The history of the name of about 20 centuries ago mountainous island in the Mediterranean Sea near Sicily began to erupt smoke and fire. Explaining this strange phenomenon, people believed that the forge of the Roman God of the Volcano was in Mount. The clouds of ash, they claimed, it was smoke from his blacksmith horn, and the splashes of Lava are sparks from the anvil. They called this island "Wolcano" - from the Latin word "Volkano".
Volcano (Greek - Hephaest). In the Greek and Roman mythology, the God of Fire and the Blacksmith, who focused weapons for many gods and heroes. He was an educator of an ancient man and taught him to use fire. He was chrome from birth or as a result of the fact that he was reset from Olympus to the Earth by Jupiter in the attack of anger.
Poets about Vesuvius Zev's volcanoes opened the smoke poured the club the flame was widely developed as a combat banner. The Earth is worried with the shattered columns idols fall! The people, persecuted by fear, crowds, old and young, under inflamed ash, under the stone rain runs from the gradation. A.S. Pushkin Volcans are silent extinct volcanoes, ash falls to the bottom. They are resting the giants after the made evil. B. Ahmadulina Volcanoes are blown up. Ocean is infused ... Artur Rambo
The structure of the volcano Typical volcano is a hill with a tube passing through its thickness, called a volcano jerle, and with a magmatic focus (magma accumulation area), from which Zhero rises. When a high pressure is created in the magmatic focus, upstroke the mixture of magma and solid stones is ejected into the air. This phenomenon is called the volcanic eruption.
The ashes is the smallest volcanic product having a form of powder mass. With explosive eruptions, it is thrown into the surface of the earth, the volume is often in many cubic kilometers and rises in the form of a cloud clouds to a height of up to several tens of kilometers. Powerful ashes deposits, the multi-meter covering the slopes of the foot of the volcanoes, destroy large forest arrays and even the city. The ashes is the smallest volcanic product having a form of powder mass. With explosive eruptions, it is thrown into the surface of the earth, the volume is often in many cubic kilometers and rises in the form of a cloud clouds to a height of up to several tens of kilometers. Powerful ashes deposits, the multi-meter covering the slopes of the foot of the volcanoes, destroy large forest arrays and even the city.
On the left, to the right - bombs of the type of bread crust, in the middle - in the form of spindle. Extremely large variety of forms and sizes among the chip material have volcanic bombs. They are formed from Lava's pieces raised to a certain height of gases, which are intensively allocated from the chopped melt.
Volcanoes are divided into: acting acting - these are volcanoes that currently eruption occurs or it is observed periodically, after some time intervals. If the magma is not poured, and the volcano "smoke" or "smokes", then it is also classified as valid. The volcanoes that showed their activities in the historical period of time and preserved their shape were aslended. In their depths, weak shoes and earthquakes occur periodically. Extinct extinct - volcanoes who have ever been in the distant past; they have blurred and destroyed cones
Hawaiian type on the main island of Hawaii is the Mauna Loa volcano. The characteristic feature is that basalt melts here are poured relatively calmly, without explosions. The melt is weakly saturated with gases and has a slight viscosity, although sometimes unusually spectacular lava fountains arise. As a result of such an eruption, the volcano has a very gender slopes on which several crater are located.
Strombol type Although here is a basalt melt, that is, it has the main composition, but it has some viscosity. Therefore, there is an alternation of the outpouring of lava flows and explosions. In the explosions, bombs, lapilli, ashes and basalt slag are emitted. Stromboli - Volcano Lipar Islands - Noteworthy in that it is constantly acting, being a kind of, unusually bright Middle-earth Lighthouse
Type Volcano Volcano Island Wolcano, located on the Lipar Islands, is also very famous. It is characterized by an eruption of relatively sour volcanic products (Andesito datsites). Due to the high viscosity of the melt, the burlock of the volcano. The accumulated pairs and gases explode this cork and, together with other finely flowed particles, diverse forms and sizes throw them to a large height. So often they say: explosive eruption of volcanic type.
Vesuviysk type named by the famous Vesuvius volcano, located in Italy, near Naples. Ancient Roman scientist Pole junior very colorfully described it, and therefore this type of eruptions are often referred to as Plynian. For this type, strong explosive eruptions are characterized due to periodic blockage of the volcano vulcan, as well as the subsequent outpouring of lava flows.
Pompeii disappeared under the 7-8 metering layer of ash and rubble, which continuously fell on the streets and at home. Herkulanum flooded hot lava and boiling dirt. Staby was almost completely destroyed. Only August 27, after three days after the start of the eruption, the sun was for the first time, freshen the three dead cities. On August 24, 79 g people paid life for his carelessness: Suddenly, a lava traffic stop pulled over the Blue sky over the Blue Sky, a long millennium was tightly blocked by the Vesuvius crater.
The residents of Pompey were buried under the ashes died from suffocation. However, cavities in a layer of hardened ash, where their bodies were previously located, for many years they retained the shape and mate of the unfortunate. When these cavities were filled with a gypsum solution, people saw the sculptural images of the dead. Sleeping of a chipping woman, preserved in the ashes sculptural images of the dead dog's cast
Pele Type Mont-Pele Volcano (Bald Mountain), which gave the name of the next type of eruptions, is located on the island of Martinique (a group of small Antille Islands in the Atlantic Ocean). It is characterized by hot ash clouds and the growth of domes in the volcanic crater. For the first time, a directed explosion was noted here, which covered the large area.
"Active" volcano is a volcano evepenting the last years most of the active Earth volcanoes are only in several countries.
A large fractured Tolbachin eruption is believed to the largest known basalt eruptions in the Kamchatka belt smoke. The eruption continued almost a year and a half (July December 1976). The height of the jet of hot gases reached a height of 2.5 km, and the ash cloud-12 km. As a result of the eruption, 4 cones of new Tolbachinsky volcanoes were formed, and the hugely preplanted area around them turned into a scorched desert. For those who have passed since that time, the cones did not have time to cool to the end, so standing is not the top of the cone, feel walking from the bottom of the heat. The ashes desert is gradually mastered by lichens, a dwarf yoy and other pioneer plants.
The following morphological types of volcanoes are distinguished: conesoid - the result of frequent eruptions without strong explosions; Shield, flat volcanoes - devices of the outpouring of liquid varnish volcanic ridges arising from the movement of the centers of outpouring along cracks volcanic ridges that have arisen when moving the exhole centers along cracks; Calderekalderny volcanoes; volcanoes with sommaomulvalkanes with a somma arising within the Calder, after their update; Dome volcanoes.
Underwater volcanic activity of the guyothe guilot [by name of the American geographer and geology of A. Gyuo (Gaito; A. Guyot;)], isolated flat-terrible volcanic underwater mountains. They are found by groups or in the form of single raises mainly in the Pacific Ocean. Individuals are also available in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The tops of the city are located at depths of 200 to 2000 meters. It is believed that the leveling of the vertices of the abrasion. As abrasion affects only before the depth of order m, it is assumed that most of the city experienced lowering with the base of the oceanic bottom
Volcans are very dangerous, but they also bring well to a person. Various erupted rocks are used as building materials and abrasives. The sera volcanic is part of many useful chemicals. Volcanic material - pumice - part of some toothpastes. Sapphires, zircons, copper, silver, gold - all this can be obtained from volcanic rocks. They also found some largest diamonds.
Volcanoes of the Universe Unnamed volcano in the North Pole region of Jo (Jupiter satellite). Galileo (artificial probe) photographed the eruption of this volcano, the dust post climbed into a height of about 430 km. An even higher column of ashes and dust was also seen - it rose to a height of more than 480 km. Using the hardware installed on Galileo, it was possible to determine the composition of volcanic emission. These were particles resembling snowflakes made up of sulfur dioxide molecules.
The study of the features of volcanoes, the phenomena of volcanism are engaged in volcanologists and geomorphologists.
Structure: Foci, Zhero, Crater. The hearth is a place in the earth's crust or mantle. Zherlo - a channel for which Magma rises. Crater - a hole, funnel, bowl on the top of the mountain volcano.
Volcanoes are classified by location, form and activity.
According to activity: extinct, sleeping, valid. Such a classification is sufficiently conditional. Extricates are not erupted more than 1000 years: Keep the general form, the changes are exposed to the crater, the slopes. Sometimes they show activity. Example: Mont-Pele on Martinique, Valley of Volcanoes in Buryatia, Calara Volcanoes.
Sleeping - volcanoes in which the probability of eruption is higher than that of extinct. Some of them are called supervulcans - Toba on Sumatra, Taulo in New Zealand, Camchatka volcanoes.
Existing - the main object of interest of volcanologists, erupts often. Located in the belts of young mountains, where the property continues. Among scientists there is no consensus on how to accurately classify these geological education. The most active vulcanism: South and Central America, Hawaii, Japan, Stern Islands.
Classified by location: Conto, terrestrial, underwater. The form distinguishes types: dome, slag cone, thyroid, stratovolcan, complex look.
As a characteristic of the general design, the formation of central and linear types. The first have the central channel, along which the lava comes to the surface. The second type is fissure, the channels for which the lava rises have an elongated form. Scientists identify an area of \u200b\u200btype, but there are no such ones, at least in our time. It is believed that they existed when the planet was formed.
The eruption is considered an emergency, disaster. It may occur for an hour, month, year, a few years. The effects of eruption: the formation of the Vpadin Calder, Geyser, Furolol. Low mountains can occur, island. Lakes are formed in the craters.
Types of eruption: Hawaiian (basalt lava comes to the surface, accompanied by smoking clouds, fiery aids), hydroexplosive (a lot of steam is distinguished, timed to water objects).
Vulcan of mud - education, as a result of the activity of which dirt, gases, and not a magma comes to the surface. Meets in Russia, Central Asia.
The largest entities: San Pedro, Kotophah, Has-del Salado in Andes, Elbrus in the Caucasus, Fujiima in Japan, Etna and Vesuvius in Italy, Klyuchevskaya Natka in Kamchatka.
Fixed not only on Earth. If on other planets of the solar system and their satellites.
geological formation arising above the channels and cracks in the earth's crust for which molten rock rocks (lava), hot gases, ashes, pairs of water and rocks of rocks are eructed on the earth's surface
The main parts of the volcano
At the top of the volcano there is a deep vpina - crater. In the crater comes out in the Channel, along which liquid magma rises from the bowels of the earth.
Types of volcanoes:
Active
- central Type Volcanoes
- linear volcanoes
- The acting volcano ethna
- Dorming volcano Parinacota
Volcanoes are: existing, dormant, extinct .
- Furious Volcano Fujiima
- Volcanoes on Earth about 500. Approximately 370 of them are located on the shores and island arcs of the Pacific Ocean (Aleutian, Kuril, Japanese, Filipino, Stern Islands) and on the outskirts of North America, Central America, in Andes in the West of South America. 9 existing volcanoes are located in Antarctica. Several volcanic islands are located in the Indian Ocean. In the Atlantic Ocean they are only 45.
Volcanoes in Russia.
In Russia, the dangers of volcanic eruptions are subjected to Kamchatka, Kuriles, Sakhalin. Extluous volcanoes are in the Caucasus.
- Hot lava flows (speed of their flow to 100km / h)
- Falling avalanches (consist of boulder, sand, ash and volcanic gases with a temperature of 700 degrees C)
- Clouds of ashes and gases (thrown into a height of 15-20 km)
- Explosive wave and scatter of debris
- Water and mudigan streams (speed of movement up to 90-100km / h)
- Sharp fluctuations in climate (greenhouse effect can be created)
Actions in case of volcanic eruption.
In the case of volcanic eruptions: 1 ) Protect sensitive devices; 2) Close the tanks with drinking water; 3) Follow the shelter; 4) periodically it is necessary to go out and dig the ashes from the roofs and shake it from the trees.
Actions in case of volcanic eruption in close proximity to it
- Name the types of volcano
- List parts of the volcano
- Actions in case of volcanic eruption
Knowledge check
1) Underground shocks and oscillations of the earth's surface arising from sudden displacements and breaks in the earth's crust ...
Knowledge check
2. Of the listed consequences, specify which of them belong to earthquakes:
a) scoring avalanches;
b) failures and rise of the earth's surface;
d) accidents at industrial enterprises;
e) sharp climate fluctuations;
Knowledge check
3 . From the listed consequences, specify which of them relate to volcanoes:
a) failures and rise of the earth's surface;
b) scoring avalanches;
c) the destruction of buildings and structures;
d) clouds of ash and gases;
e) explosive wave and scatter of debris;
e) sharp climate fluctuations;
g) vibration, concussion and cracks in the soil.
Knowledge check
4. What can not be done during an earthquake:
a) stand near windows
b) get up in the doorway;
c) hide in a cast-iron bath;
d) use the elevator;
e) burn matches, candles, use open fire;
e) approach dilapidated homes.
Knowledge check
5. Determine the varieties of earthquakes by origin:
a) tectonic;
b) active;
c) induced;
d) sleeping;
e) fruitry;
e) Obivans.
Knowledge check
6. Geological education arising above the channels and cracks in the earth's crust, according to which molten rocks (lava), hot gases, ashes, water pairs and rocks are erupted on the earth's surface, is called ...
Knowledge check
7. Determine the types of volcanoes:
a) bulk;
b) active;
c) induced;
d) sleeping;
d) tectonic.
Check
answers
Criteria marks
1) Earthquake
20 points-19Balles- "5"
18 points-15ballov- "4"
14 Points 10Balles- "3"
Less than 10 points- "2"
- b, g, d, e
- and where
- In the case of an eruption of a volcano in close proximity to it, protect the respiratory organs and follow the shelter.
- In 79 N. e. Suddenly awkward volcano Vesuvius, before the historical time did not act. The terrible catastrophe erased from the face of the city of Pompeii, Herculane and Staby, almost all of their residents died.
Technological map Task 1
i want to know
What is volcano ?
- Volcano - (from Lat. Vulcanus - fire, flames), a mountain of conical shape, from the neck of which is thrown by hot gases, couples, ashes, rocks of rocks, as well as powerful flocks of hot lava, which spread over the ground surface.
- The volcano is a geological formation on the surface of the earth's crust or the bark of another planet, where the magma goes to the surface, forming Lava, volcanic gases, stones.
- Volcanoes are the mountains of conical shape, folded by the products of their eruptions.
Technological map Task 2.
Volcano is ................................................................................................... ...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… ...
………………………………………………………………………………………………… .....
Structure of volcano
- The focus of magma - a place under the earth's crust,
where Magma is going.
- Zherlo Volcano - a channel for which Magma rises.
- Vulcan crater is a cup of a bowl on the top of the mountain.
- Lava is an empty magma.
Technological map Task 3 Complete the "Structure of the Volcano" scheme
Eruption - this is an exit to the surface of the planet of the molten substance of the earth's crust and the mantle of the earth, called magma .
Historical catastrophe of volcanic origin
K. Bryullov "Last Day Pompeii"
Causes of eruption of volcanoes
Earthquake;
Pressure drop in the focus of magma. And with a sudden reduction in pressure, the magma is melted, the gases are expanding and the outwards are rushed.
Signs of volcanic eruptions
Almost always the volcano eruption can be predicted. The most characteristic signs of "awakening" of the volcano is:
- - enhancement of gases and
mineral waters on his
- - temperature rise;
- - Underground hum.
Types of eruption of volcanoes
If gases are released from magma relatively calmly, it is poured onto the surface, forming lava flows. Such an eruption got a name effusion.
If the gases are highlighted quickly, there would be an instant boiling of the magmatic melt and it is torn by expanding gas bubbles.
It takes power
explosive eruption
which received
name exposive.
If the magma is very viscous and its temperature is small, it is slowly extruded to the surface. This eruption is called extrusive.
Types of volcanoes
Most common central Type Volcanoes - this is an elevation, a mountain or a hill with a deepening on top – crater , From which Magma goes to the surface. When eruption of the volcano discharged
from it fragments of breed
ashes poured
stay on its slopes.
Mountain height increases
smiling, and with her and crater
moves higher and
Other type of volcanoes - linear, or fractured . Their occurrence is associated with the lifting liquid basalt magma in the crust in the earth's crust. Liquid lava spreads to huge areas, forming lava covers. Such a volcano looks like a crack on the surface of the Earth.
Existing volcanoes
Krakataau
Fujian
Klyuchevskaya Natka.
Extinct volcanoes
Kilimanjaro.
TEST
1. Healing education arising above the channels and cracks in the earth's crust for which ashes, lava, hot gases, water pairs, rocks of rocks are erupted on the earth's surface
a) earthquake
b) fruitry
c) Vulcan
2. The word "volcano", comes on behalf of the Ancient Roman God:
a) underground kingdom
3.Nate two reasons for volcanic eruptions
a) Flood
b) earthquake
c) pressure drop in the focus of magma
d) tsunami
4. Find three signs of volcanic eruption
a) strengthening the exit of gases and mineral waters;
b) temperature increase;
c) underground hum.
d) temperature decrease
5. Choose incorrect classification of volcanoes a) in form b) by the number of erupted lava c) in activity
d) by location
Answers to Test
3 - B, in
4 - a, b, in
Homework
Chapter 2, P.5, Tasks from the technological map The task of a creative nature:
(on choosing and desire)
make a volcanic layout;
make a selection of facts about volcanic eruption
Type of eruption
Expl
Ozivna
J.
Indka
C (E,
%)
Characteristic
Love.
Temperature,
° С.
Coeff.
Viscosity, Poise
Structure
Vulcanitov
Basalt.
Liquid.
T - 12001100 °.
– 103-104
Strombolians
Kiy.
3050,
Inog.
Yes
100
Basalts,
Andesibazal
you
Liquid
Polebandism
Oh.
T - 11501050 °.
– 104-105
Vulcanian
60-80
and
more
Andesitis,
Dacitals (less often
Andesibazal
you and
Riolitis)
Viscous.
Lava
Rare streams.
T - 1050-950.
– 105-106
Plinic
(Vesuviana
90 I.
more
Riolitis
Dacitats.
Seldom
Andesites
Basalt.
Lava
Thinking
Very rare.
T 1050.
Pelsky
100
Andesitis,
Dacitats,
Rioliths
100
Riolitis
Dacitats,
Andesites
Hawaiian
10,
rare
O 15.
Katmai
and
Lava N.
characteristic
Lava N.
characteristic
Types of volcanocalastic breeds
Characteristics of pyroclastic material
Juvenile
response
alien
(count)
Figured
bombs
Slags.
Capper ("Pele Tears"),
Hair-shaped ("Pele Hair")
Vitrolasts,
sometimes
idomorphic
Crystallasts
(Crystalolapilli)
Not
Character
Melcoles
Loveclastites
Agglutinate. Different tuffs
dimension, various structures. Comclassic tuffs I.
Crystaloclastic
Curly bombs, lapilli, slags
angular shape
Minor
Blind
Loveclastites
Tufy different dimension.
Dominate
psefitovy.
Xenotuofa (rarely)
The form
Oblovekov
angular
bombs like "bread crust"
More than 10%
Blind
Loveclastites
Tuffs of different dimensions.
Dominate
ash
Vitrolastic, pimplastic. Ksenotufa.
Pembzid
litocclasts
angular
crystallasts
Fish vitrolasts
Many
–
Tufy
ash
crystaloclastic,
PEMZOCLASTIC. Ksenotufa.
Angular
Otterugal
wreckage of different dimensions with
predominance
ash.
Rassed up to 400-600 with
Many,
very
many
–
Pepling tuffs. Xenotuofa
Easy breccia
Red (600-800 s),
Gas-saturated material
(Pyriclastic flows),
porous litoclasts,
Idomorphic crystallasts,
Ottoid vitrochlasts
10-20%
Tuffs
(clustela)
laveoclastic
Pyriclastic
IgnamBrites.
Xenoigmbrits.
Agglomerate
Tufy
rarely 15) exposive index and is a calm
The outpouring of liquid basalt lava, accompanied by weak
blasts. Basalt lava flows with characteristic
Wavy, cable (smelly lava) and small
(AA-Lava) superficial, remembering with a little
the number of pyroclastic material, occur at an angle
2-3 °, rarely 5 °. Pyriclastic material usually
ejected in liquid state, forming curly bombs
(ball, ellipsoidal, pear, disk,
Ribbon, cylindrical, slag). Characteristic
The formation of slags that born in the glove part
in agglutinate. The finest material formed when
explosions, is the drowned ("pele tears") and
Hair-shaped ("Hair Pele") Chips. maybe
Digging of crystals (crystalpillary) in the form
Refireed Individuals Plagioclase up to 3-5 cm
in diameter. Lava temperature 1200-1100 ° C, coefficient
Viscosity 103-104 Poise.
This type is characteristic of Hawaiian shield volcanoes.
Islands. Described for Niiragongo volcanoes (Africa), flat
Tolbachik (Kamchatka), South Breakthrough BTTI (Kamchatka). 1.2. Strombolian type of eruption is most common when
Eruptions of volcanoes that give products of the main composition. For this
type are characterized by emissions of hot luminous material and
The outpouring of more viscous lava flows than with Hawaiian
eruption. Exposive index 30-50, sometimes up to 100. Composition
Volcanic products basalt and Andesibasalt. Viscosity
lava can range from liquid to semisolastic that
Causes a wide variety of exposive material:
curly bombs (spherical, ellipsoidal,
Lepsels), lapilli, slags angular shape. The size
Pyriclastics fluctuate widely: from large blocks to
ash particles, but more often prevails large-chip (2-10 mm)
material. Together with the juvenile material is thrown
Resort and alien represented by Fundament Chips
Volcano. Lava temperature 1150-1050 ° C, viscosity coefficient 104-
105 Poise.
The prototype of the eruption is described on the Strombol Volcano (Mediterranean
sea). Strombolian type was celebrated when the Kuevsky eruption
Volcano (Kamchatka) of the Northern Breakthrough, BTTI (Kamchatka) (Fig. 2),
Alaid and toy (Kuril Islands).
Fig.2. Strombolian type of eruption on the Northern breakthrough BTTI
(The first slag cone June 1975)
Strombolian type of eruption on the northern breakthrough BTTI (the first slag cone June 1975)
1.3. Vulcan type of eruption is widespread and usually combinedwith Strombolian. The composition of volcanic products Andesitic and
Daucit, less often Andesibasalt and Rolyite. With this type of eruptions
The heated, but not plastic, exposive material is different
The size and rare lava flows. Lava streams are usually short with
Blind surface. Blinds are much larger than in basalt and
Andesibasalt streams of Strombolian eruptions. Characteristic
peculiar volcanic bombs - type "bread crust" having a smooth
Strongly fractured surface. Exposive index 60-80 or more. The form
Chips angry, dimension from dusty (0.01 mm) to lump diameter
in 1 m or more, but the ashes dominated (less than 2.0 mm) particles that are more often
Total represented angular (acutely angry) fragments of volcanic
Glass. Slags are usually absent. Admixture of alien and response
Material more than 10%.
The ash material at volcano-stromombolian explosions rises to
height to the first kilometers and depending on the strength and direction of the wind
covers significant areas near the volcano. The smallest material
(10-15%), mainly whitoberous, refers to
volcanic buildings and is part of soil-pyroclastic covers
and volcano-terrigenous sediments. For the ashes of Vulcan eruptions not
Characteristic porous, drop-like, melted fragment form. So for
Fragments of ashes of the Karym volcano of eruptions 1966, 1979. Noted
The form is close to isometric with angular projections of crystals, but sharply
The angular forms were not observed. According to E.F. Maleyev (1982) mineral
The composition of the ashes changes as the dimension of particles increases. In large
fractions The number of crystals is 10-15%, and in small - 40-45%, which
probably due to the separation of volcanic glass and its removal on
Separate sections. In the ashes about 10% of the respected and retriclastic
wreckage that, after weak explosions, again fell into the crater and,
Subject to repeated heating, they purchased a red color.
Lava temperature 1050-950 ° C, viscosity coefficient 105-106 Poise.
The prototype is described on the island of Wolcano in the Lamp Islands group. Vulcanian
The type of eruption is characteristic of Avachinsky volcanoes, Karymsky (Kamchatka),
Widely manifested in conjunction with Strombolian on the Northern breakthrough 1.4. Plinica type of eruption is characterized by large
the number of exposive material and almost complete absence
Love. Exposive index 90 or more. For this type is characteristic
Strong gas saturation of the magma, which is manifested in significant
crushing volcanic products and emit them to a large
Height. Explosions are usually vertical, and therefore
Pyriclastics and its degree of differentiation depend on the direction and
Explosion force. Juvenile material often pembed,
Crystallasts are usually fragmented, whirloclasts have
Fuck shape. Together with the juvenile materials is made to
25% of alien material presented by fragments
The bases of the volcano.
Plinica type of eruption is more characteristic of volcanoes,
erupting the products of source (but maybe theezite and
basalt) and therefore enjoyed to spread
Previous era when acidic vulcanism was powerful. AT
The limits of the smoke-Kamchatka arc plinic type was observed at
The eruption of the Xudach volcano in 1907
Named by the name of the ancient Roman scientist Pole junior,
Described by the eruption of Vesuviya in 79 G.N. Fresh temperature
Vesuvia pyroclastic material was allegedly
1050 ° С (Vlodaisa, 1984). Side is described as Vesuvian Type
Eruption (Rudich, 1978; Vlodais, 1984). 1.5. Pelian type of eruption is characterized by directional
explosions, as a result of which scorching clouds consisting of
movable suspension of gases and finely dredged volcanic material.
The temperature of the scorching clouds 400-600 ° C. The scorching cloud discharged from
Mont-Pele volcano (1902 g) had a temperature of about 800 ° C, and
Observations of Lyakraa The temperature of the sintering clouds at the exit of the loaf
It was about 1100 ° C and 210-230 ° C at a distance of 6 km from the crater (Vlodais,
1984). Exposure Index 100. Pyroclastic material
predominantly juvenile, with an admixture of alien and respected,
Formed due to the destruction of volcanic buildings. Structure
Pyroclastic material from Andesite to Rolyithovoy. The form
The wrecks are angular and acute-angled, size from large blocks to dust with
The predominance of the latter. As a result of Pelian-type eruptions
Fast (within a few minutes) deposition
Pyroclastic material on the square from several tens to
Thousands of kilometers accompanied by air separation: near
volcanic buildings accumulate litterlasts and crystallasts, and
In removal - whirlwinds. Power of deposits of pyroclastic
Material is measured by centimeters and less often than tens
Santimeters.
Directional explosions are formed due to periodic breakthroughs
gases accumulating in the volcanic channel under the velvet's veil,
Frozen in Zherel Volcano. Characterized by squeezing cork over the dome in
The form of monolithic obelisk. On the Volcano Mont-Pele Such Obelisk has
The height of 375 m and the diameter of 100 m. The formation of obeliskov is characteristic of
volcanoes with a very viscous practically non-current lava with a coefficient
Viscosity 108-1010 Poise. Volcanogenic threshing breeds here
specific and formed mainly due to the destruction of the dome or in
The process of movement of extrusion. V.I.Vlodavets (1973) stands out for such
Volcanoes dome type of eruption. 1.6. The Kathmay type of eruption is characterized by the formation of hot
(600-800 ° C) and gas-saturated juvenile pyroclastic flows
Material, up to 10-30 km long, performing reduced parts of the relief.
The main feature of this type of eruption is located
Epicenter explosion at considerable depth. This leads to the fact that gases are not in
the state of crushing and throw away the powerful column of juvenile material in
the atmosphere and raises it only to the edge of the crater, where he, being strong
Gas-saturated, poured like a liquid flow (Maleev, 1982). At the same
Ritman's time (Rittmann A., 1963) explains the education mechanism
Pyriclastic IgniMabrite streams at the expense of a similar location to
Day surface of the exposive level of viscous magmas (see ch. 4).
Pyroclastic flows are divided into ignitors, pepkel, ash,
Agglomerate. With Katmai eruption, partial destruction is possible
volcanic building (Unnamed volcano, 1956, Shivech, 1964) (Fig.
3).
Pyriclastic material is represented by porous blocks with rounded,
due to rocking, angles (remind of boulders), often good
Refireed crystals and angular acute parties
volcanic glass. With the movement of pyroclastic flows
The corners and the edges of the crystals take place. Alien Material
present in an amount of 10-20% and is represented by fragments of breeds of previous
eruptions.
Classic for this type is the eruption of the cat's volcano on Alaska
In 1912, on Kamchatka, such eruptions were observed for volcanoes.
Avachinsky, Unnamed, Shivelch. Although the mechanism of eruption of the nameless
volcano (1956) (Fig. 4) was the same as on the Volcano Kathmai, but
Volcanic products they turned out different. This is due to the fact that
The initial temperature of the cat's volcano was high, which led to sintering
ashes and the formation of the game namebrids. On the nameless this did not happen, because
The temperature of the gas-pepper cloud was lower, which allows you to highlight
For this, own nameless type of eruption (Maleev, 1977).
Destroyed volcanic building of a volcano nameless during the Katmai eruption of 1956
Destroyed volcanicBuilding a volcano Unnamed
during the Kamai eruption
1956
Kathmay type of volcanic eruption of Unnamed (1956).
1.7. Freatic (Bandaisan, Ultravulkansky) Type of eruptionGives only exposive material in cold and rarely hot.
A large amount of fragments of the formation of the foundation of the volcano (75100%) are characterized in the absence of juvenile material. Freatic evessets can
partially destroy volcanic buildings, which leads to accumulation in
reduced parts of the relief of tremendous masses of the threshold material
Primary facies. It is usually complex mixtures of fragments of laure and tuffs with
Multi-oriented lamination. Exposure Index 100. Debris
breeds are thrown by ferry due to contact suspended
(thermal) waters with soil or when lowering the lava in the volcano channel below
Groundwater level.
The peculiarity of the freak eruptions is the fast (within
a few tens of seconds) power set, which is usually not reduced to
The end of the eruption. Famous French Volcanologist Garun Taziev watched
1976. A similar phenomenon from beginning to end (more than 30 minutes) on a volcano
Soufrier (Guadeloupe Island), whose thirteen eruptions were
Freatic. The most famous example of this type is
The eruption of the Bandai-san volcano (Japan, 1888).
Freatic explosions are also possible in the introduction of lava flows in
Glaciers covering the slopes of stratovulkanov. So in July 1993 during
The eruption of the Klyuchevsky volcano introduction of a lava flow in the Herman glacier
accompanied by a series of powerful freak explosions that reached
Heights of 2-3 km (Fedotov et al., 1995).
The above classification has visibility, but applies the main
For simple eruptions. The complex eruptions can
It is simultaneously characterized by several types of activity. At the same time they
so intertwined among themselves that breaking the eruptions to segments with
A certain type of activity is difficult. So unique large
Cracked Tolbachin eruption in Kamchatka (1975-1976)
Characterized by the manifestation of elements of almost all types of activity:
Vulcan, Strombolian, Pelev, Plinian and Hawaiian.
