The position of Great Britain in relation to the sea oceans. Essay: The economic and geographical characteristics of the United Kingdom. Environmental Protection and Environmental Problems

geographic United Kingdom Rural Resource

Features of the geographic location

The United Kingdom is an irregular form archipelago with a very diverse landscape and nature. The latter is the consequence of the fact that the British Islands were once part of Europe, but were cut off from the mainland after the flooding of lowland lands, which are now the bottom of the North Sea and the strait of La Mans. Northern Ireland, which politically complements the United Kingdom, is located on the second largest island, Ireland, and is the Western expansion of the Scottish Mountains. These mountainous areas are separated by a narrow northern channel. Western shores of the island of the UK Rocky and Clothy, oriental more gentle.

The area of \u200b\u200bGreat Britain is about 240842 square meters. km. Most of the land is sushi, and the rest is rivers and lakes. England Square is 129634 square meters. km, Wales - 20637 square meters. KM., Scotland - 77179 square meters. km. and Northern Ireland - 13438 square meters. km. Thus, England is much larger than other countries of the United Kingdom, and has the most numerous population. These factors explain the domination of England in British history.

The southern tip of the UK island is Cornwall Peninsula - located at 50 S.Sh., and the northernmost part of the Shetland Islands archipelago - by 60 s.sh.

The length of the island of the United Kingdom from north to south is 966 km, and its greatest width is half smaller. Located on the continental shelf, the British archipelago is separated by the shallow northern sea from Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Germany and the narrow strait of La Mans (the British are called his English channel) and Pa de Calais from France.

Historically, the geographical features of Great Britain influenced the settlement of a person, population migration, armed conquest and political union. They also identified the location and work of industry, transport systems, agriculture, fishing industry, forests, energy resources and communications. Nowadays, they continue to determine the life of the British, and in addition, they are closely related to the concerns of society ambient And wildlife.

England (population - 48.2 million people) consists mainly of a hilly or smooth lowland, diluted by several mountain zones in the north and southeast. But low hills extend through most of the country, interlacing with lowland lands and plains.

The population is concentrated mainly around large cities: London and in general in the south-east of England, Western Birmingham, Leeds, Bradford and Sheffield, Northwestern Industrial Liverpool and Manchester and Northeastern Newcastle and Sunderland.

Wales (Population - 2.9 million people) is a mountainous country with the mountains and hills that stretch through the entire territory, often tearing in deep valleys created by river river channels. These mountains gradually decrease and go to high hills in the east of England. The highest mountains of Wales are located in the northwest, where the Snowdon Mountain reaches 1085 m. Height.

Milnage lands are limited to narrow coastal belts and river valleys in the south of Wales, where two thirds of the Wales population live. In the past, the Mountain Area of \u200b\u200bWales made it difficult for war, agriculture and settlement of people.

Scotland

Scotland (population - 5.1 million people) can be divided into three main parts. The first part is the northwestern and central mountains together with a large number of islands in the West and Northern coasts. These lands are weakly populated, and make up half of the entire territory of Scotland. The second part is the central lowland lands that make up one fifth of the entire Scottish territory and three-quarters of the entire population of Scotland, most industrial and shopping centers and cultivated land. The third part is the southern hill, which includes a row of hills that stretch to the border with England.

SAMI high mountain in Scotland - Ben Nevis (1342 m), which is also the same high mountain UK.

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland (the population - 1.6 million people) is located just 21 km from the Scottish coast, which caused the migration of peoples in the distant past. Since the separation of Ireland in 1921 in the south and west, it borders with the Irish Republic. In the north there is a mountainous bank, in the center, closer to the south, fertile valley, and mountains in the West, northeast and southeast.

British islands lie at the north-west coast of Europe. British islands are surrounded by a variety of small islands. In the south-west of the island of Britain, Silly Islands are located, and north of Wales island of Angles. On the western and northern coasts of Scotland there are numerous small islands that are part of the UK. The most important of them are the Orkney Shetland Islands.

From the west, the United Kingdom is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, and from the east - the waters of the North Sea.

From the south, the United Kingdom borders with France - the nearest and most developed neighbor having common water borders with it. The smallest distance to the northern coast of France is the Strait of the DUVR, but the main message between states is carried out through the strait of La Mans, called the British "English Channel", along the bottom of which at the end of the twentieth century was laid a tunnel for high-speed rail. Prior to this, the message between the two countries was carried out by aqueous or air.

Also closest neighbors of the UK are Belgium and the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Norway are significantly further located.

A variety of geographical features of Great Britain is the result of long geological and climate change. Over time, thanks to the movements of the earth's crust from the bottom of the sea, the mountain ranges rose, which formed the oldest territories of Great Britain. Periods of warm subtropical weather were replaced by new movements of the earth's crust, and huge swampy forests covered all lowland lands. The forests, in turn, were buried under the sand, soil and mud, so that the fossil forests became the coal with modern UK. Later, the climate changed from subtropical to the Arctic. During the ice age, almost the entire island was buried under the ice, with the exception of South England.

Mountains gradually weathered thanks to ice, water and winds. This process is raguly mountain peaks And the rocks moved to the lowlands, where they suggested in new mountains, as a result of which the landscape became smaller and softer. Geological and weather changes have identified today's species of valleys and plains, as well as "caused the location of the main rivers of the United Kingdom, such as Clyde, Fort and Tweed in Scotland, Tyne, Trent, Humber, Severn and Thames in England and Wales, Bann and Logan in Northern Ireland. "

The forces of nature also influenced the coastline, since the sea retired, it was returned again. Parts of the coastal zone went under water, while others were exposed. These processes continue today, especially on the Eastern and southern coasts England. Where the sea retreated, chalk and limestone mountains were formed, as well as sandy beaches around the coast, while the destruction of the soil served as the loss of part of the Earth in some places.

Initially, the United Kingdom was part of the European mainland, but the melting of glaciers after the end of the glacial period led to raising the sea level, and the country was separated from the continent of the Northern Sea in the widest point and the la-mannese itself in the narrow. The distance between the Dover in England and Kale in France is minimal (32 km).

All the coast is betented by bays, bays, delta and peninsula, so most of the UK is at a distance of no more than 120 km from the sea. The sea off the coast is not deeper than 90 meters, because most of the British Islands lies on the continental shelf, which is the raised seabed, connected to the mainland. The warm flow of Gulf Stream heats the sea and the air on the way through the shelf. Therefore, the climate on the islands is much softer than could be, given their northern location. The course also affects coastal waters that are important for the fishing industry.

Ministry of Common and Vocational Education

Sverdlovsk region

State educational institution

primary vocational education

Professional school for training workers

Economic and geographic

characteristic of the country

Great Britain

abstract

Executor:

Telitsyn M.M.

pupils of Group number 21

Leader:

geography teacher

Khorzov T.V.

Yekaterinburg

Introduction ......................................................................... ... 3

1. Surface, borders, position of the country .............................. .... 4

2.Realous conditions and resources ................................................ 5

3. Settlement ........................................................................ .7.

4.Other and industry ............................................. ... 8

5. Selling economy ............................................................ .11

6.Transport ........................................................................ .12.

7.Naught and finance ..............................................................................13

8.Tery and tourism ................................................................... 15

9. Environment and Environment and ecological problems…………....18

Conclusion ........................................................................ .19

Appendix 1 ......................................................................20

Appendix 2 ......................................................................21

Appendix 3 ....................................................................................22

Appendix 4 ......................................................................23

Appendix 5 ....................................................................................24

References ............................................................... 25

Introduction

I chose the theme "The Economic and Geographical Position of Great Britain" because it is the Great Britain to me closer to all other countries, of course not counting Russia. I would like to visit this country, its cultural places and learn more about her than my superficial knowledge.

To write an abstract on this topic, you need to study four sources in which the Great Britain's position is fairly accurate. And on the basis of these sources, it is necessary, on the issues raised, to show the current position of the country and conclude its condition.

1. Territory, borders, position of the country

Great Britain (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) - This is an improper form archipelago with a very diverse landscape and nature. The United Kingdom Square is about 240,842 square meters. km. Most of the land is sushi, and the rest is rivers and lakes. England Square is 129,634 square meters. km, Wales - 20,637 square meters. KM., Scotland - 77 179 square meters. km. and Northern Ireland - 13,438 square meters. km. The southern tip of the UK island of the Cornwall Peninsula - is located 50 ° C.Sh., and the northernmost part of the Shetland Islands archipelago - at 60 ° S.Sh. The length of the island of the United Kingdom from north to south is 966 km, and its greatest width is half smaller. The United Kingdom has a complex administrative and territorial division. It consists of 4 historical and geographic areas: England (45 counts and a special administrative unit - Big London). Wales (8 counts); Northern Ireland (26 districts); Scotland (12 regions); Independent administrative units are the island of Man and the Norman Islands. From the west, the United Kingdom is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, and from the east - the waters of the North Sea. From the south, the United Kingdom borders with France - the nearest and most developed neighbor having common water borders with it. The smallest distance to the northern coast of France is the Strait of the DUVR, but the main message between states is carried out through the strait of La Mans, called the British "English Channel", along the bottom of which at the end of the twentieth century was laid a tunnel for high-speed rail. Prior to this, the message between the two countries was carried out by aqueous or air. Also closest neighbors of the UK are Belgium and the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Norway are significantly further located. Thus, the UK EGP is both neighbor and seaside, which is extremely beneficial for economic Development Country, although has some mines in strategic and militarily.

2. Natural conditions and resources UK climate is temperate, oceanic, very wet with soft winter and non-quiet summer. For the British Isles are characterized by frequent fogs and strong winds. The temperate oceanic climate and the influence of the warm north-atlantic flow create favorable conditions for the development of agriculture. The average temperature of the coldest month - January - does not fall below +3.5 degrees even in the extreme north-east of Great Britain, and in the south-west reaches +5.5 degrees. Snow in winter falls throughout the country, but very unevenly. In the mountainous areas of Scotland, snow cover is held at least 1-1.5 months. In the south of England, and especially in its southwest, the snow falls very rarely and is preserved no more than a week. Here grass is green round year . High alumina of soil is an important factor in increasing the yield of crops. Rivers under the conditions of the British climate are many times. The largest are - Thames, Severn, Trent, Mercey. Rivers as a source of energy are used only in the highlands of Scotland. In the UK, there is no wide variety of minerals. The value of coal is especially great, the total reserves of which are 190 billion tons. The largest stocks and mining are distinguished by three pools: Yorkshire, and South Wales. In addition to these three largest coal pools, the pools of Scotland, stretching the chain from Western to, the eastern edge of the mid-Scottish lowland, as well as the Lancashirskaya and West Midland, consisting of a number of small deposits, play an important role. Small outlets of stone coal layers are available on the coast of the Kimberland Peninsula and in the Far Southeast of England - the Kent pool. In the 1960s, oil and gas fields were opened in the Northern Sea's shelf. Large deposits are located close to the shores of the southeast of England and the Northeast of Scotland. The United Kingdom occupies a sixth line of the global oil producer. Oil reserves in the UK reach numbers of 770 million tons. In addition to major energy resources, the United Kingdom has significant stocks of iron ores. But their deposits are distinguished by low content in metal ore (22-33%). The most largest East Midland deposit. Until recently, the United Kingdom with its own iron ore provided half of their needs in this form of raw materials, the rest was bought by importing. Currently, the extraction of low-quality ore turned out to be unprofitable, so prey turned and transferred to the import of high-quality ores from Sweden, Canada, Brazil and a number of African countries. In the UK, small deposits of copper and lead-zinc ores were developed, as well as tin. The deposits are very exhausted and now mining is very small. Minimize a little tungsten. Uranium ores found in Scotland. Of the non-metallic industrial raw materials, the production of kaolin or white clay is essential, as well as a stone salt in Cheshire and Durham and a potash salt in Yorkshire. In the soil cover of the country, a variety of podzolic soils and burzems prevail. The most fertile meadow soils at the Bay of Wash. In general, the soil in the UK is very ferret and give high yields. For the UK, a cultural landscape is characterized. Only in the mountainous areas of the country preserved natural vegetation. In forests, broader breeds predominate (Oak, Grab, Elm, Beech) and only in Scotland - Pine. Nowadays, only 9% of the UK is employed under the forests. However, the country gives the impression of very wooded thanks to the living elevation, which are observed fields and meadows, as well as small forest areas and numerous parks. Only west Coastexposed to the exposure to Western winds carrying salted sea splashes, almost devoid of vegetation. Thus, due to the temperate oceanic climate in the UK, the grass is green all year round, i.e. High soil yield. In the UK, there is no wide variety of minerals, however, some of them played a huge role in the formation of its industrial areas, and now the United Kingdom is more importer than exporter. 3. Population

The total population (according to 2008) - 61,113,205 people. Age structure: up to 14 years - 16.7%, 15-64 - 67.1%, from 65 and older - 16.2%. Middle age men - 39 years old, women - 41 years old. The average composition of the family is 2 children and parents. The number of rural population - 11%, the density of the rural population - 242 people. per 1 km square The total number of economically active population - 29 million people. In cities with the number of residents of St. 100 thousand people Almost half of the country's population lives. The largest in terms of the number of residents of the city: London (6 803,000 people), Birmingham (935,000 people), Glasgow (654,000 people), Sheffield (500,000 people), Liverpool (450,000 people), Edinburgh (421 000 people), Manchester (398,000 people), Belfast (280,000 people). In the UK, the fertility exceeds mortality, the fast birth rate can be traced in the table (Appendix 1) from 1976 to 2009. Aknown residents of the country account for 92% of the population (2001, census), of which:

· British - 83.6%,

· Scots (mainly in Scotland) - 8.5%,

· Welsh (mostly in Wales) - 4.9%,

· Irish (mainly in Northern Ireland, Olterians) - 2.9%.

Immigrants and their children live mainly in the conurbs of Big London, Western Midland and Mersiside. They constitute about 8% of the country's population, including:

suitations from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh - 3.6%,
China - 0.4%,
africa countries - 0.8%,
dark-skinned people from the islands Caribbean - 1 %

Currently, Monarch - Elizabeth II, which began on the Board on February 6, 1952. Her heir is the eldest son, Prince Charles. Prince Wales spends different ceremonial functions as the Queen's husband, Prince Philip, Duke Edinburgh. In addition, there are several more members of the August family: children, grandchildren and cousins. Thus, the population is growing at the expense of labor immigrants from countries recently entering the European Union, which, after the EU expansion, in May 2004, a free entry was allowed to work into the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, the birth rate in the country still exceeds mortality, although the natural increase is no longer dominated by the increase in the number of British.

4. Economy and Industry

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland occupies a sixth place among the leading countries on the shared scale of economic activity and the largest internal product (GDP). The country's economy is highly monographed: 100 largest TNK control over 50% of the production of industrial products and foreign trade. The industry of Great Britain gives 1/3 gross national product, it accounts for 1/3 of all those employed. It uses mainly imported raw materials, and is increasingly focused on the foreign market. On the one hand, the UK is characterized by the rapid growth of modern industries using progressive production technology and labor organization, the latest equipment and perfect management methods, on the other, the lag of old traditional industries. The largest industrial monopolies of the country - "Imperial Kemikal Industries", or Iki, "Unilever", "British Leiland" and "General Electric Company", in which 200 thousand people are busy. The main part of the industrial enterprises of Great Britain is concentrated in a densely populated industrial belt, including county from London to Lancashir and from West Yorkshire to Gloucestershira. The largest industrial areas outside this belt - South Wales, Northeast of England and the central part of Scotland. In areas where old production and traditional industries developed, became lagging or depressive. This is most of Scotland, Northern Ireland, almost all Wales, the extreme northeast and part of the south-west of England. The main branch of the Great Britain of the Great Britain - coal mining. It has been underway for three centuries. According to the reserves of stone coal, the United Kingdom ranks third in Europe. As for the British oil refining industry, it still depends on the import of crude oil and petroleum products. In the country there are 9 refineries with a total capacity of about 90 million tons per year (in 1999, the refinery of Shell company in Shell-Hayven was closed with a capacity of 4.3 million tons per year). They are located at the mouth of the Thames, in the fouls near Southampton, in South Wales, at the Manchester Canal, in Teesside, Humberside and in Scotland (Greyungmouth). In the British zone of the North Sea, more than 80 gas deposits with explored 2 trillion reserves were found. M 3 and removed - 0.8 trillion. m 3. Gas production began in the mid-60s, 37 deposits are now exploited, 1/2 production gives 7, among them - Lehman Benk, Brent, Morcem. Production volume for 1990-2003 Erected with and up to 103 billion m 3. Foreign trade is insignificant; In 2003, its exports amounted to 15, and imports - 8 billion 3. By laid at the bottom of the North Sea, the gas pipeline gas reaches the eastern coast of the Island of the United Kingdom in the Isington area and Yorkshire. A serious achievement of the British economy is that the entire production and consumer sector is fully secured by electricity. 86% of electricity produced by thermal power plants, 12% - atomic and 2% - hydroelectric power plants. The overwhelming number of TPP works on the corner, but in recent years some of them goes into oil. The largest TPPs (more than 1 million kW) are located on the Trent and near London River. The hydrostating, as a rule, are small, they are mainly located on the Scottish Highlands. The development of iron ore is carried out in a relatively narrow belt, which begins at the city of Scuntorp in Yorkshire in the north and stretches through the entire East Midland to the city of Bubbery in the south. Ruda here is low quality, silica and contains only 33% of the metal. The need for iron ore is covered by importing from Canada, Liberia and Mauritania. Big development received ferrous metallurgy.
To date, the United Kingdom takes the eighth place in the world of cast iron and steel smelting. The State Corporation "British Styl" produces almost all steel for the country. 4 metallurgical areas have been preserved, of which only one is located in the center of the country: Sheffield Rother, with his specialization in high-quality steel and electric utilities, the rest - on the coast in ports (in South Wales - Port Tolbot, Llanven, in Humbersay - De - Skantelp , in Teesside - Redcar). In mechanical engineering - the largest branch of the British industry has 1/4 of all employed in the manufacturing industry. The industry accounts for 40% of conditionally pure production of the manufacturing industry. Transportation of transport engineering. About 1/3 of the capital spent on the manufacture of transport facilities, belongs to American companies that have gained in the British Islands after World War II. Enterprises of this industry are available in almost all areas and in most urban cities. Electrical engineering refers to growing and developing industries, it ranks second among the manufacturing industries in terms of employment. Several very large companies dominate electrical engineering: "General Electric", "Inglish Electric" and "Associated Electrician Industries". The positions of the UK in the production of turbines and electric motors are still quite strong. But the dominant position is now covered by electronics. The most dynamically develops the production of computing equipment, but the main positions here occupies American capital, and in the production of consumer electronics - Japanese. British firms are traditionally strong in the production of radio-electronic equipment (radars, radio transmitters) and communications. Airtensification of the same fastest growing industries of Great Britain. The State Largest Firm is dominated in this industry - British Airspeis. It specializes in the release of a wide range of different aircraft, helicopters, spacecraft, rockets. Helicopters are produced by another large Westland Erkraft firm. Almost all the production of aircraft workers in the country is concentrated in the hands of the nationalized Rolls-Royce company, which has plants in Derby, Bristol, Coventry, as well as in Scotland. Cooperation with Western European and American companies in the production of civil and military equipment. The latest production of the chemical industry also belongs to the number of rapidly developing industries. About 1/3 of the main chemistry products are inorganic chemicals - sulfuric acid, metal oxides and non-metals. Among the many chemical industries, the production of synthetic fibers, various types of plastics, new dyes, pharmaceutical products and detergents began to be highlighted. British chemistry is based on oil and gas raw materials and specializes in a sufficiently limited number of chemical. Traditional industries are also developing, such as textile industry. From the light industry branches, it owns a special role in the industrial development of the country, in the distribution of machine method of production worldwide. Woolen fabrics are produced mainly in West Yorkshire, the production of artificial silk prevails in the Yorkshire city of Sillasden, and cotton fabrics in Lancashire, in small textile cities to the northeast of Manchester. Production of woolen fabrics, products, yarn - the oldest on the British islands. Wool products of British textiles and today are highly appreciated in foreign markets. In the structure of the manufacturing industry, the greatest share has a paper and printing industry (13.9%), food and tobacco (13.8%). The digestive industry over the past half century has become one of the main areas of the concentration of British capital: out of 40 corporations of the country that are part of the club 500 of the largest firms in the world, this industry presents a whole dozen led by Yunilever, Dairejo and Cadbyuri SCWPPS. High competitiveness in the global market have food concentrates, confectionery, drinks (including tea, Scotch whiskey and London Gin), tobacco products. The placement of the largest enterprises is focused on markets, including external. Thus, the United Kingdom occupies a sixth place among countries, on the overall scale of economic activities, the largest GDP and industrial production volumes.

5. Selling economy

In recent decades, the development of agriculture has significantly increased the scientific and technical level and productivity of the National AIC. The country's provision is steadily growing at the expense of local resources, and for the post-war period it rose from 1/3 to 4/5, full self-sufficiency was achieved by such products as milk, high security for eggs, poultry meat, wheat, oats, barley, potatoes; fruits, oil, sugar, cheeses are imported. According to the conditions established in the EU, the imported products have to pay more expensive in comparison with the possibilities of importation of food from the former colonies, which generates constant contradictions between the United Kingdom and other EU members. UK Agriculture is currently one of the most productive and mechanized in the world. The share of employment in the industry is 2% of total employment in the country. total area agricultural land - 58.3 million hectares (76% of all land land). In the structure of agricultural production prevails - animal husbandry. Dairy and meat and dairy cattle breeding, and the pig breeding (bacon fattening), meat sheep and poultry farming are developed. England is one of the largest global sheep wool suppliers. Traditionally, animal husbandry concentrates in river basins. However, the big damage suffered animal husbandry in 2001 due to livestock diseases - at the beginning of the spongy encephalopathy ("cow rabies"), and then a shcher. In crop production, almost 60% of Pashnya is occupied by perennial herbs, over 28% - under the grain crops (including 15% wheat, 11% - barley); 12% - under the technical (rapeseed, sugar beet, flax) and feed crops (including potatoes), as well as vegetable groceries and berries. Basic agricultural areas - East England and Southeast. There are many fruit gardens in the country. Agriculture enjoys great support to the state and receives subsidies from the EU budget. According to such products, like: wheat, barley, oats and pork - production volumes exceed the volume of consumption; According to such as: potatoes, beef, lamb, wool, sugar and egg production below the volume of consumption. Thus, many of the necessary products of Great Britain have to be imported from other countries. They import 4/5 cream oil, 2/3 sugar, half of wheat and bacon, 1/4 beef and veal consumed in the country.

6.Transport

The United Kingdom is an island state, so all its external transportation and trade is related to sea and air transport. About 9/10 of the total cargo turnover falls on sea transport, including 1/4 - on coastal. All the Areas of the UK, except Western Midland, are in one way or another directly related to the marine ports that serve as the main transport hubs. The largest of them are London, Southampton, Liverpool, Gull and Harge, and the London and Liverpool seaports are missing about half of all goods (in charge). The UK continent is connected by the tunnel under the strait of La Mans, two railway ferries (Duzr - Dunkirk and Haridge - Ostend), and numerous sea car and passenger ferries - with Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Holland and France. In domestic freight traffic playing the greatest role automobile transport. The main role in domestic transportation is the road transport - 85% of passenger traffic and 81% of cargo transportation. The territory of Great Britain is covered with a dense network of roads. The length of asphalt roads is 406.4 thousand km. Unlike other developed countries in the UK, with a large road density, only 4% are modern highways that attract 36% of transport flows. The most intensive movement along the axial motorway London - Birmingham - Manchester - Glasgow. In London and Glasgow there is a metropolitan. Electrification of railways (1/3 of lines) was carried out to increase competitiveness, expresss for passengers and goods were allowed at the main directions. The government carries out various organizational measures to modernize this type of transport. The value of river transport falls. The length of waterways is 3.2 thousand km. Internal waterways (rivers and network of channels) are used mainly mainly for recreational purposes. Transportation of goods is carried out mainly within the deep-water esthearies of Mercey, Thames, North, Hambler. Aviation transport is rapidly developing. Since the 1980s Air transportation of passengers and goods increased more than three times. "British Erueiz" - leading international Airline. There are about 450 civil airports in the country - the largest of them "Heathrow". The network of pipeline transport is rapidly expanding; It is connected to gas pipelines coming from the North Sea deposits; The total length of pipelines is 3.9 thousand km. - Up to 75% of oil goes to a landing on pipelines.

Thus, transport in the UK plays an important role in domestic freight and passenger traffic. So the tunnel under the strait of La Mans with two railway ferries crossings 60-80% of the total population per day.

7.Naught and finance

The contribution of Great Britain to the treasury of world science, primarily in the development of natural and technical sciences. Among the outstanding scientists - physicists, chemists, biologists: I. Newton, R. Boyl, R. Guk, J. Johl, M. Faraday, J. Maxwell, Ch. Darwin, Cavendish, E. Rutinford. The world fame received the works of British philosophers, sociologists, historians, economists: R. Bacon, T. Mora, FR. Bacon, T. Gobbs, I. Bentama, U. Petty, A. Smith, D. Riccardo, J. Mill, R. Owen, T. R. Maltus, A. Marshall, J. M. Keynes, B. Russell. Over 70 scientists are awarded Nobel Prizes. The UK accounts for about 4.5% of global science expenses, 8% of all scientific publications. How significant is the role of science in the United Kingdom, you can make sure that the examples occurred in the field of education. Technical schools and colleges, as well as advanced training programs in other institutions, seek to increase the number of professional scientific personnel. Schools work closely with industry. The Manchester Research Council unites university scientists and members of the Chamber of Commerce. The University of Sheffield is held with industrial importance of research in the field of glass technology, and in Cheshire in the field of radio telescope. In the UK, more than 200 scientific institutions and organizations producing more than 400 periodic scientific publications. As for libraries, let's call the main. Library of the British Museum in London (more than 10 million volumes), a library of the University of Cambridge (more than 3.5 million volumes), the Bodlean library in Oxford (more than 4.5 million volumes), as well as the Scottish National Library in Edinburgh (more than 4 Million volumes), the Wales National Library in the city of Abereyvent (more than 2 million volumes). Copies of all issued books come, in accordance with the law, in the British Museum for Copyright, as well as to other libraries, if they receive requests for these publications. The largest libraries are located at Universities in London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, St. Andrus, Royal (in Belfast), John Rayland (in Manchester), at the Victoria Museum and Albert and the Museum of Natural History. Important meetings of special publications are located at the Patent Bureau, in India House, the State Archive, in the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Academy of Theater Art, Royal Music College, the Royal Academy of Music, the Council of Arts, the National Book League, the National Storage of Archives, the Royal Botanical Garden Institute modern history (Wiener Library) and the National Library for Blind. There are about 500 state library councils with more than 40,000 branches and outstanding more than 400 million books per year. The delivery of books on special equipped cars is becoming increasingly popular for remote areas. Book meetings are complemented by a large number of video and audio materials. British companies have reduced their expenses for R & D (research and development work). According to this indicator, the United Kingdom ranks fifth among the seven leading industrial-developed countries. In the field of high technology, British firms are ahead of Japanese and German companies, but are inferior to the United States and France. This provision is caused not only to a decrease in the level of financing developments by the companies themselves, but also by the reduction of support from the state. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry and the Ministry of Finance are developing a joint policy of increasing investment in R & D and to optimize the process of implementing research results in all sectors of the country's economy. The fact of the participation of the Ministry of Finance emphasizes the attention that the government pays to solving this problem. Two ministries are managed by working groups engaged in the restructuring of the process of organizing and financing British R & D. The chief treasury of the Ministry of Finance sponsors a group headed by the director of British Biotek. The Group studies funding R & D in high-tech companies, and, in particular, financing the initial stage of development. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry sponsors the Tech-Starz group, to overcome barriers to the development of small and medium-sized firms in the field of high technologies. The Minister of Science is headed by a working group on the inventive activities and the introduction of inventions in industry. The Working Group on Investment Affairs is headed by Lord Hollik and is engaged in the study of deterrent factors on the way of investment in R & D. All groups include representatives of banking circles, joint capital and firms in the spheres of production and maintenance. Thus, scientific and technological programs aimed at solving pressing issues of industry and society, which include the creation of a promising vehicle of the future are developed and implemented. Reducing the level of pollution of large cities of the country; Creating promising materials for industry; genetic and environmental balance of human health; Integrated approach to aging problems. And the role of science in the UK is very significant.

8.Teady and tourism

For most visits in the UK, a reusable visitor visitor is issued, for a period of 6 months. In some cases, the visa visitor can be issued for a single visit. Citizens of Russia, due to the concession on the immigration rules of the United Kingdom, may not receive transit visa And get out of the airport transit zone, if staying on the UK is not more than 24 hours. In the cooking, the British are also committed to traditions, as in many ways. The day of the British for centuries begins with a traditional breakfast: scrambled eggs with fried bacon, fried tomatoes, mushrooms, sausages and blood sausage. Currently, oatmeal and cornflakes are more often served. After breakfast, you will definitely be waiting for tea and a twirled toast with an orange jam. Lunch, or a second breakfast, serve in half the second, and then follows tea or light lunch at 5 o'clock and dinner at 7. Snacks and sandwiches are very popular - triangular sandwiches have become one of numerous English traditions. From the first dishes are widespread soups and broths, but they rarely serve them, they are not an integral part of daily meals. Spices and herbs are very rarely used. The British eat a lot of meat: beef, veal, lamb, pork. It is baked entirely with blood or cut into steaks and fried in a pan. Movie will certainly serve gravy (gravy), baked vegetables (usually, potatoes) and picked. Beer is especially popular from the hints - black el and porter, and barrel beer, as well as whiskey, gin, brandy, rum, port, is especially valued. Placement in the UK is divided into three types:

Hotel is a hotel where complete accommodation service is provided;
B & B and Inn - Guest accommodation providing the necessary service for overnight stays and breakfast;
Motel - budget or roadside hotels, informal accommodation options with a very limited set of services. managed by private entrepreneurs and have limited opportunities For businessmen.

In addition to star, hotels (Hotel) can be assigned specifying names. Metrohotel (Metro-Hotel). It does not offer hot nutrition to guests, but should be held within walking distance from public catering. CountryhouseHotel (countryside home hotel). At the hotel should have a small park or garden - secluded and quiet. Smallhotel (mini-hotel). The maximum number of rooms is 20. Usually such hotels are managed by private entrepreneurs and have limited opportunities for businessmen. The main sights of England and the UK are located, of course, in London, where, for example, in the City district, tradition and modernity were connected. And also in the capital of Scotland - Edinburgh. Big Ben ( Appendix 1) is a clock of a huge size that stand on the Tower of St. Stephen. These watches located on the Tower of Parliament of the United Kingdom are recognized by the sound and hear all over the world, because their fight is transmitted on the radio Air Force Hospital. In Big Ben to tourists, the entrance is prohibited to get to the very top of the ninety-six-meter tower in a very narrow screw staircase. Having passed all three hundred thirty-four steps, you can get into a small open area, it is here that the legendary bell is located. Big Ben is one bell. In height, it is more than two meters, its diameter is three meters. British museum (Appendix 2) - British Library, reading room of the British Museum, which is a huge room of a cylindrical form. All walls of this room are tired by books. Buckingham Palace (Appendix 3) - The Buckingham Palace is located opposite the marble gilded monument to Queen Victoria in front of the street Pal Mall. If the queen is located in the palace, the royal flag can be on the roof of the palace. At the request of the ancestor of the Queen, King George IV Palace was built on the architectural project of John Nash. The price of construction reached a seven pounds due to the mass of excesses of this kind, such as five hundred marble blocks with bodies from Carrara Edinburgh castle (Appendix 4) Edinburgh Castle is located in the very center of the city, so he is visible from everywhere. None of the passing tourists can pass by. Because the castle has a huge height. But besides entertainment, it attracts its age and historical meaning. Stonehenge. The giant construction in the center of Europe - Stonehenge is a stone riddle. In general, Stonehenge is a giant construction, including 82 five-toned megalith, 30 stone blocks of 25 tons and 5 huge trilites weighing 50 tons. Stone blocks are composed in the form of arches pointing to the sides of the world. Until recently, scientists believed that this construction was erected in 3100 to our era tribes of the British islands in order to observe the Sun and the Moon. But recently this idea is revised. Parks London - This is a special landmark, which is a green spot in the very center of the city, having an area of \u200b\u200bmore than three hundred hectares. The huge size of the parks, their length creates the illusion of the untouched landscape of nature, the situation is created, which joins the contrast with the soupurbanistic landscape of the city. The value of parks to restore the atmosphere of the center of London is huge, therefore they are called "Light London". Museum Z. Freud. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, lived since 1938 in this house with his family after escape from Austria from the Nazi regime. Until 1982, Freud's younger daughter lived here, also psychoanalyst. Now the Museum and Research Center are located simultaneously. Tower of London. In the book that is dedicated to the nine hundred student of the Tower, Duke Edinburgh wrote: "London Tower was a fortress, and a palace, and a repository of royal jewelry, and arsenal, and a mint, and a prison, and an observatory, and a zoo, and a place attracting tourists. " Ferris wheel (Londoneye) is a large, the world's highest ferris wheel. Such a gift to Londoners and guests of the city was made by 2000. There are 32 cabins in the ferris wheel, each of which is designed for 25 people, the full turn of the wheel is performed in half an hour. The construction of a huge ferris wheel financed "Britishairlways". From a height of one hundred and thirty-five meters, a wonderful view of London opens, with a favorable weather you can see the city with surroundings within a radius of forty kilometers. Cathedral Saint Paul - This is the residence of the Bishop of London, as well as the spiritual center of City. Architect Sir Christopher Ren led the observation of the construction of the Cathedral from the windows of his house, which was located on the opposite bank of the river. From there, he was visible on top of the hill Ludgate. The construction of this masterpiece continued for thirty-five years. House Sherlock Holmes. Constructed in 1815. The British government announced his architectural and historical monument second category. From 1860 until 1934, the house was a private ownership, there was a guesthouse here, but with the acquisition of a building by international society, it became the home of Sherlock Holmes. Windsor Palace - This castle, which is visible from the Windsor Park, the great people were very romantic. To the left of it - the round tower. Architect Jeffrey Whitville for his creation in 1828 was awarded the work of him in the class of knights. Westminster Abbey – His beauty was carefully created by different generations of the members of the royal family, starting with Eduard confessor, who climbed the throne in 1040. It is a pity that the church erected was consecrated only in 1065, when the king weakened and could not attend the consecration ceremony. The following year, the coronation of Wilhelm-Conqueror was held on the church in the church. Thus, in the UK, tradition and modernity, traditions in cooking, religion and cultural values, and modernity in education, education of young generations and social development are connected.

9. Environment and Environmental Problems

To date, at the last stage of implementation there is a three-year project to create a database building materials. The project was supported by 24 trading organizations involved in the production and supply of building materials, and is aimed at improving their quality, functioning period and check how much they meet the principles of energy saving, environmental protection and human health. Latest sociological studies show about 70% of respondents believe that the state of the medium in their residential premises requires improvement. Therefore, the Institute of Construction is going to publish recommendations for construction companies, how they can improve the quality of buildings and their compliance with environmental requirements. In order to attract construction firms to participate in this important to all, the Institute plans to publish the book "Environment. Competition. Profit", which will include data on all firms that are seriously related to environmental protection. Evictory seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions . According to the obligations under the Kyoto Protocol, the country has already reduced emissions by 12.5% \u200b\u200bcompared with 1990 and plans to reach 20% in 2010. It is planned that by 2015 33% of household waste will be recycled or used as fertilizers. For the period from 1999 to 2000, the processing of household waste increased from 8.8% to 10.3%. The United Kingdom ratified such international agreements: "On environmental protection", "On air pollution" (nitrogen oxides, sulfur, organic compounds), "On the protection of Antarctica's natural environment", "On the conservation of Antarctica marine resources". "Antarctic Treaty", "On Biodiversity", UN Framework Convention "On Climate Changes", Kyoto Protocol "On Desertification", "On Hazardous Waste", Maritime Convention, Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons Testing, "On Whale Protection" and others. Thus, signing the above agreements and agreements to the United Kingdom seeks to reduce and partial destruction of the environmental problem.

Conclusion

This abstract is written using four sources, having studied which I can conclude that now the United Kingdom is a highly developed state, one of the world's leading powers. In terms of industrial production, it ranks fifth in the world after the United States, Japan, Germany and France. But it has not yet done. Mining is being made in Britain, the development of new production methods of the latter. Due to the fact that Britain is island stateShe and at the present time remains one of the largest marine powers. Thanks to its economic and geographical position, there are still development options in the UK. This country can only develop and improve its position in the world.

Attachment 1

1-1976; 2-1998; 3-2004; 4-2005; 5-2007; 6-2009 year

Appendix 2.

Appendix 3.

Appendix 4.

Appendix 5.

Bibliography:

1 .internet "Big Soviet Encyclopedia". Chief editor. I.Vavilov. State Scientific Publishing House "Big Sovetskalcyclopedia". Volume number 7. 1951.2.InterTernet asset "Countries of the World". 1976. Moscow. Pubhouse Publishing Literature.3.Internetentic clopedia for children. "Avanta +". Volume 13. "Countries. Peoples. Civilization. .1999.

Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia
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