Research work on the theme of the cave for preschoolers. Examples of design and research activities of preschoolers. Project "Stone Fairy Tale"

Larionova Elena Alexandrovna

Nefedieva Tatiana Vladimirovna

educator of the I qualification category

Participation in the district

design and research competition

among preschoolers "First steps"

2015 year

Awarded with the "Certificate of Education Management

Administration Oktyabrsky district "

for 1 place

Presentation

Training project passport

with children 6 - 7 years old

general developmental focus

"This amazing salt".

the name of the project "This amazing salt!"

Project participants: children of the preparatory group for school, educators, parents.

Leaders : Nefedieva Tatyana Vladimirovna and Larionova Elena Aleksandrovna, educators of the MDOBU child development center kindergarten No. 11 "Birch"

Objective of the project : Using the available means, clarify what is salt? What types of salt are there? Salt properties?

Project type:

Short

Research

Creative

Informative

Informational

Group

Tasks:

1. Promote the accumulation of specific ideas about the properties, forms and types of salt in children ("Cognition")

2. Develop thinking, curiosity, observation, logical thinking, attention, memory ("communication"), ("Cognition")

3.To teach children to establish causal relationships, the ability to draw conclusions ("Cognition")

4. To develop the cognitive abilities of children: the ability to independently find answers to problematic questions, solve problem situations ("Cognition")

5. Continue to expand the area of \u200b\u200bsocial, moral orientations and feelings in children; ("Socialization")

6. To enrich children's ideas about the relationships around them, emotional and physical states ("Socialization");
7. Develop coherent and dialogical speech; visual and auditory attention, develop speech hearing; the ability to navigate in space; fine and general motor skills ("Communication");

Relevance of the project: The topic of research activity arose after reading the Slovak fairy tale "Salt is more valuable than gold" to children. The guys got interested in what kind of cave the gnomes worked in, where does the salt come from? Children have some understanding of common salt. One of the guys said that he had colored salt at home. The children were very interested in this. We decided to investigate salt as a mineral, why salt is an irreplaceable food product about which we know little, its uniqueness and impact on human health.

Product of project activity: making an album "Experiments with salt" for a kindergarten, a collection of creative works using salt: making crafts, painting with watercolors, modeling New Year's figures from salt dough.

Work plan for the project "This amazing salt"

The project includes 3 stages: preparatory, main and final.

This project is significant for all its participants:

Children:study of the properties of salt, its significance.

Teachers: continuation of the development of the design method - a method of organizing rich children's activity, which makes it possible to expand the educational space, give it new forms, effectively develop the creative and cognitive thinking of preschoolers.

Parents: Expand opportunities for interaction with their children, applying the knowledge gained.

Proposed division of roles in the project team :

Educator: organizes a design and research situation, joint experimental activities, parental counseling.

Children: participate in research activities.

Parents: together with children and educators participate in the project.

Provision of project activities

Material and technical support:

Portable mini-laboratory for research work (magnifiers, tubes, plates, ice, pipettes, paper clip)

Egg, spruce twigs, poplars, woolen thread

Set of different salt

- Containers for experiments (half-liter glasses, containers, water, teaspoons

Literature with works about salt (riddles, sayings, proverbs, fairy tales, folk signs)

A set of postcards, illustrations, photos, videos.

Location: Band, kitchen, music hall.

Dates: November 2015

Form of conducting : GCD, independent activity, joint experimental research activity.

Expected Result:

Satisfying the interest of children in the study of nature with methods of obtaining salt, about its value and human use for the prevention of diseases.

Formation of knowledge, experimentation skills; increasing the level of assimilation of program material.

Development of observation, attention, the ability to compare, see cause-and-effect relationships.

Research hypothesis:

Promoting the development of the cognitive needs of the personality of a child with a developed cognitive interest and a formed conscious attitude to nature, who is able to see and feel the beauty of the world around him, will be effective if the research activity of older preschoolers stimulates a creative approach and ensures the satisfaction of children's needs, initiative and desires.

Object of study: salt.

Subject of study: properties of salt, significance for humans.

When organizing research activities, the following methods were used:

Study of information, conversation

Analysis of cognitive literature,

Selection of materials and equipment for research,

Experimental activities,

Research activities,

Tours,

Observations,

Creative activity,

Game activity (cognitive, logical, artistic and cognitive games)

STAGES OF WORK ON THE PROJECT:

1.Preparatory stage:

Together with the children, we developed and discussed detailed plan activities. Set goals, tasks for experimentation, selected informative, scientific literature on the topic of the project,

examined illustrations, photographs of salt mining sites and equipment;

kind of salt: (fine, coarse, rock, common, colored, sea); read articles, made riddles.

After watching cartoons about salt, the interest in this topic increased among the children. They wanted to conduct experiments and experiments with salt. How did our research start?

2. The main stage: experimental and experimental activities

First, we studied the properties and qualities of salt. For this, they conducted experiments and found out that salt tastes salty, white, odorless, loose, consists of crystals, dissolves faster in warm water than in cold water. We also learned that salt has the property of dissolving ice (ice experiment); that the egg does not sink in salt water (experiment with an egg), since a large amount of salt prevents some objects from drowning. They found out that when salt water evaporates, salt crystals remain.

But the most interesting thing for the children was the experiment "Growing a crystal" on a branch of spruce, poplar and on a paper clip. The young researchers listened carefully to the instructions and independently conducted the experiment under supervision. Independent experimental activity gave the children confidence in their capabilities and increased their cognitive interest. In the process of research, cognitive activity, the guys boldly expressed their thoughts, assumptions, proved, independently observed the growth of crystals and made conclusions.

3. Final stage: Artistic and aesthetic creativity

The product of our project was artistic and aesthetic creativity. Children got acquainted with various ways of drawing pictures using salt: "Frosty patterns", drawing a butterfly with salt, "Trees in hoarfrost",

made crafts from salt dough, designed an album of experiments for children of other groups. We held master classes with parents, design material for the parent's corner.

Results.

In the process of working together with children, we generalized knowledge about salt, briefly describing the main signs, places of extraction and human use, indicating positive and negative properties. Enhanced knowledge of what types of salt are.

Replenishment of the subject-developing environment: enrichment of the experimental laboratory with salt samples, creation of a card index of experiments and experiments "This Amazing Salt".

conclusions

In the course of research activities, the children came to the following conclusions:

There are several types of salt. Salt is a mineral that is used by humans in everyday life and at work.

Comprehension of elementary natural-scientific concepts of salt as a fossil, learned the properties and qualities.

And they also made sure that the unknown nearby and the simplest and most familiar things can be unusual.

Marble Cave - one of the brightest sights of Crimea.
Cave Marble - is one of the most visited and most beautiful caves in Europe. In 1992 she was admitted to the International Association of Equipped Caves.

Little is inferior to her and emine-Bair-Khosar cave, which is also included in speleocomplex " Marble cave" .

According to speleologists, "Marble" is one of the five most beautiful caves on the planet.

This cave was explored and discovered relatively recently, in 1987. Its depth is from 10 to 80 meters.

Each cave hall has its own name. For example, the Gallery of Fairy Tales, the Lower Gallery, the Halls of the Pearl Lakes and the Tiger Pass, the Balcony Hall, the Perestroika Hall, the Palace Hall. Balcony hall - the largest hall in the lower gallery. In the memory of the visitor, bizarre animals and fairy-tale heroessculpted by nature from marble.

In the late 90s, cavers, when clearing one of the wells in the area Great Hall emine-Bair-Khosar cavesfound a large accumulation of bones.

Among them were massive mammoth bones.
This place has already been chosen by scientists from all over the world. The most valuable thing for them is this 20 m vertical well, which in ancient times served as a trap. If the animal fell into it, it could no longer get out.

In this well, skeletons of a bison, bull bull, wild boar, woolly rhinoceros were found in large numbers, reindeer, red deer, saiga antelope, mountain goat, horse, cave bear and cave lion, mammoths, woolly rhinos and other animals that lived on Earth about 60 thousand years ago. It was here that for the first time in the world complete skeletons were dug up ancient antelope saigaand European donkey.

IN cave Emine-Bair-Khosar, paleontologists dug up a tooth ancient rhino... This amazing animal lived about 400 thousand years ago and it is even older than mammoths!

Mammoth Kolya

How to get to the Marble Cave

By highway Simferopol - Yalta drive until the turn to the right towards the village Zarechnoye to the sign "Zarechnoye - cave" Marble ". Get to the fork that leads to village of Mramornoye... And behind it begins a dirt road through a beautiful forest area up to the lower chatyrdag plateau.

The most beautiful Marble Cave is located there. There is already an asphalt road on the plateau with a fork and signs: "Marble cave" and "Emine-Bai r-Khosar " ... These two caves are located about 1 km apart. You can go from one cave to another by a path.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Belarus

Bichursky district

MBOU "Malo-Kunaleiskaya secondary school"

Nomination: "Animal world"

Theme: " Dungeon dweller "

MBOU "Malo-Kunaleiskaya secondary school" Bichursky district

Home address: village Maly Kunaley

street Cooperative, 68

Phone: 89243974663

Head: Martynova Victoria Gennadievna

Phone: 89247529418

ulan-Ude,

2014

Table of contents

Introduction ................................................. .................................................. .................. 3
Chapter 1. Theoretical part ............................................. .......................................4
1.1 Who are earthworms? ............................................ ....................................4
1.2 Life of earthworms .............................................. ....................................... 4
1.3 The benefits of worms ............................................... .................................................. ..... 4

1.4 Why do earthworms come to the surface after rain .................. 5
Chapter 2. Practical part ............................................. ......................................... 6
2.1 Interview ................................................ .............................................. 6
2.2 Experiment ................................................ .................................................. ....... 6
2.3 Questionnaire ................................................ .................................................. ... 6
Conclusion ................................................. .................................................. .............. 7
Literature……............................................... .................................................. .........8

application

Introduction

In the spring, my classmates and I were raking leaves in the school area and noticed a lot of worms. Where do so many worms come from? I wonder why they got out? I shared my observations with my teacher, and she invited me to study earthworms.
Relevance of research work ... Many do not pay attention to worms, and many also try to crush them. Maybe because they don't like their look? Earthworms do a tremendous job of improving and improving the soil, they are "fighters of the invisible front", whose work is invisible, and therefore not many people appreciate the worms. With my work, I want to draw attention to these useful but unattractive animals.

Hypothesis. I believe that if it rains, then the worms become underground, have nothing to breathe, and therefore they crawl to the surface.

The purpose work is to consider the behavior of the earthworm after rain.
To achieve this goal, I was faced with a number of the followingtasks :
1. Study the literature on this topic.
2. Clarify the idea of \u200b\u200bthe earthworm, its fitness for life.
3. Find out why earthworms crawl to the surface after rain.
4. Find out what role they play in our environment earthworms.

Object research is the role and significance of the earthworm in nature.

Subject research work is an earthworm.

The work usedmethods : study of literature on this topic, collection of information on the Internet, questioning, interviewing, experiment.
The research work was carried out in the summer-autumn period.

Chapter 1. Theoretical part
1.1. Who are earthworms?
The word "worm" does not have a strict scientific meaning - this is how a wide variety of invertebrates with an elongated soft body are usually called.
Annel worms originated from the common ancestors of worms under the influence of evolutionary factors. An important moment in their evolution is the division of the body into segments (rings). The ancient annelids were more complex than other worms.
1.2. Life of earthworms
The earthworm lives in various soils, loosening and cultivating them (this activity is especially favorable on the soils of vegetable gardens and gardens). These animals, passing the soil through their intestines, constantly improve it, saturating it with organic residues and mixing, loosen it, providing air access to deeper layers, and increase fertility. During the day, the worm hides in a burrow, and at dusk it comes to life. Worms spend their whole life in the ground, dig deep passages, and thus loosen the ground. But sometimes they are forced to leave their burrows flooded with water after heavy rains so as not to suffocate.
Worms feed on rotting leaves, swallowing lumps of earth, grains of sand. The worms breathe with the entire surface of the thin delicate skin, permeated with blood vessels.
It is precisely the peculiarity of respiration that makes earthworms leave their burrows.
During the rain, remaining in them, the worm runs the risk of suffocating.
In winter, they curl up into a ball and sleep. Worms cannot live in sunlight.
The annelids in the soil provide food for many animals. They are eaten by moles, frogs and some reptiles.
1.3. The benefits of worms
The earthworm can be called the most important animal in the world. In the forests, in the meadows, a lot of dried up, withered plants and animal remains are constantly accumulating. You have to do something with them! Here are earthworms and their work colleagues (snails and beetles) and play the role of scavengers and orderlies. They turn unnecessary residues and waste into the soil necessary for everyone, dig tunnels, loosen the earth. Water and air easily pass along these passages to the roots of plants. On such land, herbs and trees grow better. So worms should be welcome guests in our gardens. The more there are, the richer the soil in the beds will become, and this will result in a better harvest.

1.4. Why do earthworms come to the surface after rain?
We asked a question on the Internet: "Why do earthworms come to the surface after rain?" And we got interesting answers.
The first possible reasonwhy earthworms crawl out after rain is the change in soil temperature they feel when it rains. The second reason is their natural behavior. Perhaps they crawl out after the rain because most of them do just that.
And yet, the most plausible version is: “The earthworm breathes with the entire surface of the body, which is covered with mucous, moist skin. In the water, dissolved, there is too little air, and therefore the earthworm suffocates there. Therefore, in rainy weather, it is much easier for worms to breathe on the surface of the earth. "

Chapter 2. Practical part

2.1. Interviewing
As part of this study, we interviewed a biology teacher V.S. Lamuev, he said that worms are called "the plow of the earth" because they began to loosen the earth earlier than humans. They are called "orderlies of the earth" because by passing the earth through their stomach, they relieve us of harmful microorganisms, and hence from diseases. They are said to be "live fertilizers" for plants, because they enrich the soil with nutrients. This means that they can be called "treasures that live underground." He also told us a theory about worms and why worms crawl to the surface after rain. After interviewing, we came to the conclusion that our hypothesis is confirmed.
2.2. Experiment

I also conducted an experiment. I took the earth in two transparent plastic cups and put the worms there. After a while, the worms burrowed into the ground. After that, I started sprinkling water into one glass. The worm gradually began to creep out to the soil surface. He suffocates there and therefore crawls out, because there is too little air dissolved in the water. Therefore, in rainy weather, worms crawl to the surface of the earth. He never appeared in another glass.
2.3. Questionnaire
In order to find out what the pupils know about earthworms, a survey was conducted among primary school students (in total - 23 people).
The survey was conducted on the following issues. (Application)
In general, according to the results of the survey, it can be concluded that most of the surveyed students are familiar with the earthworm. Many students agreed with our hypothesis. Most of the respondents are not aware of the usefulness of earthworms.

Conclusion

In our area, earthworms are quite common. I watched earthworms, read about them in books. Found material on the Internet. After studying the literature and conducting research, I came to the conclusion that they are a treasure for plants, animals and humans. And that's why they crawl to the surface after rain, now I know the exact answer. This is due to their respiratory system.
And during the rain I will just look at my feet so as not to crush them, because worms play an important ecological role and need protection.
The knowledge gained from conducting independent observations will help me and other students understand the importance of the activity of earthworms in the process of soil formation, apply their knowledge during practice on the school site.

Literature

1. Biology: Animals: Textbook. For 7-8 cl. general education. institutions / B.E. Bykhovsky, E.V. Kozlova, M.A.Kozlov and others; Ed. M.A.Kozlova. - 25th ed. - M .: Education, 1997.
2. Biology: Reference materials. Textbook for students / D.I. Trairak, N.I. Klinkovskaya, V.A. Karyenov, S.I. Baluev; Ed. DI. Trayraka. - M .: Education, 1983 .-- 208 p.
3. Zakharov VB, Sonin NI Variety of living organisms: Textbook. For general education. educational institutions. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2001.
4. Likum A. Everything about everything. Popular encyclopedia for children AST. Moscow 1995.Vol. 1.
5. Visual Dictionary Animals "DorlingKindersley", London 2001. Visual Dictionary Series "
6. Teremov A., Rokhlov V. Entertaining zoology. A book for students, teachers and parents. - M.: AST - PRESS, 1999. -528 p .: ill. - ("Entertaining lessons")

application

The survey was conducted on the following issues.
1. Have you encountered earthworms? (well no)
2. Where did you see them? (in the beds, in manure, on the roads)
3. Where do they live? (underground, in a vegetable garden, in manure)
4. Why are worms called earthworms? (they go outside when it rains, they love the rain, they are always wet)
5. Are these worms useful? (yes, no, I don't know)
6. Why do worms crawl out to the surface after rain? (It is hard for them to breathe underground, wash themselves, swim, breathe fresh air)

Summary of educational activities for children of the preparatory group. Topic: "The Underworld - Truth or Fairy Tale?"

Shashenko Elena Aleksandrovna, educator of MBDOU "TsRR-d / s" Chaika "
Material Description: I offer you a summary of educational activities for children of the preparatory group (6-7 years old) on the topic: "The Underworld - is it true or a fairy tale?"
This material will be useful for the educators of the preparatory group. A summary of a cognitive lesson aimed at fostering interest in the history of the "underground kingdom", curiosity among preschoolers of the preparatory group.
Goal: Continue to form the concept of caves.
Tasks:
Educational: Form an idea of \u200b\u200bthe caves; What are caves ?; How did they come about?
Developing: Develop attention, memory, logical thinking, observation.
Speech: Develop related speech, enrich children's vocabulary: caves, speleology, raindrop, stone icicle, column, stalagnates, stalagmites, stalactites, natural monuments, atmosphere.
Educational: Cultivate interest in history, curiosity. Respect for nature.
Demo material: Illustrations, slides, photographs of caves, the formation of stalactites, stalagmites and stalagnates, mountains.
Handout: Postcards, photographs, encyclopedia.
Methodological techniques: conversation-dialogue, examination of illustrations and conversation on them. Productive activity of children, analysis, summing up.Educator: Guys, today I will tell you about the caves. The science that studies caves is called speleology.
- What do you think caves are?
Caves are a unique natural object created by nature; they are voids in the rocks above the ground or underground.
For primitive man, the cave served as a home, where he hid from bad weather and predatory animals, cooked food, painted the events of his life on the walls.

From cave rock paintings and objects found in caves, scientists learned about the life of their ancestors. Over the past 10 years, 1,500 caves have been discovered. Even entire underground settlements with many rooms and halls.
The most deep cave on Earth it is located in Abkhazia and it is called the Voronya Cave - its depth is slightly more than 2 kilometers.

The longest cave is Mammoth Cave, which is located in North America. Its length is almost 600 kilometers, which is 1.5 times more than the distance from Abakan to Krasnoyarsk.

Caves exist mainly in the mountains and highlands. And also caves are almost always created by water, which erodes soft rocks and carries them away.
Caves can also appear as a result of active processes in the earth's crust - earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
A raindrop, which seeps through a crack in the rock, dissolves a piece of stone and hangs on the ceiling of the cave. After a while, it falls down, and the piece of stone brought by it remains on the ceiling in a thin film. The next drop makes the film thicker. A hundred years later, a stone icicle will appear on this place - a stalactite four centimeters long. And every hundred years it will grow by the same amount. And below, where the drop fell, a stone turret - a stalagmite - will grow. Millions of years later, the stalactite and the stalagmite will combine and turn into a sparkling column called the stalagnat.

It seems to me that caves are a kingdom of darkness and silence. The temperature in the cave is lower in summer and higher in winter than outside. In the caves of Khakassia, the average temperature is from +4 to +6 degrees. Therefore, it is better to go to the caves in winter - it is warmer there than outside.
The main mistresses of the caves are bats that sleep upside down. Also, harmless tailed amphibian proteas, spiders, millipedes, worms live in caves. They are all colorless and transparent. Their eyes are either poorly developed or completely absent.

I read on the Internet that our republic is very rich in caves - about 200 caves have been discovered and explored here.

In the north of Khakassia there is the Kashkulak cave, which is recognized as one of the most terrible places on the planet. Locals call it the cave of the "black devil". This place was considered sacred by the ancient Khakass. To appease the evil spirit, the ancestors brought animal and human sacrifices to the cave.

In the area of \u200b\u200bthe village of Tolcheya there is a grotto called Dvuglazka with the oldest traces of human presence in Khakassia.

Near the village of Syya there is a cave called "Archaeological" - it is called so because a parking lot was also discovered there. ancient man.

The most accessible, largest and one of the most beautiful caves in Khakassia is the Borodinskaya Cave. The length of the cave is 1500 meters and the depth is 60 meters. Here is the largest stalagmite in Siberia - "Pagoda", its height is 5 meters.

The longest cave in Khakassia is Pandora's Box, its length is 18 km. The depth is 185 meters. There are cave lakes in this cave.

And in the caves there are milk rivers (almost like in a fairy tale), which were formed as a result of the high content of minerals in the flowing water. There are such milk rivers in the Korolev Cave.
Although the caves are called “natural monuments”, there are still people who litter and tend to leave their autographs, which violates the ecological balance of the cave and its almost sterile atmosphere.

Conclusion: It turns out underworld actually exists, and it is called caves.
I will end my research with a poem about a cave.
It's hard to believe, come on
What's in the caves here and there
Like sausages stalactites
They grow from top to bottom.
But also, by the way,
Likewise famous
Stalactite is slightly shorter
A stalagmite climbs up.
And so in the cave
Don't touch anything with your hand.
That cave, stones of the scher,
Scare who you want.
Thank you for attention.

Municipal state educational institution

"October average comprehensive school»

Caves - a wonder of nature

Completed: student of grade 10

Kashirina Anastasia

Supervisor: geography teacher

Ryzhova Galina Mikhailovna

n.October 2016

Introduction ……………………………………………………………… 3

Chapter 1. The cave is a real miracle of nature ……………………… 6

Chapter 2. Cave Zagonnaya with the Budakovskaya rock ………………… 16

2.1 Location of the cave …………………………………… .16

2.2 Type of cave and time of formation ……………………………… 16

2.3 Who researched the cave and what contribution to science …………… 17

2.4 The flora and fauna of the Zagonnaya cave ……………… 21

2.5 Why is it necessary to protect this object ......................................................................... 24

Chapter 3. Sociological survey …………………………………… 25

Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 28

References …………………………………………………… 29

Appendices …………………………………………………………… .31

Introduction.

In the rural library I accidentally saw the book "Caves" and read it. This book became a kind of discovery for me. Here I found detailed answers to all my questions: how caves were formed, what types of caves exist, who lives in them, who is exploring caves. I was very interested in this book and decided on its basis to conduct my own research of some cave. For the purpose of my research work, I decided to touch upon the eternal problem of ecology - the problem of protecting natural objects.

Relevance of work ... The issue of protecting natural objects is now particularly relevant. In the modern world, many people do not pay due attention to the environment, and often do everything to destroy it even more. We throw garbage into rivers, lakes, forest glades, we break branches, cut off leaves, without even thinking that this small leaf served as a home for some insect, that the mushroom that we trampled on could possibly help some some animal, that the tree that we cut down was the whole habitat of many animals ... The same applies to caves. Many tourists, visiting the caves, leave trash behind, not thinking that this can disturb the natural existence of rare animals, break stalactites, preserving them as a souvenir. But stalactites carry such valuable information for researchers as the age of a cave.

Most often, we make such mistakes because of ignorance, but it happens that people who are notified of this still continue to destroy nature. Therefore, I decided to convey to readers and listeners information about the value of natural objects, about the necessary protection of caves, using the example of Zagonnaya cave.

The purpose of my work: convey to others that caves, like any other natural object, need protection.

For this, I deliberately chose a little-known cave. To achieve my goal, I set myself the followingtasks:

Determine what caves are, who is engaged in the study of caves, what caves are, and why they are of such intense interest among researchers;

Find the exact location of my research object;

Determine what type of cave it belongs to and when the cave was formed;

Who investigated this cave, what discoveries he made;

Who lived before, now lives in this cave;

What finds were found in the cave;

What role does the cave play in human life;

Why it needs to be protected.

Hypothesis: A cave is a natural object necessary for a person that needs to be protected.

Research methods: these are, first of all, theoretical: analysis and generalization of literary sources and Internet resources, empirical: interviews (in my case - with teachers of geography), sociological survey-questionnaire.

The practical significance of my work lies in the fact that the results can be used in the lessons of geography, ecology, local history. She will help you learn more about nature Altai Territory.

Overview. In the form of a brief overview, I decided to write about what my work will be like. The research work consists of two chapters and the results of the questionnaire. In the first chapter I explain what caves are, how they are formed, what interesting things can be found in caves. I found the basic information for this chapter in the above-described book "Caves", I supplemented the missing information from other sources. To be honest, until that time the caves seemed to me like slippery, gloomy cavities in the rock, in which not only there is no life, but nothing beautiful can be found. Although I knew that various bone remains were found in the caves and human hand images, but the caves were not of much interest to me. Everything changed when I began to understand more deeply this amazing underworld.

The second part will be devoted directly to the very object of my research - the Zagonnaya cave with the Budakovskaya rock. There was practically no information about this cave in the school and village libraries. But the more exciting it is to get information yourself. I had to rework and sort out a lot of information sources in order to find the most important and most interesting.

In the results of a sociological survey, I described the opinion of people about whether it is necessary to protect the caves. In addition, I found out how much children and adults know about caves, about what they are needed for.

Chapter 1. The cave is a real miracle

To determine what role caves play in life

person, you need to find out what they are.

For comparison, I look at the definitions "A cave is ..." in different explanatory dictionaries:

Have deep, hollow space under the ground or in a mountain range that has an exit to the outside (Explanatory dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov)

Cavity, emptiness in the earth; natural underground passages, dead end or with exits; grotto; underground nativity scenes; sometimes dug passages, dwellings, cemeteries, carved into the rocks, etc. (Explanatory Dictionary of V.I.Dal).

As you can see, these two definitions, taken from different sources, have one common basis: a cave is a void in the thickness of the earth, a hollow space, possibly closed, or having one or more exits.

Who is exploring these underground corridors?The very first explorer of the caves was the Assyrian king ShalmaneserIII in 852 BC e. He arrived in the area where the Tigris River originates, and found a cleft in the rock. Accompanied by his retinue, he examined the cave and, in memory of this, ordered to carve an inscription and his image on the rock.

Exploration of caves from the XX century. on a professional level, speleologists are engaged.

Speleology is a branch of geology that studies natural caves, namely: their origin, age, evolution, morphology, ecosystem, constituent rocks, etc. This science is an essential component for the full study of history, archeology, biology, paleontology and hydrology. From this definition follows the answer to the question "Who is a speleologist?" Is a specialist who studies caves, the mechanism and the reasons for their formation and development. [5]

Cavers usually work in collaboration with other specialists. Botanists, for example, are interested in studying pollen taken from clay. Microbiologists discover previously unknown microorganisms in caves. The cave is also of great interest to archaeologists. Because thanks to rock artthe tools and tools left in the caves, the ashes from the fireplaces and bone remains, you can tell a lot about the life of ancient people. The rock carvings were first discovered in 1879 by a nine-year-old girl and her father, Don Marcelino de Sautuola from Altamira in northern Spain. After this incident, people began to find more and more of these caves. Currently, about 400 caves are known, painted with paintings.

Nowadays, most amateurs are engaged in the study of the caves, sacrificing their vacations and weekends. In order to measure many kilometers of corridors, manholes, wells and halls, they have to experience incredible difficulties, spending days and nights in pitch darkness, dampness and cold.

1.3 How are caves formed?

How caves are formed, I found in the book "Caves". The basis for the formation of many caves is a chemical process: rainwater takes carbon dioxide from the air, forming weak carbon dioxide. Spring water is nothing more than water with carbon dioxide dissolved in it. Percolating through the ground, carbon dioxide can destroy limestone. About 9 grams of lime dissolves in 10 liters of rainwater; the result is calcium bicarbonate. With the help of this reaction, tunnels of many meters wide and huge halls have been formed over the millennia.

This is how the formation of caves occurs: atmospheric precipitation enlarges narrow cracks and crevices in the rock, turning them into tunnels over thousands of years, the width of which reaches several meters. Such formations are called "karst". Karst caves usually form where soluble rocks occur: limestone, marble, chalk, as well as gypsum and salt. Limestone, and even more so marble, dissolves very poorly with pure distilled water. The strongest dissolution occurs, as already described above, if dissolved carbon dioxide is present in the water (and it is always present in natural water). However, all the same, limestone dissolves poorly compared to, say, gypsum or, even more so, salt. In general, the duration of their existence depends on what rocks the caves are made of.

1.4 Types of caves

But in order to somehow structure these caves, I need to find what types they are divided into. In some sources I find that the caves are subdivided according to the rock and the method of formation.

In addition to karst formations, there are also:

Lime-tuff;

Plaster;

Salt;

Volcanic;

Glacial and icy;

Sea caves;

Caves formed as a result of a rock fall;

Aeolian.

Lime-tuff formed when water with a high lime content flows down in a cascade, lime settles on the steps. If this happens on the surface of the earth, then plant fragments are mixed with lime. Over time, the layer increases and a porous mass is formed - calcareous tuff. An example of this type of caves is Olga Cave in the Swabian Alb, Germany.[ Attachment 1 ]

Gypsum caves appear during the same dissolution in water. 1000 liters of water can destroy about two kilograms of gypsum. Such caves are formed faster than calcareous ones, but they are also destroyed rather quickly. They are the longest in length. The longest gypsum cave on earth is the Optimistic Cave in Ukraine (165 km). [Attachment 1]. In this type of caves bizarre gypsum crystals are often found, very fragile and transparent.

The same way of educationsalt caves ... But they are even more short-lived. Salt caves are formed in arid regions with many meters of salt deposits. The longest such cave is the Malkhanov Cave in Israel (6 km).

Method of educationvolcanic caves significantly different from the previous ones. When hot liquid lava erupts from a volcano's vent, the top layer of its current quickly cools. The resulting crust retains heat well, and the lava underneath continues to flow. As soon as the flow of lava stops, the lava leaves from under the crust. The cooled tubular cavities can stretch for hundreds of meters. The longest of them is the volcanic cave on Canary island Lanzarote. There are even stalactites in this cave: when molten lava dripped from the ceiling, volcanic "icicles" appeared.

Sea waves, running ashore, after a while destroy the rocks, formingsea \u200b\u200bcaves. An example of such a cave is Fingal's Cave on Staffa Island.

As a result of landslides huge rock slabs fall down, and voids often form between the debris. These caves are not very large, but they can easily serve as a shelter for humans. There are many such caves in Australia.

Aeolian caves owe their origin to the erosion process. Soft rocks cannot withstand the effects of small grains of sand, which the wind drives on the rocks. Most often, such caves are formed on rocks and coastlines.

Glacial and ice caves Are two different types of caves. If the cave is too high, and the air temperature in it is slightly above freezing, then the seeping water at the entrance to the cave turns into ice, especially when the wind blows here in winter. itice cave ... The ice in it, reaching a thickness of 20 meters, is constantly melting.Glacial the same caves, unlike ice ones, are not filled with ice, but are surrounded by it. For example, the entrance to the giant Eisriesenwelt cave near Salzburg is located 1641 m above sea level. Such caves themselves are very beautiful - the ice, forming wavy shapes, shimmers with bright blue-green shades.

One of the varieties of caves can also be attributed"artificial" caves, hollowed out by man. These are very rare caves and very young (Compared to other caves). One of these caves is a cave complex in Cappadocia, Turkey, which has been around for about 2000 years. Having familiarized yourself with the types of caves and the methods of their formation, one can assume how ancient they are, how many thousands of years these processes take place.

1.5 Bizarre cave patterns

When I got acquainted with the book "Caves" I found a lot of interesting, beautiful and unique things that cannot be found anywhere on the surface. Something that can only exist in caves.

For example, stalactites and stalagmites. How do they appear? When the water level in the karst decreases, the voids that served as the bed for the underwater rivers are drained. Rain and melt water seeping through cracks dissolves limestone in a known way. Then this water in the form of droplets settles on the "ceiling" and the reverse chemical process takes place: the water loses carbon dioxide and limestone settles in the form of a drip. Over the years, these layers become more, and below, under the stalactites, stalagmites are formed in the same way - inverted "icicles". Many people confuse the two, and I remembered the easy way I once used to differentiate between the two. In the word StalakTity there is a letter T, which looks like an icicle pointing down. StalagMity is a word with the letter M, which resembles two inverted icicles. This is how the letters M and T help distinguish stalactites from stalagmites. I read about it in a magazine when I was little.

Stalactites have very important information for researchers, which many people are not even aware of. If the stalactite is cut, the cut will resemble a cut from a tree with annual rings. Each ring is an indicator of the climate that prevailed at that time. Also, by the ratio of oxygen isotopes O-18 and O-16, one can judge about temperature fluctuations. Indeed, the higher the average temperature, the more the isotope O-16 evaporates, which gets into the limestone of stalactites. In addition, by the remains of pollen in them, one can judge about the vegetation of one time or another, and by the remains of ash - about eruptions. In Appendix 2 you can look at growth rings.

In addition to stalactites, there are drip pearls in the caves, obtained in ponds as a result of enveloping dirt particles with lime.

There is such an interesting phenomenon as cave "curtains". “Sometimes you can find a whole gallery of skillfully executed natural sculptures in the caves,” says the same children's encyclopedia “Caves”. Indeed, depending on the breed and the surface, lime incrustations can form multi-colored patterns - from "lace veils" to the finest "spaghetti".

There is also such an interesting type of cave formations, which is almost not studied by science - eccentrics. These are limestone crystals with thin branches of "capillaries"; lime spreads over them, regardless of gravity. Because of this, they form bizarre shapes that resemble a trunk with branches.

And in some limestone caves, lakes of indescribable colors are hidden, which, like mirrors, reflect everything around. For example, the Mato Grosso do Sul region in Brazil boasts many amazing underground lakes. Some underground lakes are one hundred meters deep.[ 7 ]

When I asked my geography teacher about caves, Galina Mikhailovna told me about the caves of Slovenia - one of the wonders of the world. A lot of information about Postojna Cave can be found in the book “100 Great Wonders of Nature” by B.B. Wagner. Many stone masterpieces can be seen in this cave. This is a huge stalactite Cypress, which in shape resembles a slender tree sculpted by nature, Boy with a Finger, peeking out from behind a stone column, an openwork stalactite drapery, woven from the finest threadlike incrustations. The corridors of the caves shimmer with all sorts of shades of red - from pale pink to bright scarlet.

The walls sometimes seem to be cast from metal, then carved from ivory. Sometimes a whole palisade of stone columns fills the space of the halls, and the train seems to travel along stone forest... And these stone icicles have been growing for many millennia - only one millimeter a year! Photos of fancy patterns can be found in Appendices 2 and 3.

Such wonderful things can be found exclusively in caves.

1.6 Plant and animal world of caves

But man needs caves not only to admire their beauty. According to the famous Swiss speleologist Alfred Begley: “Under the ground, in absolute darkness, there is a huge world, which we can talk about as a new continent”.

The flora and fauna of the underground corridors is a real value for zoologists and botanists. Probably every child knows that bats live in caves!

But for several centuries, people had a completely different idea of \u200b\u200bthe underworld. During the Middle Ages, people thought that dragons lived in caves: a roar was heard from under the ground, clouds of steam burst out, bones and skulls were found in the cave, and small dragons were thrown to the surface by rivers. As they say, fear has big eyes. In fact, seething rivers "roar", clouds of steam coming out to the surface - this is moist air coming out due to changes in air pressure. Bones are the remains of long-extinct animals. But the little dragons are not fiction at all. These are representatives of a unique underworld that we have to unravel.

The flora and fauna of the caves is truly unusual. These are peculiar little "worlds" with their own microclimate and food chains.

As mentioned above, people found small "dragons" in the river courses and blindly believed that they would grow into real full-fledged monsters. For real, these little eyeless creatures that live in karst cavesare harmless enough. And they are called "proteas". They are similar to eels, but rest on 4 weak legs. Proteas are no more than 30 cm long, and are representatives of amphibians. Proteas are considered "living fossils" because they adapt very easily: larvae hatching in the dark soon lose their color, and their eyes are hidden under the folds of the skin. But if they are exposed to light, then development will go in a different direction: the body will acquire a dark color, and the eyes will become a full-fledged organ of vision.

And in the northern regions of South America, there are cave birds the size of a chicken - guajaro. Alexander von Humboldt discovered them in the Guajaro Cave in Venezuela. The largest colonies of these birds live here. At nightfall, these birds leave the cave and go in search of seeds and oil-rich palm fruits. In the days of Humboldt, the inhabitants of the nearest village once a year destroyed the nests and killed numerous chicks to obtain fat, which is stored for a long time. These birds are currently under protection.

Bats are the most common cave dweller. And more fit. For centuries, people have wondered how bats, in complete darkness, not only do not stray from their path, but overcome obstacles and feel their prey. I also found the answer to this question in the book "Caves" (pp. 19-20). Biologists were able to solve this riddle only in 1938. It turned out that during flight, bats emit high-frequency sounds that the human ear is not able to perceive. Echoes bounce off obstacles, and bats pick them up with their ears. Thanks to this, they make the right decisions with lightning speed and quickly find themselves on the target.

Many species of animals, such as swiftlets, guajaro and bats, regularly leave the caves in search of food. Others use caves for wintering - for example, some species of insects. There is also a cave spider that lives only at the entrance to the cave. There are cave salamanders, cave moths, cave crab and even cave grasshopper.

The cave dwellers have their own advantage. Many of them have no enemies here. Due to the constant air temperature, they do not need to adapt to the changing seasons. Some cave dwellers survived even the ice age, while their relatives died out on the surface. And yet this their small world rather unstable: breaking only one link of their life, you can completely lose rare species animals.

Besides animals, plants also grow in caves. It would seem, how can plants grow without light? After all, most of the plants feed only on the sun's rays. There are really no green plants in the caves. At the entrance to the cave, some species of ferns and mosses are often found, or even algae grow, but only where daylight falls. But in the pitch darkness of the caves, there is a space for bacteria and fungi that survive thanks to the decaying remains of animals. You can see the colorless mushroom threads in the application in the photo.

Another interesting thing is the artificial vegetation grown thanks to the electricity supplied to the caves. It seems unrealistic, but thanks to artificial light, even in very harsh conditions, green "blades" begin to appear.

1.7 Why guard caves

The cave is not only an object of nature beautiful by its nature, but it is the keeper of unique species of animals, it is, as it were, a small separate world. In addition, it is the cave that is the most reliable and valuable custodian of information about its ancient visitors. Here the most important question of my research can be posed: why do you need to protect the caves?

In the underworld, completely different rules apply than on the surface. Living organisms sometimes exist in such harsh conditions that even minor changes in them can lead to their death.

Sometimes dangerous toxic chemicals enter the caves, which pose a threat to the existence of living organisms.

Sometimes visitors to the caves behave like real vandals: they tear off stalactites that have been growing for millennia, leave garbage on the floor, which takes much longer to decompose, pollute the air of the cave with soot of torches, paint on the walls, despite all the prohibitions.

Because of this, many caves are now closed to the public. The caves in which the bats live are closed from November 15 to April 15 - during their hibernation.

The main rule to remember when visiting the cave: do not take anything with you except photos and souvenirs, and do not leave behind anything but traces!

Chapter 2. Cave Zagonnaya with a rock Budakovskaya

But now let's turn directly to the very object of my research - the Zagonnaya cave.

I found some data on this cave in the Red Book.

2.1 Location of the cave

Location of the cave: Krasnoshchekovsky district, right bank of Charysh, 4 km below the village. Ust-Pustynki. The area of \u200b\u200bthe monument is 15 hectares. It has three entrances and is located under the cave of bats, with which it formed a single whole in the past. The length of the cave is 38 m, height - 2.2 m, width - up to 12 m.The exact location on the map can be found in Appendix 5.

2.2 Cave type and time of its formation

Let's define the type of cave and the time of its formation. As it is written in the Red Data Book of the Altai Territory, Zagonnaya Cave was founded in coral limestones of the Ludlovian stage of the Upper Silurian, containing the brachiopod fauna. From the words “embedded in coral limestones” I understood that the type of the cave is calcareous and is a karst formation. To find out what “... the Ludlovian stage of the Upper Silurian, containing the brachiopod fauna” means and whether it is possible to draw any conclusion from this statement, I searched for some terms on the Internet.

The Silurian period is characterized by the appearance of the first vertebrates. Replaced by warm shallow seasas a result of intense tectonic movements, large areas of land came, which led to a drying out of the climate. The most striking features of the Silurian period:

Intensive development of land plants;

Plants have no roots, and the outgrowths of the body, resembling roots, serve only as attachment organs;

Outside the reservoir, it becomes necessary to dismember the body into organs that perform certain functions;

Plants develop stem and leaves in the air;

A vascular system appears;

16. Paleolithic // Site "Archeology" [Electronic resource]Url: http :// arheologija . ru / paleolit - yanin - ychebnik /