Vienna Universities, worked as a lawyer. Having become acquainted with the old mosaics in Rome, it was conceived to resurrect this art, once flourishing in Venice, then declining and finally forgotten. In 1860, they were open to about. Murano, near Venice, a mosaic factory, which carried out major work for churches and public buildings with technical techniques of vintage mosaicists, only simplified and improved due to the newest discovery Chemistry and physics. Salviat factory soon became known in all of Europe excellent and relatively cheap work.<...> Subsequently, Salviati expanded the initial task of the factory and founded in it, along with the manufacture of smalt, the production of art glass into imitation of products, which Venice was famous in the XVI-XVII centuries.
Contemporaries are no longer given to admire the main picture of the temple - the way the Intercession of the Virgin: most of it is broken and destroyed, in the same condition and many other icons. Earlier, the church was decorated with 8 large panels, 45 icons and ornamentation of the dome, drum, sails, arched arches, made by mosaicists of the firm of Salviati. In the dome and sails, the images of the Savior (the rarest image, that is the Savior without a beard), the eight apostles, four evangelists, eight angels and an excellent Byzantine ornament remained miraculously. And on the western wall of the temple partially survived two panels - "Christmas" and "Resurrection of Christ", which can give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe art of masters who worked under the leadership of Antonio Salvati.
The main management of the devices - until 1917, one of the main departments of the Ministry of the Imperial Court and Ducks. His jurisdiction was the property of the imperial family (land ownership, estates, forests, mines, factories, etc.), which was paid to all its members. Initially, entitled "Department of Dutters" was an independent institution organized by Paul I decree in 1797. Then in 1852, the Department of Details, together with his office of his imperial Majesty, was transformed into the Ministry of West, and four years later finally transferred to the subordination of the Ministry of the Imperial Court and Dutch. In 1893, the Department was renamed the Main Department of Details. Therefore, the reader will meet in the text exactly the name of this institution, which corresponds to a specific period of the history of the South Coastal estates of Romanov.
The question of recovery in the Oreand of the Palace, erected by the project A.I. Shockenshneera, apparently, was discussed in the royal family in 1909, before making a final decision on new construction in Livadia. This is evidenced by the fact that Nicholas II asked the head of the office of the Ministry of the Imperial Yard of General A.A. Mosiolov to present him a certificate on the construction history in Oreanda, about the location of the drawings of Shinel and the Shockenshneera, etc. Such a certificate (albeit with a number of inaccuracies) was then the famous Crimean Regional and Historian for him, Engineer-builder General A.L. Beatier dedrad. But from the recovery of the palace for some reason refused.
Walking in Livadia, came to the royal path and, without even suspecting this, repeated the path of Niki and Alex in the distant 1894, when they went to the temple in the Lower Oreanda love of the last Russian emperor. Then, already as the emperor and the empress, they often walked here.
The only difference was in 1894 purposefully walked to the church, and I had passed past the Lower Oreanda, but when I saw the temple, turned back and then in the catches, then on the road, then by disguised stairs, I got to the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin.Although the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built only in 1885, but he has an entertaining background.
The policy of Russian emperors in relation to Christians of the Crimea was incomprehensible. The Greeks, the impact of the century living in the Crimea and survived many conquerors, together with other Christians brought out of the Crimea in 1778 and settled in the Azov region. Together with the Greeks, there were Armenians, Georgians, Bulgarians and Valahs among the immigrants. A total of 31386 Christians were deported. I, being in Rhodes, met one such a long-time descendant of these Greeks, who lived in Mariupol.
When in 1783, Crimea joined Russia, did not return the Greeks from the delivery. At the same time, the Russian government was interested in the full time and economic development of new territories. Instead of Christians who previously lived in the Crimea, began to encourage and call for the resettlement of the Greeks of Continental Greece and the Islands of the Archipelago. And not only the Greeks, the former Orthodox, but even Catholics and Protestants from various countries of Europe. Until now, Protestant and Catholic temples are found in Crimea.
From the resettled Greeks in 1789, the Balaclava infantry battalion was formed, which guarded the coast from Sevastopol to Feodosia. In 1809-1831, his commander was Feodosius Dmitrievich Reveliotic, a leader of the Greek national liberation movement against Turkish Iga, who became the general of the Russian army. The regiment guarded the southern coast of the Crimea. An enterprising Greek, apparently he was a descendant of a cunning odyssey, bought a lot of land in the area of \u200b\u200bMukhalatti, Kukoy-Koy, Kekenezia, Simeiza, Alupka, Oreands, Livadia. FD Relvotis began selling his lands only when, in connection with the upcoming construction of the road Simferopol - Yalta - Sevastopol prices for them rose sharply.
Representatives of the noble elite of the Russian Empire became interested in the lands of the southern shore of the Crimea. Lower Oreanda bought from Revelius on October 29, 1823, Count Alexander Grigorievich Koshelov-Bezborodko (1800 - 1855).
In October 1825, at the invitation of the Novorossiysk Governor General Graph M.S. Vorontsov in the estate of Vorontsov in Alupka visited Emperor Alexander First. During this visit, Russian autocrats visited Oreand and even spent over there in the Tatar house. The emperor prone to mysticism wanted to build a house for privacy in these wild and picturesque places. Count Koshelev-Bezborodko promised to transfer to the Emperor Alexander Alexander. But a documented deal had to make out already Nikolai first because of the death of his brother Alexander. This event occurred on April 26, 1826. So the first imperial estate appeared on the southern coast of the Crimea, only it was not interested in Nikolai first, for 10 years the emperor did not happen there, the surveillance of the Orenda was carried out by Count M.S. Vorontsov. But when Nikolai first decided to give the estate of his wife Empress Alexander Fedorovna, he came to the Lower Oreand, along with his family and a numerous retinue in 1837.In the center of the century, Alexander Fedorovna (1798 -1860) and Nikolai First (1796 -1855). Frame photo of parents Children: Alexander (1818-1881), Maria (1819-1876), Olga (1822-1892), Alexandra (1825 -1844), Konstantin (1827-1892), Mikhail (1831-1891) -1909).
Alexander Födorovna (nee princess Freediga Louise Charlotte Vilhegelmin Prusskaya) was the daughter of Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III. Therefore, it was responsible for the gift, deciding to build a palace for living. The project of the palace, she ordered Karla Friedrich Shinel (1781 - 1841), the German architect, which built many excellent buildings in Prussia. The project really liked it, but calculating the estimated construction costs, politely agrees with him, generously giving goodbye. Without postponing things in a long box, the project was ordered to another architect, for this time from St. Petersburg, Andrei Ivanovich Shockenshneider (1802 - 1865). This project was approved by Nikolai second in 1842 and construction started for 10 years. The supervisory architects were Ludwig Valentinovich Cambagio (1810-1870) and we are already familiar to Eshlims Karl Ivanovich (1808-1893). And by the stone works, England William Gunt was headed, before that he participated in the construction of the Vorontsov Palace in Alupka.
In 1852, the royal family visited Oreandu, in which the handsome palace rummaged.
It was the last visit to the estate for Nikolai First and Alexandra Fedorovna. Before his death, a widowed Empress woman took away the estate of his older son to Emperor Alexander the second, and the second son is the great prince Konstantin Nikolayevich. In Oreand, the Grand Duke was rarely driving, but his estate was proud. When he traveled incognito, hiding his belonging to the imperial surname, it was presented as Konstantin Nikolaevich von Oreandsky, the Crimean landowner.But the family regularly happened in the Crimean estate, Konstantin Nikolayevich's wife, Great Princess Alexander Iosifovna, often rested here, Nee Alexander Saxen-Altenburg (1830-1911), with children, they had six: four boys and two girls, one of the girls Olga Konstantinovna will be the Greek Queen. The difference between the older and the youngest child was 12 years old.
Together with the family Konstantin Nikolayevich came to rest his younger brothers Great Princes Nikolai Nikolayevich and Mikhail Nikolaevich came to rest.Interestingly, those who wanted themselves in the estate. So in 1867, the famous American writer Mark Twain was visited here (1835-1910). In his book "Space abroad" he is inherent in the estate: "It is charming. The beautiful palace is overshadowing the mighty trees of an old park, spreading among the picturesque rocks and hills ... The palace is built in the style of the best samples of Greek architecture, the magnificent colonnade covers the courtyard. , mated by rare fragrant flowers, and in the middle beats the fountain - it refreshes hot summer air. "
When a fire began on August 7, 1881, the Grand Duke was in the estate. The fire lasted at night and the next morning. Most of the furniture managed to save, including a favorite prince piano. The palace was decided not to restore, partially it ruins were dismantled and it was possible to think that it was antique ruinspreserved from the ancient Greeks.
In a new place. In oaks, the prince decided to build a temple in memory of his mother. The selected style, he described as Georgian-Byzantine, and the project ordered Alexey Andreevich Avdeev (1819-1885), which implemented many projects in the south of Russia, including in the Crimea. One of the most famous projects is the Vladimir Cathedral in Sevastopol. Adjusted and finally completed the project of the temple for the Oreand after the death of Avdeev, the former Vice-President of the Imperial Academy of Arts, the Connoisseur of Byzantine Art and Church Painting Prince Grigori Grigorievich Gagarin (1810-1893).
First, Konstantin Nikolayevich wanted to consecrate the temple in honor of the Blessed Trinity, but then changed his decision and the temple was dedicated to the Pokrov to the Blessed Virgin Mary.
By order of Konstantin Nikolayevich, starting from May 2, 1885, the Yalta photographer Fedor Pavlovich Orlov was periodically a photograph of construction. F.P. Oorlov (1844 - died after 1906), merchant II Guild. Seriously fond of photodel, often carried out orders of the royal family to create albums with the views of the Crimea. Thanks to him, we can see how the temple was erected.
Collage of "Construction of the Temple in the Lower Oreand" (Photos F.P. Orlov) in the center: Built temple (1886) at the edges of the construction steps: 1). The fellow of 1885. Fundament of the Temple; 2). Orprel 1885. The construction of the walls of the temple; 3). Iyun 1885. Construction of the arches and architects of the temple; 4). 19 August 1885 Exaltation of the Cross to the Temple Dome; 5). September 1885 Exterior Finishing of the Dome of the Temple.
Now there is a bells near the temple, which appeared in 2001,
And when the temple was built, then five bells were located on the oak, which was still preserved. Part of his crown can be seen in the photo on the left.Mosaic in the temple was made by Venetian Antonio Salvati (1816 - 1890).
True, part of it was destroyed in Soviet times. Mosaic icons of his work are not only inside, but also outside. The image of the Savior is installed above the central western doors, a waist image of the image of the cover of the Most Holy Virgin is placed under the rod of the roof.Very beautiful Altar of the Church,
And behind him is the multifigure composition of the "Pokrov of the Most Holy Virgin", which has survived since 1886.In the temple you can take pictures, especially if you make a small donation. The temple resembles a cross, inscribed in a rectangle.
After the death of Konstantin Nikolaevich, the temple contained his sons - the great princes Konstantin Konstantinovich (1858 -1915), General, President of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the poet, known under the pseudonym K.R., and Dmitry Konstantinovich (1860 -1919), commander
leib Guard of the Connon Grenadier Regiment.
On the side of the church is Bust John Kronstadsky.
It is established in honor of the fact that in the fall of 1894 in the Pokrovsk Church several times served by the Holy Righteous John Kronstadt, who arrived at the Emperor to Emperor Alexander III.In 1924, the temple was closed, in 1926 he was transferred to the sanatorium and excursions began to drive. In 1927, after the Crimean earthquake, cracks appeared in the walls of the building and they wanted to demolish, but something did not work out. Until the end of the Great Patriotic War, the temple stood closed, then workshops replaced by warehouses appeared in it. In the church yard, the autobaza is located, existing so far, only an iron fence was burned out from each other autobasis and the temple. In the sixties of the last century again, they wanted to demolish the temple and again the temple passed the bowl of this. In 1992, the church was transferred to believers,
the abbot of the temple was appointed Archpriest Nikolai Donenko.Here I loved to be A.P.chekhov. Heroes of his story "Dama with a dog" Dr. Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna "in Oreanda sat on the bench, not far from the church, looked down on the sea and silent. Yalta was barely visible through the morning mist, on the tops of the mountains stood white clouds. The foliage did not move In the trees, shouted the cicadas, and the one-shot, deaf noise of the sea, who came from the bottom, spoke about the rest, about the eternal dream, which it expects us. So noisily, when there was no Yalta, no Oreand, now there is noise and will noise the same Indifferently and deaf when we are not. And in this constancy, in full indifference to the life and death of each of us lies, perhaps, the guarantee of our eternal salvation, the continuous movement of life on earth, continuous perfection. "
I also visited where the characters of the story were sitting. I met a couple of our time sitting on benches looking at the sea and drinking brandy. Therefore, from photographing benches I had to refuse, in order not to embarrass the resting couple. But the view from the Oreander took a picture.
❤ Began to sell air tickets! 🤷
Oreanda - the village of Urban Type of South Coast of Crimea, which is five kilometers from Yalta on the Black Sea coast. The resort of Oreanda in Crimea enters the conglomerate Big Yalta. The first mention of Oreand is referred to 1360. The name of Oreanda translated from Greek means "rocky". Upper Oreanda rises above Sevastopol highway T 2709 (upper highway). The main part of the resort of Oreanda is located on the coast of the Black Sea and is called Lower Oreand. From Livadia to the resort of Oreanda, you can get along the Yalta Aluppet (Lower Highway).
The cliffs of the rocks of the mastt and the crusader rock give the resort of Oreand a little gravity. The rag of the rocks in combination with the thick greens of the Park "Lower Oreanda", which is a monument of garden-park art and takes 42 hectares, attracts an increasing number of tourists in the south coast of Crimea in Oreanda.
The unique natural landscape and a man-made beauty in the form of the buildings of the "Lower Oreanda" sanatorium and the Glicinia pension, located at the construction of the USSR State District from 1956 to 1989, fascinates all the guests of the resort of Oreanda. The air in Oreand is hydrated by the aroma of juniper, sage and needles. Oreanda is the most picturesque place of Big Yalta between Gaspra (Cape Ai-Todor) and Livadia, which preserved a rare silence on the Black Sea coast. From the Livadia Park through Oreanda to Gaspra, you can even walk on a relatively smooth above sea level " Solar trail", Which is used for therapeutic walk. In 1861, the solar trail tied the two-owned imperial family of Romanov residences, so she received another name "Tsarskaya". "Sun trail" passes by the snow-white columns Arbor-Rotonda (1843), from where the panorama of the resort of Oreanda from Amphitheater opens Crimean Gor And the infinite turquoise gave the Black Sea. Tsarist Rotunda in Oreanda is a stone arc of eight doric eight meter columns. In Oreand, there is another trail - Kurchatovskaya, which begins at the rotunda and goes up the slope of the ah-nikola. Splitting into two gray blocks of rock Mastovy from the sea coast is unique in the grotto, where archaeologists discovered the parking of primitive people.
History of the manor of Oreanda.
The history of Oreanda is closely connected with the imperial past of Russia and the Romanov dynasty. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Oreanda land was acquired for Emperor Alexander I (1825). King Nicholas I presented the estate of Oreand my wife Alexander Fedorovna. A luxurious Park in Oreanda began to form for another 30 years of the 19th century under the leadership of V. Ross in the style of the English Garden.
Among the landscape of the Oreanda, a sheer natural landmark is highlighted - the stone commander of Udaanda. In 1837, during the first visit to his estate at 176 meter vertices, the Russian Empress Alexander Fedorovna Romanov was ordered to install a wooden cross, later replaced by cast iron. Since then, this rock is called the crosst. The royal couple in 1843 ordered its palace in Oreanda. It was Oreanda that became the owner of the first tsarist palace on the southern coast of Crimea, which was built by 1852 in the style of Roman villas. The estate of Oreand inherited the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich Romanov, who owned it for more than 30 years. During the fire on August 8, 1881, the palace burned down. After the fire, the prince moved to the admiral house. During residence in Oreand, the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich requested the architect A.A. Avdeev to develop a project of the Georgian-Byzantine temple. Temple of the Intercession of the Most Holy Virgin It was built by 1886 and today is the decoration of the resort of Oreanda. In 2002, a new belfry was established. Only at the end of 1948 on the ruins of the burnt palace of the family of Nikolai I in the park area, the construction of the main building was launched sanatorium "Lower Oreanda" According to the project of architect M.Ya. Ginzburg. From the imperial estate of Oreand from 50 buildings there was nothing left. In addition to the Admiral house, the temple of the cover of the Most Holy Virgin and Rotonda from the White Columns on the sunny trail. The Pokrovsky temple at the Admiral house is unique with an open outdoor gallery with thin columns and internal frescoes of the cathedral.
Sanatoriums of Oreanda.
The resort of Oreanda in the Crimea has two best objects of vacationers: Sanatorium "Lower Oreand" and the Glicinia Pension coastline. Pension "Veteran" works in Oreand since 1950. Sanatorium "Lower Oreanda" is a year-round health resort of a general metering profile. Three housings of the care of white islands are at the foot of the hills of the ahola and the cliffs of white. In the park of Lower Oreanda, more than 100 plant species, Libyan cedar, bamboo grove and 300 year old plane in the central part of the garden are growing. Sanatorium Park decorates the source and windows with mineral water.
Sanatorium "Lower Oreanda" is an architectural decoration of the modern resort of Oreanda. On the bottom road, you can get to the equipped "Golden Beach" - the best 400 meter natural beach from the seed of small pebbles by the resort of Oreanda.
The attraction of Oreanda is " Temple of the road" The church of St. ArchReart Mikhail in Upper Oreand (the Temple of the Road) was built in 2006 near the Yalta-Sevastopol motorway at the foot of the Ay-Nicola mountain on the project of the Yalta architect V. Bondarenko. The singing of the church male choir is impressive thanks to natural acoustics. Overflows of the temple belfry in the echoes of the mountains and the road itself leads travelers to the walls of a beautiful church in Upper Oreander. The church of the Holy ArchReart Mikhail on the steep slopes of the mountain Ay-Nikola is a five-chapted structure with gilded semicircular domes. The front of the landscape of the temple has become a round white arbor, decorated with a gilded dome with the statue of Archangel Mikhail.
In the vicinity of Oreanda, the Soviet adventure films "Treasure Island", "Dr. Aibolit" (1938), "Sea Hunter", "Children of Captain Grant". In Oreand, 20 hectares of vineyards are broken. Massandra Massandra's wine shop produces in the village of Herez "Oreanda" in the village.
Rest in the resort of Oreanda to Crimea will give you the purity of the Black Sea, the freshness of the sea breeze, the charge of cheerfulness and health, the silence of the park, and will also remember the impressions of the unique charm of the mountain landscapes and unique architectural monuments.
The original is taken by W. deadokey. In the Oreanda Manor (Lower Oreanda), Crimea, Big Yalta (part 1)
In Oreand, the first royal palace was built on the southern coast of Crimea. After 30 years, the palace burned down. Oreanda owner Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich from the stones left after a fire built the temple of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The appearance of the Church is inspired by the architecture of Georgian churches of the XI-XIII centuries, it is built in the Georgian-Byzantine style. The dome of the Pokrovskaya Church decorates very rare in the iconography image of the Savior without beard (on the title photo). Mosaic icons and ornaments are made by the famous Venetian master Antonio Salvati.
The temple in Oreand visited A.P. Chekhov. Heroes of his story "Lady with a dog" - Gurov and Anna Sergeevna - here reflected on eternity and about life. "In Oreanda sat on the bench, not far from the church, looked down on the sea and silent ..."
Manor Oreanda (Lower Oreanda, Crimea). Part 1. Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin ..
Manor Oreanda (Lower Oreanda, Crimea). Part 2. Sanatorium Lower Oreand.
2. The church is not on the territory of the sanatorium "Lower Oreanda", so the entrance is free.
The history of the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary began long before her appearance. In 1818 and 1825, the Russian emperor Alexander I was visited on the southern coast. He liked the lands of the Oreanda, here he wanted to rest from the difficult burden of power and was going to build a palace for his wife Elizabeth Alekseevna, who often sick and the winter was forced to spend in the south. But, having witnessed, Alexander I suddenly died. Oreanda became the estate of the new Emperor Nikolai I, who presented it with his wife Empress Alexander Fedorovna.
The royal family first visited Oreand in September 1837, while it was decided to build a Palace in the style of Roman villas here. Perhaps the only thing was not enough here - this is the temple, so the servant traveled through the royal trail to the Livadia Cross Church.
3. In the Oreandan Church on October 13, 1894, he served the Holy Righteous John Krondatatsky lunch, and on October 17, he served in the morning and Liturgy, he went to the Livadia Palace with the Holy Gifts to the Livadia Palace, where Alexander III was sick.
4. In the background bells of the temple.
After the death of Emperor Nikolai I, the estate passed into the inheritance of his second son to the Grand Prince Konstantin Nikolayevich (1827-1892), he owned them more than 30 years. The Grand Prince loved these places very much. "Paradise of the earth, the name of which - Oreanda," he said. But the participation in state affairs - the Grand Duke ruled the Maritime Office of Russia, helped to carry out liberal reforms - did not allow to be able to be in the Crimean estate. His wife and children gladly spent the summer months here. The tragic death of Emperor Alexander II in 1881 was reflected in Konstantin Nikolayevich's career: rightfully serving two emperors - father and brother, "the Grand Duke was not at the new monarch. It would seem that here is a great opportunity to make an old desire: settle in Oreand.
But in 1882 the palace burned down, as was established, "due to careless handling of clerks of children of yard employees." The restoration of the palace required a large amount of money, which the Grand Prince did not have. The Grand Duke moved to a modest imperial house, which was called admiral from that time. I feel sad from his lines: "From the mother I received a beautiful palace, it is no longer, I will never restore it in a state. Let the temple of God be created from the remnants of it. "
The Grand Duke himself chose a place for the future temple. During the solemn bookmark of the Church, at the base of her foundation, placed a table with the text: "In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit: the diligence and jealous of the owner of the Oriland of his imperial highness of the Sovereign of the Grand Prince Konstantin Nikolayevich is being built by the temple of this in memory of the holiday of the Pokrov, the Holy Mother of God. April, 31 days 1884 in the summer of III PC. Amen".
The name for the future temple the Grand Prince also chose himself. At first, he wished to consecrate the temple in honor of the Blessed Trinity, but since he rarely visited the Crimea at the beginning of summer, when the day of St. Pentecost is celebrated, he decided to devote him to his beloved autumn holiday - the intercession of the Blessed Virgin. This holiday was established in the memory of the vision of the Holy Andrei of Our Lady in the Varhranian temple in Constantinople.
The Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich was a comprehensively educated person, a connoisseur of graceful arts, literature, music. The prince was well understood and in architecture. The temple he conceived to build in the Georgian-Byzantine style, which, in his opinion, most of all came to the harsh, rocky terrain of the Oreanda. For the construction of the temple, he invited the best specialists. The project developed a well-known architect A.A. Avdeev (1819-1885).
5. At the time of construction, the dome was married the four-pointed Byzantine bronze-gilded openwork cross.
6. View of Yalta.
7. Livadia Palace.
8. Yalta.
Initially, the temple was assumed to build on the very cliff on which the architect K.F. Shinel intended to build a palace for Empress Alexandra Fedorovna in 1840, and later there was a house manager by the estate "Oreanda". The rock was extremely picturesque and high, and the temple would dominate over the whole harenda: it would be seen from all sides. But this thought had to refuse. First, Konstantin Nikolayevich's blinking and blinker were nearby, and it was somehow indecent in the neighborhood with such institutions to build a temple; Secondly, located so high, the temple would be difficult to access. Therefore, the Grand Duke decided to build a temple near his admiral house.
It was one of the most beautiful places in the estate with a wonderful view of the sea, Yalta, Ai-Todor. There were mighty low-end century oaks, on the largest of them from the south-east side it was decided to make the original bell tower. To orient the apse of the temple strictly east, it was necessary to cut several trees. But the Grand Duke wished to preserve the powerful giants, so the altar of the temple in Oreand will turn a little southeast.
For the construction of the church, the stones were used from which the palace was complicated. On May 2, 1885, by order of Konstantin Nikolayevich, the first photo of the construction of construction was made, then new pictures were made every month. By June 8, the walls were raised to the height of the eaves and six outdoor crosses are inserted. By July 14, arches and vaults of the central part were completed. The Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich was pleased with the work of work.
9. Mount Ayu Dag. It is often called the Bear Mountain. In their form, she really resembles a huge bear drinking water from the Black Sea. According to one of the old legends, a huge bear, trying to delay the fugitives who saved on the boat, decided to drink the sea. He drank for a long time, until he fired ...
10. The new bell was cast in Donetsk in 2001.
11. For the construction of the church, the stones were used, of which the palace was folded in Oreanda.
The temple turned out to be small, cruciform, with one dome. In the lightweight drum - narrow arched window openings, in which there are four round windows. The dome walked the four-pointed Byzantine bronze-gilded openwork cross. The north, western and south sides of the temple framed the arched gallery. The temple did not have a bell tower, for this we used the growing side of the oak. On this peculiar ringing, a platform of two boards was arranged, a wooden staircase with railings led to her, all the wooden parts of the stairs were painted. Bells were five, the biggest weighed 160 kilograms, and the smallest - 3 kilograms. The bells were consecrated on September 21, 1885, on the day of the memory of St. Dimitri Rostovsky. The Grand Duke invited a talented monk-rhodary, whose art was extremely pleased: "... he has an innocent face that everything shines joy when he performs his starring position ... and he called really aristocratically. The consonance of these bells is extremely harmonious and produces a wonderful pleasure impression. Our ringing monk is an impersonal good nature. " Wonderful ringing of bells with pleasure listened to the emperors Alexander III and Nikolai II.
The Pokrovsk Church was different with rich decoration. Window frames in the drum and large crosses, deciding the outer walls, were made in Livorno from White Carrarsky Marble. Yellow-orange window glasses filled the temple with soft sunlight. The carved iconostasis made a nut, oak, cypress and juniper Master Kubashko, but over time he was assumed to replace marble. Part of the temple was painted by famous artists: D.I. Grimmom, Academician M.V. Vasilyev, Vice-President of the Imperial Academy of Arts Prince, G.G. Gagarin.
12. Interior of the temple.
13. Mosaic image of the Savior and Apostles in the dome part of the temple.
14. Interior of the temple.
The solemn consecration of the temple of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary took place in 1885. This church became the favorite brainchild of the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich, in its creation he invested a particle of his soul and was rightly proud of his creation. "I must confess," he wrote, "that the church completely admires me and the proportionality of all his forms, the whole ensemble. The style is descended perfectly, and she makes the impression, one can say, archaic - elegant and noble simplicity ... The main beauty of the church, in my opinion, is the actual agreement and nobility of all lines. I absolutely admire, and all that I still have seen her, share my opinion ... ".
The huge merit of the Grand Duke is that he again revived the forgotten art of mosaic in Russia. Mosaic is an image or pattern made of colored stones, pieces of glass alloys (smalts), ceramic tiles. The art of mosaic reached great heights in Byzantium and from there came to Russia. She was decorated with the best Kiev temples, among which the Church of Sofia. Then the time came when they forgot about the mosaic, only in the XVIII century the Grand Russian scientist M. Lomonosov revived this art. In their laboratories, he spent many experiments and learned how to get a smat of different colors and shades. Lomonosov and his students performed wonderful mosaic portraits and a large panel "Poltava Battle".
The Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich admired this art, because Mosaic, unlike painting, retained paints bright and rich even after hundreds of years. Part of the temple in Oreanda he decided to decorate with mosaic images. To this end, they turned to the famous Italian master Antonio Salvati (1816-1890). A month after the consecration of the temple in Oreanda from Venice, the mosaic icons of the Savior and the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, made in the drawings of Prince Gagarin, the connoisseur of Byzantine architecture and church icon painting. The image of the Savior has placed above the panel, and the image of the cover of the Most Holy Theotokos decorated alpine place Temple.
15. Mosaic icons of Christmas and the Sunday of Christ.
16. A significant part of the mosaic is lost.
Unfortunately, most Mosaic of the Pokrovsk Church in Oreand have not survived to this day. Almost completely destroyed the image of the Pokrov Virgin and nine icons. The image of the Savior, eight apostles, eight angels, four evangelists located in the dome and sails of the temple, the Byzantine ornament and the two panels "Christmas" and "Resurrection of Christ", decorating the Western Wall, preserved.
17. The icons were especially injured: now it is impossible to identify the faces of the Russian saints depicted on the walls of the meadow part.
19. Mosaic icon Resurrection of Christ.
After the revolution, the temple experienced a lot of difficult days and almost died. On the basis of Protocol No. 16 of May 8, 1924, the Decree of the Presidium of the Crimean CEC, the house church in Oreand was eliminated. The temple was transferred to Okhris (the committee on the affairs of museums and the protection of monuments of art, antiquity, public life and nature), which ruled that the church cannot be used under the warehouse, club, housing "as having a rich mosaic work, which is rare in the USSR", and She "undoubtedly, must go to the maintenance of Ohris to demonstrate it before the masses, especially in front of the students." Excursors came to wonderful mosaic frescoes, the entrance cost only 10 kopecks. In 1925, the church was transferred to the management of the Livadia Palace. However, the fighters with religion were looking for the opportunity to finally close the temple.
After the sadly famous June earthquake of 1927, the crack in the altar part of the temple deepened, a mosaic was partially cracked. This gave the occasion to the Yalta Executive Committee to send a telegram to the Crimea: "The building after the earthquake has become unusable. Located in a dilapidated state. It is subject to urgent demolition." But the Lord did not paint to accomplish this blasphemy. Atheists tried to reset the cross from the domes of the Church, we could not break it - he broke at the base. Part of this cross is now stored in the temple as a precious relic.
Until the end of the Great Patriotic War, the temple stood closed.
In the 50s, the Soviet health resort "Lower Oreanda" rose in the former estate, one after another new corps are erected. Obviously, a small church, according to architects, did not fit into the modern appearance of the Oreanda. Therefore, at the beginning of the 60s, she was decided to demolish. The temple, with such love once built and decorated, was on the hairs of death. Weed by local historians, people who are not indifferent to their land and its history. They achieved that the church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Virgin was recognized as an architectural monument, which was written in a security letter. For more than thirty years, keriformicates were kept here, and autobah was placed in the church yard.
The building suffered greatly from landslides and demanded a restoration. She began after the return of the temple Orthodox church. This happened in 1992 by the feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Parishioners led the temple in order, and for the feast of the Holy Trinity, for the first time in 70 years, it was served by the Divine Liturgy. The abbot of the temple was appointed Archpriest Nikolai Donenko.
20. Mosaic icon Christmas of Christ.
21. Fragment of the mosaic image under the dome.
22. On this tree, the bell was hung.
And in 2001, near the church built a ringing. In Donetsk, the traditional technology was cast a beautiful bell weighing 603 kilograms. Over its manufacture I had to work hard to work. For the voice of the bell sound beautifully, remembered the old, grandfathers methods, for this we used a furnace, the fire in which was supported by firewood. At the top of the bell, it is written: "This bell is brought to the gift of the slaves of God Alexander and Anatoly in the summer of 2001 from the Nativity of Christ to the Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God in Oreander." The bell is decorated with four stigmas, in which the Lord of the Almighty, the Pokrov of the Most Holy Theotokos, Saint Nicholas, the Wonderworker and the Great Martyr the healer Pantelemon.
On the day of the memory of the Great Martyr Catherine, December 7, the bell was reinforced on the belfry. And on January 4, 2002, the Archpriest Father Nikolai Donenko consecrated the bell and the bell. A few days later, a beautiful openwork cross was installed on her roof, performed by Kiev artist Oleg Radzevich. I supplied great help in this business charitable Foundation "Hope".
23. Chekhov benches.
24. View of Yalta.
Old pictures
April 1885 The foundation of the temple. April 1885 Photo F.P. Orlova.
April 1885 Building the walls of the temple. Photo F.P. Orlova.
June 1885. The construction of the arches and arches of the temple. Photo F.P. Orlova.
September 1885 Exterior Decoration of the Temple Dome. Photo F.P. Orlova.
1886 Pokrovsky Temple in Oreanda.
Plan of church
Plan of church. Lengthwise cut
End of the XIX century. Interior of the altar part of the temple.<
Orig. Fig. (own. "Niva") Acad. Benouua, Grav. M. Rashevskiy.
End of the XIX century. Old bells with bells.
Start of the XX century.
Start of the XX century.
Start of the XX century.
Start of the XX century.
Start of the XX century.
The old priest of the Pokrovsky Temple (not preserved).
1990s. Photo V. Evdokimova.
Continuation of the story about the burned palace in Oreand in the second part ...
Links:
poluostrov-krym.com.
photo.qip.ru.
Palace and Temple in Lower Oreanda. Filatova G.G. 2nd ed., 2013
Romanov and Crimea. Kalinin N., Zemlyanichko M., 2013
Crimea: Orthodox shrines: travel guide. - Sost. EAT. Litvinova.- Simferopol: "Rubin", 2003.
Lozben N., Falchikova A. Livadia. Essay-guidebook. - Simferopol: Sonatat, 2007.
Palaces. Estate. Estates. Guide. - Simferopol: Business Inform, 2008.
Tarasenko D. N. South Coast of Crimea. - Simferopol: Business Inform, 2008.
Schinkel K.F. Entwurf Zu Dem Kaiserlichen Palast Orianda in Der Krimm. BERLIN, VERLAG VON ERNST & KORN, 1873. 14 lithographs in a sheet printed on very thick paper, in fig. Karl Shinkel, 7 of which are in color, 4 tones and 3 monochrome. Publishing blue soft covers. Grand in Folio. Sheet size: 95 x 67.5 Cm. Very Rare Collection of Schinkel "S Fantastic" Higher Architecture "Designs for the Russian Imperial Crimean Pleasure Palace Orianda. Big ramp!
Bibliographic sources:
1. Auction Sotbis. Bibliothèque des Ducs de Luynes, Château de Dampierre - Seconde Partie. October 23, 2013. Lot number 417. Price Realise: 17,500 EUR.
2.Taschenbuch der AuktionsPreise Alter Bucher. Ausgabe 1994. Band 20. Page 1083 ... 4800 D.M.
Russian Empress Alexander Feodorovna on the protection of his brother, Prince Prussian, ordered in 1838 by the famous German architector project of the complex of the Imperial Palace in the Crimean Lower Oreander overlooking the sea. The project was hit by its magnificence: on one of the cliffs of Karl Shinel, an ordinary building was erected, externally resembling the Palaces of ancient Eldla. Interior premises should have been decorated in the style of Pompeic Villas. The richest painting of the walls, mosaic, inlays with plates from local semi-precious stones, sculpture from various types of marble in atrium and galleries, fountains, tropical and subtropical greenery, on the plan of the architect, were to emphasize the unusual and luxury of the imperial residence. In fact, Karl Shinel presented several sketches made in different styles. However, the projects were too expensive and were rejected, and the Tsarina itself wanted something in the style of "Siam". So gently called her brother. CharlesShinkel completely revised his projects and was inspired to create a unique style of sustainable importance. Despite the manifestationinspiration I.the huge work of Shinkel, the imperial yard was indifferent and did not show interest in the project; Shinel received a pearl drawer as a reward and died shortly after that. These projects were first published in the "works of high architecture" (it.) (1840 - 1842), and posthumously, but largely carried out at the initiative and under the initial supervision of Shinkel (he died in 1841). Projects were published separately for the first time in 1862, then in 1873. A separate edition of architectural structures indicates the continuing importance of Shinkel, as an architect, and its inspired vision of this, albeit unrealized, project. "In the" Oreanda "Shinkel wanted to achieve the effect of a complete merger with kindly, commensurate with a place - a high rocky cape on the Black Sea. In the final project, Shinkel created a unique style for "Oreand", consisting of classical and exotic forms, gold jewelry and mosaic, as well as the wide use of semi-precious stones produced in the region, which, according to him, reflects "Asia-Scythian, half the barbaric character of this region in antiquity ... "
Since 1840, the design, and then the construction of the palace in Lower Oreanda was transferred to architect A.I. Shockenshneeter. Adapting the Shinkel project, he developed three eigen purposes, of which one was approved. The construction of the palace was launched in 1842 and together with the organization of services and the breakdown of the park launched 10 years. Calm, balanced on the proportions of a white building with strict facades, surrounded by column portica, was clearly charged against the background of the southern sky, the sea and greenery. Each of the facades had its own solution due to free internal layout. The central kernel of the plan is the patio - an atrium, the other palace premises with separate outputs are grouped around it.
In this palace A.I. The Shockenshneider organically combined the planning of an ancient house with new trends in architecture. The fate of the Oreadnensky Palace of Shinkel-Shockenshneeter is very tragic - in 1882 he burned strangely. Three years after a fire from the palace, a small church was erected. She was decorated with a rich mosaic of the work of the Venetian master Antonio Salviat and mentioned by A. P. Chekhov in the story "Lady with a dog." In 1948, the Sanatorium "Lower Oreanda" was built on the site of the ruins of the old palace on the project of architect M. Ya. Ginzburg. But the initial project of Karl Shinkel entered the history of world architecture, its textbooks, as one of the most ambitious and talented.
Shinel, Karl Friedrich (1781 - 1841) - (German) Architect, artist. It is considered the leader of "romantic historicism" in German architecture. Karl Shinel actively engaged in architecture since him in 1810 at the proposal of Wilhelm von Humboldt appointed the Assoror of Prussian construction deputation. Consistently moving on the service staircase, Shinkel focused in his hands control over the most important construction work in the kingdom. Reformed late, ampary classicism, archeologically specifying its ancient forms, and on the other hand, giving them even more free, flexible variability. Designed a solemn ceremony of the court procession "Holiday White Rose" in Potsdam, in 1829. Under the leadership of Shinkel (according to the plans 1817 and 1833), the planning of Berlin was significantly upgraded (the device of new streets and boulevards in the city center; expansion of its common territory by attaching a number of adjacent areas). Shinel made a great contribution to the development of the local art industry, creating sketches of furniture and lamps, stimulating the production of decorative casting and ceramics, as well as stained glass windows. Karl Friedrich Shinkel had a huge impact on the development of architecture in Russia in the XIX century. Nicholas I ordered him the project of the Palace in the Crimean Oreanda. The project was hit by its magnificence: on one of the rocks of Shinel, the majestic building was assumed, externally resembling the Palaces of ancient Eldla. Interior premises should have been decorated in the style of Pompeic Villas. The richest painting of the walls, sculpture from various types of marble in atrium and galleries, fountains, the tropical greenery of the courtyards on the plan of the architect should have to emphasize the unusual and luxury of the imperial residence. However, the project was too expensive and was rejected. He left his mark the great architect and in St. Petersburg. The grilles of an anichkov bridge in the city on the Neva are a copy of the railing of the palace bridge in Berlin, built by Shintel in 1824. Interest in ancient Greek culture was revived in Europe at the end of the XVIII - early XIX century. The noble and elevated art of Greek classics became the subject of admiration and sample to imitate. The German architect classicist Karl Friedrich Shinel combined the passion for antique forms with the desire for concise monumentality. "Architectural details and external finish should not hide the main architectural forms," \u200b\u200bhe wrote. Karl Friedrich Shinkel was born on March 13, 1781 in neuruppin, in the Brandenburg province, where his father was superintendent. Karl began his education in the local gymnasium. Having lost his father, in 1795 he moved to Berlin and began to learn from the architect David Gilly, and when he did not become, he entered the disciples to his son, Friedrich. The last, fan and by that time a good connoisseur of ancient Greek architecture, inspired her love for her with Shinel and had a great influence on the direction of his talent. At the death of Friedrich Gilly in 1800 Karl accepted the continuation of all private works started by His mentor. This did not prevent him, however, attend the Berlin Construction Academy to study the theoretical part of the architecture and related to her subsidiary sciences, and at the same time serve as a pander and model drivers on one of the Berlin Factory of China. In 1803, he went to Istria, Italy and Sicily, painted landscapes and costumes there, wrote copies from historical paintings. The main way Shinkel studied the monuments of ancient architecture, and in 1806 he returned through Paris to Berlin. It was extremely unfavorable time for the activities of architects, and Shiskeel had to engage in the Scripture of landscapes and architectural species. Of the pictures created by him, in particular, the "blooming time of Greece", presented by the Berlin city government a spouse of the Netherlands Prince Friedrich. In 1808-1814, Shinkel wrote first for Gneisenau, and then for V. Grokius, panoramas, from which more than others were famous for the "Palermo" and "Seven Monsions of Light". In 1810, he was appointed by the Assoro to the construction deputation in Berlin. In 1811, Shinkel was elected to the members of the Berlin Academy of Arts, and in 1815 he received the title of the secret advisor for the construction part. In 1819, Shinkel became a member of the Technical Department under the Prussian Ministry of Industry, Trade and Governmental Facilities. In 1820 he was elected professor and a member of the Council of the Construction Academy. In the history of art, Shinkel took an honorable place as an innovator of German architecture, which brought it out of stagnation in which she was at the beginning of the 19th century. He sought to revive the architecture of classical antiquity, preferably, Hellensky, and apply it, not disturbing its principles, to the conditions of the northern climate and to the needs of the latest life, which has succeeded. In most cases, at the same time the master showed a subtle sense of an elegant and practical mind. The main works of it are designed in a more or less strict Greek style. The Building of the Berlin Museum is considered the best of all created by Shinkel. The prototype of the museum (1824-1828) served Greek standing (open colonnade). The building is facing a facade to the royal residence and closes from the opposite end of the Lustgarian area, the Berlin Cathedral and Arsenal are located nearby. Such a prestigious place for the art gallery on Schinkel's plan emphasizes the role and significance of cultural centers. The harmonious unity of the monumental building of the museum and a huge area reveals the interest of Shinkel to the formative role of monumental buildings in urban layout. The center of the building is rectangular in terms of the size of 86, 53 meters is occupied by Rotunda. Such a composition dictated by the architectural theory of the Epoch of Enlightenment, which required regular planning, clarity and clarity of the plan and the natural expressiveness of the materials. These ideas came to replace the baroque style overloaded decorative details and laid the basics of a rational approach to the problem of the decor's conformity to the designation of the building, which became decisive in the architecture of the 20th century. The march of the stairs leading to the high base, looks majestically - it takes a third width of the facade. On both sides of the stairs are equestrian statues. Visitors rose to the podium with the Ionian colonnade, and then even higher - in the rotunda. The open lobby of the second floor with a double staircase serves as a platform from which an impressive panorama of the city opens. The light in the rotunda penetrates from above, through a round opening, cutting into the center of the cacernian dome. This is twice a reduced copy of the dome of the pantheon. Rotunda, in which the sculpture is exhibited, is the center of the architectural composition. The halls of the art gallery form an imfilad around two open courtyards. Long row of eighteen ionic columns on the facade - imitation of the form of Greek stoi. The statues of the attic symbolize the triumph of civilization over barbarism - the ideal to which, according to Shinkel, art and architecture should strive. Latin inscription on Antablement says "Friedrich Wilhelm III founded this museum to study all sorts of ancient objects and free arts in 1828." The influence of the Greek style is noticeable in many other works of Shinkel, most of which are located in Berlin building of the new guard (1816-1818); An impressive cube array that decorates the magnificent six-colon doric portico; Drama Theater (1819-1821), more sleeve for proportions, elegant in the decoration; Palace Bridge; side extensions to the Potsdam gate in Berlin (1836-1840); Palaces of the Cross Prince Prussian and Prince Charles; Astronomical Observatory; Engineering and artillery schools; Nikolaev Church and Casino in Potsdam; Augustum in Leipzig. After the trip to England, the interest of Shinkel to Gothic, in the spirit of which he builds the Werderian Church (1825-1828), Kourni's Castles and Babelsberg, near Potsdam, Town Hall in Cittau, Berlin Palaces of Prince Prussian in Paris Square, Palace of Rarerna Graf and Monument on Creickerg . In the last decade, a fracture comes in Shinkel's work. It is with this period of creativity that Schinkel's cult is connected in the environment of the architects of the German Verkebund. Life requirements lead it to new types of projects that binds the work of the Great Arch Republic with rationalistic trends of the architecture of the modern era. Such features were marked by some works of Shinkel, created by him after a trip to England, where they made a big impression of factory buildings built from red bricks devoid of all architectural details. The perception of the sheinel of these utilitarian buildings was purely aesthetic; He was attracted by simplicity and clarity of the shape of these structures. Refusing to styling under Gothic and the classic system, it creates the projects of the store and library, builds the building of the Construction Academy in Berlin (1831-1835). Its smooth brick walls, dismembered by small protrusions, decorated with language ornaments, anticipated the construction of the newest period. Shinkel marked the beginning of a "brick style", spreading in the architecture of most European countries. Architects, later built buildings with red brick facades, did not always adhered to those lapidary forms that were taught with Shinkel. However, the aesthetics of simplicity, the uniformity of the rhythmic membership of the facades, which Shinkel managed to see in industrial buildings of England and reproduce in their buildings, retained influence in the European architecture of the second half of the XIX century, especially in the architecture of Germany. Created by the Schinkel sketches of the frescoes written after his death under the leadership of Cornelius in the Berlin Museum, as well as a number of his landscape paintings and drawings, argue that he could be a first-class master of painting, if he had enough time to thoroughly examine her and specially do it. Berlin theaters were obliged to him not only by many written on his sketches and under his supervision of beautiful decorations, but also the basis of a whole school of skillful decorators, of which K. Gropius (Jr.) became especially famous. Evaliable benefits brought architecture and artistic industry to rub the chinker. Loda in 1835-1837 published a collection of furniture drawings created by the shinel. In 1839, Shinkel became Chief Director of Government Buildings. Soon after he fell ill with a paralysis of the brain and, having rubbed thirteen months, died in Berlin on October 9, 1841. After the death of Shinel, numerous architectural sketches and finished drawings, drawings of all kinds, paintings and generally graphic works of the wizard, which could be collected, kept in the Berlin Construction Academy. On the square in front of the Academy, the bronze statue of Schinkel of the fight was put.
Oreanda- urban-type village, located 6 km west of Yalta, near Livadia. Oreanda is part of Big Yalta. The name of Oreanda - "Rocky", went from the naked cliffs at the foot of the village. Most of the village is closer to the sea - Lower Oreand. Upper Oreand is above the old road from Yalta in Sevastopol. You can drive to Oreanda either through Livadia, or along the Upper Sevastopol highway, the path for which is very and very picturesque. This resort area is located between Livadia and Cape Ai-Todor. A peculiar, best on the whole southern coast, soft microclimate. Near the sea, a mast rock, split into two stone boulders. Between them is a natural grotto, in which the traces of the parking lot of an ancient person are found. Left Mastovaya rises with a sheer cross rock, on which the remains of an ancient settlement are preserved. The slopes of the Mount Ai-Nicola, the rock of the White and Rock Khachla-Kayasi with the ruins of the medieval castle on top of the mountains as high above these cliffs. Like Livadia, Oreanda was "granted" Catherine II Archipelago Greeks who served in the Balaclava battalion. Soon these lands switched to their commander - General F. D. Relvoti, and in 1825 the royal surname bought Oreandu. In 1843-1852 For the Grand Palace, the Palace was built for the grandfather of the project A. I. Palace and the Park was laid, and on the rocks towering over the Oreanda by order of the Governor-General M. S. Vorontsov, a recognized authority on creating a romantic situation was built, an observation gazebo was built.
In the watercolor of 1841, a palace was depicted in Oreanda. Facade from the sea. Of particular expressiveness and originality of Oreanda gives the combination of harsh rocks and lush greenery of the park. Having occupying 42 hectares Park "Lower Oreanda" is a monument to garden-park art. According to his alleys, V. A. Zhukovsky, P. A. Vyazemsky, K. N. Batyushkov, N. A. Nekrasov, L. N. Tolstoy, A. M. Gorky, I. K. Aivazovsky. The American writer Mark Twain who visited the Various estate that he saw in the Oreander of the famous defender of Sevastopol General E. I. Totleben and monarchs that "to surprise are similar to ordinary mortals." In the spring of 1843, the construction of the palace began. Vorontsov constantly followed the progress of work, even when he was far outside the Crimea. Sometimes in the case of financial difficulties in the construction or delay of the receipt of funds from its own office, Her Majesty Vorontsov issued money from its office to the Committee on the Construction Committee. Some masters who worked on the construction of the Alupkin Palace took part in the construction of the palace. Thus, the contractor of the stone panels, which throughout the years of construction in Alupka supplied experienced masters-Kamenotesov, from Vladimir came to Oreandu with some of his workers. Joinery Master, British Vilims, as in Alupka, led in Oreander joiner's work. Constantly on construction was employed by 9-10 carpenters, which prepared ceiling and floor beams, window boxes, windows, doors, poles and columns for pergol, balconies for balconies and stairs.
During the finishing work of the flooring of the parquet, the manufacture of panels, the railing was occupied by 40 carpets. For them, a carpenter with 4 resident rooms was specifically built and a joiner's tool was discharged from England. Constantly worked on the construction of Kamenotees. Even in winter, when due to bad weather, it was impossible to continue construction, Kamenotees remained in Oreand. The architect Hunt, as a construction leader, submitted a monthly report on the progress of work in the Imperial Office, to the Committee established to build the Imperial Palace in Oreanda. In February 1845, he reported: "For the reason for rarely, the works carried out for a month of only 10 days." In his reports, Hunt informed the Committee on the works in Oreand. Here are some excerpts from these messages: November 1844 - Kamenotees lay out the outer walls of pure work from an inkerman stone and the inner of the wild Kerch sawn stone, the walls of the kindergarten - from the Tanenial Marble, in December - "how much the weather allowed, continued to put rafters, until pores were delivered 36, insert boxes and frames into the lower floor, the roofers finish cooking and color of iron for the roof "; March 1845 - "With the south and west side, the roof is already covered with iron", "the entire upper cornice is delivered and ready for cleaning, the shocknener requires cuts to compile detailed drawings of the internalities of the rooms", April 1845 - "Covered with iron is about 50 kV. szh. roofs are prepared marble for the front pags "; May - "Stairs ladder began on the east side"; June - "The whole roof is covered with sheet gland"; July - "Purified for the last time all the upper cornices of the roof, walls, capitals and architezes. From the western side, an outdoor staircase from the Oreand Taucan Marble is made. On the balconies and terraces, 24 pilasters from Inkerman Stone were made, "August -" The main marble staircase from the North side began ", September -" Shockenshneider makes some alterations and changes "; November - "The marble staircase at the main entrance of the Northern side is over; On the roof cornices, all the decorations from the inkerman stone are made and delivered "; January 1846 - "The layers make the capitals and others. Decorations for internal cleaning", February-March - "Kamenotees and polishers continue to work marble columns for an open courtyard"; April - "Plastering work of the II floor"; May - "Pechniki graduated from the stoves in Maison, began to build a large stove in the basement for the warmth of the imperial sex ..." For the construction of the palace, mostly local building material was used: Inkerman and Kerch Stone, Mishah and Oreand marble (the last - different shades: White, light gray, dark, yellowish), some columns and fireplaces were evicted from the Crimean red marble, as written in the documents, the "Crimean Porphira". Only the main front-end stairs and fireplaces in the premises for the empress were made from the White Carrara Marble. For all South Bank buildings, bricks usually supplied from Feodosia. According to the calculations of the Gunta, for construction it was necessary to prepare up to 800 thousand bricks, they were all delivered from Feodosia. Inkerman Stone was supposed to spend on the construction of walls to 10 thousand "Completely smooth and purely outstretched" blocks. From the same purely disheveled inkerman stone, 29 pilasters and 24 columns were made, and 12 columns - from polished marble. All the construction was fastened with 8 iron connections on both floors and iron pins reinforced inside the walls. A lot of work in the construction of the palace was done to equalize the terrain. From the eastern side of the site, which was allotted for the future palace, there was a pretty high mountain. Gunt, constituting the estimate for construction work, determined that "all the land in ... Mountain of cubic seeding 3,573 1/2". After discussions and approvals with the empress, it was decided to demolish the mountain. In December 1844, GUNT sends to the imperial office of the request "to distort one kurgan" (the second mountain was small). Having received the resolution, it lays these work in the estimation of expenses: "To break the mountain located on the place of the new building, and fall asleep part of the ravine and other places on the eastern, southern and western facades of the palace, where it will be necessary at the discretion of the builder ..." A large number Blue-workers during the year gradually disappeared this mountain. Since the end of 1847, work on the construction of the palace was temporarily discontinued. In November 1848, from the Ministry of the Imperial Court M.S. Vorontsov, as the responsible for the construction of the palace, was sent by the relationship in which it was said: "The sovereign of the emperor with a permissiveness of Her Majesty to command the highest to command: to send the sequencheter architect with two assistants to the Oreand for a detailed inspection of all produced buildings and the state of estimates for the final finish of the palace and furnishing it, but equal to the garden device and the construction of stables; Make a consideration of the need for the palace of dishes - kitchenware, dining room, faience, other, raw, glass, also good and commodity, on the number of chandeliers, kerosene lamps and lamps for lighting the rooms of the palace, official and stables, as well as about the number of ministers required For content in the proper order of the palace and garden. " In 1849, the construction of the palace was resumed, and they were guided by the first architect of the southern coast of Crimea K. I. Eshliman. In 1852, the construction of the palace was completed. He walked around half a million rubles and became one of the best creations A.I. Shockenshneera. From the road located above the estate, he seemed to be a "magic castle," so the contemporaries perceived it. It is truly against the background of harsh rocks and dark vegetation, looked light and air thanks to the whiteness of an inkerman stone, open gallenes and balconies, the picturesque end of the roof. Despicated in the style of Italian Renaissance, he was distinguished by the severity of proportions, clear rhythm of columns, pilaster, window openings, floor memberships. Porticists decorated with Caryatids, a large number of acroterials, ornamental vases, the lush capitals of the Corinthian order and the eaves "the best decoration with cast ornaments" gave the palace of elegacity and festibility. All this was completed by the solemn sound of the suspension stairs leading to the facades of the palace. Each palace has always been their special artistic interiors, which constituted the "attraction of the building." So in the Oreand, the center and composite-planning and artistic and decorative was the courtyard. Judging by the descriptions that preserved in the archival documents, it was greatly resolved in color: the walls of it and the ceiling "were painted in the taste of Pompeevsky." You can imagine how 12 columns of a reddish Crimean marble harmonized with this beautiful painting. In the middle there was a fountain with a swimming pool and a vase of a dark gray haze marble on a pedestal of the same, but yellow marble. The floor was laid on white and gray plates of Italian marble, 4-Dark marble tracks led to the fountain. The so-called grape garden, which was adjacent to the eastern facade of the Palace and Pergola was analyzed. It was all decorated marble: a fountain from White Carrarsky Marble with a pool and bowls in the style of Bakhchisarai fountain was mounted in the wall (one of the earliest replicas of this fountain on the southern shore). The columns surrounded by this garden were carved from the Oreand light marble, and five polished vases, two round table and a double bench was different. The main halls of the first floor were perfectly decorated: a large hall (in old documents, he is called a lounge) was decorated in the style of Louis XVI (classicism). Caissonized with the gilded ceiling, two fireplace of the Red Crimean marble, strictly solving the walls. Later, for this Hall of the St. Petersburg Furniture Manufacture of Furniture A. Vammutu, which made furniture for the Orenadian Palace, 50 pieces of furniture will also be ordered in the style of Louis XVI. In contrast with this strict hall, the BooR was finished in a light, playful style of diapadur (Rococo). Here the fireplace was from the White Carrara Marble of Carved Work. Walls, tightened with white silk fined cloth, laid out the fired baguette. Other large rooms of the first floor - front, office, living room, dining room, bedrooms also differed in beautiful decorative design: here were fireplaces of white Italian and red Crimean marble, panels made of walnut, Swedish marble furnaces, gilding in decoration, flooring of a set of oak , walnut, maple, door handles - "bronze gilded with crystal colored balls" and other decor elements. In addition to the main front rooms, on the ground floor there are still two chamber-fleece, 3 rooms for suites, duty, lacquer, serving room. On the second floor there were two cabinets, a living room, 15 small rooms, two vinegar, bathrooms; At the mezzanine - the wardrobe of Her Majesty and the "branch for residence of room girls." The rooms of the palace installed 8 large and 12 medium sizes of fireplaces from White Carrarsky Marble and "Crimean Porphira", the floor of the balconies and galleries were laid out with colored plates. It was the first tsarist palace on the southern coast. And in its beautiful architectural forms, and according to the perfectly made decorative design of interiors, he really was a royal - everything was at the highest artistic level. In one of the guidebooks of the 1870s. You could read: "Inspecting the Palace, pay attention - to the patio and the pavilion in Pompeysky taste with excellent collens from Crimean marble, on excellent Caryatids, supporting balconies facing the sea, on the marble staircase, leading to the second floor ... in Oreander Everything deserves attention and detailed review. " Simultaneously with the construction of the palace, all estate was shown. In April 1849, the Shtaykenshneider was represented by the Department of Speakers, additional to the estimate, compiled by the GUNT in September 1845, was presented to work, which should have been performed in excess of the provided by Guntome, it was planned to spend 16,896 rubles with silver. First of all, it was necessary to remake the entire base of the palace, the inkerman stone is replaced by the Oreand marble, remake the main staircase, also lay out it from the Oreand marble, from an inkerman stone (from solid pieces), pull 61 pole for pergola and 12 from the Oreand marble to buy a fountain in Constantinople "In such a way, like in Bakhchisarai," from Alupkinskaya Stone to make a vase and a bowl, "purely polished", lay out 17 Dutch furnaces and a number of other works. In addition to finishing works in the palace and some alterations, on the recommendations of the Shockenshneera, from the end of 1849, the construction of a kitchen, stables and carriage sheds with 4 living houses, was rebuilt, the imperial house was rebuilt. All these buildings were offered to "collect the Oreand stone from the mountains in the vicinity of Oreanda" - for the foundations of the walls. Shockenshneider suggested not to make the kitchen in the basement of the palace, as provided by the project, and the kitchen building with bakeries from the North side, about 20 seats from the palace. The kitchen is located so that it is surrounded by large trees. From the kitchen suggested to make the transition to the basement of the palace under the north pergula for the servants with "to keep the perfect purity around the palace." In the basement of the palace, it was assumed to arrange a lightweight Cofeshent, Municipal and Confectionery. A two-storey house for employees and a number of other service and household buildings was built out of the White Inkerman Stone. At the same time, a small thing is rebuilt, in 5 rooms a house called the imperial, because He was put on the place where the Tatar house was located in which the emperor Alexander I rested during his visit to the Oreanda. Judging by the drawing stored in the Russian state historical archive of St. Petersburg (RGIA), at the beginning they wanted to preserve this Tatar house, taking it under a kind of cap, but then the "imperial house" was built, perhaps on the foundation of the old (1825). The RGIA stores a number of projects for the Oreanda, which you can learn about some buildings in the estate. Almost all projects are copies with the drawings of the Shockenshneera; Signs of Eshliman and the "Architects Assistant" of the vert are confirmed by the credentials. Considering these drawings, you are convinced that in Oreanda was not intended for great economic activity. All the buildings were designed only to ensure everyday work on maintaining the estate. In the preserved drawings, engravings of the XIX century with the image of the Oreanda, in the descriptions of the estate, there is no mention of any other significant buildings. The plans are marked only by the workshop and vitrogen. Entry into the estate with the roadway Yalta - Simeiz was decorated with a white fountain. His forms corresponded to the general architectural appearance of the palace and, together with the Rotond, became the main signs of the imperial estate. In the estate, great attention was paid to the development of viticulture and winemaking. When buying a hareand under the vineyard was occupied by 1 tire of 1000 sages, in 1838 There were 15 thousand chest of grapes. On October 24, 1850, in the Oreand vineyard, which occupied the area of \u200b\u200babout 2 tents, there were already 19185 buns of grapes, of which 12735 bushes of white grades (Tremener - 3.5 thousand bushes, Riesling - about 7 thousand, Muscat-Blanc , Muscat Hungarian, Muscat Alexandrian, Dolomino, Rolen, Kokur, Siditis, Shasla-Dore, Isabella, Muscat Ruget, Muscat Violet, Shasla Rose, Musca-Nar, Armbrust, Bordeaux). On the leased estate Dibica's neighboring cottage - 24144 bushes (white grades 15257, red - 1597). In addition, 7290 bushes remained at the vineyard former Tatar Pravka. In total, these vineyards were 43329 bushes. At the same time, 1096 buckets of 6 quarters were kept in the cellar of the sores. White wine and 300 buckets of 1 square. - Red. White varieties - Pedrohimenes (harvest 1848 and 1849-1850), Riesling, Soteter, Oblasto, Kokur, Tramier, Muscat, Rolender (harvest 1849 and 1850), Muscat dew and a cant (harvest of 1850). Red varieties: Pinot Fran, (1848, 1849, 1850) and Pino Flery (1849 and 1850). The wine was mainly left for the needs of the estate, a little was on sale. So, in 1851, the income from the sale of wine was only 95 rubles. 20 cop (2 rubles per bucket). During the Crimean War 1854-1856. The Empress sacrificed the wine from his Oreand basements for wounded and patients of officers in Sevastopol. On January 13, 1855, from his own Majesty, the office was reported to the chief caretaker of the Oreandic estate of S. Kozmin: "Her Majesty ordered to order, in order to example the Count Pototsky, all the wine existing in Oreanda, except for the servants, was sent to Sevastopol for officers and Delivered there, who will be ordered from their imperial highness of the Great Princes (Nikolai and Mikhail Nikolayevichi). The departure of this wine to produce an empress for the state truck. " In the Oreand estate, fruit gardens develop, in the 50s they have already occupied more than 2 tents, a school of fruit trees is created; A new big and bright greenhouse is being built ("Conservatory", as it was called at the time). According to the design of the gardens on October 24, 1850 there were: apple trees -173, pears - 136, cherries - 25, Cherchez -13, drain -15, apricots -12, peaches - 14, figs, wine berries - 12, sweet chestnuts - 10, olive -12, gooseberry - 85, currant - 125. As the Gardener, Friedrich Dennert, most of the trees are fruitful. A small grove of walnuts (92 trees) and olive grove (100 trees) were constantly replenished with new landings. The greenhouse contained a variety of greenhouse plants - 72 names and 500 dahlias. Just like grapes, fruit did not make an article in the income of the estate. In 1882, the palace burned down. Three years after a fire from the palace, a small church was erected. She was decorated with a rich mosaic of the work of the Venetian master Antonio Salviat and mentioned by A. P. Chekhov in the story "Lady with a dog." In 1948, the Sanatorium "Lower Oreanda" was built on the site of the ruins of the old palace on the project of architect M. Ya. Ginzburg. In it at different times, I. V. Kurchatov, S. P. Korolev, L. M. Leonov, S. Ya. Marshak, K. M. Simonov, Paul Robson, Herluf Bidstrup, Mikis Teodorakis. The Livadia Palace and Oreanda are associated with a pedestrian walkway, which is called royal or solar. It was laid in 1861. One of the names came from time when members of the Romanov dynasty were often located here, they often traveled from the Palace in Oreand. It was laid for riding walks between the two residences belonging to the August last name. It is said that in this path guarded Count L. N. Tolstoy. Another name is horizontal, it is laid in such a way that there are no steep climbs or descents. The trail will hold you past the White Rotunde over the Sanatorium "Lower Oreanda", you will pass near the Cross Mountain, will overtake the vineyards, cross the road to the i-Nicola, where it connects with the Kurchatov trail, laid between the Oreandov Park and the top of Ai-Nikola. The trail will then lead you to Cape Ai-Todor and Gaspra. The trail was expanded, reconstructed and additionally landscaped. The drainage system, retaining walls, are installed to prevent landslides, livnets are laid, sand is aligned on the entire length of the trail. Adorative and plot sculptures, benches and recreation sites were installed, exotic trees were planted along the trail. Natural conditions have formed a completely unique climate in these places. It corresponds to the seaside Mediterranean type. The combination of subtropical vegetation with the proximity of the sea and the protected coast of the Grocery of the Crimean Mountains create sustainable weather conditions here, to which the body adapts easily and quickly. Cool mainland winds do not penetrate here. The average annual air temperature is + 13 ° C.
