It is most convenient to travel around Russia by airplane, especially to the remote outbacks, to which by land transport sometimes go more than one day. Historically, air cargo traffic is highly developed in the Soviet Union, especially to remote corners of our homeland. At the same time, it was important to supply military forces with air vehicles, the landing party needed aircraft for various purposes in military-political operations.
In the late 50s, eleven hundred AN-12s, more than a thousand Il-76s and a couple of thousand other cargo aircraft were produced in the Soviet Union. The versatile properties of these aircraft allow them to be used to this day for the country's agriculture and in the air force. Russian Federation, CIS, as well as in those countries where these vessels were transported for export. Of course, now these cargo aircraft Russia of the 50s and 70s. are considered obsolete (An-12, An-26, An-74, Il-76), not suitable for modern parameters, and their operational period is coming to an end, and some are no longer effective and not economical.
There are modern mainline passenger airliners produced both by Russia and purchased in the West in the aircraft fleet. But both of them do not meet the requirements for the transportation of bulky cargo and are also not suitable when used in military needs, for example, when landing equipment.
Design Bureau. Tupolev, which later became an aviation scientific and technical complex, devoted its entire "life" (and this is almost a hundred years, since the design bureau was created in 1922), devoted to the development of cargo air transport for the economic and military needs of the country.
When choosing a project, the Tupolevites always made several options at once, for civil and military use, for example, a bomber or a civilian liner, and each of them was presented in two versions - a cargo and a military transport. The vessels were structurally similar, but had different functions in operation.
- In the thirties, the TB-1 and TB-3 military aircraft acquired cargo "brothers".
- In the fifties, the Tu-4 bomber was modified into two transport options, for the Tu-4TD landing and the military needs of the Tu-75.
- At the same time, civilian Tu-114 and Tu-104 show their analogs to the world - cargo and military transport aircraft in as many as three versions.
- In the seventies, the Tu-134 and Tu-154 received their cargo "relatives" for the civil air fleet.
Today, KB continues to pursue the same policy, without changing the established rules. Almost all long-haul aircraft have cargo counterparts.
ANTK them. Tupolev opened the program "Cargo Aircraft of the Russian Federation" to replace obsolete Soviet aircraft with new ones that meet modern requirements, transport ships, in which all the innovations of scientific and technical aviation are collected. A photo of the aircraft, which is the most advanced project in the program, is presented below..
Thanks to this program, the following advantages were achieved:
- fuel economy, at least 2 times;
- financial savings on freight transportation, approximately, also doubled;
- increasing the technical level of liners;
- increased safety in flight;
- competitive aircraft in the foreign economic market for aviation services;
- compliance with environmental standards;
- various modifications of one aircraft to solve various tasks.
The appearance of the Tu-330
Medium transport aircraft Tu-330 is designed to optimize cargo transport aircraft... The development of the aviation-technical complex in this direction effectively solve a similar set of tasks related to the country's air transport. And also simultaneously solve the aviation tasks of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
The most promising project for cargo aircraft in the Russian Federation is the Tu-330 aircraft. It is very economical, designed with a wide fuselage, and was created as a modification of the new generation medium-range civil vessel Tu-204 and Tu-214. On this moment the establishment of serial production of the Tu-330 was given to the APO named after Gorbunov in Kazan, now renamed into production PJSC "Tupolev". The Tu-214 is also produced there, and since the Tu-330 is 75% similar to the Tu-204, all this will significantly reduce the time for setting up serial production of the aircraft and its certification.
STS Tu-330 is intended to replace the outdated An-12 and Il-76TD in all respects. It has a number of advantages, which, for example, are not available for the An-70 and FLA.
- minimum risk in the implementation of the project;
- reducing the time of serial production by 2–3 times;
- easy mastering in the use of air traffic control systems, there will be no problems with the introduction of the vessel in the country's cargo flights;
- the cockpit reduced to the general system, as well as electronic communication and navigation systems to modern requirements, with the option of modifying and improving the existing complex and systems;
- it will be quite easy to commission the Tu-330 aircraft, because there is the same structure of technical and flight crews, as well as metrological control kits, which are also available on our other liners.
When developing various variations of the Tu-330, the Tupolevites achieved many solutions to the specific goals that they faced. The plane can act both in the civil sphere and solving popular problems, and can help the country's Ministry of Defense with its functions.
For example, An-70 and Tu-330 can peacefully exist in military-technical cooperation, where each of the aircraft is assigned a certain role. At the same time, in the fleet of military transport aviation, the ratio of Tu to An would be four to one, since the flight performance of the first is much higher than the An-70, besides, the aircraft is more productive and economical, adaptive in air traffic control, has the best speed and altitude.
Experts believe that the Russian Federation needs no more than a hundred such aircraft for the Civil Air Fleet, about thirty vessels for international flights, four dozen is enough for long-distance foreign flights and about fifteen to twenty-five for short-haul flights. The Ministry of Defense will need two hundred Tu-330s and for other countries about seven eighty vehicles.
For the needs of the country, it is planned to produce different variations of the Tu-330:
- standard cargo version for GVF;
- Search and rescue both in water and on land, patrol of sea zones, reconnaissance of the ecological component, as well as aerial photography;
- A repeater that will increase the range of radio communication in the ultrashort wave range;
- firefighter - extinguishing forest fires;
- an administrative plane with a cabin, and transportation of two cars;
- refueller;
- ship for instrumental reconnaissance, meteorological tasks, determination of coordinates of targets, creation of information materials.
- sanitary and evacuation;
- aircraft for military transport aviation. It is based on the classic Tu-330, but with a communications complex for the air forces, as well as a place and the ability to load / unload military equipment, up to tanks;
- And also a tanker for the transportation of liquid cargo, in this case, liquefied natural gas with a power plant.
Design
Tu-330 is a high-wing aircraft with a swept tail and a wing with high aerodynamic qualities, the same as that of the Tu-204. The fuselage, of course, is wider and larger, made for specific purposes, the cargo compartment is sealed and its volume is 330 m 3. The high-wing aircraft has a complex of equipment for loading / unloading ground vehicles and airborne troops. There is a boarding ladder in the hatch. Under the wing of a pair of engines - a PS-90A bypass turbojet engine.
The aircraft layout is easily modernized in various modifications and is adapted for transition and replacement to other engines, including those of foreign production, but close to Russian characteristics. This will allow the aircraft to be exported.
The auxiliary power plant TA 12-60 is located in the tail of the fuselage. The chassis has 6 autonomous struts with two wheels each. The aircraft can even be used on an unpaved air strip.
In the cockpit there are flat lights, there is no steering wheel, but there are central handles and fly-by-wire control.
Aircraft specifications:
- The crew consists of three people.
- Max. takeoff weight with PS-90 A engines - 102.5 tons.
- Max. takeoff weight with NK-93 engines - 112 tons.
- The weight of the equipped aircraft with the PS-90 A is 57 tons.
- The weight of the equipped aircraft with the NK-93 is 62 tons.
One of the most popular long-haul airliners at the present time is the Airbus A330-300, which is manufactured by the European concern Airbus S.A.S. Aircraft fleet russian airline Aeroflot has 22 aircraft Airbus A330 of modifications 200 and 300, and, for example, Turkish Airlines - 34.
Brief historical background
The main shareholder of the European concern "Airbus S.A.S" is the European aerospace concern EADS, which, in turn, is owned by:
- the French government - 22.43%;
- french concern Lagardere - 15.1%;
- german concern Daimler AG - 22.52%;
- state company of Spain SEPI - 5.46%;
- russian Vnesheconombank - 5.02%.
This concern is officially registered in the Netherlands (Amsterdam) and has headquarters in Paris and Munich. Representative offices of this corporation operate in the following countries:
- France;
- Germany;
- Spain;
- Great Britain.
Work to create a European passenger liner with a wide fuselage and two engines were launched in 1987, and in 1992 the Airbus 330-300 flew for the first time, was certified in Europe and in the USA in 1993, having received the appropriate certificates. In the same year, sales of the airliner started, and the French airline "Air Inter" began to operate regular flights on Airbus aircraft since 1994.
Airbus A330 family
In the line of the Airbus family of airliners, 8 modifications have been developed, namely:
- The Airbus A330-100 is the first airliner in this lineup to replace the older A300 and A310 models. But the existing design flaws and outright mistakes forced us to abandon further work on the A330-100;
- Airbus A330-200 - designed to replace the A330-600 and as a competitor to the Boeing-767;
- Airbus A330-200F - cargo version. Work on the creation began due to a decrease in consumer interest in its predecessor - A300-600F;
- Airbus A300-200HGW - a variant of the airliner with a larger take-off weight;
- Airbus A330-300 is the most popular member of the family. In various versions, it can accommodate from 295 to 440 passengers and has an oversized cargo compartment;
- Airbus A330 P2F - for transporting large volumes of cargo and passengers;
- The Airbus A330-200 MRTT is a military transport aircraft with refueling functions. Equipped with fuel tanks with a total capacity of 111 tons of aviation fuel;
- The Airbus A330-200 FSTA is a strategic refueling airliner of the future, and its design work is still pending.
Modification description
ICAO code A330-300 - A333 / H. On airplanesAirbus for the A330 model, modification 300, technological solutions were used that were applied to the A320 model, namely:
- eFIS (Electronic flight instrument system);
- fly-by-wire electronic control system;
- sidestick control levers in the form of joysticks;
- general Electric CF6-80E1A2 engines;
- pratt & Whitney PW-4164 engines;
- rolls Royce Trent-768 and Trent-772 engines.
The EFIS instrument system consists of 6 transparent LCD monitors mounted on the windshield of the cockpit, on which all information from the computer control system is displayed, from the coordinates of the aircraft location to the projection of the runway. The wide fuselage of the Airbus A330 300 is designed similarly to the previous A300 B2 / B4, but longer.
The main rivals of the Airbus A330-300 are Boeing 787-9 and Boeing 777-200ER. A330-300 airliners are in demand today by many major airlines the world and are made to order, in particular:
- Lufthansa;
- US Airways;
- Turkish Airlines;
- Air Canada;
- Northwest Airlines;
- Swiss International Air Lines;
- Qatar Airways;
- Singapore Airlines;
- Aeroflot, etc.
Specifications A330-300
Main technical characteristics of Airbus:
- length - 63.69 m;
- height - 16.83 m;
- own weight - 123.1 tons;
- wingspan - 60.30 m;
- cruising speed - 870 km / h;
- maximum possible speed - 920 km / h;
- maximum flight altitude - 12400 m;
- flight range - maximum 10800 km;
- takeoff run - 2500 m;
- run length - 1755 m;
- crew members - 2 people.
Airliner capacity depends on the cabin layout option.
Passenger compartment layout A330-300
For the modification of a 330 300 Airbus aircraft, the layout of the cabin of Aeroflot and other airlines, in particular, Turkish Airlines, are different. There are 3 options in total:
- The total number of seats in the aircraft for passengers is 302 (7 aircraft A330 300 Aeroflot). Of these, 34 are business class and 268 are economy class;
- The total number of seats for passengers is 296 (9 boards). Of these, 28 seats are for business class passengers and 268 seats for economy class passengers;
- The total number of seats for passengers is 301 (1 board). Of these, 36 seats are for business class passengers and 265 for economy class passengers.
Important! Passenger seats in Business Class have increased legroom (Space + seats). Also, some seats in the economy class cabin allow you to freely stretch your legs during the flight.
Additional Information. Turkish Airlines Airlines also operates 3-class airliners (business, 1 class and economy). The maximum passenger capacity of Turkish Airlines is 440 seats (without dividing the cabin into classes).
Business class seats
Business class seats are large and comfortable for passengers. Depending on the variant of the cabin layout, their location may be different: they occupy the first 5 or 6 rows in the bow of the airliner. Additional legroom and seat width allow you to comfortably spend your time in flight.
However, among these places there are also those that are considered less comfortable for travel. Seats located in rows 1 and 5 (or 6, depending on the type of cabin layout) are located near the auxiliary compartments. For example, first row seats A, C and H, K are directly opposite the wardrobe compartments, and seats D and G are opposite the kitchen utility room where food and drinks are dispensed. Also, places A, C and K, H of the last row are located in the immediate vicinity of the toilet stalls, which can also cause some inconvenience.
Important! There are emergency exits behind the seats of the last row (5 or 6), which makes it difficult to fully unfold the seats, because these passageways must always be clear during flight.
Additional Information. In the 28-268 airliners, the business class cabin provides for the full folding of the passenger seat into a berth, at an angle of 180 degrees.
Economy class seats
Regardless of the layout of the passenger compartment, the layout of both the most successful and the most unfortunate seats is approximately the same.
In accordance with the system for placing passenger seats in the aircraft cabin, the business class is followed by the economy class, divided into 2 parts. The numbering of the rows here starts from the 11th and ends with the 45th row. The degree of comfort of the seats differs from that of the business class, but in general, in accordance with the requirements of international standards, it is quite high. There are monitors in the backs of the seats, and control units for audio and video systems are mounted in the armrests. The distance between the rows of seats is sufficient in order to stretch your legs and not feel discomfort during the flight.
The best seats in Economy Class are:
- 11 row: places A, C and H, K;
- 29 row: places A, C and H, K.
They are located along the port and starboard sides. Passengers sitting in these seats are not bothered by either walking back and forth or the fuss in the cabin. Meanwhile, due to the fact that these rows are located right in front of the dividing walls, they have even more space in front of the seats and allow you to freely get up from your seat without disturbing your neighbors.
- 11 row: D, E, F, G;
- Row 29: D, E, F, G.
Further, in terms of decreasing comfort, all other places in the rows along the sides with letters A, C and H, K follow, and the most unfortunate ones can be considered in rows from 43 to 45. Places in row 45 are especially worth mentioning. They are located in the immediate vicinity of toilets and the constant hustle and bustle of people around during the flight are provided. Also at this point, the fuselage of the aircraft is significantly narrowed and the space between the seats and rows also becomes smaller.
Additional Information. It is worth noting that some rows are equipped with attachments for child seats and cribs, so the neighborhood with small children can be uncomfortable for the surrounding passengers.
Places for strollers and cradles:
- 1st row: A, C, D, G, H and K;
- 11 row: A, C, D, E, H and K;
- Row 29: D, E, F and G.
Also inconvenient are the rows located in front of emergency exits or in front of internal bulkheads, because the backs of their chairs have a limited deflection angle or do not unfold at all. These are the places:
- 27 row: A, C, H, K;
- 28 row: D, E, F, G;
- 44 row: A, C, H, K;
- 45 row: D, F, G.
Service on board
Depending on the class of service corresponding to the category of the purchased ticket, passengers are provided with the following services:
- hot meals;
- electrical outlets (in business class);
- cold drinks;
- press;
- warm blankets;
- wireless Internet (the access network is called "On Air");
- audio, - and video entertainment (games, watching movies, radio, etc.);
- shopping in the SKY SHOP duty free shop.
Important! Internet provision is a paid service.
The cost is:
- 15 minutes (10 MB) - $ 5;
- 1 hour (30 MB) - $ 15;
- 3 hours (100 MB) - $ 40;
- The whole flight (150 MB) - $ 50.
The cost of each MB over the limit is $ 1. Both cash and bank cards are accepted for payment.
Considering the above, when checking in either at the airport or online on the airline's website, you can choose comfortable seats and spend your time in flight with maximum comfort.
Video
Today Aeroflot is the most famous Russian air carrier, which has many world-renowned aircraft in its arsenal. One of the most popular models is the Airbus A330.
Airbus A330 basic information
This is a jet wide-body passenger aircraft, presented in 8 modifications - 6 civil and 2 military. Developed by Airbus Industrie. Its first version was presented in 1992.
Civil liners:
- A330-100. Produced to replace the A300 and A310 aircraft. But in view of the flaws and mistakes made, it began to be considered an unsuccessful version;
- A330-200. This shortened version of the A330-300 is successfully used to this day. Is a direct competitor to Boeing-767;
- A330-200F. Cargo version A330-200;
- A330-200HGW. Made for Korean Air. Differs in increased takeoff weight;
- A330-300. The most common liner. It has a high passenger capacity and a large cargo hold;
- A330-P2F. Conversion passenger aircraft in the cargo.
Military liners:
- A330-200 MRTT. This model has additional fuel tanks, which allows loading up to 111 tons. The aircraft was produced for military purposes, as a transport tanker;
- A330-200 FSTA. The second version of the military aircraft is under development.
Differences between aircraft versions
The A330-300 version is Airbus' largest twin-engine aircraft. It can carry up to 440 passengers in economy class, 335 in two classes and 295 if the plane is divided into three classes. The aircraft is also designed to carry large volumes of cargo.
The A330-200 was modeled after the A330-300. It is shorter by 10 sections (6 m). Its length is 58.8 m. It can carry up to 253 passengers in 3 classes. Compared to the A330-300, the keel has been increased to compensate for the lower yaw moment.
The passenger compartment of the Airbus A-330
The classic version of the liner has two saloons. The first six rows are reserved for business class. Each row has 6 seats - two on the right, two in the middle and two on the left. The distance between the seats is large enough that passengers do not interfere with each other. The seats are very comfortable here, they can be reclined 180 degrees, so you can get a full sleep during the flight. This is especially important during night and / or long flights. However, it is important to keep in mind that rows 5 and 6 are noisy as they are adjacent to the common salon.
The rest of the rows are reserved for economy class. It is divided into two compartments. Each row of the first compartment contains 8 seats - two on the right, four in the middle and two on the left. The seats in the middle are slightly shifted back. Toilets are located between the compartments. In the second compartment, the seats are also located, only the seats in the middle are shifted forward, and in the last rows in the middle there are three chairs.
The best seats are considered to be the seats in the rows located immediately behind the business class and behind emergency hatches... In places on the right and left, you can sit comfortably. There are no neighbors in front, so no one will throw the back of the chair on you. The presence of space allows you to stretch your legs and stand up without disturbing anyone. Moreover, there is a kitchen not far from these aisles, and passengers who take seats here receive food first.
When choosing places, consider the following important nuances:
For travelers with small children, it is better to choose the 11th and 24th rows, where there is a place for the child's accessories.
If you like to look through the porthole, then do not take seats in those rows where windows are not provided. Check this information
The last row is especially noisy, and the seats are pressed tightly together due to the narrowing of the fuselage.
Brief characteristics
- Plumage of the liner - single fin;
- Wing shape - arrow-shaped;
- Designed for medium to long distances;
- It is wide-body, which implies two aisles between the seats;
- As of October 2017, 1,373 units are in operation;
- Powered by Rolls-Royce, General Electric and Pratt & Whitney engines.
Design features
Flight data
The history of the creation of the Airbus A330
Officially, the plane's program began in 1987. Its original goal was to compete boeing aircraft... In 1992, the A330-200 and A330-300 versions were released. Initially, they differed only in length.
The aircraft were introduced in 1992. Then the A330-300 was used to pass the ETOPS flight tests. During their course, the plane flew with one engine on over the Atlantic for 6 hours. After that the A330-300 became popular with many airlines.
In 1997, the A330-200 version also made its first flight.
Later, Airbus Industrie was going to design the A350, modifying the wings, engine and nose. But the project failed, but a completely different version of the A350XWB was released.
In 2014, Airbus Industrie began developing the A330neo aircraft series. As the developer explained, these will be the improved A330 aircraft.
Where is produced
Parts of Airbus A330 aircraft are assembled in four countries: France, Spain, Great Britain, Germany. Finally, the liners are assembled at the main plant in the French city of Toulouse and in Germany - in Hamburg.
The cost of the most popular models
- The price for the A330-200 airliner is $ 221.7 million;
- A330-300 costs $ 245.6 million;
News from the Airbus world
In the summer of 2017, Airbus presented an updated version of the airliner - A380plus. It has an updated wing design and an optimized passenger compartment space to add even more passenger seats.
In the current year 2017, renowned aircraft manufacturer Airbus has received an order for 430 aircraft from the new neo series. The amount of orders is about $ 49.5 billion. This order is considered the largest and most expensive in the history of the aircraft concern.
Airbus A330 is a multifunctional series of airliners that allows not only transporting passengers and cargo, but also pursuing military goals. Due to its high operational characteristics, the Airbus A330 is successfully produced and used to this day.
Watch a video about the Airbus A330.
Everyone knows that it is simply impossible to build roads, build bridges, build houses without special equipment. There are a myriad of machines that make these tasks much easier and faster. One of them - called the T-330 tractor - will be discussed in this article.
Place of production and creators
This bulldozer was developed by engineers in Chelyabinsk and is produced in the city of Cheboksary at a tractor plant. This machine is one of a kind, as it combines the most standardized and unified units and parts. The T-330 tractor was the first of its kind in the USSR to have a front cab. Such an engineering move was fully justified, because in this case the driver had a better view of the road and the work area.
Exploitation
The active use of the bulldozer began in the 1980s, and before that, for several years the machine was under constant improvements, after which it received a recommendation for use in industry.
The T-330 tractor, as has been shown by many years of practice, may well be used as an alternative to expensive Western counterparts. The bulldozer is not only endowed with the highest power, but also has a colossal margin of safety and ease of maintenance and repair. It is also important that the T-330 tractor is much lower than its imported "colleagues".
Disadvantage and its elimination
The main negative quality of the entire industrial bulldozer of the tractor-ripper is its insufficient motor resource. Initially, the engine performance was only three years. At the same time, overhaul did not bring the desired result and did not always bring the motor to the required initial technical indicators. In this regard, a number of tractors of this series were equipped with specially adapted engines from foreign manufacturers.
After the modernization, which was largely facilitated by the many years of experience in operating the bulldozer, the survivability of the machine components was increased. The final result of these measures was the production of a slightly more powerful motor, the cooling mode of which can be carried out both with the help of liquid and air. This engine turned out to be more adaptable and is able to work for a long time both in severe frost and in searing heat.
Main purpose
The bulldozer is actively used to perform repair, construction, assembly and reclamation operations. The instruction manual for the T-330 tractor states that the ambient temperature range for normal operation of the machine can be in the range from -50 to +50 degrees Celsius. The tractor can be used as efficiently as possible for various large projects, which will result in the desired ratio of work performed to the cost of machine maintenance.
Features:
Effective operation of the tractor on frozen ground is due to the ability to remove exhaust gases directly under the dump. Such removal of the hot gas mixture avoids freezing of the soil conglomerate, due to which the degree of mobility of the bucket is significantly reduced, as well as the mass of the material being moved.
An efficiently implemented cooling system allows the engine to start at low enough temperatures at which other similar equipment may be out of work. In extreme heat, the engine is also cooled very effectively, which completely eliminates the possibility of overheating during intensive machine operation.
Design
Let's consider in detail the elements of the T-330 bulldozer. The 38 tractors were originally powered by an air-cooled eight-cylinder engine. The cylinder layout is V-shaped. It allows you to make the most of all the available possibilities of the diesel installation.
Modern models are already equipped which are produced at the Yaroslavl Motor Plant. The main advantage of these motors is higher power, which in turn increases productivity.
The main components and parameters of the bulldozer include:
- The cabin, which is two-seater and has a system of forced ventilation and heating. A modern air conditioner is also available. The glazing of the cabin is double-layer, which increases thermal protection in any weather and excludes freezing. In addition, the cab is equipped with ergonomic seats, thoughtful controls and additional shock absorption.
- Hydrodynamic transmission. It includes a three-speed reversible gearbox, which transmits torque separately to each of the sides. The braking system also functions separately, thanks to which, in combination with the reverse, the bulldozer's excellent maneuverability in a confined space is guaranteed (it is quite capable of turning on the spot).
- Hydraulic transformer. Its impellers have a diameter of 480 mm and an efficiency of 0.906. corresponds to the standard.
- The undercarriage of the bulldozer consists of two crawler units and is itself semi-rigid. In order to increase the smoothness of the ride and to minimize the dynamic loads, the torsion-type roller suspension is used. The grease in these units is not renewed for the entire period of operation.
- (the manual for its use is described in detail in its data sheet) is controlled completely remotely, since all its main nodes are not directly connected to the control elements. Quite an impressive part of the operations is fully automated and is carried out using auxiliary hydraulic drives.
Technical data
The T-330 tractor, the technical characteristics of which will be given below, is capable of operating for a long period of time due to its capabilities, provided by the following parameters and units.
Engine:
- It has 12 cylinders, each of which is 22.3 mm in diameter.
- Power ranges from 368 to 500 horsepower.
- The shaft rotates at an angular speed of 2100 rpm.
- The maximum torque reaches 1815 Nm.
- The minimum fuel consumption reaches 208 g / h per power unit.
- Weight 1.79 tons
Caterpillars:
- The number of shoes - 42 pcs.
- Shoe width - 650 mm.
- Link pitch - 250 mm.
- Contact area with the underlying surface - 7.86 m2
- Gear pumps with a capacity of 430 l / min at 1700 rpm.
- Ripper, blade and blade tilt relief valve pressures up to 160 bar.
- The hydraulic cylinder for lifting / lowering the blade has a diameter of 160 mm, the tilt of the blade is 220 mm, and the lifting of the ripper is 220 mm.
Running parameters
- Bulldozer length - 9330 mm, width - 4230 mm, height -4762 mm.
- The working volume of the fuel tank is 670 liters.
- Forward speed - up to 17 km / h, back - up to 14 km / h.
- The total weight is 54800 kg.
- The ground clearance is 0.57 m.
Bulldozer cost
There is a modern tractor T-330, the operating manual of which must be studied before starting work, within 5 million rubles. Earlier models and, of course, more worn ones will cost less, but their maintenance costs can significantly increase the price and almost bring them to the level of an already modern machine. As for the reviews about this tractor, most of them are extremely positive.
Designed for medium and long haul airlines. Equipped with two turbofan engines. The first flight of the A330 took place on November 1, 1992 in the A330-300 version.
History of the A330
In 1972, the Airbus Consortium began designing the wide-body A300 B9 aircraft, which is an extended version of the A300 B2 with 322 passenger seats.
In 1973, the world air transportation market felt the need for a larger aircraft, and initially the consortium worked on the A300 B11 project with four engines. In 1980, this project received the designation TA9 TA - twin aisle - ("wide-body").
In September 1982, Airbus announced that the new aircraft would have a common airframe design. In January 1986, the TA9 project was designated A330. Although officially the aircraft program began in June 1987.
The A330 / A340 long-haul aircraft development program has been launched to push the segment forward.
The originally planned 200 and 300 versions were almost identical: both models had similar wing, fuselage, control structures, and only the number of engines differed between the models. This solution allowed, on the one hand, to reduce the costs of developing the aircraft, and on the other hand, it simplified and reduced the costs for airlines during operation and maintenance aircraft.
The hull of the Airbus A300 was taken as the basis for the development, which was lengthened.
The cockpit (cockpit) was designed to be identical to the A320 cockpit. Thus, the resulting aircraft was a mixture of technical innovations from the Airbus A320 series with an A300 / A310 fuselage.
On November 2, 1992, the A330 in the "300" variant took off for the first time. The third prototype was made already with interior decoration and painted in the colors of the first customer - Air Inter - and was used as a model for passing the flight tests.
Tests took place in August 1993 under the direction of ETOPS, during which the A330 flew for 6 hours with one engine off over the North Atlantic. Test flights were completed in December 1994 after all tests were successfully completed.
The construction of a shortened version 200 was accepted in November 1995. And on August 13, 1997, this variant made its first flight. The aircraft was handed over to the customer - ILFC and its leasing partner - Canada 3000 on April 29, 1998.
After further criticism, especially by ILFC and Singapore Airlines, at the Farnborough show on July 17, 2006, Airbus announced that further evolution of this aircraft would be discontinued and a fundamentally new design, the A350 XWB, was presented instead. This type of aircraft will have a completely new design with a large hull diameter, and will not be based on the A330. The abbreviation XWB stands for eXtra-Wide Body - extra wide fuselage.
The principle of interchangeability
In various parts airbus aircraft The A330 applies the so-called principle of interchangeability. This means that the systems and some components of different types of Airbus aircraft are the same. This solution is very beneficial and brings significant savings for airlines operating aircraft from one manufacturer.
For example: A330 is a close relative. The bearing surfaces of the four-engine A340, which was developed for long-range and ultra-long-range flights, are not reinforced in the area of \u200b\u200bthe external motors. The rest of the characteristics, with the exception of minor details, are identical for both models.
The A330 control system is identical to the A340 and A320.
The A330 cockpit is unified with the cockpits of other Airbus aircraft families - A320 and A340.
A330-100
The first model, the Airbus A330-100, failed. It was created as a replacement for and. This version was supposed to have a shorter body.
It was planned that the hull from the A330 will be combined with the wing from the A300-600. Eventually, a new wing for the A330 was later developed. This was done in order to obtain interchangeability of parts with the A330 family. It was assumed that this model would become a competitor for and.
A330-200
The A330-200 was designed to replace the outdated Airbus A300-600R and create real competition for the Boeing 767-300ER.
The A330-200 program was officially launched in November 1995, the first order of 13 aircraft was made by the leasing company ILFC in February 1996. The first flight took place on August 13, 1997, and the admission to service was in April 1998.
The A330-200 is based on the A310 series, with almost the same wings and fuselage elements, which, however, has been shortened by 10 compartments (approximately 6 meters).
The A330-200 can carry 253 passengers in three classes. Of the important differences from the A300, it should be noted the enlarged tail unit and an additional fuel tank, which made it possible to increase the flight range to 13,400 km.
The Airbus A330 sold so well that it practically ousted its competitor from the market. As a result, Boeing began developing a new aircraft that should compete with the A330. Initially, the development was called 7E7, and after a while it became known as. The first flight of this model was scheduled for 2007, but the Boeing 787 took off only on December 15, 2009.
A330-200 MRTT / FSTA and KC-30
Explanation of designations: MRTT stands for Multi Role Tanker Transporter ("multi-purpose tanker"); FSTA stands for Future Strategic Tanker Aircraft; on the US market this model is designated KC-30).
Since the Airbus A330 has the same wing as the Airbus A340 (only the latter has 2 more engines), this model was relatively easy to convert into a tanker.
For this, mounts were made on the wings for refueling devices in the air, which allowed refueling up to 2 aircraft at a time. At the same time, it was possible to use the A330 for the transport of passengers and goods.
These properties allowed Airbus to defeat its rival Boeing in the British competition. Air force... After that, the Australian Air Force ordered 5, and the British - 16 such machines. EADS is fighting for a large order for the US Air Force. We are talking about ordering up to 100 such tankers; EADS offers a variant of the A330-200, codenamed KC-30.
Without additional tanks, the A330-200 MRTT takes on board 111 tons of kerosene, which, for example, is twice as much as the Vickers VC10 used by the British Air Force.
A330-200F
Decrease in demand for A300-600F and A310F forced Airbus to offer a cargo version of A330-200 in 2000-2001. However, its sales were not started during this period. The A330-200F only reappeared at the Farnborough Air Show in 2006, and the final decision to enter production was made in January 2007.
The first A330-200F was manufactured in Toulouse on October 20, 2009.The first flight took place on November 5, 2009.
The A330-200F is a wide-body long-haul cargo aircraft capable of carrying 65 tonnes over 4,000 nautical miles (7,400 km) or 70 tonnes of cargo up to 3,200 nautical miles (5950 km).
The aircraft is equipped with a new universal upper deck loading system that can accommodate both pallets and containers. Several options for the upper deck cargo arrangement are available to suit different markets and cargo flows.
The A-pillar has been redesigned to compensate for the A330's forward-leaning ground position. A standard A330-200 strut is used, but its upper attachment point is shifted downward, which required the installation of a blister in the lower front part of the fuselage, covering the strut in the retracted position. This solution made it possible to obtain a flat surface of the upper deck. The power plant is offered in a choice of Pratt & Whitney PW4000 or Rolls-Royce Trent 700. General Electric does not plan to offer engines for the A330-200F modification.
The main competitors of the A330-200F are Boeing 767-300F and 777F, L-1011 Tristar (conversion modification), as well as DC-10F and MD-11F.
A330-300
The A330-300 was designed as a replacement for the A300. The fuselage of the A330-300 is based on the A300, but has been significantly lengthened.
The A330-300 can carry 295 passengers in three classes, 335 in two classes and up to 440 if the aircraft has only one class, for a distance of up to 10,800 km. In addition, the car can take on board a lot of cargo - the volume of the A330's cargo compartment is comparable to. Some airlines use these properties to transport cargo at night.
The aircraft has two engines, with a choice of models: General Electric CF6-80E, Pratt & Whitney PW4000 or Rolls-Royce Trent 700. All engines are certified according to ETOPS-180. The first delivery took place in 1993.
Airbus also offers an improved (including in terms of range) version of the A330-300 under the designation A330-300X. The direct competitor of the A330-300 is and.
Initially, the A330-300X version with a take-off weight of 223 tons was being worked out. In 1992, the A330-300HGW version with a take-off weight of 230 tons and a flight range of 9900 km was proposed.
Airbus A330neo
The Airbus A330neo family of aircraft is a continuation of the Airbus A330 lineup within the framework of the new Neo (New Engine Option) technology, which implies upgrading engines and introducing maximum savings for efficient operation of the aircraft in airlines.
Airbus A330-800neo
The Airbus A330-800neo is to replace the Airbus A330-200. According to the official Airbus concept, the A330-800neo will receive new Rolls-Royce Trent 7000 engines with a thrust of 320 kN (72,000 lbf), a more spacious cabin (+8 seats), improved aerodynamic characteristics, as well as branded wing tips like the A350. The aircraft will be able to carry from 257 to 406 passengers at a distance of up to 13,900 km. Commissioning of the liner is scheduled for 2018.
Airbus A330-900neo
The Airbus A330-900neo will replace the Airbus A330-300. The liner will receive new Rolls-Royce Trent 7000 engines with thrust of 320 kN (72,000 lbf), a more spacious cabin (+10 additional seats), improved aerodynamic characteristics, as well as branded wing tips like the A350 model. According to the forecast from Airbus, the new modification will be more economical than the A330-300, and fuel consumption is 14% lower, which will allow airlines to significantly save on operating the aircraft. The Airbus A330-900neo will be able to take on board from 287 to 440 passengers and transport them up to 12 130 km. Commissioning of the aircraft is scheduled for the end of 2017.
