Lake Titicaca is located in Central Andes at an altitude of 3810 meters above sea level. This is the largest lake of South America. Its area is 8300 square kilometers, and it ranks 18 in size, among the largest lakes in the world. The depth of water is more than a hundred meters, and in some places it reaches 300 meters.
It is here, on the shores of a huge and deep reservoir, during the time of fabulous antiquity was one of the centers of highly developed civilizations of humanity.
Around it, suitable for the Life of the Earth was limited to the east of the impassable jungle of the Amazon River basin, and from the west with the vast waters of the Pacific Ocean. The ancient people denounce the narrow Western strip of the continent, which began at the boundaries of the modern Ecuador and ended in the central regions of Chile.
In the first millennium BC, such civilizations such as Chavin, San Augustine and Parakas existed here. The latter chose a coastal area of \u200b\u200bthe Andes (the southern coast of modern Peru) and Parakas Parakas peninsula (sand rain).
The main attraction of this people who came to our time are necropolis. They consist of spacious burial cameras; They are stored many mummies. Dead, wobbed in several layers of fabric, decorated with a rich ornament, are in a sitting position. The knees rest in the chin, arms crossed on the chest.
What is of particular interest is that some of the skull mummies are deformed, have an ovoid shape and traces of trepanation. It is difficult to believe in it, but the facts are stubborn item: once, two more than a thousand years ago, the ancient eskulapses successfully made operations on the brain. This confirms the partial replacement of the bones of the cranial boxes with gold plates.
Civilization Parakas Round in the darkness of centuries in the second century BC. Her trails were lost in an infinite stream of time, but there are a number of evidence that cast a weak light on the fate of this mysterious people. These evidence points to the fact that the descendants of those ancient eskulapses did not disappear from the ground, but continue to live, skillfully applying invaluable medical knowledge in practice.
But before considering this interesting question, you need to get acquainted with the historical events that took place in the period from the XIII to the XVI century on the Western lands of South America.
History of the Empire Incov
Nine hundred years ago, the god of the sun, who supervised the above-mentioned territory, was concerned about the poor living conditions of people. To cheer simple mortals, to instill confidence in them and give to feel the joy of life, he sent her son of Manko Kapack and his beloved daughter Mama Okli. 
The instructions of Vladyka were brief and blacks. He gave the children a staff from pure gold and commanded to settle on those lands, where it is expensive the product will enter the soil.
Divine siblings exactly performed by the will of the Father. They wandered for a long time along the mountainous terrain, trying to strength. Stony land did not want to accept the precious metal, and the children had already begun to despair. But they found themselves in the Cusco Valley, the village of Pakara-Tambo, at the foot of the Wanacauri hill. And a miracle happened here: the staff became easily entered into solid, like granite, soil. The son and daughter joyfully loosened and laid the settlement at this place, which called Cusco. 
The people who lived on the nearby territory gave the praise of Manko Kapack and Mama Oklu, recognized them with his rulers and began to call his country Tauantinsuyu (the land of four parts).
Years passed. Cusco gradually turned into a large and beautiful city. It was located at an altitude of 3416 meters above sea level and was crossed by two mountain ranges.
Wars Incov
In parallel to the construction of his capital, the people who received the support of the gods of the people. Initially, he fought for a long time with the tribes of Sora and the arm, which lived on the Western lands adjacent to the Cuzco valley. Conquer these tribes, the conquerors significantly expanded their borders and began to prepare for further military expansions.
A serious enemy was a very strong and brave people of Chanka. War with him was long, difficult and cruel. Only by the middle of the XV century, the Inca managed to split their main enemy. At this time, they had Pachaktek, the son of the legendary Manco Kapa.
At first, the second half of the XV century, the descendants of Divine Siblings subordinate to themselves all the tribes living in the Lake Titicaca pool. These conquest are not limited. Military expansion continues, and by the end of the XV century the conquered territory expands to huge sizes. It is already an empire, whose possessions extend from the southern border of modern Columbia to the central districts of Chile and Argentina.
State Empire Incas
A large state will need competent administrative management. The conquerors broke all the conquered lands into four provinces: Kuntisuyu, Kolyasuyu, Antisuiu and Chinchausu. In the center of Cusco was the area of \u200b\u200bWakapata. From her, in different directions, four roads leading to these administrative formations of the Empire were diverged.
In the Western Half of South America under the equator line on extensive plains between Andami, a hardworking people lived, creating a large civilized empire. The kings of him, called Incas, led his genus from the sun. They said that, squeezing over the disastrous life of the country's savages in Peru, the sun sent her children Manco Kapaca And his sister, the former and his wife, to gather them into a comfortable society, to teach agriculture, the art of sprinkling and weave and other crafts, needed for comfortable life.
The first parts of the country in which the Capaca and his sister introduced the formation of the Capack and his sister were the surroundings of Lake Titicaca, on the islands of which were subsequently the colossal temples of the Sun and the Moon, surrounded by sacred maize fields. The people of Inca went to these temples on a manty. The north stood in the beautiful Valley of the Andes The sacred city of Cusco, protected by surprisingly strong walls. He was the capital of the Tsar Inca; There was a magnificent temple of the Sun, where the pious Peruvians from all the ends of the kingdom were also coming on a manty. Like the Aztecs, the inhabitants of Peru did not know the iron, but they could construct huge stone buildings. These were governmental structures. The king convened the people to build them. The mass of the population was in slavery at the aristocracy, the members of which, in fact, called Incas, were considered belonging to one race. The chapter of this kind was the king whose san was inherited to the eldest son or, if there was no sons, then to the nearest relative who had the father and the mother of people of the royal family.
Growth of the Empire Incas in the reign of various sovereigns
Tsari Incov
The kings of Inca, the sons of the Sun, were considered sacred. They had unlimited power, appointed all rulers and judges, established taxes and laws, were high priests and commander-in-chief. Velmazby, the highest discharge of which was the inconsistent, members of the royal surname, were observed in intercourse with the king of the form of special reverence. The Peruvian aristocracy had a ritual, similar to the construction of a knightly san: A young man of noble origin became before the king on his knee; The king pierced his ear with a gold needle. In solemn cases, the king of Incov was the people in magnificent clothes, woven from gentle wool Vicuni, decorated with gold and expensive stones. He often traveled by the state; He was carried in rich breastquin; He was accompanied by a numerous shiny retinue.
In all areas of the state, the kings had magnificent palaces. Loved by their residence was Yukai, a rural palace in a picturesque valley near Cusco. When the king of Incov "went into the dwelling of his father," the entire population of the Empire observed the established forms of mourning. In the tomb of the king put precious vessels, expensive junctions and his coffin sacrificed his favorite servants and concubines; The number of these victims came, as they say to several thousand people. Expensive things also put in the sophistication of nobles; At their funerals were also sacrificed to his wife and servants.
Public device of the Empire Incas
The entire land of the Peruvian Empire was considered the property of the Inca. It was divided between people of all classes; The magnitude of the plots was proportioned by the classual need, but only the lowest estate cultivated the land. In those villages that belonged directly to the government, the third share of all products of agriculture and industry belonged to the king and its names; Another third was on the content of temples and numerous clergy; The remaining third was divided annually in every rural community between householders in proportion to the number of souls in the family. Agriculture was under the patronage of the king. Works of agriculture and industry, including beautiful wool tissues of Vicuni, were kept in royal shops and were heard as needed.
Taxes and natural duties lay only on commoners; The nobility and clergy were free from them. Proshrudin in the Empire Inca was obliged to work, as a working animal, it is regularly implemented by his job, not improving its position, but was ensured by the need. The people worked diligently under the supervision of the caretaker, the Earth was excellent, the mines delivered a lot of silver and gold; On large roads, bridges were erected, Stone Gati. Many of these structures were enormous; The roads thoughtfully repaired; All state areas were connected by them from Cusco; Mail went on them.
City of Inca Machu Picchu
Conquest Incas
The Inca Empire was peaceful. Her kings did not forget to take care of a good device for troops, but loved to conquer the neighboring tribes not weapons, but by the influence of civilization, industry, by conviction; In cases where they made conquest, they came with conquered graciously. The purpose of the conquest was the spread of Peruvian worship services and a public device. In conquered areas, the temples of the Sun were built; At the temples, a numerous clergy was inserted; The Earth shared on the plots, the Peruvian order of work was introduced; Rough adverbs conquered little in the face were replaced by the tongue of the Inca. In those areas whose population resistedly resisted this influence, numerous Inca Colonies were based, and the former inhabitants moved to other areas.
Scientists who called amauta, he managed to schools and the chronicles of events through a special way of "nodular writing" called kip.. The tribes who lived near the initially small kingdom of Inca were once hostile to him, but little was remembered with Peruvians in one people, having learned the Peruvian tongue and conquering the orders introduced by the Ingas.
Sample "Nature Letter" Kipp
Sun ministry
Serving the sun in the Empire Inca was great and almost completely clean from human sacrifices; They were made only occasionally and in a small amount. Only animals, fruits, flowers, fragrant smoking were usually brought together. The cannuts disappeared from Peruvians. The main thing I was mais, bananas and cassava; Of the young stems of Mais, they prepared intoxicating drink, which was very loved. Another favorite enjoyment was chewing Coki leaves, producing action similar to opium.
In the Sun Temples, the Eternal Sacred Fire burned, which supported the Virgin of the Sun, who lived like nuns. There were a lot of them. Some of them have honored the honor to receive the king of the king. The king and nobles were allowed to polygamy; But it seems, only one wife was considered legal.
Empire Inca Before the appearance of the Spaniards
Such was the Empire of the Inca, when the Spaniards were sailed led by Pizarro to enslave him. They were divided into the carefully embedded pereuvantians, wonderful products of their industry, well-built homes that usually have only one floor to prevent harm from earthquakes, but extensive and comfortable; Valued great magnificent temples, durable fortress walls; The people have seen hardworking, absolutely obstinate laws, which were considered to be decrees of the Divine.
Theocratic device attached to the state the nature of the body in which everything occurs under the law of necessity; Each Peruvian was defined his place in one or another caste, and he remained in her with submission of fate. Simparishes lived according to the rules imposed on them with the highest castes, but for lack of freedom, security was rewarded from needs.
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Incas are an Indian tribe that inhabited South America before the coming of Europeans. They created a powerful empire with the capital in the city of Cusco in the state of Peru. Inca's empire inhabited about 12 million people, and Square stretched along the lands of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Argentina.
Incak managed to create a great civilization. They perfectly understood in mathematics, astronomy and architecture. These knowledge helped them build unusual structures and make new discoveries. The great achievement of the Inca culture, preserved to ours, is the city of Machu Picchu, built high in the mountains. It contains various buildings and temples in which the inches made rites. A water supply providing residents with water was summed up to the city. At special terraces, the peasants grown various vegetables that were used for cooking.
Inics had its own religion. It was based on various natural phenomena. Inci worshiped various gods. The god of the sun was played a big role. He was considered the progenitor of life on earth, because the sun is a source of light and heat. Indians considered representatives of their nobility of the direct descendants of the Internet. In the city of Machu Picchu, they built the temple of the Sun, in which the observation of the heavenly luminaries.
In addition, the Inca was considered sacred some cliffs that they called Uak. The ancient legends of the Indians picked up that heavenly objects when creating peace went underground, and then went through the rocks and caves.
The Great Empire ceased to exist in 1572 after a long war with the Spaniards, which lasted many years. Until our days in memory of the Inca civilization, abandoned cities, ancient temples, a ceramic scope and much more reminiscent of the magnitude of the mighty Inca countries were preserved.
THE INCAS
The Indian tribe, inhabited in the territory of Peru and created shortly before the Spanish conquest of the extensive empire with the center in Cusco, in Peruvian Andes. Inca's Empire, one of the two empires that existed in the new light during Columbus (Other - Aztec) stretched from the north to south from Colombia to Central Chile and included the territories of the current Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, the North Chile and the North-West of Argentina . The Indians were called Inca only the emperor, and the conquistadors used this word to designate the entire tribal, which in Decolumbov's era, apparently used the self-tapping of Kapac-Kun ("Great", "famous"). Landscapes and natural conditions of the former Incan Empire were distinguished by a great variety. In the mountains between 2150 and 3000 m above U.M. Moderate climatic zones are favorable for intensive farming. In the south-east, a huge mountain range is divided into two ridges, between which at an altitude of 3840 m is an extensive plateau with a lake Titicaca. These are other high-altitude plateaus that extend to the south and east of Bolivia up to the northwestern regions of Argentina, are called Altiplano. These brazed grassy plains are located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe continental climate with hot sunny days and cool nights. Many Andean tribes lived on altiplano. Southeast of Bolivia Mountains are broken and replaced by the unaware of the Argentine Pampa. Pacific coastline Peru, starting from 3 ° Yu.Sh. And right up to the Maul River in Chile, is a solid desert zone and semi-desert. The reason for this is the cold Antarctic flow of Humboldt, which cools the air flows running from the sea to the mainland, and does not allow them to condense. However, coastal waters are very rich in plankton and according to fish, and the fish attracts seabirds, whose litter (guano), covering desert coastal islands, is extremely valuable fertilizer. Coastal plains stretched from north to south by 3200 km, in width not exceed 80 km. Approximately every 50 km they crossed the rivers flowing into the ocean. Ancient cultures developed on the basis of irrigated agriculture flourished in river valleys. Incak managed to connect two different areas of Peru, the so-called. Sierra (Mountain) and Costa (coastal), in a single social, economic and cultural space. Eastern energies of the Andes are dressed in deep wooded valleys and stormy rivers. Further to the east, the jungle is stretched - Amazon Selva. Incas called "Jungas" hot wet foothills and their inhabitants. Local Indians rendered a fierce resistance to the Incans, who could not subjected to them.
HISTORY
Doincastic. The culture of the Inca was formed relatively late. Long before the appearance of the Inca on the historic arena, even in the 3th millennium BC, the coast dwells the sedentary tribes that were engaged in the manufacture of cotton fabrics and grown by maize, pumpkins and beans. The ancient of the great Andean cultures is considered to be the Culture Chavin (12-8 centuries. BC - 4 V. N.E.). Her center, the city of Chavin de Uantar, located in the central Andes, retained his significance even in the Incan era. Later on the northern coast, other cultures were developed, among which the early class member is allocated (approx. 1 c. BC - 8 V. N.E.), which created the magnificent works of architecture, ceramics and weaving. On the southern coast, the mysterious culture of Parakas (approx. 4th century BC - 4 V. N.E.), glorified by its fabrics, is undoubtedly the most skillful in all of the Precucumbian America. Parakas influenced the early culture of Naska, developing south, in five oasis values. In the lake pool Titicaca OK. 8 in. The Great Culture of Tiaunano was formed. The capital and ceremonial center of Tiuanaco, located on the southeastern tip of the lake, are built of suprained stone plates bonded by bronze spikes. The famous sun gates are carved from a huge stone monolith. In the upper part there is a wide bas-relief belt with images of the Sun God, which expires tears in the form of condors and mythological creatures. The motive of the crying deity is traced in many Andean and coastal cultures, in particular, in the culture of Wari, developed near the current Ayakucho. Apparently, it was from Wari a religious and military expansion down the Pisco Valley towards the coast went down. Judging by the spread of the motive of the crying God, from 10 to 13 centuries. The state of Tiaunaco subordinates most of the peoples of the Kosta. After the crash of the empire, local tribal associations, freed from the external oppression, have created their own public elements. The largest state of Chimor-Chimor (14th century - 1463) with the capital of Chan Chan (near the current port of Trujillo) became the most significant of them. This city with huge stepped pyramids, irrigated gardens and lined stone pools held an area of \u200b\u200b20.7 square meters. km. Here was one of the centers of ceramic production and weaving. The state of Chimu, who spread its power throughout the 900-kilometer line of the Peruvian coast, had an extensive network of roads. Thus, having an ancient and high cultural tradition in the past, the Incas were most likely heirs than the dealers of Peruvian culture.
First Inca. The legendary first Inca Manco Capack founded Cusco in approximately 12 V. The city lies at a height of 3416 m above U.M. In the deep valley, running from the north to the south between the two cool ridges of the Andes. As the legend tells, Manco Kapack at the head of his tribe came to this valley from the south. At the direction of the Sun's God, his father, he threw the gold rod to his feet and, when he was absorbed by the earth (a good sign of her fertility), founded the city in this place. Historical sources, partially confirmed by archeology data, indicate that the history of the elevation of the Incas, one of the countless Andean tribes begins at 12 c., And their ruling dynasty has 13 names - from Manco Kapack to Ataalp, killed by the Spaniards in 1533.
Conquest. Inci began to expand from the territories directly adjacent to the Cuzco Valley. By 1350, in the rust of Inca Rocky, they won in the south all the lands near Lake Titicaca, and in the east - nearby valleys. Soon they advanced to the north and farther to the east and submitted to themselves the territory in the upper reaches of the Urubamba River, after which they sent their expansion to the west. Here they encountered fierce resistance to the tribes of Sora and Sress, but came out of opposition to the winners. About 1350 Incas convulsed the suspension bridge over the deep canyon of the apurimac river. Previously, it was crossed by three bridges in the southwest, but now the Inca laid the way from Cuzco to Andaiailas. This bridge, the longest in the empire (45 m), the Incas called the "Wakachak", the sacred bridge. The conflict was inevitable with the powerful breeding tribe of Chanka, which was kept under the control of the apurimiak passage. At the end of the board, Virachatu (mind. 1437), Chanka made a sudden raid on the Earth Incas and besieged Cusco. Viracooche fled to Urubamba Valley, leaving the capital of his son Pachaktec (letters. "The Earth's Summiter"). The heir brilliantly coped with the task assigned to him and crushed enemies. On the Board of Pachaktec (1438-1463), the Inca expanded their possessions to the north to Lake Hunin, and in the south won the entire pool of Lake Titicaca. The son of Pachaktec Tupac Inca Supanca (1471-1493) spread the power of the Incas on the territory of the current Chile, Bolivia, Argentina and Ecuador. In 1463, the troops of Tupaka Inci Supans conquered the state to Chimu, and his rulers were delivered to Cusco as hostages. The latest conquests made Emperor Wain Kapack, who came to power in 1493, a year after the Columbus reached a new world. He joined the Empire Chachapoyas in Northern Peru, on the right bank of the Marandon River in her upper flow, subjugated the militant tribes of Pune Island near Ecuador and the adjoining coast in the area of \u200b\u200bthe current Guayaquil, and in 1525 the Northern Border of the Empire reached the Ankasmayo River, where the border between Ecuador is now running and Colombia.
Incan Empire and Culture
Language. Kechua, the Inca language, has a very remote relationship with the language of Aimar, where Indians who lived near Lake Titicaca spoke. It is not known what language the inconsists were communicated before Pachaktek in 1438 erected Kechua to the rank of state language. Thanks to the politics of the conquest and resettlement of Kechua spread through the territory of the entire empire, and to this day says most of the Peruvian Indians.
Agriculture. Initially, the population of the Incan state was mostly from farmers who were taken by weapons if necessary. Their daily life was subordinate to the agricultural cycle, and under the guidance of experts, they turned the empire into the most important center of cultivation of plants. More than half of all the world's products consumed in the world come from the Andes. Among them - more than 20 varieties of corn and 240 varieties of potatoes, "keytop" (sweet potatoes), zucchini and pumpkin, various varieties of beans, maniacs (from which flour), peppers, earthy nuts and movies (wild buckwheat). The most important agricultural culture of the Inca was potatoes capable of withstanding strong cold and grow at an altitude of up to 4,600 m above U.M. Alternatively freezing and defrosting potatoes, the Inca dehydrated it to such an extent that turned into a dry powder called "Chuno". Corn (Sarah) was grown at an altitude of up to 4100 m above U.M. And consumed in various types: cheese in the cobs (choklo), dried and slightly fried (Kohl), in the form of Mamalygi (Moth) and turned into an alcoholic beverage (Saraiyak, or Chicha). For the manufacture of the last woman, corn grains were chewed and flew to the pulp in Chan, where the resulting mass under the influence of saliva enzymes moved and highlighted alcohol. In that epoch, all Peruvian tribes were approximately at one technological level. Works were performed together. The main workman of the farmer was the tagla, a primitive stick-spell - a wooden stake with an exhaled tip for strength. The arable land had, but not in excess. The rains in the Andes usually fall out from December to May, but there are no diligent years. Therefore, the inches of land irrigated with the help of channels, many of which indicate a high level of engineering thought. For the protection of soil from erosion, there were still pre-ordinary tribes, and the Incas have improved this technology. The Andean peoples practiced predominantly settled agriculture and extremely rarely resorted to the housing-fire farming, adopted from the Indians of Mexico and Central America, in which the seeds peeled from the forest fell on 1-2 years old and left as soon as the soil was depleted. This is explained by the fact that the Central American Indians did not have natural fertilizers, with the exception of rotten fish and human excrement, whereas in Peru the farmers of the coast had huge reserves of Guano, and in the mountains for fertilizer was used by Lama (Taki).
Lama. These animal camel families occurred from Wild Guanako, which were domesticated thousands of years before the appearance of the Incas. Llamas tolerate alpine cold and heat desert; They serve as a binding animals capable of carrying up to 40 kg of cargo; They give wool for making clothes and meat - it is sometimes knitted in the sun, calling "charm". Lama, like camels, tend to empty in one place, so that their manure can be easily assembled for fertilizer fields. Lama played an important role in the formation of sedentary agricultural cultures of Peru.
Social organization. Ailu. Based on the social pyramid of the Incan Empire, there was a kind of community - Ailu. It was formed from family clans that lived together in the territory allotted by him, together owned land and livestock and divided the crops among themselves. Almost everyone belonged to this or that community, it was born and died. Communities were small and large - up to the whole city. Incas did not know individual land tenure: the Earth could only belong to Isleu or, later, the emperor and as it were for rent a member of the community. Each autumn took place the redistribution of the Earth - put on the ones increased or decreased depending on the size of the family. All agricultural work in Ailu was performed together. At the 20th age, men were lazy to marry. If the young man himself could not find himself a couple, he was picked up his wife. In the lower social layers, the strictest monogamy was kept, while representatives of the ruling class practiced polygamy. Some women had the opportunity to leave Ailu and improve their position. We are talking about "chosen", which for beauty or special talents could take in Cusco or in a provincial center, where they were taught by the art of cooking, weaving or religious rituals. On the "chosen", the dignitaries often married, and some became concubine of the Inca himself.
State Tauantinsuyu. The name of the Empire Incas - Tauantinsuyu - literally means "Four Faces of Light". From Cusco, four roads went out in different directions, and each, regardless of their length, wore the name of the part of the empire, where she led. Antisuyu included all the land east of Cuzco-Eastern Cordillera and Amazon Sello. From here, the Inca threatened raids who were not honorable with them tribes. Conntonsuyu united Western lands, including the conquered costa cities - from Chang-Chan in the north to Rimak in Central Peru (the location of the current Lima) and Arequipa in the south. Kolyasuyu, the most extensive part of the empire, stretched south of Cusco, covering Bolivia with Titicaca Lake and individual areas of modern Chile and Argentina. Chinchasuyu ran north to Rumileki. Each of these parts of the empire managed the APO, bound by blood bonds with Inka and accountable only to him.
Decimal administrative system. Social and, accordingly, the economic organization of the Inca society was founded, with certain regional differences, on a decimal administrative hierarchical system. The accounting unit was Purik - an adult capable man who has a household and able to pay taxes. Ten households had their own, so to speak, "Brigadier" (Inca called his pacha-kamayok), a hundred households headed Pacha Curak, a thousand - Fel (usually manageing a large village), ten thousand - Governor of the province (Omo-Kurakka), and ten The provinces were a "quarter" of the empire and were controlled by the above-mentioned APO. Thus, every 10,000 households accounted for 1331 officials of various ranks.
Inca. The new emperor usually elected the Council of Members of the Tsarist Family. Direct throne is not always respected. As a rule, the emperor was chosen from the sons of the legitimate wife (Koya) of the deceased ruler. Incas had one official wife with an innumerable number of concubines. So, according to some estimates, Wain Kapack had about five hundred and alone sons, which had happened to live already under Spanish domination. His offspring, who made up the special tsarist Ailu, Inca appointed for the most honorable positions. The Incan Empire was genuine theocracy, since the emperor was not only a supreme ruler and priest, but also, in the eyes of ordinary people, demigod. In this totalitarian state, the emperor had absolute power limited only by customs and fear of the insurgency.
Taxes. Each Purrik was obliged to partially work on the state. This mandatory labor service was called "Mita". Only state dignitaries and priests were released from it. Each Ailua, in addition to his own land, turned together, handled the field of the Sun and the Inca field, giving yields from these fields, respectively, priesthood and the state. Another type of labor service was distributed to public works - mining and maintenance of roads, bridges, temples, fortresses, royal residences. All these works were carried out under the supervision of professional professionals. With the help of a nodular letter, Kipip was conducted careful accounting for the fulfillment of the duties by each Ailu. In addition to the workforce, each Purik was part of the detachments of rural guardians of the order and at any time could be called up to war. If he went to war, the communities treated his land plot.
Colonization. For subordination and assimilation of the conquered peoples, the Inca involved them in the system of labor duties. As soon as the Inca conquered the new territory, they were expelled from there all unrealized and instilled in Kechua-speaking. The latter were called "Mita Kona" (in the Spanish vocabulary "Mitamaes"). The remaining local residents did not yet be rebuilt their customs, wearing traditional clothes and speak in their native language, but all officials were charged with Kechua's knowledge. The Mita Conma was entrusted to the tasks of the military (security of border fortresses), managerial and economic, and in addition, the colonists had to introduce conquered peoples to Incan culture. If the road under construction ran through a completely deserted terrain, Mita Konoms, obliged to supervise the power and bridges in these areas, and thereby spread the power of the emperor everywhere. Colonists received significant social and economic privileges like Roman legionnaires who served in remote provinces. The integration of the conquered peoples into a single cultural and economic space was so deep that so far 7 million people speak Kechua, among the Indians the tradition of Isilu is preserved, and the influence of Incan culture in folklore, agricultural practices, psychology is experiencing in a huge territory.
Roads, bridges and couriers. Keeping under a single control a huge territory allowed excellent roads with a well-established courier service. Incas used roads laid by their predecessors, and they themselves built approx. 16,000 km of new roads designed for any weather conditions. Since the Civilization did not know the wheels, the Inc Roads were intended for pedestrians and caravans Lam. The road along the ocean coast, stretching out 4055 km from Tumba in the north to the Maul River in Chile, had a standard width of 7.3 m. The Andean Mountain Road was somewhat already (from 4.6 to 7.3 m), but longer (5230 km). It was hiding at least a hundred bridges - wooden, stone or cable cars; Four bridges crossed the gorge of the apurimak river. Every 7.2 km stood distance indexes, and after 19-29 km - traveler recreation stations. In addition, courier stations were located every 2.5 km. The couriers (teas) passed the news and orders on the relay, and thus the information was transmitted for 2000 km in 5 days.
Saving information. Historical events and legends retained specially trained teachers in memory. Incasses invented a mnemonic tool for storing information called "Kipu" (letters. "Node"). It was a rope or a stick with which colored laces with nodules hung. The information contained in Kipip orally explained a specialist in a nodule letter, kip-kamayok, otherwise she would have remained incomprehensible. Each ruler of the province kept with him a lot of kip-kamayok, which made the meticulous consideration of population, warriors, filters. Incas used a decimal calculus system, they even had a zero symbol (Pass the nodule). Spanish conquistadors left enthusiastic reviews about the Kipu system. The court kip-kamayok served as historians, constituting the lists of the acts of interest. Their efforts were created by the official version of the history of the state, which excluded the mention of the achievements of the conquered peoples and approved the absolute priority of the Incas in the formation of the Andean civilization.
Religion. Inca religion was closely related to public administration. The God-Demiurg Virachod was considered the ruler of all things, he was helped by the Divine below the rank, among whom the God of the Sun of Initi was most revered. The reverence of the God of the Sun, who became an ink cultural symbol, was official. Incan religion included numerous decentralized cults of the gods who personified natural realities. In addition, reverence practiced magic and sacred facilities (Waka), which could be river, lake, mountain, temple collected from the fields of stones. Religion was practical and penetrated the whole life of the Inca. Agriculture was worshiped by a sacred occupation, and everything with him was becoming Waka. Inci believed in the immortality of the soul. It was believed that the aristocrat, regardless of his behavior in the earthly life, after death, he gets into the abode of the sun, where it is always warm and reigns abundance; As for commoners, only virtuous people got there after death, and the sinners were sent in a kind of hell (Oko-Poka), where they suffered from cold and hunger. Thus, religion and customs affected the behavior of people. Ethics and Moral Incov were reduced to one principle: "Ama Suo, Ama Lulyul, Ama Chelya" - "Do not Warm, not LGI, do not be lazy."
Art. Incile art has grown and beauty. Weaving from wool Lamis was distinguished by a high artistic level, although he was inferior at the wealth of the decor of the fabrics of the peoples of the Kosta. The carving of semi-precious stones and the shells, which the inches received from coastal peoples were widely practiced. However, the main art of the Inca was casting from precious metals. Almost all of now famous Peruvian gold deposits were developed by the Incas. The master and silver masts of the masters lived in separate city blocks and were delivered from taxes. The best works of Incan jewelers were killed during the Conquists. According to the testimony of the Spaniards, who first saw Cusco, the city was blinded by a gold glitter. Some buildings were covered with gold plates, imitative stone masonry. The indoor straw roofs of the temples had gold splashes, imitating straws, so that the rays of the sunset was lit with their glitter, creating the impression that the whole roof was made of gold. In the legendary cigacle, the temple of the Sun in Cusco, there was a garden with a gold fountain, around which "grew up" from the golden "land" worked out of gold on the natural magnitude of Mais's stems with leaves and cobs and "grazed" on the golden grass twenty lace from gold - again -Taki in full size.
Architecture. In the field of material culture of the most impressive incurredness, the incons reached in architecture. Although Incan architecture is inferior to Mayan on the wealth of decor and Aztec - on emotional effects, it does not have equal in that epoch in any in the old world on the courage of engineering solutions, a grand scale of urban planning, a skillful layout of volumes. Incan monuments, even in ruins, are amazed by their number and sizes. An idea of \u200b\u200bthe high level of Incan urban planning gives the Fortress Machu Picchu, built at an altitude of 3000 m in the saddle between the two peaks of the Andes. Incular architecture is distinguished by extraordinary plasticity. Inca built buildings on the treated cliff surfaces, drivening the stone blocks to each other without a lime solution, so that the structure was perceived as a natural element of the natural environment. In the absence of rocks, bricks were exhausted on the sun. Incan masters could cut stones according to specified samples and work with huge stone blocks. Fortress (Pukara) Saskauan, who defended Cusco, is undoubtedly one of the greatest creations of fortification art. 460 m long, the fortress consists of three stone wall tiers with a total height of 18 m. The walls have 46 protrusions, corners and controls. In the cyclopic laying of the foundation there are stones weighing more than 30 tons with beveled edges. At least 300,000 stone blocks took place on the construction of the fortress. All stones are the wrong shape, but they will be driven to each other so firmly that the walls withstand countless earthquakes and conscious attempts to destruction. In the fortress there are towers, underground transitions, residential premises and an internal water supply system. Inci began to build in 1438 and graduated after 70 years, in 1508. According to some estimates, 30 thousand people were involved in construction.
Fall of the Incan Empire
It is still difficult to understand how a pathetic handful of Spaniards could conquer a powerful empire, although many considerations are put on this expense. By that time, the Aztec empire had already conquered Hernan Cortes (1519-1521), but the incons did not know about it, because there were no direct contacts with Aztecs and Maya. About the White People Incasy for the first time he heard in 1523 or 1525, when Alejo Garcia, at the head of the Indian Indians, Chiriguano attacked the guard post of the empire in the Grand Character, arid lowland on the southeastern border of the Empire. In 1527, Francisco Pizarro landed for a short time on the North-West Peruvian coast and soon sailed, leaving two of his people. After that, Ecuador devastated the Phase epidemic, which one of these Spaniards listed. Emperor Wain Kapak died in 1527. According to legend, he was aware that the empire was too great to manage it from one center in Cusco. Immediately after his death, a dispute was broke out for the throne between two of his five hundred sons - Waskar from Cusco, Sunning of Legal Wife, and Ataalup from Ecuador. The enmity between the blood brothers poured into a five-year-old devastating civil war, in which Ataalpa won a decisive victory in just two weeks before the second appearance of Pisarro in Peru. The winner and its 40,000th army rested in the provincial center of Kahamark in the North-West of the country, from where Ataalp was going to go to Cusco, where the official ceremony of his construction in the imperial san was to be held. Pisarro arrived in Tumbus on May 13, 1532 and moved to Kahamka with 110 hiking and 67 equestrian warriors. Ataalpa was aware of this from the exploration reports, on the one hand exactly, on the other, the tendency on the interpretation of the facts. So, the scouts assured that the horses do not see in the dark that a person and horse is a single creature, which in the fall is no longer able to fight that the Arkebuses emit only thunder, and even twice that Spanish long steel swords are completely unfastened for the battle. The detachment of conquistadors could be destroyed in any of the Andes of Andes. Having taught the Cahamka, protected by walls on three sides, the Spaniards passed the invitation to the Emperor to arrive in the city to meet them. So far, no one can explain why Ataalpa gave to throw himself into the trap. He knew perfectly about the strength of the alien, and the ambushed was the favorite tactical tactical technique. Perhaps the emperor was driven by some specialist, inaccessible to the understanding of the Spaniards. In the evening on November 16, 1532 Ataualpa came to the Kahakamka Square in all the magnificence of the imperial regalia and accompanied by numerous suits - the truth is unarmed, as Pisarro demanded. After a short challenge conversation between the Incan demigod and the Christian priest, the Spaniards attacked the Indians and interpret almost everyone for half an hour. During the massacre from the Spaniards suffered only the Pizarro, accidentally wounded in her hand with his own soldier, when he glanced Ataalpu, whom he wanted to capture alive and unharmed. After that, if you do not count several fierce skimming in different places, the incons actually did not have conquerors of serious resistance up to 1536. The captive ataalpa agreed to buy out freedom, filling the room, where it was kept twice with silver and once gold. However, the emperor did not save it. The Spaniards accused him of a conspiracy and "crimes against the Spanish state" and after a short formal court on August 29, 1533 suffered a garrot. All these events plunged the Incas in the state of strange apathy. Spaniards, almost without meeting resistance, reached the Great Road to Cusco and November 15, 1533 took the city.
Novoink State. Manco second. By making the former Incan capital Cusco Center for the Spanish Board, Pizarro decided to give a new government the type of legitimacy and for this appointed the grandson of Wine Kapack Manco II by the successor of the emperor. The new Inca had no real power and was subjected to constant humiliation by the Spaniards, but, having triggered the plans of the uprising, showed patience. In 1536, when part of the conquistadors under the guidance of Diego Almagro went to the conquest expedition to Chile, Manko, under the pretext of the search for imperial treasures, slipped out of the supervision of the Spaniards and raised the uprising. The moment for this was selected favorable. Almagro and Pisarro, at the head of their supporters, they started a dispute about the section of military prey, soon rearranged in the open war. By that time, the Indians had already felt the yoke of a new government and realized that it would be able to get rid of it only by force. By destroying all the Spaniards in the vicinity of Cusco, four armies on April 18, 1536 fell into the capital. The defense of the city was led by an experienced soldier Hernando Pisarro, Brother Francisco Pizarro. At his disposal there were only 130 Spanish soldiers and 2000 Indian Allies, but he showed an outstanding military art and endured the siege. At the same time, the Inca attacked Lima, founded by Pizarro in 1535 and declared by the new capital of Peru. Since the city surrounded the flat terrain, the Spaniards successfully used the cavalry and quickly broke the Indians. Pizarro sent four detachments of conquistadors to his brother's face, but they could not get into the deposited Cusco. The three-month siege of Cusco was removed due to the fact that many warriors left the Inca army due to the beginning of agricultural work; In addition, the Almagro army returned to the city was approaching. Manco II and thousands of people devoted to him retreated on the pre-prepared position in the Vilkabamba mountain range to the northeast of Cusco. The Indians were taken with the preserved mummies of the previous Incan rulers. Here, Manco II created the so-called. Novoink State. In order to protect the southern road from the Military Targets of Indians, Pistarro arranged a military camp Ayakucho. In the meantime, the civil war continued between the warriors Pizarro and the "Chileans" Almagro. In 1538, Almagro was captured and executed, and three years later, his supporters killed Pisarro. At the head of the hosting parties of conquistadors, new leaders stood. In the battle of Schupas, near Ayakucho (1542), Inca Manco helped "Chileans", and when they were defeated, sheltered in their possessions of six Spanish fugitives. The Spaniards taught the Indians of Riding Riding, the ownership of firearms and a blacksmith. Arriving ambushes on the imperial road, the Indians mined weapons, armor, money and could equip a small army. During one of these raids in the hands of the Indians, a copy of the new laws taken in 1544 ", with the help of which the King of Spain tried to limit the abuse of conquistadors. Having read this document, Manco II sent one of his Spaniards, Gomez Peres, to negotiate with the vice-king of Blazo Nunese led. Since the dilution between the conquistadors continued, the vice-king was interested in a compromise. Soon after, the Spaniards-Renegades, which settled in the Novo-Joint State, raked with Manco II, killed him and were executed.
Sayri Tupac and Titus Kush Jupans. The son of the Novoenk State became the son of Manco II - Sairi Tupak. In his board, the border of the state expanded to the upper Amazon, and the population increased to 80 thousand people. In addition to the large flocks of Lam and Alpac, the Indians were divorced by a pretty livestock of sheep, pigs and cattle. In 1555, Sairi Tupak deployed hostilities against the Spaniards. He moved his residence into a warmer climate of Yukai Valley. Here he was poisoned close. The power was inherited by his brother Tita Kusi Supans, who resumed the war. Any attempts of conquistadors conquer independent Indians were in vain. In 1565, Fry Diego Rodriguez visited the Inca Citadel in Willkabamba in order to lure the ruler from the shelter, but his mission was not successful. His reports on the nrules of the royal court, the number and combat readiness of the warriors give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe strength of the Novoink state. Next year, another missionary repeated a similar attempt, but during the talks, Titus Kusi fell ill and died. In his death accused the monk who was executed. Subsequently, the Indians killed several more Spanish ambassadors. Tupac Amaru, the last Supreme Inca. After the death of Titus, Kusi, another sons of Manco II came to power. The Spaniards decided to end the Citadel in Wilkabamba, they trained in the walls and after the fierce battle they took the fortress. Tupak Amaru and his warlords composed of collars were delivered to Cusco. Here in 1572 on the main urban area during the coercion of a large number of people, they were decapitated.
Spanish domination. The colonial authorities of Peru retained some administrative forms of the Incan Empire, adapting them for their own needs. The colonial administration and the latifundists managed the Indians through intermediaries - community elder "Kurakka" - and did not interfere in the daily life of householders. Spanish authorities, like Incan, practiced mass resettlement of communities and a system of labor obligations, and also formed a special class of servants and artisans from Indians. Corrugated colonial authorities and the latifundists distinguished by exorbitant greed created unbearable conditions for the Indians and provoked numerous uprisings that took place throughout the entire colonial period.
LITERATURE
Basilov V. Ancient civilization of Peru and Bolivia. M., 1972 Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. The story of the Inca State. L., 1974 Zubritsky Yu. Inki-Kechua. M., 1975 Culture Peru. M., 1975 Berezkin Y. Moschika. L., 1983 Berezkin Yu. Inca. Historical experience of the empire. L., 1991.
The encyclopedia of the colley. - Open Society. 2000 .
The Inca Empire was the biggest empire in Decolumbovy America and, perhaps, the largest empire in the world, which existed in the early 16th century.
His political structure was the most difficult among all the indigenous peoples of North and South America.
The administrative, political and military center of the empire was in Cusco (modern Peru).
Inca civilization arose on the highlands of Peru at the beginning of the 13th century. The last fortress was conquered by the Spaniards in 1572.
From 1438 to 1533, the Inca inhabited most of the western part of South America, in the center of which were the Andean mountains. At the peak of its development, the Empire Inca included the territories of Ecuador, Western and Central Bolivia, North-West Argentina, the North and Central Chile, as well as some lands of South-Western Columbia.
Official language was Kechua. In the Empire, there were many forms of worship of the gods, however, the rulers encouraged the worship of the Into - the Supreme God Inca.
Inca considered their king, an incop, "son of the Sun.".
The Inca Empire was unique in that it did not have any of what the civilization of the old world was famous.
For example, residents did not have wheeled vehicles, horned livestock, lacked them and knowledge about the extraction and processing of iron and steel, also the Inca did not have a structured writing system.
Characteristic for the Empire Incas were monumental architecture, road system, covering all the corners of the Empire and a special style of weaving.
Scientists believe that the Inca economy was feudal, slave and socialist simultaneously. It is believed that the Incans did not have money and markets. Instead, residents exchanged goods and services on the principle of barter.
The human labor itself was considered a kind of taxes for the benefit of the empire (for example, the cultivation of crops). The rulers of the Incans in turn supported the work of people and for the holidays arranged large-scale feots for their subjects.
The name "Incas" is translated as "ruler", "Lord". In Kechua, the term is used to indicate the ruling class or the ruling family.
Incas constituted a small percentage of all the inhabitants of the Empire (from 15,000 to 40,000 people with a total population of 10 million people). The term "Inki" The Spaniards began to use to designate all the inhabitants of the Empire.
History
The Empire Inca was the leading civilization in Andes, whose history numbered thousands of years. Anda civilization is one of the five civilizations in the world, which scientists call "pristine", that is, a native, and not derived from other civilizations.
The Empire Inca was preceded by two large empires in Andes: Tivanaka (about 300-1100. AD), located around Lake Titicaca, and Wari (about 600-1100. AD), concentrated near the modern city of Ayakucho.
Wari was located on the territory of Cusco about 400 years.
According to the foresight of the Incans, their ancestors appeared from the three caves: brothers and sisters who came to new lands over time built the temple of the stone and began to settle the lands around. Soon they reached Cusco and began to build their homes throughout.
The empire expanded. The founder is considered to be Ayara Manco.
The rulers of the empire changed quite often. Many wanted to reign large territories. However, by the time of coming on the Earth Inca Conquistadors, all tribes were united in a single desire to preserve their independence.
Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro and his brothers got to the cherished lands of Incs by 1525. In 1529, the King of Spain gave permission to conquer the rich lands in North and South America.
The military forces of Europeans invaded the land of Inca in 1532, when the population was demoralized the next war for power over the empire.
At the same time, there was an OSAP in Central America, which caused the death of a large number of local population.
European soldiers under the leadership of Pisarro invaded the Earth's Earth and, having technological concerns over the "semi-bright" inches, quickly got the power over the territories (also the Spaniards found allies who were negatively tuned to the policies of the Emperors Inca).
The conquistadors asked the Christian faith in the region, plundered the houses of the inhabitants and put their governor at the head of the empire. And in 1536 the last fortress of Incans was destroyed, the emperor will overthrow, and the Spaniards received power over the entire territory of a huge empire.
Population and language
The number of people inhabiting the empire during her heyday is old unknown. Historians call numbers from 4 to 37 million.
The main form of communication in the empire was the Inca language, as well as various dialects of Kechua.
Phonetically, languages \u200b\u200bdiffered very strongly: the inhabitants of the Andes could not understand the population residing next to Colombia.
Some languages \u200b\u200bhave been preserved until now (for example, Aimar's tongue, which speaks some residents of Bolivia to this day). The influence of the Inca survived their empire, since the Spaniards conquered the Earth continued to use the language of Kechua to communicate.
Culture and life
Archaeologists still find unique items associated with life and life of the Inca.
The architecture was the most sought-after art in the Empire. The most important structures were made of stone (using special masonry).
Also historians find evidence that the Incas were interested in weaving, as well as sciences: mathematics, summer in principle, medicine, etc.
The discoveries of the Incas in some areas became a foundation for the development of scientific thought around the world (especially in Europe).
