1 jet plane in the USSR. Jet aircraft - the history of the creation and value of the term. Records of jet aircraft

Supersonic

Military

A-5 "Vigilant" (North American A-5 Vigilante) is the only one in the history of aviation supersonic deck bomber.

Yak-141 (prototype) and F-35 Lightning II - supersonic deck fighters.

Civilians

Tu-144L in flight

In the entire history of aviation, only two supersonic passenger airliners were created.

• USSR - Tu-144, the first flight on December 31, 1968, the start of transportation of passengers on November 1, 1977, June 1, 1978 was removed from exploitation after the next catastrophe. 16 pcs built, 2 passengers participated in the transport of passengers, 55 flights were committed, 3194 passengers were transported. In all flights of the crew commanders were Tupolev's test pilots.
• United Kingdom, France - Aérospatiale-Bac Concorde, first flight on March 2, 1969, the beginning of operation January 21, 1976, was taken out of operation on November 26, 2003. 20 cars were built, 14 was actively exploited, more than 3 million passengers were transported, the average raid is 17,417 hours. One is lost in a catastrophe of July 25, 2000, had a tax of 11,989 hours with the most of all airplanes - 23,397 (factory No. 210, registration of G-Boad, is located in Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum (English)).

Description of the design of the MIG-9 fighter

MiG-9 is a complete-metal single fighter, equipped with two turbojet engines. It is made according to a classic scheme with an average wing and a three-level retractable chassis.

The aircraft has a fuselage of a type of hemonocock with a smooth working trim. In its nose, the air intake is located, which is divided into two tunnels, each of which serves air to one of the engines. The channels have an elliptical section, they pass along the side parts of the fuselage, bypassing the pilot cabin on both sides.

Wing of an aircraft of a trapezoidal form with flaps and ailerons.

Tail plunge MiG-9 all-metal with a highly refined stabilizer.

The pilot cabin is located in the front of the fuselage, it is closed by a streamlined shape with two parts. The front part, the visor, is fixed motionless, and the rear part shifts back in three guides. In the late modifications of the car, the visor is made of armored glass. In addition, the front and rear armor plates are installed on the machine, their thickness is 12 mm.

MiG-9 has a three-hand retractable chassis with the front wheel. The chassis release system is pneumatic.

The fighter was equipped with a power plant consisting of two RD-20 TRDs, which were nothing more than a copy of the German trophy engines BMW-003. Each of them could develop 800 kgf thrust. The motors of the first series (A-1) had a resource for only 10 hours, the A-2 series resource was increased to 50 hours, and the RD-20B motors could work for 75 hours. MiG-9 power plant started using Ridel start motors.

The engines were installed in the refined part of the fuselage, the nozzles were adjusted, they could be put in four positions: "Start", "take-off", "flight" or "high-speed flight". The control of the cone of the nozzle apparatuses was electrodistant.

To protect the housing from hot gases, a special thermoeker was installed on the bottom side of the tail part, which was a corrugated leaf of heat-resistant steel.

The fuel was located in ten tanks located in the wings and fuselage. Their total amount was 1595 liters. Fuel tanks were connected to each other to ensure uniform use of fuel, it allowed to maintain the aircraft centering during the flight.

On MiG-9, the RSI-6 radio station was established, Radio PCO-10M radiopolukum, as well as KP-14 oxygen. The aircraft was obtained from the LR-2000 trophy generator, which was later replaced by domestic GSK-1300.

The armament of the fighter consisted of one 37-mm G-37 gun with ammunition in forty shells and two 23-mm NS-23 cannons with ammunition in 40 shells. Initially, the plane was planned to equip more powerful, 57-mm, gun N-57, but later they refused.

One of the main problems of the fighter was the hit of powder gases into engines, since the G-37 cannon was installed on the partition between two air intakes. In the late modifications of the aircraft on the H-37 began to install gas pipes. The machines released earlier were equipped with them already in the system parts.

At first MiG-9, a collimator sight was, later he was replaced by an automatic rifle sight.

Main types Currently

USSR / Russia

• Tu-154. Passenger, 1968/1972, built 935 (lost 69), the completion of production is planned in 2010, it is in the stage of withdrawal from operation due to low fuel efficiency and high noise, operation is possible until 2015-16, in Aeroflot December 21, 2009 , after 38 years of service.
• IL-76. Cargo, military transport, 1971/1974, built 960 (lost 61, of which 13 were destroyed in hostilities), currently being processed, updated options are projected. Up to 60 tons of cargo, up to 245 soldiers (different modifications).
• Su-25. Sturmovik, 1975/1981, 1320 pcs., It is planned to operate until 2020 and further production.
• Su-27. Fighter multipurpose, 4th generation. 1977/1984, built about 600 basic type, modification SU-30 270 pcs. [ 2956 days]
• Aero L-39 Albatros. The main training aircraft of the countries of the Warsaw Agreement, Czechoslovakia, 1968/1972, was produced until 1999, 2868 pcs were built.

West countries

• Boeing 737. The medium-haul passenger aircraft. Completed in 1968, 6285 pcs were built., Currently produced.

Principle of operation of the reactive engine

Fig. 1. Scheme of turbojet (reactive) engine. 1 - air inlet; 2 - compressor; 3 - combustion chamber; 4 - nozzle; 5 - turbine.

In the reactive engine (Fig. 1), the air jet falls into the engine, it occurs with the compressor turbines rotating at a huge speed, which sues the air from the external environment (using the built-in fan). Thus, two tasks are solved - the primary air intake and the cooling of the entire engine as a whole. The blades of the compressor turbine compress the air is about 30 times and more and "push" it (injected) into the combustion chamber (the working body is generated), which is the main part of any reactive engine. The combustion chamber also performs the role of the carburetor, mixing fuel with air. This may be, for example, a mixture of air with kerosene, as in the turbojet engine of a modern reactive aircraft, or a mixture of liquid oxygen with alcohol, as in some liquid rocket engines, or some solid fuel of powder missiles. After the formation of the fuel and air mixture, it is heated and the energy is released in the form of heat, i.e., only such substances can serve as fuels that, with a chemical reaction in the engine (combustion), there are quite a lot of heat, and also form a large amount of gases. .

In the process of ignition, there is a significant heating of the mixture and the surrounding parts, as well as the volume extension. In fact, the jet engine uses a controlled explosion to move. The combustion chamber of the jet engine is one of the hottest parts (the temperature in it reaches 2700 ° C), it must be kept constantly intensively cool. The jet engine is equipped with a nozzle, through which from the engine outwards with a huge speed flowing gases - fuel combustion products in the engine. In some engines, gases fall into the nozzle immediately after the combustion chamber, for example, rocket or direct-flow motors. In the turbojet engines, the gases after the combustion chamber first pass through a turbine, which gives part of its thermal energy to drive the compressor that serves to compress air in front of the combustion chamber. But, one way or another, the nozzle is the last part of the engine - the gases flow through it before leaving the engine. It forms directly jet jet. Cold air is directed to the nozzle, the compressor for cooling the internal parts of the engine. The reactive nozzle may have various forms and design, depending on the type of engine. If the expiration rate should exceed the speed of the sound, the nozzle attaches the form of the expanding pipe or first the narrowing, and then expanding (nozzle of the boiler). Only in the pipe of such a form can be dispersed gas until supersonic velocities, step over the "sound barrier".

Depending on whether or not during the operation of the reactive engine, the environment is divided into two main classs - air-jet engines (VD) and rocket engines (RD). All VD -, the working body of which is formed in the reaction of oxidation of a combustible substance with oxygen air. The air coming from the atmosphere is the main mass of the working fluid VD. T. about., The device with VD carries on board the source of energy (fuel), and most of the working fluid draws out of the environment. These include a turbojet engine (TRD), direct-flow air jet engine (PVR), pulsating air jet engine (PAUD), hypersonic direct-flow air jet (GPLR). In contrast, all components of the working fluid of the RD are located on board the apparatus equipped with RD. The absence of a propulsion interacting with the environment and the presence of all components of the working fluid on board the apparatus make RD suitable for work in space. There are also combined rocket engines, which are like a combination of both major types.

How the jet engine works

Figure 3 - Diagram of the reactive engine

The air from the surrounding space enters the suction of the fans, which serves its further blades of rotating with a very high speed of the turbocharger. In this case, the incoming air performs 2 functions:

• oxidizing agent for fuel combustion;
• cooler unit.

In the blade unit, the turbocharger air is tightly compacted and under high pressure (from 3 MPa) is supplied to the fuel mixing chamber of the jet engine. Figure 3 shows that the combustion chamber is arranged in such a way that air mixing is made in several steps - at the inlet and in the chamber itself. This is fuel here.

Well mixed and in sufficient quantities, the enriched mixture is flammified, and as a result of the combustion, heat energy is formed with the release of a huge amount of gases. The latter leads to rotation of the turbine of the hot part of the engine, the drive of which serves as a turbocharger drive.

In some models of jet engines, the turbine at the outlet are not mounted. For the most part, this version is used in the design and principle of operation of the rocket engine, where combustion products after the chamber fall on the output nozzles.

Leaving a hot step, gases in all jet devices pass through nozzles. These elements differ in their designs for different models of reactive units and are a "tube", which is first narrowed, and the gas output increases in diameter. Due to such a design, the exhaust gases increase their speed until supersonic and form a reactive force.

The combustion temperature in the "heart" of the reactive unit reaches 2500 ° C, so constructively demanding in the constancy of cooling.

Brief history of the development of jet aircraft

The beginning of the history of the world's jet aircraft is considered to be 1910, when the designer and engineer of Romania named Henri Convada created an aircraft based on a piston engine. Difference from standard models was the use of a blade compressor, which led the car in motion. The designer began to assert in the post-war time that his device was equipped with a reactive engine, although he initially declared the controversial opposite.

Studying the design of the first reactive aircraft A. Konada, you can make several conclusions. The first - the design features of the car show that the engine located ahead and its exhaust gases would be killed by the pilot. The second development option could be only a fire by plane. It was about this that the designer said, during the first launch the tail part was destroyed.

As for the reactive type aircraft, which were manufactured in the 1940s, they had a completely different design, when the engine and the pilot's place were removed, and, as a result, it increased safety. In places where the flames of the engines came into contact with the fuselage, a special heat-resistant steel was installed, which did not bring the body of injury and destruction.

April 18, 1941 - the first flight of the German Messerschmitt ME.262 was held, which later became the world's first serial jet aircraft and the world's first reactive aircraft involved in hostilities. Due to delays in the development of jet engines in this flight, a piston engine Jumo 210g was installed on the machine.

The story does not tolerate the subjunctive inclination, but if it were not for the indecision and short-sightedness of the leadership of the Third Reich, Luftwaffe again, as in the first days of World War II, would receive a complete and unconditional advantage in the air.

In June 1945, the pilot of the Royal Air Force Captain Eric Brown took off at the Trophy ME-262 with the territory of the occupied Germany and took the course to England. From his memories: "I was very excited because it was such an unexpected twist. Previously, every German plane, flying La Mans, met the fiery shaft of anti-aircraft guns. And now I flew on the most valuable German plane home. This aircraft has a fairly sinister look - it looks like a shark. And after takeoff, I realized how many troubles could deliver German pilots on this magnificent car. Later I entered the command of the test pilots, who were tested by the Messerschmitt in Fanborough. Then I developed 568 miles per hour on it (795 km / h), while our best fighter developed 446 miles per hour, and this is a huge difference. It was the most real quantum jump. ME-262 might change the course of the war, but the Nazis has appeared too late. "

Me-262 entered the world history of aviation as the first serial combat river fighter.

In 1938, German Arms Office instructed Messerschmitt A.G. Design Bureau Develop a jet fighter, which was planned to establish the latest Turboactive engines BMW P 3302. According to the HWAA plan, BMW engines should have entered mass production in 1940. By the end of 1941, the planer of the future fighter-interceptor was ready.
Everything was ready for testing, but the constant problems of the BMW engine forced the Messerschmitt designers to seek the replacement. They became the turbojet engine Jumo-004 firm Junkers. After the design of the construction in the fall of 1942, ME-262 rose into the air.
Experienced flights showed excellent results - the maximum speed approached 700 km / h. But German Arms Minister A. Steeher decided that it was too early to start mass production. Careful revision of the aircraft and its engines was required.
A year was passed, "children's diseases" of the aircraft were eliminated, and Messerschmitt decided to invite to the test of the German ACA, the hero of the Spanish war of Major General Adolf Gullanda. After a series of flights on the modernized ME-262, he wrote to the Luftwaffe Commander Goring Report. In his report, the German AC in enthusiastic tones argued the unconditional advantage of the newest reactive interceptor in front of the piston single-engine fighters.

Also, Galland offered to start the immediate discharge of the serial production of ME-262.

In early June 1943, at the meeting, the Commander of the State University of Germany Gering was decided to begin mass production of Me-262. At the plants Messerschmitt A.G. Preparing for the collection of a new aircraft began, but in September he received the order of Geering on the "freezing" of this project. Messerschmitt urgently arrived in Berlin in the Luftwaffe Commander's bet and got acquainted with the order of Hitler. Führer expressed bewilderment: "Why should we not bended by Me-262 when hundreds of ME-109 fighters are needed?"

Having learned about the order of Hitler to stop preparing for serial production, Adolf Galland wrote to the Führer that the jet fighter is needed by the Luftwaffe as air. But Hitler has already decided - German Air Force is needed not a interceptor, but a reactive attack-bomber. The Blitzkrieg tactics did not give the furer of peace, and the idea of \u200b\u200ba lightning offensive with the support of Blitz-attack aircraft firmly sat down at Hitler in the head.
In December 1943, Speer signed an order about the start of developing a high-speed reactive attack aircraft based on the interceptor Me-262.
The Messerschmitta Design Bureau was given Card Blanche, and the project financing was restored in full. But in front of the creators of the speed attack aircraft arose numerous problems. Due to the massive raids of allied aviation on industrial centers on the territory of Germany, interruptions with the supply of components began. There was not enough chromium and nickel, which were used to make the turbine blades of the jumo-004b engine. As a result, the production of junkers turbojet engines has sharply decreased. In April 1944, it was possible to collect only 15 prejudice attack aircraft, which were transferred to the Special Test Unit of Luftwaffe, which worked out the tactics of the application of new reactive techniques.
Only in June 1944, after the transfer of engine production Jumo-004B to the Nordhausen underground plant, there was an opportunity to begin mass production of Me-262.

In May 1944, Messerschmitt engaged in the development of the equipment of the interceptor by bomb holders. A variant was developed with the installation on the fuselage ME-262 of two 250-kg or one 500-kg bomb. But in parallel with the project of an attorney-bombarder, designers in the Luftwaffe command continued to refine the project of the fighter.
During the inspection, which was held in July 1944, it was found that the work on the draft reactive interceptor was not minimized. The Führer was furious, and the result of this incident was the personal control of Hitler over the ME-262 project. Any change in the design of the reactive "messerschmitta" from this moment could only be approved by Hitler.
In July 1944, a Kommando Nowotny unit was created under the command of the German Assa Valtet Novotny (258 shot down opponent aircraft). It was equipped with a thirty ME-262 equipped with bomb holders.
Before the "New Team" was tasked with checking the attack aircraft in combat conditions. Newly violated the order and used the jet plane as a fighter, which has achieved a lot of success. After a series of reports from the front about the successful application of ME-262 as a interceptor in November, Gering was decided to give an order to form a fighter part with reactive "messerschmitts". Also, the Luftwaffe Commander managed to convince the Fuhrer to reconsider his opinion on a new plane. In December 1944, Luftwaffe adopted about three hundred fighters ME-262, and the project of the production of attack aircraft was closed.

In the winter of 1944, Messerschmitt A.G. Feeling an acute problem with the receipt of components required for the assembly of Me-262. Allied bomber aircraft bombed German plants around the clock. In early January 1945, HWAA decided to disperse the production of a jet fighter. Nodes for Me-262 began to collect in single-storey wooden buildings, covered in forests. The roofs of these mini-factories were covered with the paint of the color of Olives, and to discover the workshops from the air was difficult. One such plant made a fuselage, another wings, the third performed the final assembly. After that, the finished fighter flew into the air, using flawless German autobahns for running.
The result of such an innovation was 850 turbojetting Me-262, issued from January to April 1945.

In total, about 1900 copies of the Me-262 were built and eleven modifications were developed. Of particular interest is the double night fighter-interceptor with the Neptune radar station in the nasal part of the fuselage. This concept of a double jet fighter, equipped with a powerful radar, was repeated by Americans in 1958, implementing the F-4 Phantom II in the model.

In the fall of 1944, the first air battles between Me-262 and Soviet fighters showed that Messerschmitt is a formidable opponent. His speed and time of the set of height were incomparably higher than that of Russian aircraft. After a detailed analysis of the combat capabilities of the Me-262, the Soviet command of the Air Force ordered the pilots to open fire on the German reactive fighter from the maximum distance and use maneuver avoiding battle.
Further instructions could be accepted after the test of Messerschmitt, but this opportunity was introduced only at the end of April 1945, after the seizure of the German airfield.

The design of ME-262 consisted of a all-metal free-free lowlane. Two Jumo-004 turbojet engines were installed under the wings, from the outside of the chassis racks. The armament was four 30-mm MK-108 guns installed on the nose of the aircraft. Amusement - 360 shells. Due to the tight layout of cannon weapons, a great accuracy of shooting was ensured for the targets of the enemy. Also carried out experiments on the installation of greater caliber on ME-262.
The reactive "messerschmitt" was very simple in production. The maximum manufacturability of the nodes facilitated its assembly in the "forest factories".

With all the advantages of ME-262 had incorporated shortcomings:
Small motor protection - only 9-10 hours of work. After that, it was necessary to carry out the complete disassembly of the engine and replace the turbine blades.
Large running ME-262 made it vulnerable during take-off and landing. To cover the take-off, fighters FW-190 fighters were highlighted.
Extremely high requirements for coating airfields. Due to the low engines of the engines, the hitting of any item in the ME-262 air intake caused a breakdown.

It is interesting: on August 18, 1946 at the aviation parade dedicated to the Day of the Air Fleet, the fighter I-300 (MIG-9) flew over Tushinsky airfield. It was equipped with a turbojet engine of the RD-20 - accurate copy of the German Jumo-004b. Also, the parade was represented by Yak-15, equipped with trophy BMW-003 (subsequently RD-10). It was Yak-15 that became the first Soviet reactive aircraft, officially adopted by the Air Force, as well as the first reactive fighter, on which military pilots mastered the highest pilot. The first serial Soviet reactive fighters were created on the basis laid down in ME-262 back in 1938.

American soldiers examine the captured German jet fighter ME262A1AU4 ME-262A-1A U4 modification with a 50-mm gun of the WC5. Established as a interceptor bomber. Serially not released.

German jet fighter-bomber Messerschmitt Me-262A-2a "SturmVogel" ("Petrel") from the composition I / KG 51 at the airfield. On the poverty suspension of the aircraft, two 250 kg of bombs.

Nowadays, at least one person remains at least one person who does not know about jet aircraft and not flying on them. But few people know what a hard way to engineers from all over the world had to go to achieve such results. Even less than those who know exactly what modern jet aircraft are, as they work. Jet aircraft are advanced, powerful passenger or military vessels working through an air-reactive engine. The main feature of the reactive aircraft is its incredible speed, advantageously distinguishing the motor mechanism from the outdated screw.

In English, the word "jet" sounds like "JET". Hearing it, thoughts associated with any reaction immediately appear, and this is not at all oxidation of fuel, because such a motion system is acceptable for cars with carburetners. As for the airliners and military aircraft, the principle of their work is something like the rise of the rocket: the physical body reacts to the discharged powerful gas stream, as a result of which it moves in the opposite direction. This is the main principle of operation of jet aircraft. Also an important role in the performance of the mechanism, leading such a large movement, is played by aerodynamic properties, a wing profile, a variety of engine (pulsating, direct-flow, liquid, etc.), a scheme.

The first attempts to create a jet aircraft

Find a more powerful and speed engine for the military, and later and civic The aircraft began back in 1910. Rocket studies of past centuries were taken as a basis, which described in detail about the use of powder accelerators capable of significantly reduced the length of the forms and run. The head designer became the Romanian Engineer Henri Coanda, which created an aircraft operating on the basis of a piston engine.

What distinguished the first jet plane of 1910 from standard models of those times? The main difference was the presence of a blade compressor responsible for bringing the aircraft in motion. The airplane "COANDA" was, though the first, but very unsuccessful attempt to create an airplane with a jet engine. In the course of further testing, the device burned down, which confirmed the inoperability of the structure.

Subsequent studies revealed possible causes of failure:

1. Unsuccessful engine location. Due to the fact that he was located in the front of the design, the danger of the pilot's life was very large, since the exhaust gases simply would not give a person to breathe normally and cause a suffocation;
2. The distinguished flame fell directly to the tail of the airplane, which could lead to the fire of this zone, fire and the fall of the aircraft.

Despite the full fiasco, Henri Coanda argued that it was him that the first successful ideas concerning the jet engine for aircraft belong to him. In fact, the first successful models were created immediately before the beginning of World War II, in 30-40 years of the XX century. Having done work on errors, engineers from Germany, USA, England, the USSR created aircraft, which did not threaten the life of the pilot, and the design itself was made of heat-resistant steel, so that the body was reliably protected from any destruction.

Additional intelligence information. The primary reactor engine is rightfully called engineer from England– Frank Whitla, who offered the first ideas and received his patent at the endXIX century.

The beginning of the creation of aircraft in the USSR

For the first time on the development of the reactive engine in Russia, they spoke at the beginning of the 20th century. The theory of creating powerful airplanes capable of developing a supersonic speed put forward a famous Russian scientist K.E. Tsiolkovsky. The talented constructor A.M Lulleke managed to realize this idea. It was he who designed the first Soviet jet aircraft operating through a turbojet engine.

The engineer told that this design could develop an unprecedented speed of up to 900 km / h. Despite the fantasticity of the proposal and the inexperience of the young designer, the engineers of the USSR took up the project. The first airplane was already ready, but in 1941 hostilities began, the whole team of designers, including the archite Mikhailovich, were forced to start working on tank engines. The Bureau itself with all aviation developments was taken deep into the USSR.

Fortunately, A. M.Lulka was not the only engineer who dreamed of creating an aircraft with a reactive aircraft engine. New ideas about creating a fighter-interceptor whose flight would be provided by the liquid type of engine, the designers of A.Ya. Bereznyak and A.M.Saev, working in the Bolchovetinov engineering bureau, were proposed. The project was approved, so the developers soon began to work on the creation of the "Bi-1" fighter, which, despite the war, was built. The first tests over the missile fighter began on May 15, 1942, behind his steering wheel was a brave and brave pilot testing E.Ya. Bakhchivandzhi. Tests succeeded, but continued for a follow-up. Demonstrating the maximum speed of 800 km / h, the aircraft became uncontrollable and failed. It happened at the end of 1943. The pilot did not succeed, and the tests were stopped. At this time, the countries of the Third Reich were actively engaged in developments and raised in the air not one air-reactive vessel, so the USSR in the air front heavily lost and turned out to be completely unprepared.

Germany - the country of the first jet devices

The first jet aircraft were developed by German engineers. Creating projects and production was carried out secretly in disguised factories located in deep forest plants, so such a discovery was for the world, in some way, surprise. Hitler dreamed of becoming a global ruler, so connected the best designers of Germany to create a powerful weapon, including high-speed jet aircraft. There were, of course, both failures and successful projects.

The most successful of them was the first German jet aircraft "Messer-Schmitt Me-262" (Messerschmit-262), which also called "Sturmofogel".

This aircraft was the first in the world that successfully passed all the tests, loosely climbed into the air and began to produce serially after that. Great "Crushers of the enemies of the Third Reich "It had the following features:

• The apparatus had two turboctive engines;
• In the nose of the airliner was located radar;
• The maximum aircraft speed reached 900 km / h, while the instructions indicated that it was extremely undesirable to bring vessels to such speeds, since controlling control was lost, and the car started to perform steep peak in the air.

Thanks to all these indicators and constructive features, the first jet aircraft "Messerschmit-262" performed an effective means of combating allies aircraft, high-altitude "B-17", which received the nickname "Flying Fortresses". Stormofogels were more high-speed, so "free hunting" on the USSR aircraft, which were equipped with piston engines.

Interesting fact. Adolf Hitler was so fanatical in his desire to the world domination, which has reduced the effectiveness of the Messer-Schmitt IM-262 aircraft. The fact is that the design was originally designed as a fighter, but as directed by the ruler of GermanyHe was converted to a bomber, because of this, the engine power was not fully disclosed.

Such a course of action was completely not satisfied with the Soviet authorities, so they began to work on creating new aircraft models that could compete with German devices. For the work of the most talented engineers A.I. Mikyan and P.Oshah. The main idea was to add an additional piston engine K.V. Choleshchevnikova, who would give the fighter at the right moment. The engine was not too powerful, so it worked no more than 5 minutes, because of this, it was a function - acceleration, and not permanent operation throughout the flight.

New creations of Russian aircraft construction could not help resolve the war. Despite this, heavy duty German aircraft "Me-262" did not help Hitler wrap the course of military events in their favor. Soviet pilots demonstrated their skills and victory over the enemy even with ordinary piston courts. In the post-war time, Russian designers created the following USSR jets Further prototypes of modern airliners:

• "I-250", more known as the legendary MiG-13, is a fighter, who worked for A.I. Mikoyan. The first flight was performed in March 1945, at that time the car showed a record high-speed indicator, which reached 820 km / h;

• A little later, namely in April 1945, for the first time the jet aircraft rose to the sky, rising and supporting the flight at the expense of an air-reactive motor compressor and piston engine, which was located in the tail part of the structure, P.O.Suhogoy "Su-5". Speed \u200b\u200bindicators were not lower than its predecessor and exceed 800 km / h;
• The innovation of the engineering and aircraft construction of 1945 was the RD-1 liquid-jet engine. For the first time, it was applied in the model of the plane of the designer P.O.Suhogo - "Su-7", which was also equipped with a piston engine that performs the main pushing, moving function. Tester of the new aircraft became Komarov. At first test, it was possible to note that the additional motor increased the average high-speed indicator by 115 km / h - it was a great achievement. Despite the good result, the engine "RD-1" has become a real problem for Soviet aircraft manufacturers. Similar aircraft equipped with this model of a liquid-reactive engine, "Yak-3" and "La-7R", over which engineers S.A. Lamuchkin and A.S. Yakovlev, were crashes during the test due to constantly emerging FROM MOTOR;
• After the end of the war and the defeat of the fascist Germany, the Soviet Union received German airplanes with jet engines "Jumo-004" and "BMW-003" as trophies. Then the designers understood that they really were a few steps behind. Among engineers, the engines were called "RD-10" and "RD-20", on their basis the first aviation jet engines were created, on which A.M.Lulka, A.A. Mikulin, V.Ya. Klimimov worked on. At the same time, P.O.Shuhu was engaged in the development of a powerful two-engine aircraft, equipped with two "RD-10" type engines, located directly under the wings of the aircraft. The jet fighter-interceptor was called "Su-9". The disadvantage of such a movement of motors can be considered a strong frontal resistance during flight. Advantages are excellent access to the engines, thanks to which it was easy to get to the mechanism and repair the breakdown. A constructive feature of this model of the aircraft was the presence of start-up powder accelerators for take-off, brake parachutes for landing, controlled rockets of the water-air type and booster amplifier facilitating the control process and increase the maneuverability of the device. The first flight "Su-9" was carried out in November 1946, but it did not come to serial production;

• In April 1946, an air parade was held in the city of Tushino. It featured new aircraft from the Aviation Design Bureau of Mikoyan and Yakovlev. MiG-9 and Yak-15 jet planes were immediately launched into a series.

In fact, Dry "lost" to competitors. Although, this is hard to call it hard, because his fighter model was recognized, and during this time he was able to practically finish work on a new, more modern project - "Su-11", which became the real legend of the history of aircraft construction and the prototype of powerful airliners of modernity.

Interesting F. act. In fact, the Su-9 jet aircraft was hard Call a simple fighter. TO oncestructors with each other nicknamed it "heavy", because the cannon and bombing armament of the aircraft was at a fairly high level. It is believed that it was "Su-9" it was the prototype of modern bombers fighters. For all time, approximately 1100 units of equipment were made, while it was not exported. Not times the legendary "dry ninth" was used to intercepted in the air of the intelligenceaircraft. AT the first it happened in 1960, when airplanes broke into the USSR airspace "Lockheedu -2.

The first world prototypes

Not only Germans and Soviet designers were engaged in the development, testing of new airliners and their production. The engineers of the United States, Italy, Japan, the UK also created a lot of successful projects that could not be mentioned. Among the first developments with different types of engines include:

• "Non-178" - a German aircraft with a turbojet power plant that has risen in the air in August 1939;
• "Glostere. 28/39 "- an aircraft from the UK with a turbojet type motor, first rose into the sky in 1941;
• "Non-176" - the fighter created in Germany with the use of a rocket engine carried out its first flight in July 1939;
• "Bi-2" - the first Soviet aircraft, which was driven by a rocket power plant;
• "Campinin.1" is a jet plane created in Italy, which has become the first attempt by Italian designers to move away from the piston counterpart. But in the mechanism, something went wrong, so the liner could not boast of high speed (only 375 km / h). The launch was produced in August 1940;
• "Oka" with the motor TSU-11 - the Japanese-bomb fighter, the so-called disposable aircraft with a pilot-kamikaze on board;
• "Bellp-59" is an American airliner with two rocket-type jet engines. Production has become serial after the first flight in the air of 1942 and long tests;

• "Glostermeteor" is an air-reactive fighter manufactured in the UK in 1943; Played a significant role during the Second World War, and after graduation it performed the task of the interceptor of the German winged missiles of the FAU-1;
• "LockheedF-80" is a jet aircraft produced in the United States using Motor Type Allisonj these aircraft participated in the Japanese-Korean War;
• "B-45 Tornado" - the prototype of modern American bombers "B-52", created in 1947;
• "MiG-15" - a follower of a recognized jet fighter "MiG-9", which actively participated in the military conflict of Korea, was produced in December 1947;
• "Tu-144" is the first Soviet supersonic air-reactive passenger aircraft, which has become famous for the catastrophe series and was removed from production. A total of 16 copies were released.

This list can be continued infinitely, every year airliners are improved, because designers from all over the world are working to create new generation aircraft capable of flying with sound speed.

Several interesting facts

Now there are liners who can accommodate a large number of passengers and goods with huge sizes and an unimaginable speed of over 3000 km / h equipped with modern combat equipment. But there are several truly amazing structures; The reagent aircraft of record holders includes:

1. "AirBusa380" is the most spacious machine capable of accepting 853 passenger on its board, which is provided with a two-candy design. He is part-time one of the most luxurious and expensive airliners of modernity. Emirates Airline Airline offers customers numerous amenities, there is a Turkish bath, VIP-apartments and cabins, bedrooms, bars and an elevator. But there are no such options in all devices, it all depends on the airline.

1. "Boeing 747" - more than 35 years was considered the most passerial two-storey liner and could be 524 passengers;
2. "An-225 Mriya" - a cargo aircraft that boasts a load capacity of 250 tons;
3. "Lockheedsr-71" is a jet aircraft reaching at a speed of 3529 km / h.

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Thanks to modern innovative developments, passengers can get from one point of light to the other in just a few hours, fragile cargoes that require operational transportation are rapidly delivered, a reliable military base is provided. Aviation studies do not stand still, because the reactive aircraft are the basis of rapidly developing modern aviation. There are now projected by several Western and Russian manned, passenger, unmanned airliners with reactive engines, the release of which is scheduled for the next few years. For Russian innovative developments of the future, the fighter of the 5th generation of Pak Fa "T-50", the first copies of which will arrive in troops presumably at the end of 2017 or early 2018 after testing a new reactive engine.

MiG-9 is a Soviet jet fighter designed immediately after the end of the war. He became the first jet fighter made in the USSR. The MiG-9 fighter serially produced from 1946 to 1948, during which time more than six hundred combat machines were produced.

Researchers of aviation history are often called MiG-9 and other Soviet combat vehicles (Yak-15 and Yak-17), created during this period, "transitional type of fighter". These aircraft were equipped with a reactive power plant, but at the same time they had a glider, similar to piston machines.

MiG-9 fighters were in service with domestic Air Force for long: in the early 50s, they were removed from operation. In 1950-1951, almost four hundred fighters were transferred to China's Air Force. The Chinese used them mainly as academic aircraft: pilots studied on them to exploit reactive aircraft.

MiG-9 cannot be called too successful: From the moment of starting the tests, the catastrophe was pursued, designers, and it was necessary to correct defects that appear during operation. However, we should not forget that MiG-9 was the first reactive fighter, it was created and passed into troops in extremely short time. At the time of the start of work on creating this car in the USSR, there was not even an engine that could develop the craving required for the reactive flight.

MiG-15 came to replace the "problem" MiG-9, which ours, and foreign experts call one of the best fighters of this period. Designers were able to achieve such success only thanks to the experience gained during the creation of MiG-9.

The appearance of a large number of jet fighters from the Soviet Union caused surprise in the West. There, many did not believe that the country, ruined the war, in the shortest possible time would be able to establish mass production of the newest at the time of aviation technology. The appearance of MiG-9 and other Soviet jet aircraft had a serious political importance. Although, of course, in the West did not have ideas about the difficulties and problems that I had to face Soviet aviation designers and pilots, as well as about what was worth the destroyed country to create new types of weapons.

The history of the creation of the first reactive aircraft of the USSR

Already at the end of World War II, it became clear that the future of aviation for jet aircraft. In the Soviet Union, work began in this direction, they went much faster after familiarizing with trophy German developments. At the end of the war, the USSR was able to get not only intact German aircraft and jet engines, but also to capture German enterprises where they were produced.

The task of creating a jet fighter at the same time received four leading aviation design bureaus of the country: Mikoyan, Lavochkina, Yakovlev and Dry. The main problem was that at that time in the USSR there was no own reactive aviation engine, it was still necessary to create.

Meanwhile, time was pressed: the probable opponents - the USA, England and Germany - already had an established mass production of jet aircraft and actively exploited this technique.

In the first Soviet jet fighters used the BMW-003A and YUMO-004 trophy engines.

In Mikoyan, Mikoyan worked on the creation of two fighters, which at the project stage had designations and-260 and and - 300. On both machines planned to use the BMW-003A engine. Work on the creation of the aircraft began in February 1945.

I-260 copied the German fighter ME.262, two jet engines were located under the wings of the aircraft. I-300 had a layout with a power plant inside the fuselage.

The blowing in the aerodynamic tube showed that the layout with engines inside the fuselage is more winning. Therefore, from further work on the prototype I-260, it was decided to refuse and finish and 300, which later became the first serial Soviet jet fighter under the designation of MiG-9.

Three experienced testing machines were laid in the construction: F-1, F-2 and F-3. The F-1 aircraft was ready for December 1945, but the bridge of the car was dragged to March next year, and only then the tests began. On April 24, 1946, the fighter came to the air for the first time, the first flight was fine.

The initial stage of tests clearly showed a huge superiority of jet aircraft over piston: MiG-9 was able to accelerate to a speed of 920 km / h, reach the ceiling 13 km and dial a height of 5 thousand meters in 4.5 minutes. It should be said that initially the aircraft planned to arm a 57-mm automatic gun H-57, setting it in the partition between the air intakes and two 37-mm NS-23 cannons located at the bottom of the fuselage. However, later from 57-mm guns decided to refuse, consider her power excessive.

On July 11, 1946, a tragedy occurred: during the flight, a fragment broken away from the wing was damaged by the stabilizer, as a result of which the car lost control and crashed into the ground. Pilot died.

The second experienced F-2 aircraft was demonstrated to the public during the aircraft in Tushino. In August, at the Kuibyshev plant, the production of a small serial batch, consisting of ten aircraft. It was planned that they would take part in a parade on Red Square in October 1946.

In March 1947, serial production of the fighter began. However, after the release of 49 aircraft, it was suspended. The car had to reassure urgently. For two months, the fuel system was seriously modernized on MiG-9, the structure of the tail fairing was changed, the area of \u200b\u200bkeel was increased, a number of other refinements were also performed. After that, mass production was resumed.

In June 1947, government tests of four fighters, two experienced (F-2 and F-3) and two serial machines were completed. In general, MiG-9 received positive feedback: on speed characteristics, railing and flight height, he significantly exceeded all piston aircraft in service with the Soviet Army. The fire power of the car was unprecedented.

There were problems: when shooting from guns at an altitude of more than 7 thousand meters of GOO engine. With this disadvantage, they tried to fight, but could not completely eliminate him.

If you compare the characteristics of the MiG-9 with the Yak-15 jet fighter, which was developed at this time, then the Mikoyanovskaya car lost the aircraft of OKB Yakovleva in maneuverability, but was faster in horizontal flight and when dive.

A new car in the troops was met without much enthusiasm. The pilots often simply were afraid to fly by plane, which has no screw. In addition to pilots, it was necessary to move and technicians, and it was necessary to do this in the shortest possible time. Spext often led to accidents, in no way associated with the technical characteristics of the aircraft.

Description of the design of the MIG-9 fighter

MiG-9 is a complete-metal single fighter, equipped with two turbojet engines. It is made according to a classic scheme with an average wing and a three-level retractable chassis.

The aircraft has a fuselage of a type of hemonocock with a smooth working trim. In its nose, the air intake is located, which is divided into two tunnels, each of which serves air to one of the engines. The channels have an elliptical section, they pass along the side parts of the fuselage, bypassing the pilot cabin on both sides.

Wing of an aircraft of a trapezoidal form with flaps and ailerons.

Tail plunge MiG-9 all-metal with a highly refined stabilizer.

The pilot cabin is located in the front of the fuselage, it is closed by a streamlined shape with two parts. The front part, the visor, is fixed motionless, and the rear part shifts back in three guides. In the late modifications of the car, the visor is made of armored glass. In addition, the front and rear armor plates are installed on the machine, their thickness is 12 mm.

MiG-9 has a three-hand retractable chassis with the front wheel. The chassis release system is pneumatic.

The fighter was equipped with a power plant consisting of two RD-20 TRDs, which were nothing more than a copy of the German trophy engines BMW-003. Each of them could develop 800 kgf thrust. The motors of the first series (A-1) had a resource for only 10 hours, the A-2 series resource was increased to 50 hours, and the RD-20B motors could work for 75 hours. MiG-9 power plant started using Ridel start motors.

The engines were installed in the refined part of the fuselage, the nozzles were adjusted, they could be put in four positions: "Start", "take-off", "flight" or "high-speed flight". The control of the cone of the nozzle apparatuses was electrodistant.

To protect the housing from hot gases, a special thermoeker was installed on the bottom side of the tail part, which was a corrugated leaf of heat-resistant steel.

The fuel was located in ten tanks located in the wings and fuselage. Their total amount was 1595 liters. Fuel tanks were connected to each other to ensure uniform use of fuel, it allowed to maintain the aircraft centering during the flight.

On MiG-9, the RSI-6 radio station was established, Radio PCO-10M radiopolukum, as well as KP-14 oxygen. The aircraft was obtained from the LR-2000 trophy generator, which was later replaced by domestic GSK-1300.

The armament of the fighter consisted of one 37-mm G-37 gun with ammunition in forty shells and two 23-mm NS-23 cannons with ammunition in 40 shells. Initially, the plane was planned to equip more powerful, 57-mm, gun N-57, but later they refused.

One of the main problems of the fighter was the hit of powder gases into engines, since the G-37 cannon was installed on the partition between two air intakes. In the late modifications of the aircraft on the H-37 began to install gas pipes. The machines released earlier were equipped with them already in the system parts.

At first MiG-9, a collimator sight was, later he was replaced by an automatic rifle sight.

Characteristics MiG-9

Below are the characteristics of the MiG-9.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments under the article. We or our visitors will gladly respond to them

Wing span, m	10
Length, M.	9.75
Height, M.	3.225
Wing area, square. M.	18.20
Max. Run weight, kg	4998
Engine	2 RD RD-20
Traction, kgf.	2 x 800.
Max. Speed, km, / h	910

Jet airplanes, first appearing in the sky, caused delight among everyone who had the opportunity to observe them. Airplanes with jet engines came to replace conventional screw aircraft. The first reactive aircraft was designed in 1910, however, due to a multitude of imperfections in the design, he did not rise into the air, burners on Earth in the first test.

During the years after World War II, reactive aircraft occupied an increasing share in the aircraft used. When people saw in the sky an inversion trail of a certain width, they immediately understood which engine is installed on the aircraft, disseminating the sky at the moment.

Jet engines have found applications not only in military equipment, but also in civil aviation intended for the transport of passengers. At the moment, the majority of available aircraft are equipped with jet engines.

There are several types of jet engines in total:

• Turbojet;
• Pulsating;
• Straight-flow;
• Liquid;
• Rocket engines.

In this article, we will consider the meaning of the concept of a jet engine, talk about the history of aviation development using this technology.

Judging by the root of this word, it can be assumed that the engine is based on some kind of reaction. In view of not chemical oxidation - it passes in ordinary carburetors. In the case of a reactive motor, the same principle acts like a rocket. In one direction, a gas jet under high pressure is ejected, the pushing body reacting with acceleration directed in the opposite direction.

It is quite difficult to separate rocket and aviation studies on the issue of the jet engine. The development in the direction of the installation of a compression engine at the airplane was carried out long before the war - we are talking about the aircraft itself, burned in 1910.

First reactive aircraft

The first steps were committed by German scientists, however, they succeeded in this direction other states - Italy, the USA, the United Kingdom and Japan, at that time laggards in matters of technological development from other world countries. The first aircraft with jet engines were surprising that they had no screws, many pilots did not initially trusted such aircraft.

The USSR also conducted the development in this direction, but more concentrated on the improvement of the existing screw aircraft. The Bi-1 aircraft was developed and built, extremely imperfect and unreliable. Nitric acid eaten fuel tanks, there were also other technical complications.

Germany led the active development of all types of military equipment, trying to apply new discoveries and technical solutions that can reverse the course of war and obtain a significant advantage over opponents armed forces. One of these directions were jet aircraft.

During these developments, the Germans built the first aircraft with reactive engines entered by serial release. This aircraft was Messerschmit-262 or Stormforgel. This airshish has developed a speed of over 900 kilometers per hour, which was incredible for those times. He turned out to be a successful means to combat heavy bombers B-17.

At some point, a strange indication came from German tops - to re-equip this fighter to the bomber, which led to the fact that the aircraft could not reveal its potential.

Arado

This aircraft is also German development. His difference from the past of the aircraft under consideration is that it was originally designed as a bomber. In the course of military operations demonstrated excellent battle qualities - a speed of 750 kilometers per hour and the height of the flight of 10,000 meters did not leave the anti-aircraft guns any chance to sweep it. Fighters of Americans and the UK did not catch up with him.

In addition to the fact that Aradoids dropped bombs, albeit not too precisely because of the high speed, he also carried out the photography, performing the functions of intelligence. During the use of these aircraft in combat purposes, the Germans practically did not carry losses. If they were able to build more than these units of aircraft, it would be even more difficult to fight.

Yu-287.

Already in recent years, the US and the USSR has not yet completed the previous world war and the USSR have been mutually preparing for confrontation with each other. Both sides were actively developing jet engines for aircraft, since it was clear to everyone that, in case of another war, it would not be possible to do without their use.

The USSR at that time did not have its own nuclear weapons. In turn, the United States seized the aircraft "Junkers287", which, by virtue of its technical characteristics, was suitable for use as a carrier for an atomic bomb.

Reactive aviation after the war

During the war, the USSR did not led the active development of jet engines, as they did not play a decisive role in it. However, in her last years, the question arose about the need to have a carrier of atomic weapons, for which the Boeing B-29 was copied to the Soviet Union.

However, for defense against the likely aggression, fast and maneuverable high-altitude fighters were needed. The study of the German military equipment obtained as combat trophies was considered insufficient to solve this issue. Airkers started designing aircraft superior to the global level.

Yak and Mig.

Two design bureaus developed copies of jet aircraft on which refractory materials were installed in those places where the nozzles were cooked with the fuselage, which defended the body from overheating. The main task was to transition to new types of power plants, however, these developments were considered as temporary options until they replaced MiG-15.

MiG-15 became the legendary air seat. There were many bold innovations in it - among them the world's first reliable pilot rescue system (catapult), and the car was also provided with powerful cannon weapons. The magnificent flight-technical and combat characteristics allowed the world to win victories over the Armadas of heavy bombers in Korea.

In response to domestic development, the Americans created a "sail", a certain analogue of MiG-15. One of the copies of the MiG aircraft was hijacked by the Koreans and sold the United States to explore, and the soldiers of the USSR soldiers were pulled out of the water. Thus, two superpowers exchanged experiences.

Civic reactive aviation

The British, at the end of the forties of the last century, released the "Comet" airliner on their airlines, equipped with jet engines. He gained great popularity, although did not differ in reliability - in the first years of its use there was a lot of disasters.

Civil aircraft with jet engines were developed in the Soviet Union - one of them was Tu-104, developed on the basis of the Tu-16 bombarder. Despite the accidents, the development in this direction did not stop. The image of a reliable jet liner was gradually drawn, pushing the screw engines further into the background.