This book is the first experience of learning Peterhof road throughout its length. It is written in the guide magnitude and tells about the history of the construction of residences, the estates and other attractions of the road, about their location and owners. The review begins with the fighting of the road - from St. Petersburg Kolomna and Kalinkina Square and ends with Oranienbaum and the territories west of it.
The book contains many illustrations, plans and drawings, a significant part of which is published for the first time.
Year: 2001.
Language: russian.
Pages: 449.
File: PDF, 59.13 MB
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S.B. Gorbatenko Peterhof road historical - Architectural guidebook European House St. Petersburg 2001 Edition Implemented with the support of the Open Society Institute (Soros Foundation) Russia ISBN 5-8015-0113-4 © Sat. Gorbatenko, 2001 © "European House", 2001 Introduction Peterhof road is not only a communication that stretches along the coast of the Gulf of Finland from St. Petersburg towards the Red Gorka. First of all, it is a forty-fiscul a system of seaside imperial residences and private ussers, a chain of palaces, gardens and parks equal to which may not be in the world. In the history of domestic culture, the Peterhof road occupies a special place primarily because all the many components of its estates arose almost simultaneously, as a result of the royal decree. The Primorsk road has provided their perception in motion, in all the diversity of replaced paintings and wealth of impressions. Peterhof road is the embodiment of the "regularity" inherent "regularity", the celebration of urban planning regulation. It is built on the basis of a module - a standard land plot of 100 sizes along the route and 1000 from it deep into the mainland (213x2130 m). The configuration of these sites is unusual: they resemble the giant piano keys on the plans. Uniformly located the manor complexes, interrupted by powerful dominants of the imperial residencies, set a clear rhythm of the deploying panorama of the coast. Dacha was famous for the magnificence of architecture and luxury gardens. Among their owners and tenants were representatives of the highest metropolitan society - government figures, diplomats, large officials, commander and fleets, bankers and aristocrats. At the same time, along with the ensembles of the estates addressed to the road, there were their farms and profitable institutions in estates - farms, fruit gardens, greenhouses, stable yards, zucchini. Some included villages - and the landscape complemented peasant fields and meadows. Peterhof road, founded by Peter I in 1710, is actually the Rowers of St. Petersburg. But if the historical center of St. Petersburg in the eyes of our contemporaries retained his image of the Northern Capital - the middle of the ensembles of worldwide importance, the Peterhof road (as well as many other unique historical landscapes of the neighborhood of the city) turned out to be represented only by some, the most famous palace-park ensembles. Once a holistic, landscape-urban system of the metropolitan agglomeration is now broken; The Natisk of the city is damage to the aesthetics of the landscape, the most valuable manor ensembles, which were once a symbol of the harmonious coexistence of man and nature. Attempt to assess the meaning of the Peterhof road was taken back in the middle of the XVIII century. The first historian of St. Petersburg A.I. Bogdanov (his manuscript containing the appropriate chapter was published only in 1903) 1. At the end of the XIX century, the first comprehensive study appeared on the Peterhof road M.I. Dustayev, who made up most of his work "Forgotten past neighborhoods of St. Petersburg" 2. The narrative was brought only to Oranienbaum and overloaded with details from the life of the owners, often anecdical. Many estates are missed, a lot of erroneous information is given. However, this book undoubtedly played an important role in the awakening of public interest in this topic. The first researcher who devoted the monograph by Peterhof road was P.N. Table1 Titov al. Supplement to the historical, geographical and topographic description of St. Petersburg. From 1751 to 1762, composed of A. Bogdanov. St. Petersburg .. 1903. P. 108-122. 2 Dustyev M.I. Forgotten past neighborhoods of St. Petersburg. SPb., 1889 (Reprint reproduction - St. Petersburg, 1994). P. 111-392. 4 Peterhofa road 1 Pyansky. The book is based mainly in bibliographic sources, first of all, the materials of the St. Petersburg statements and other newspapers of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Value of work P.N. Stolpansky reduces common with M.I. Dusty vice - a tendency to a joke. After the release of this book, the publication about the Peterhof road did not appear for a long time. Only in 1953 a study was published by T.S. Dubiago about Petrovsky estates in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, which uses a significant number of unknown 2 previous documents about the Peterhof road. At the same time, the article Yu.M. Denisova about the estate K.E. Sivers3. In the mid-1960s. A number of articles appeared O.A. Chekanova, dedicated to the history, analysis of the composition and the problems of using the ensembles of Peterhof road4. The section "Palace-Park Ansumps of the Peterhofa Road" briefly set up the story of Strelna, Trinity-Sergius Desert, Mikhailovka, Znamenki. Own cottage, Sergievki (and for some reason Ropshi), was included in the book A.G. Raskin and D.A. Kuscharianz about suburbs of Leningrad5. Monuments of wooden architecture of the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. On the southern coast of the Finnish Bay dedicated his article by I.Yu. Polenov6. In recent years, Kroadroad D.A. worked on the topic of the Peterhof road Aminov, who made a lot to popularize her monuments, in particular, publishing a series of historical essays in the newspaper "Evening Petersburg" 7. Interesting newspaper articles belong to Peru N. Parable8. The main content of scientific publications V.A. Korolent Quantity is the history of Petrovsky estates in the territory of the former signs and Alexandria, primarily Menshikovsky moncouration9. The history and problems of the protection of the Peterhof road are devoted to a number of our works, including a monograph dedicated to her Oranienbaum distance (see References). Nevertheless, despite these studies, the history of Peterhof road is still not written in fact. Monographs, made at the level of modern scientific requirements, are absent even on the world-famous ensembles of Peterhof and Oranienbaum, Strelna and 1 Tipyansky P.N. Peterhof Pershot. Historical essay. St. Petersburg, 1923. Dubiago TB Petrovsky estate estates in the vicinity of St. Petersburg // Architectural inheritance. 1953. № 4. P. 125-129. Subsequently, this material, with some additions, was included in the book: Dubiago TB Russian regular gardens and parks. L., 1963. P. 192-199. 3 Denisov Yu.M. Manor of the XVIII century in the Peterhof road // Architectural inheritance. 1953. № 4. P. 148-154. 4 Chekanova O.A. 1) Building Peterhof road in the first quarter of the XVIII century // Questions of architecture and graphics. Reports of the XXII Scientific Conference Lisi. L., 1964. P. 59-62; 2) the principles of planning in the development of the Peterhof road in the middle of the XIX century // Questions of theory, history and practice of architecture and urban planning. Reports by the XXIII Scientific Conference Lisi. L., 1965. P. 42-45; 3) to the issue of the development of free compositions in the Russian architecture of the middle of the XIX century. (On the example of the Peterhof road) // Architecture. Reports to the first scientific conference of young Lisi builders. L., 1965. P. 62-74; 4) Some issues of modern use of palace-park complexes on the former Peterhof road // Architecture and urban planning. Reports of the XXIV Scientific Conference Lisi. L., 1966. P. 33-35. 2 5 Kyugarian Yes .. Raskin A.G. Suburbs of Leningrad. L., 1985. P. 128-159. Polenov I.Yu. Wooden architecture of the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland 1860-1917. // Questions of history, theory and practice of architecture. L., 1985. P. 108-116. 7 amines D.A. According to the old Peterhof road // Evening Petersburg. 1994. September 27 - October 25. 8 For example: Paravian N. Dachi with a strange title // Evening Leningrad. 1990. June 28. 9 Cornertsvit V.A. 1) Dacha in the Peterhof road // Leningrad Panorama. 1988. No. 4. P. 35-37: 2) Last Palace A.D. Menshikova "Monkrazh" // Monuments of Culture: new discoveries. 1988. M., 1989. P. 396-412; 3) to the history of the development of seaside cottages in Peterhof road to the reign of Peter I // Monuments of Culture: new discoveries. 1991. M., 1997. P. 374-388. 6 Introduction 5 other grand permanent residences. Integrated research, with the exception of obsolete works of Pyrasev and Stalpjansky, does not exist at all. Many manshes and entire distances of the Peterhof road remain completely unknown as scientists and representatives of the administration and the inhabitants of these places, destroying them in their eyes, and often with their participation. Without interest and respect for the past, the valuable historical and cultural landscapes are "masterful", the monuments of archeology are dying. First of all, the estate forgotten historians and the public are "forgotten" - so. Now on the verge of the death of Petrovsky time in the estate "Roshchinskoye" for Oranienbaum, who belonged to the Russian Chancellor of the Count G.I. Golovin. That is why we pay here "Small" facilities hardly no more attention than the famous ensembles of Peterhof and Oranienbaum. This book is designed to tell about the history of the construction and architecture of residences, the estates and other attractions of the Peterhof road, identify them - to determine the location, preserved elements, trace the change of owners. All this should help their further study, adopting measures for protection and revival. To solve the tasks, we used all available sources, archival and bibliographic. First of all, these are Vakhi in the Peterhof road, archival funds - government agencies and personal, cartographic materials of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Particularly important roles were played by the GMs of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Materials used large-scale topographic survey, since the 1930s. Up to modern, on the basis of which the identification of lost and preserved architectural elements was identified. Finally, the terrain itself was carefully studied in a Peterhof road. But the mass of sources (for example, newspaper ads or documents from the funds of the Moscow Russian state archive of ancient acts, from the personal funds of Dacha owners) remained still uneasy and is waiting for their researchers. The specificity of the summer life of the estates and residences, festive and everyday, as well as the cities located on the road, Palace Slobod and villages in the guidebook are almost not reflected. This is the topic of a separate study. Biographical information about the owners is minimal (they can be found in special dictionaries and reference books). Unfortunately, the guide genre does not allow you to provide information we provide with references to sources. Therefore, we are forced to limit them with a common review, as well as a list of literature. The main principle of the topographic guide. The review begins with the eve of the Peterhof road - Petersburg Kolomna and Kalinkina Square. From here we are moving along the historic track - according to the Old Peterhof Avenue, Avenue of Stackers, Peterhof Highway, St. Petersburg Avenue in Petrodvorets, Oranienbaum Highway, Palace Avenue in Lomonosov, Krasnoflotsky highway. The only deviation is "Return" from Avtov to Ekateringof to consider the parallel Peterhof Coastal Emelyanov road. Accordingly, the selected movement direction uses the terms "right" and "left" side of the road (avenue, highway). With the designation of the mutual location of the estates in the countries of Light, the road was conditionally adopted by the East - West (except for rare sites, where it shies to the southeast, as, for example, immediately behind the bypass canal or in Avtov). Rooms of houses referred to without the designation of the street belong to the elements of the main route. The dates of the chronological reference of the history of the estates at different distances are different, which is connected both with the circumstances of their occurrence and dating the first inventory available in our disposal. Therefore, cottages on the plot between Narva and Red Zucachem are considered since 1762, from the Red Zucchini to Peterhof, as a rule, from 1714, from Peterhof - from 1719. In rare cases, earlier dates are given (if they are confirmed documented). 6 Peterhof road far from all cases managed to find out the exact dates of the transition of Daches from some owners to others. Names of many are not installed at all, and some of the known failed to "bind" to specific estates. Identification was complicated by the fact that many, especially foreign, surnames in the documents are extremely distorted, and some even in the middle of the XIX century. Given in several versions. In order to clearly identify the estates and other architectural complexes, it was necessary to give them names (only a few and, as a rule, the most famous of them, such as Alexandrino or Kiryanovo, have "established" names). It was necessary to choose a worthy "candidate" from the list of owners to call the estate on his last name. This task turned out to be responsible and difficult due to lack of information on construction history: most often it is not known, with which of the owners of the estate, the compositions of its formation are not studied, and the stages of its formation, which usually relate to different owners. The principle of choice of the first or the last owner also turned out to be unsuitable: the first often owned the estate for a long time or used it only in economic relations, the latter often broke the cottage into small areas and sold out, becoming the cause of the death of the manor. Many families had several cottages, at different times or at the same time, and in order to avoid confusion, it was often necessary to call the estate by the names of less significant owners. As a result, giving the names of the ensembles and complexes, we were guided by the following criteria (in descending order of their value): - Sustainable tradition of the name; - the duration of ownership of the estate; - the contribution of the owner into the formation of the ensemble composition; - the uniqueness of the name; - historical role and value of the owner; - Attribution I.-G. Georgi; - Promotive, ease of memorization and pronunciation. To facilitate identification, the initials of the owners were introduced only in extreme cases. In the text names of the owners, according to which the estates and architectural complexes are named, as well as the names of settlements and industrial enterprises, are in italics. In conclusion, it is necessary to specify frequently used concepts of the Mise, giving, estates, estates. The first two means both land ownership and residential complex, but the Miza - the term common in the Baltic States and Finland is applied both to the parade ensemble of the Lord's house and the complex of the modest house of the manager - "Maznika". Moods were the main business units in Ingermanlande XVII - early XVIII century. The term "cottage" originating from the word "give" in the XVIII century. Meaning land award. In this paper, it is used primarily in this meaning. To the country houses intended for rest, this term began to be applied mainly in the XIX century. "The estate" is primarily the hereditary land ownership. Finally, the manor is the architectural complex of the Lord in the estate or in the country. Compositely connected with the park, he is a manor or palace-park ensemble with it. In addition, we sometimes use the terms of the 1st quarter of the XVIII century: "place", which means a standard 100-stacked land plot, as well as the Primorsky Dvor - estate in Peterhof road. The basis and development of the St. Petersburg road of the prehistory "... Coast from St. Petersburg to Oranienbauma and further ... Represents a lively picture. In almost every mile, there are palaces, mans and beautiful curly houses, surrounded by gardens, groves and, and can be said to the seats, and mugs and mugs. Who would believe in a hundred years before Sim, so that this fruitless land could take the current look. But God was pleased to give Russia a number of great sovereigns, and the Almighty of their will gave way to Nature: the sad desert appealed to the rich country, the swamps formed bright reservoirs, gloomy forests - pleasant groves, meadows and Niva appeared on the bulk sand, the art filed a hand of hardworking. .. "This enthusiastic review of the Peterhof road, its assessment as a result and visible incarnation of the cultural efforts of the Russian state is one of many devoted to her in letters, diaries, memories of contemporaries. The system of the estates in the Peterhof road stretches along the southern coast of the Neva Lip - the eastern part of the Finnish Bay. Huge importance in its composition has a geological fuzzle, which, barely, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Red Cemetery, reaches a height of 10-12 m in Peterhof. This is a literary coast, and then the ancient Baltic Sea, which existed here several thousand years ago. The ledge serves as a huge styline for the palaces put on his edge. The cutting of his ravines were blocked by dams and turned into ponds; The water accumulated in them was lowered by the cascades, feed water and fountains. Grots and terraces were arranged on the slopes. Many ensembles had two gardens - "Upper" and "Lower". This division also led to a literal ledge. For the millennium, preceding the transformation of the coast of the Nevsky Lip to a huge "ensemble ensemble", it has repeatedly served as the place of military clashes of Russian and Swedish states, mass resettlement, was subjected to devastation. This, combined with a harsh climate, did not contribute to the formation of large settlements and sustainable cultural landscapes. The Baltic-Finnish National Nature of the Gulf includes the oldest population of the southern shores of the Finnish Bay, the latest representatives of which are still living here. South and west lived the tribe, whose settlements were located mostly at the Izhora plateau. In the course of the colonization of these lands, the Great Novgorod, representatives of indigenous peoples were addressed in Orthodoxy, the Russians settled next to them. Izhora villages, which were located on the territory of the introduced Dudorovsky vision of the Wip-top five, are listed in the screening books of the XVI century. Unfortunately, in the overwhelming majority of cases, it is impossible to reliably identify with the settlements of subsequent eras known to us. However, during the period of Swedish dominion, after, according to the terms of the columnary peace treaty, 1617. 8 Peterhof road Izhora Earth passed under the jurisdiction of Sweden and began to be called Ingermanlande, detailed military and cadastral topographic surveys were held here. They give an exhaustive idea of \u200b\u200bthe land possessions, settlements and landscapes of Dudugofsky (former Dudorovsky) will and, in particular, its coastal strip, which extended from the current league to the Red Gorka. In 1622-1624 The owner of Dudugofsky is Johan Schute (15771645), an outstanding statesman of Sweden, Mentor King Gustav II Adolf, from 1629 Governor-General of Liflandia, Ingermanland and Karelia, Curator of the Ustsalsky and the founder of Tartu Universities. For their merits, he received in Len Dudrogoff and Title Baron Dudugofsky. The graveyard became a barnant, hereditably belonging to Schautte. Swedish cards demonstrate a developed system of settlements located on the edge of the coastal ledge, at the foot of which was held by Primorskaya, the future Peterhofa, the road. On the plot between the current Red Cemetery and Leagovy, she merged with the Big Narva Dear. At other distances, it was a simple settlement that connected coastal villages among himself. To the south of the road, the forests and swamps stretched up to the Izhora ledge. Rare villages were placed only on elevations - as an example, Papingondo can be brought (afterwards - Babi Gon). Coastal settlements, sometimes consisting of 5-6 yards, but more often - out of 1-2, were mainly a farmers of Finnish peasants moved here after the local population with masses began to go to Russia. The farm formed groups "bushes" separated by unauthorized territories. Each settlement had the established boundaries of the land, carried out in the direction cross to the road. On the coastal area, they were built mainly at the top terrace - Pashnya. In the center of the coastal zone of Dudugofsky, there was a parish center with the Lutheran Church and pastoral (the current Martyškino), on the East and Western Flanges - Mazz Strelna and Asikla. Coegue at the road stood Kabaki. Swedish Mazi, as a rule, were not noble homes: the owners of the estates did not usually have to rest or live in Ingermanland - a distant and low-life province of the Swedish state, which existed under the constant threat of a Russian attack. In many cases, they owned estates in the metropolis. Ingermanland estates were primarily profitable, and the people were the yards of Ingermanland's guards with the guns of their work. Purifying responsible for the collection of Nalocartes cards of Dudugofi disease. 1667 gov. The architecture was an uncomplicated base and development of the Peterhof road 9 Swedish Mazz on the southern coast of the Neva Lip. A fragment of engraving depicting the attack of the Swedish fleet to Kotlin Island in 1705 and, apparently, a little different from the peasant dwelling: as evidenced by the available images, in addition to the wooden main house, there are small fruit gardens, livestock courts, fish cages. The same can be said about pastorals and other church courtyards. The exception was only Lutheran churches, basilica with high bell tower, which dominated the local landscape. The first historian of St. Petersburg A.I. Bogdanov, explaining the origin of the "Primorskok" in the Peterhof road, saw in them the continuation of the traditions of the country nobles of the Russian Votchina - places of permanent residence and economic institutions, summer recreation and entertainment. He wrote: "Everything since ancient times as noble domination and all the gentlemen have their own gains and estates, country houses, gardens, groves, forests and meadows, ponds fish and other landings, in which with time, exercising from affairs, go For the absenteeism of the air in those rustic houses and the farms of the estate, in which there are preserving groves for funny and bird fishing, fish ponds, a meadow are beautiful for the factories of the plant, gardens and vegetable gardens for vegetables assembly, livestock yards in food daily and so on. .. here (in Petersburg. - S.G.) Stubby, without having such land in the Military Grad, everything about that was not no reason to regret it was, which for the sake of His Majesty Peter the Great, the bolaciousness as to the spread of this reign and the whole domination for the sake of suffering and some homely small provisions to success, fagged His Majesty existing in the district of this country is convenient places of Primorsky and Islands and on the banks of the Neva River with a local resident to everything For the domination of land, the country houses, gardens, ponds and gardens in eternal ownership were built on them. Peterhof road 10 The idea of \u200b\u200bPeter I However, according to Peter's plan, estate in Peterhofa should have been performed another very important function - "socio-pedagogical". First of all, the "courtyards" were seaside, designed to teach Russians to the navigation, to do for them, recent recluses of feudal estates, protected by deaf fences, the usual sea landscape. Wide water panorama has become an integral and most important part of the ensembles based here. The southern coast of the Neva Lip had an exceptional value for Peter. The new capital was actually cut off with flames from the sea, the entry to which was the main goal of the Northern War. But the king dreamed of constantly having him before his eyes; Moreover, he wanted subordinates also experienced this need. It is symbolic that Ekateringof is a seaside residence, intended by the spouse of Peter Catherine, was a memorial of the first sea victory over the Swedes. This as a whole, a minor military episode marked the exit of Russia to the expanses of the Baltic. The frontier between the two elements turned out here, on the edge of Russia, to the symbolic line between the two worlds - "real estate" east and dynamically developing West. North, face to lead to Europe by sea, should have been watching "Primorskievsky yards" of Petrovsky approximations, many of which, according to A.I. Bogdanova, "The tendency had a body to live here, and the Spirit in Moscow ..." From the very beginning of the estate, there were primarily "pleasure", employees for recreation and entertainment. Peter forced his subjects to relax "to the European manner" and use in the device of cottages to achieve the European architecture and art of parking buildings and at the same time created with their help the parade sea "facade" of Ingermanland. The traveler arriving in St. Petersburg by the sea landed on the island of Kotlin, then, as a rule, sailed to Oranienbaum and then followed the capital along the coast. Thus, the first impression of the new country was formed exactly here on the seaside road. The path from the estate on the shores of the Vekt river. Card start. XVIII century The basis and development of the Peterhof road 11 Manor Gunterstein on the entrance. Engraving. 1690 in Western Europe on land, as before, lay on the Narva road, in the Ligov area also "connected" to Peterhof. The love of Peter I to Holland is well known, in particular to her gardens, who visibly argued the possibilities of a person in transforming scarce natural landscapes, transform them into flowering fertile lands - and on the scale of the whole country. The same task to create a landscape "paradise" on the shores of Ingermanland, Petr I. Holland in his eyes was a geographical model of the area of \u200b\u200bSt. Petersburg. But, as it turned out, in this country the king borrowed not only compositional techniques of architecture and garden art, but also the landscape principle of linear systems of the estates located in a row along the aqueous ducts in the Peterhof road. In one of the record books of Peter, we find a mysterious reminder: "On the drawings of courtyards on the channel Utrechtsky ..." This is coming here about the famous suburban estates belonging to the rich Dutch burers and stretched on the shores of the river Vektt between Utrecht and Muiden. For the first time, the king proceeded on this route to the town of Nuusleyz and then on the channel on August 7, 1696 Many years later, in 1716, he recommended repeating him with his wife: "... from Leno's water (Rhine. - S.G.) to the canal, and a canal through Utrecht in Amsterdam ... "Russian ambassador to Holland B.I. Kurakin in 1706 he recorded in his diary: "And in the 12th Peterhof road, the manor will goThtlit. Built in 1665, reconstructed in the XVIII century. Photo 2000, the pass from Amsterdam to Utrecht is a much Plesyr good: many fairies with Manru of Italyanskova, the chambers and gardens have been nailed ... Also, while multiplied by fountains ... "And indeed, it is such a picture that they have been drawn in the XVIII century. Through the numerous types of estates - located both along the Weekt, and between Amsterdam and Kharloma, Harlem and Hague. The engravings also captured the residence of the village of Wilhelm Orange, including those visited by Peter I Palace and the Park Hat Loo, Rubvik near the Hague, Peterburg, arranged by the Russian resident of the merchant X. Brand on the shore of the Vektt. Matching these images with the views of the St. Petersburg ussers, we find a lot of analogies. According to its architecture, Russian "seaside houses" are extremely close to the "entertainment" houses of Dutch burghers - it is enough to compare the estates of David Mendez or Dornburg on a lump with Annengof, Elizavedgof, or Dacha W. Sinyavina, who was standing in the territory of the current banner. As in Holland, along the coast of the Nevsky Lip, the channels were supposed to be laid in order to bring water communications to the estates. However, the most striking example of the kinship of Russian and Dutch suburban estates is the linear character of their location, "modular" system, repeated in Russia. However, the Peterhof road acquired his unique character - primarily due to the peculiarities of the local natural landscape, so different from the mainland plain landscapes of Holland, where the manor "garlands" stretched along narrow rivers and canals. The main thing about what we have already said is the orientation of the foundation and development of the Peterhof road 13 ensembles on the sea bay, which immediately asked them a colossal spatial scale inherent in French classic parks. True, the shallow water of the Nevsky Lip created considerable difficulties for mooring devices; In addition, low shores poured with water during frequent floods. But at a distance of about 800 meters from the circumcision of the water, the steep slope, completed the second, the upper terrace, began. Before the person standing at the skate, the endless sea panorama was revealed. In the letter of the French ambassador of Campredon, his king written in 1723 after visiting Peterhof, there are such words: "King. .. I added that I would wish for your Majesta to have the same wonderful look in Versailles, as where, on the one hand, the Sea opens with Kronstadt, on the other visible Petersburg. " The presence of a high ledge, as already mentioned, created another advantage: the building put on its edge acquired impressions and even greatness. The ravines cut the slope provided the possibility of a device of ponds, cascades and other water clauses. In the depths of the plots, the forest stretched - "Preparation" for future parks. We have only one direct testimony of the contemporary about the plans of Peter I in relation to the Peterhof road - the truth that arrived in St. Petersburg only on March 14, 1721, but perfectly aware of the intentions of the king and his great confidence. This is Budrhard Christophor, to whom Peter showed Peterhof road a few days after his arrival, on March 23, 1721 in 1746, being exiled in the sang, in a letter to Empress Elizabeth Petrovna Minich promised his return to "make the five-way space from Oranienbaum ... Before St. Petersburg, it was covered with pleasure pleasure houses, gardens, fountains and cascades, pools and reservoirs, parks and fun tracks, and all this for the good drawing of Peter the Great, by death he left in negligence ... ". And from the following presentation it becomes clear that by the plan of Peter, the strip of palaces and parks should be spread to the latch to the Ladoga channel! Summing up with your "items" with the statement of plans for the development of individual links of this grand chain, the minih wrote: "In a word, in order for the Kronstadt to Ladoga on the Volkhov River ... The entire space at 220 miles was covered with cities, castles, palaces, entertainment and country houses, gardens, parks and others. " Up to 1709, until the danger of Swedish raids remained (the last of them took place in 1708), the creation of new suburban estates and the more residences could not be a speech. On the contrary, it was at that time in the seaside road that the farmers appeared - the Kholtnis farm (the future village of Tentheyeva), at the intersection with r. Red, at the place of branch of the Narva road. However, already in 1706, Tolmachi Semenu Ivanov for his numerous merit was granted red zucchini - afterwards one of the most famous items of the Peterhof road. 1706 and 1708. Important "environmental protection" decrees about the description of forests on the southern shores of the Nevskoy Lip and the establishment of a protected strip from St. Petersburg to the Red Gorka. The fact that one of the prompting motives for creating a system of the estates in the Peterhof road was the desire of the king to establish the regime of the individual responsibility of the owners for maintaining the forest site entrusted to them, they say follow-up decrees - from February 1, 1720 "On Nephaemes of the Forest between 14 Peterhof road by Peterhof and leagis on seaside grounds "and the second, dated June 20, 1721, confirming this regime, but already from the mouth of the Neva to Varvaldaya. After a Poltava Victory, in the fall of 1709, the king, having been in the city, left a decree, which, in particular, was prescribed "to build his funny houses stone worshipers of architectural work, decorating gardens ...". Undoubtedly, under "funny houses" meant the suburban estates. However, no work on the cultural development of the surroundings of St. Petersburg could not be started until the Vyborg was taken - the outpost where the enemy raids were usually started. He was besieged on March 21, 1710, and on May 26 and 27, during the siege, Peter already considered the plans of residences in Peterhof and Strelna. In September, the city was taken. In the same year, Riga, Revel and a number of other fortresses, including the center of Karelia Kexholm. Simultaneously in Peterhof (Popova Mode), intensive construction work began with the laying of the Stone Palace. On January 13, 1711, going to the Prutian campaign, Peter I gave A. D. Menshikov Regulation on the construction in St. Petersburg and the surroundings, which provided for the continuation of work in the Popova Mode, the Building of the EkateringOf, the courtyard "for arrival" in Strelna. In the same year, Oranienbaum was founded. The construction of the Peterhof road under Peter I Peterhof Road was preceded by two Swedish: secondary seaside, bonding coastal villages and a farm, and the other, the most important for the main thing in the Ingermanland city of Niena, who bonded him with Narva and the Baltic provinces - Estlandia and Liflandia. She took place on the highway of the current Tallinn Highway, Marshal Zhukov Avenue (along the Polezhaevsky Park), Avenue Avenue, Avtovskaya Street, in the direction of the Ligovsky and Suvorovsky Prospectov, leaving the Neva near the mouth of Okta, where Nienshanz's fortress was located. At the beginning of the XVIII century. This road was called Koporovskaya. The road between the Red Zabachka and Fontanka before the appearance of Kalinkina the bridge remained a simple calary to the "bush" of the villages in the flow of cockroach in the fountain. Its value increased with the founding of EkateringOfood, Annengof and Elizavegof, but the entire Petrovsky period went to Ekateringof in Koporovskaya, and then in the Tsarsko-Selo roads and on the "perspective worn to it", and then on the coastal Emelyanov road (Peter preferred to get here on the water and, Perhaps therefore did not build a bridge). The formation of the Peterhof road as the system of the estates began in July-August 1710, when the fate of the Vyborg was already solved. By decree of Peter I, Prince Yu.F. Shakhovskaya with "Comrades" Yu.F. Shcherbatov, P.V. Buturlin, with O. Chebyshev and SP. Nelozysky "described and measured under country farms land and forest." The retaining point was the Peterhof under construction: "To the Popova Mode to the House of Tsarist Majesty," 1227 seeds along the coast were measured. According to the measurements carried out in July, the band from the Popova to the Red Gorka was divided into 141 stroked plots. In August, 115 sites were broken by a distance from Popova to the mouth of the Neva. The basis and development of Peterhof road 15 The projected areas had 500 seedling from the coast to the depths of the territory. The descriptions made by the Commission included information about the quality of the Earth and the Forest, the presence of villages and field land, rivers, streams and ravines. Oaks were especially noted - the favorite trees of Peter I. The boundaries of the plots were denoted by pillars - one was put off the coast, the other - in the "rear end." The earliest information about the discharge of areas belongs to December 1710, when documents for ownership - "data" - received the Queen Marfa Matveyevna, her brother Admiral F.M. Apraksin and Prince Yu.F. Scherbatov with son. We give for example, as typical, text "this" F.M. Apraksina: "Summer 1710 December ... by nominal ... Decree is given a place under a country courtyard in the eternal possession of Admiral ... Count Fedor Matveyevich Apraksin in the tract of traveling from St. Petersburg on the seabed to the red hill, not reaching the Rhetina Mood from a large seaside road Mounting at the River Mutazi on the right side ... And then the location of the one hundred seeded, the long star from the seaside road to the River Motkazu in the mountain of a thousand seeded ... Yes, in excess of the above-mentioned measure against the same place from a large seaside road straight to the sea of \u200b\u200bthe forest and all It is given to the sea ... "As we can see, the size of the plots increased significantly: now they had a length of 1000 sages, and not from the coast, but from the seaside road, and included the corresponding part of the coastline. This "module" has become the main for the system at all subsequent time of its existence. Distribution of sites was produced mainly in the last two years. So, on January 3, 1711, Dacha received Ober-Secretary of the Military College A.Ya. Volkov, January 11 - Cabinet Secretary Peter I A.B. Makarov, April 20, 1712 - Stolnik P.I. Buturlin, May 25 of this year - the ensign of the Life Guard of the Preobrazhensky Regiment P.M. Kothers. According to the certificate issued in 1800 by the archive of "Old Deeds", in 1712 Peter I my registered decree was ordered Yu.F. Shakhovsky hand out over the Peterhof road "Different Persons of the Earth for Country Courts", which were distributed to them "on an equal number". Therefore, we can assume that following single awards 1710-1711. In 1712, a mass distribution of sites was carried out. By 1714, almost all "seaside cottages" found owners. In the same year, under the leadership of the Colonel Engineer A. De Kulon, their first intertaries were made. Its necessity probably became a consequence of the imperfection of the breakdown of 1710, as well as the desire to organize the landscape of the coast along the road, binding the capital and the newly created city-port on the island of Kotlin. Preserved composed de pendum inventory areas indicating their size and owners names. It covers a distance from Peterhof to the Red Zucchini: plots between the last and St. Petersburg by decree of 1718 moved to the Vologda province to the spikes for the device of their settler. (The drawing drawn up in connection with this tests that originally in this territory, along the Koporvskaya road, also existed giving of approximate Peter: Chebyshev, Brothers Stroganov, Skyrovakov-Pisarev, Yaghuzhsky, Sinyavin, Golitsyn, Shepelev, and Tsarevich Alexey.). It concerns the distance from Peterhof to the Red Gorka, then inventory 1714 contains a prescription: "And then Peterhofa Wizhis from him, the coulon, it was not written in the instruction in the instruction." The study of Opisi 1714 allows you to judge the estate of the first owners of the cottages in the Peterhof road. Among them, there were many members of the royal surname, Peterhof road 16 representatives of the administrative apparatus, the highest generals, officers of the guard, army and fleet, court ranks, people close to Peter I and the confidence-entertainment. Dacha relatives most often adjacent to each other. Two "places" were listed by empty. The measured rhythm of the "ordinary" villas was interrupted by large royal - Ekateringof, a leagovo from six stroked "places", extensive fit, subsequently incorporated Dacha A. Kikin, and finally Peterhof. These estates were "tied" to the rivers that created the possibility of a device of ponds needed for the action of cascades, fountains and other "water clauses": the elements of the water was the main artistic component of Petrovsky estates. In July 1714, in connection with the beginning of the construction of the "provincial" houses on Kotlin, Peter I was allowed to choose areas appointed from the provinces to choose areas for the construction of brick plants on the coast, including in places allocated under the "Country Courts". Such plants arose between the rifle and Peterhof, as well as to the east and west of Oranienbaum. Most of them existed for long. Probably, in 1715, a project laying on the shore of the bay from the "Primorsky courtyard" of the priest of John Chryshanfovich Titchka to Strelna, where at the time the construction of the main state residence was launched. In construction, Venetian hydraulic engineers under the leadership of D. Alimari participated; They undoubtedly engaged in the design of the aforementioned channel. Shortly before departure to the second large overseas journey, January 5, 1716, Peter I left A.D. Menshikov "Memoria" with a list of works that it was necessary to produce in his absence .. The list included the following item: "Where to be a channel from Chrisanf's courtyard to Rodnina So that the current summer to extinct how many distilts and the dancer Anstelt (it. Anstalt - measures, preparations ) To the case in order to conveniently then the stop time was not "1. However, the main concern of the king remained the construction of their own residences and private ussers, without which it was impossible to form a new image of this perfectly special highway. This is how the emergence of a new OTICI ("Tabeli") of the Peterhof road A.I. Bogdanov, who leads and analyzes her in his manuscript: "But then from the previous years with the central New Grad, the entire philistine structure was unanimily from all, so little was the care of the country's country houses. What the sake of the sake of the sake of the sieves, the inventory of these places from His Majesty was made not without reason, for all those places given, as seen, after a few years after seeing, in them almost no structure was made, but although it was launched, but almost nothing - only the view was. " Indeed, from the name "Tabel" it follows that it was compiled with the aim of determining, "that on the places of which building and on which there are no buildings and that emptiness ...". We found that the "Tabel" is an extract from the "described books", compiled in 1719 by the captain of Zaborovsky. Soon, in 1721, the new inventory was produced by Captain Ushakov (combined with the comprehension of the coulon, they were preserved in copies of 1745). 1 It should be indicated that the 9th point of this instruction is often quoted - "I ask you, in order to fit on Peterhofa ..." - the result of the erroneous reproduction of a genuine document in the "Acts of Peter Great" I.I. Golikova, where this text is usually borrowed from. In a genuine document - " .. St. Petersburg work ... ". The foundation and development of the Peterhof road 17 analyzing the inventory 1719, its compiler counted 29 unauthorized stroked "places", except for "sovereigns", and with the last - 43, which gave the basis for the pessimistic conclusion A.I. Bogdanova. However, it seems that Peter I did not assume the construction of individual estates on each "place" of those owners who received several of them (so, the Dolgorukov had daches consisting of three and four "places", and at bp . Sheremeteva - from seven!). A.D. Menshikov arranged in Oranienbaum the only estate ensemble on five places belonged to him. Peter himself was treated in his extensive estates of Peterhof, Strelna and League, where large areas along the coast were empty, remaining "in reserve" or used on economic purposes. Thus, completely undeveloped villas in the Peterhof road in 1719 were only nine. By 1721 their number decreased to seven. Inventions of this year in many cases fixes the expansion, improvement and appearance of new buildings in the estates. So, in the estate of Admiral F.M. Apraksin "Over the Former Building" was "built by architecture choirs." A.I. himself Bogdanov further recognizes that in the reign of Peter I "Country Houses Many were given in a deliberate state, and more seaside ...". At the turn of 1710-1720. Dacha in the Peterhof road became not only a "state aunt", but also by the desired acquisition. This, in particular, is evidenced by the request, filed in 1719 by the Russian ambassador in Holland and Austria A.A. Matveyev: "The showing king is all-consignable! For exceeding many years of mine at the affairs of your tsarist majesty in the European palaor, I am not given to me Nikikov Primorsky place here, not the people of near, as other peers and all the ranks of people, the residents of these cottages are being worked for everyone to correct any of their house needs ... and now Such a seaside site and the near Maza in Kopor's county remained after the deceased secret adviser to Tikhon Nikitich Streshnev ... Yes, it will lead your definition for my faithful and long-term services to correct the gloves of my houses, then his neighbor ... . To give me my son to give it ... "The fact that the image of the Peterhof road as a system of the estates in the second half of the 1710th Gg is. It has already formed, testifies the Herken traveler in the book published in German in 1718: "All the seaside coast south of the Kronslota, up to St. Petersburg, is darkened by country houses and giving, located near each other. For after his royal majesty took Ingermanlandia, he, however, presented the estates of this area to his ranks of a different title, but this strip by the sea he ordered to break down 500 seedlings into the width and 2000 seedlings, and he distributed them partly Senators and Boyars, partially with their small courtiers and some officers. Each of them could, at the request, to build one cottage, another courtyard and housing. Therefore, on these 4 miles along the coast, the yards are one near the other. Since the area is located in such a way that at a distance of about 1000 steps from the sea, the shore has almost the same height, in 60-70 feet, on which these yards and cottages stand on each other, it is easy to understand that this prospecture cannot but be pleasant Both from the courtyards on the hill and for those who go through the sea, having a panorama before the eyes, as if in the form of a semi-round. This lane of the Earth is better than all others, for it has everything you need, namely: good fields, pastures, meadows, forest, fish and in many feathery ditch. " 18 Peterhof road estate W. Sinyavina and Rzhevsky. Fragment of the drawing of 1725. On the nature of the development of the Peterhof road of the first quarter of the XVIII century. It gives a good presentation drawing, dating from 1725 and covering most of the territory of the current Alexandria and Znamenki. It presents a significant variety of types of manor compositions and buildings. At the cottage Ya.V. Bruce is marked by two gentlemen - earlier, one-story, with a kare of household buildings, and a large palace with side filtiels, crowned with Belvedere. The next plot belonging to the doctor of the Bluchostright is not mastered. Further, to the east, on the site of Count Chernyshev, the chain of houses is shown for the workers of the brick plants existed here - the future village of Znamenskaya. The Dacha Rzhevsky in the diagonal crosses the stream, to the west of which the church and a garden with several economic buildings are located, and to the east - a modest one-story Lord. The latter is shown the cottage of Major General U.A. Sinyavina, head of the St. Petersburg Office from the buildings. His estate complex, which includes the main house with mezzanine, has a strict axial composition. In the depths of the south of the grove - a conversation completed by the dome. Herkens highlights two types of manor complexes: Lust-Haus - "Miscellaneous House" (in the above translation "Dacha") and Hof Und Wohnung - "Dvor and Housing". The preserved drawings of Petrovsky buildings confirm their existence. The first type is rich enough, large, often stone houses built according to individual projects. Such, in addition to the royal, there were the Ivanovo Palace. The foundation and development of the Peterhof road 19 Queen Praskovya Fedorovna, "Favorit" A.D. Menshikova, the above-described Palace Ya.V. Bruce (future Menshikovsky "Monkrarge"), stone houses A.G. Dolgorukova (current Peterhof's own cottage), G.I. Golovkin (Roshchinskoye), "Mamina Chambers" (subsequently "Sans-Annui"). "DVORS" were more modest. However, not only middle-weight people were erected (often did not have time to rest on their cottages), but also more secured, for which they, in all likelihood, were temporary. One way or another, but "courtyards" should also play their role in creating a representative image of the Peterhof road. The necessary architectural qualities for this, as in St. Petersburg, could be provided with the use of "exemplary" projects. The historians of architecture are known typical projects of the estates, engraved in 1720-1721. and signed by D. Trezini. Direct instructions on the existence of such projects for the Peterhof road has not yet been found. However, with a large share of probability, it can be assumed that they existed: the library of Menshikov was kept "drawing of houses built on the road of St. Petersburg", and in the albums of the drawings belonging to Peter I, we find the plan and facade of the estate, undoubtedly "exemplary", typical for Such projects have a set of services. Compositionally it is extremely close to belonging to U.A. Sinyavina, as well as built for the daughters of Peter, the estates of Annengof and Elizavedgof. This is how Lady Rondo's house described on the Peterhof road Lady Rondo, the spouse of the English resident in St. Petersburg, in 1734: "I now have a small house outside the city ... The house is built out of wood, it is only a small room, two living rooms on one side From him, a kitchen and service - on the other and four bedrooms and cabinets in the second floor. The house stands on the hill, the grassy slope of which leads to a beautiful meadow, cumming by the sea. Behind a lot of miles stretches the birch and fir forest. There is nothing already equipped or cultivated around, for the unreliability of the weather in the local region would have done the costs of it ridiculous, and how much the house looks like a rural outside, it is so simple inside ... Our cows, sheep and poultry graze around: they are so manual that suitable To the most windows ... "This description is very close composition of the house shown in the drawing of the collection of Peter I. Probably, this, based on Dutch prototypes, the project was originally" exemplary "for the Peterhof road. Subsequently, in relation to the terrain, the aforementioned type projects of the 1720s were used. (Designed for construction along the banks of the rivers, first of all by the fontonank). "Exemplary" project of a country manor excerpt from the letter of Lady Rondo before (in the Peterhof road?). The interest and the fact that reflects the noiz of the albums of Peter I. 20 Peterhof road Peterhof road on the plan of St. Petersburg ("Plan of False"). Engraving. A look at the St. Petersburg seaside landscape is a look of an enlightened Englishwoman, a resident of the country, in which it was during this period that new views were formed on the relationship between man and nature and experienced flourishing landscape parking buildings. It is not surprising that her attention firstly attracted the beauty of a natural landscape (in St. Petersburg of that afraid, the desire to "settle" the landscape with the help of geometric structures, including the "Dutch" and "French" gardens and parks). However, compositely completed "regular" ensembles in private estates of the first third of the XVIII century. were rare exception. The plan 1725 testifies that, subject to the obligatory principle of setting the Lord's house on the edge of the terrace and the orientation of it to the bay of the estate and landscape elements of the estates within the territories allocated them were quite freely. The ensemble began almost not visible. Fruit gardens, divided into the same "quarters" by a rectangular mesh of alley, most often asymmetrical with respect to architectural complexes. Gardens are adjacent to the garden. These sites look inclusions in a natural landscape, prevailing in the overall picture of the estate. The main, "long" axis of the composition is scheduled only at the country of Sinyavin and the old house of the summer house of Bruce. However, undoubtedly, the last reception was common: in the form of seekers and the road leading to the sea, the "long" axis was present in the ensemble of the Menshikov "Favorite", as the planning element of many estates, it was recorded on the plans of 1730-1740. In the 1720s, as before, great attention was paid to the protection of forests on the coast. Dubov landing were especially encouraged - such a grove near EkateringOf Peter I The foundation and development of the Peterhof road 21 of the Peterhof road with the project of the channel laying along the coast (fragment). 1734 Hazard himself personally. However, the cuts for the purpose of the device of parks and the removal of sore trees were permitted, as evidenced by the special decree of 1723 in 1722. B.-H. The minih began the construction of the coastal channel, the first project of which, as already mentioned, appeared in 1715. Now the channel was supposed to pass from the mouth of the Fontanka, through Strelna to the District of Modern Alexandria, and from here, through the shallow water, to the large depth zone. However, due to the difficulties found, this work was discontinued, but the idea was not left. Francesco Algarotti, known for his statement "Petersburg - Window in Europe": "... ... I suppose ... a big and deep canal from St. Petersburg to Peterhof ... The king himself commanded this work: he would be delighted When watching warships passing under the shadows and the beauty of his gardens, is the same as in the capital, where he saw the shipyard next to his palace. " The built area of \u200b\u200bthe canal is still reading on the terrain in the Troisiergie desert area. In addition, Peter I intended to arrange a channel from Strelna to Peterhof "On a premature road ... in which it would be possible to ride on small yachts and boats on a Galanian manir with horses ...", that is, on horseback. This project was also not destined to come true. But, despite similar failures, by the middle of the 1720s. The system of the estates in the Peterhof road was practically formed. A visit to many of them is marked in the "Yurnals" of Peter I and the "Sub-Press" A.D. Menshikova, in the memoirs of the Northern Capital guests. Back in 1721, F.-V. Burhgolz recorded in his diary: "Before Strelna-Mood ... We drove safely and well on a very fun way along Neva, through groves and past many cottages built by the most reasonable nobles by the king and making all the way very pleasant." In the diary of the trip at 1 last time to this project was returned in 1763-1764. 22 Peterhof road Peterburg Bobruisk Street Sapie in 1726. After describing the visit to Oranienbaum, Peterhof and Favorita, it is indicated: "... I went by the seabed on land, 15 miles ... And then a perspective cut through the forest (in which thick was small The estate of a beautiful building), before St. Petersburg. " Anna John and Elizabeth Petrovna in the reign of Anna John in Peterhof road there are several large private ussers - real "regular" palace-park ensembles. Such was the date of Admiral N.F. Golovin (modern "Znamenka"), where on the site of the former estate of U.A. Sinyavina appeared a new house with a vast lower garden. Characteristic manor MG Golubina with labyrinth, cascade and artistically treated terrace slopes, estate B.-H. Miniha "refuge", which we can judge the drawing of the 1730s. From the collection F.-V. Berchgolts. However, in general, the 1730s. It is impossible to be considered time favorable for the heyday of the manor culture. This did not contribute to the situation of the imperial court with the rudeness of the morals, the danger of repression, as well as the closed nature of the empress itself, the narrowness of the circle of its approximate. Conducting summer time in Peterhof, Anna John supported its repairs and improved the composition. For her, the passionate hunter, there were several Zveztsev here - the main one on the basis of the confiscated Menshikov estate "Monkrazh". It was designed and even started by another, the colossal nurse in the EkateringOf region, but he was not completed. In the 1730s, when Kalinkin Bridge was built, the road between the fountain and the red zucchik became part of an important transit highway. This was reflected in the decree of 1739: "For the roads lying from St. Petersburg, many people are in some places in some places, many are owned ... and those pillars are put on the road through the Moscow-Yamskaya, where now passing almost already and do not go away, For now the roads are laid again, one past the Church of the Ascension of the Lord, the other through the village of Kalinkina. " The result of the development of the Peterhof road in 1710-1730. It was summarized by the "Finnish Bay of Kronstadt to St. Petersburg to St. Petersburg with funny houses lying on the shores." Heated and printed by a large circulation of the Academy of Sciences in the early 1740s, it included the image of the chains of the ussers and the imperial residences on the south coast, as well as the ensembles of near and distant doodles on the north. Being sent to many foreign states, she promoted Peterhof road as one of the main attractions of the Russian capital. In the reign of the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, whose political motto was followed by the initiative of the Father, the new level of perfection rise Petrovsky Residences. Under the leadership of F.-B. Rastrelli reconstructed by the ensembles of Peterhof, Strelna, Oranienbauma. Ekateringof is rebuilt and expands. Along the road there are new favors and courtesy. At the same time, the road itself and directly adjacent to the foundation and development of the Peterhof road 23 of it the territory, turning really to the front line. Deconsions of 1746. Responsibility for the reconstruction of the road was entrusted to the lieutenant-General V. Fermor, the owners of the DACC was prescribed to destroy all the platforms and pttenial fences, replacing them with "lattices", and the fields to protect the fields in three crossings. " From the road was offered to remove all Kabaki and Harchevni. Confirmed the ban on cutting down trees (with the exception of mellius). Symptomatic command of June 5, 1750: "Her imperial majesty during ... in Peterhof Procession Considery in Peterhof road a considerable number deigned, which for the sake of deigning to indicate that on the way there is both on Sundays and on holidays when In Peterhof for the corteads of the congresses to be (have), - there was no one in the road; for what. .. Establish an equestrian crossing on the road. " Along with the repair of the road itself (expansion, paving, device canvas, restructuring of bridges) began straightening its individual sections. Between the modern Narva gates and the Komsomolskaya Square, the new route in 1754 was laid on the promissory worn in its time for the projected channel. The following year, laid a straight plot to the red zucchini. As part of the Ingermanland survey conducted, the boundaries of the "Primorsky Dacha" in the Peterhof road were reprimanded and refined. In 1745, Lieuchor Tinkov compiled a detailed inventory of country estates. The result of the work was the Railway Book of 1747 with the list of owners and a detailed description of the borders, as well as the corresponding "Plan of Primorsky Dacham". It demonstrates a significant variety of planning compositions of the estates, as a rule, symmetrical, P-shaped or in the form of a kara. A.I. Bogdanov in his manuscript so described the state of the estates in the Peterhof road in the middle of the XVIII century: "And so many sets are settled, a house is nearby, that the distance from the reigning St. Petersburg, in thirty versts settled and high houses, as if one Great Sloboda inhabited. Well, then the entire shore of the seaside noble structure, it is curious himself free to investigate it, which is impossible to describe decently, it is left. But now ... for the best beauty of the houses, also for the high fame of the entire seaside coast, deigned to her Majesty commanded the seaside houses to decorate the one with a lattice distortion of the city, under the same line ... "Despite the panegyric tone, this characteristic deserves in many respects trust. According to the Father, Elizabeth Petrovna encouraged his approximate to erect estates along the road leading to residences belonging to her the most and heir to the throne. An interesting attempt to link the ensembles of "uniform" fence, developing Petrovsky ideas to regulate the development of this route. Peter III and Catherine II at the end of the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna Terrain along the road between p. Tarakanovka and red zucchilde were decided to smash in the country's dacha. The drawing on which the first version of their borders is applied, dated December 22, 1760. The project was implemented in the reign of Peter III, when the prevailed borders were clarified and distributed areas. The corresponding decree from the Senate entered on February 9, 1762. Motivating this solution is interesting: " ..proof from Ekateringof bridge to a red zucchini places, in which only the everies of theft take place and to that considerable team is used, to avoid all of all, as well as to decorate the local places, to distribute on both sides to those who want people to build country yards. . "The foundation of the new front site of the Peterhof road coincided with the adoption of an act, which gave a powerful impetus to the development of manor construction, - Manifesto" On the Governing of Liberty and Freedom of the Russian Nobility ". Confirmed Catherine II, this manifesto, freeing the nobles from the obligatory public service, opened the way to the treasures of European culture, allowed them to travel, engage in science and art. The shine of the courtyard forced the nobles to follow the example of the immediate environment of the empress, including in the field of manor construction. The Catherine itself became the main model for imitation and ideologue of new directions in architecture and park employment. The beginning of the 1760s. - The period of the formation of classicism in Russian architecture and landscape style in Parkanostroy. Scenic "English" came to replace regular "French" and "Dutch" gardens. It should be remembered that the supporters of the first above all set a "correction" of wildlife, bringing the ideal order and completion into it. The natural landscape served here first of the "source material" to create ensembles in which straight lines and geometric compositions triumph. For supporters of landscape parks, it was most important not to actively interfere in nature, and following the individual characteristics of the landscape, which became an equal component of the overall pattern of estates. Such parks at the turn of the 1760-1770s. were laid in the royal village and Gatchina; In 1779, they began to build an English park in Peterhof. At the same time, the device of the first "English" gardens and in the Peterhof road began: in 1773, organizing the translation of books of foreign masters of landscape parking buildings, Catherine II wrote the following initiation: "Primorskaya cottages in the Peterhofa of the underlying book of this gift is applied from the seemingly Natural cruishes and abilities for the worst decoration according to the rules here prescribed. " Mid 1770 plans. It is evidence that by this time landscape gardens were arranged on the closest dachas near St. Petersburg: Red Mode A.A. Naryshkin, Kiryanov E.R. Dashkova, "Shapeter" PB Sheremeteva, at the dachas of Prince Vyazemsky and Count Mordvinov in the Emelyanov road. Behind the Red Zabachka By this time, such a garden on the lower terrace was arranged in the estate L.A. Naryshkin "Levental". And probably, it is not by chance that in the XVIII century. There were many British among the owners and tenants. The impressions of the effect of "Mergers with Nature" were reflected in the response of the French ambassador M.-D. De Corberon, who visited the estate of Count Chernyshev in 1776 (modern Alexandrino): "There is no delicious field lawns, it is completely replaced by the Garden." Chernyshev's manor house reflected the appropriate changes in the architecture of buildings: the classic "Palladian" villas came to replace the lush, the classic "Palladian" villas in the landscape. With all its variety, landscape parks were perceived primarily the foundation and development of the Peterhof road 25 as a whole, completely changing the nature of the landscape of the bay coast. For a traveler who passed by past the estates, the boundaries between the sites were practically erased. Peterhof road gradually turned into one ambitious park formation, combined with a wide range of sea panorama. The attention of contemporaries was increasingly beginning to attract any advantages of individual cottages or structures, and the image of the road as a whole, built on a organic combination of artificial and natural landscapes. Such an approach is manifested in the drawings of the Jacob Krena, where the images of individual estates are included in the prevailing natural landscape. The reconstruction conducted from 1773 to 1784 was tremended to create a new image of the track, first under the guidance of the M. Mordvinov General, and then F.V. Baore. In 1773-1775 New direct sections of the highway from the fountain to cockroaches were laid. At the same time, granite city gates were built on the bypass canal. Following the work on the reconstruction of subsequent sites, to Peterhof were continued. This project was developed in two versions: the first lower road was fully straightened and landscaped, on the second, part of the road was transferred to the upper terrace. "Top", - Personal inscription Catherine II in the drawing. In pursuance of this resolution in 1780-1784. The currently existing top road was laid - the highway section between Troycesergiye desert and Peterhof. The new road was built on all the rules of engineering art of the time. She was embossed - brought by a stone and covered with rubble, drinker drank drank, built granite bridges (only one, in the zamenki area), were fully preserved. Along the road, marble verst tollipiramids were installed, she was attached to birch. The number of country houses to this big road is multiplied by more contrary to it. All big gardens have a notable forest, the oldest in the Dutch taste, with straight, part of covered paths, alleys, etc., the newest on Aglinsky location, with erecting walkways in the forest and shrub, with channels, islands, etc. A larger number of these are rapidly Leskov, also openly entertainment, magnificent, and fruit gardens, other with greenhouses, etc. Houses in gardens The essence is extremely diverse; Wood and stone, small and large, part of the palaces of a multi-way structure of the structure. Most of these have a beautiful view of the whole country with her changes, in St. Petersburg, Kronstadt, on the bay, in which ships float, and to the Karelian coast. - I.-G. Georgi, 1794 Time Alexander I and Nicholas I The reign of Alexander I for the Peterhof road was marked by an important event - the revival of not completed in the first third of the XVIII century. The ensemble is stallow, which became the residence of the brother of the king, the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich. At the same time, the Strelin German Colonies of Neudorf and Neigausen were founded. This exemplary architectural landscape complex on completed by the Peterhof road by the Section of the Narva Highway became the "Avanzale" of the next distance of the Peterhof road. The victorious completion of the war with Napoleon was marked by the construction of Narva triumphant gates. The manor construction was still conducted, and the contemporaries admired this highway. Here is an eloquent description made in 1824 by the Countess Shoiselle-Guffier who arrived from France (forgive her senimental tone and some inaccuracies in the first time): "We arrived in the first days of June, in the era, - when there are no nights in this northern country. From the last station, i.e. from fit ... on the space of three French versts, the road walks along the highway between two rows of cottages or lovely village houses, which come out on the one hand to the sea, and from the opposite side to the canals or the Nevi sleeves (available in mind the Lithuanian Canal? - S.G.). These giving are divided among themselves, as it were, a big road, a number of gardens, where the White Birch prevails, the pale foliage of which is distinguished on the dark greenery of the Nordic firs and pines. Vases with flowers, elegantly arranged or grouped among trees, as it were, as it were, the immaculation of spring, which gives the inhabitants of the North with only one smile ... All these buildings are very diverse in architecture and general. Here, among the mass of greenery, you see the Greek temple with his beautiful peristyle and elegant stairs; There is a Chinese pavilion with pagodas and silver-ringing bells; Next you see the Swiss house, modest looks in mind, hiding luxury under deceptive appearance. But the Italian Belvedere, elegantly towering over the trees surrounding him and the constituent pictorial contrast with the Gothic castle and its toothed towers. Everywhere in huge greenhouses, those fruits are hidden in huge greenhouses that commonly the sky gives happier climates and which rich Russian Veelmazbi for big money satisfy their sustained. In a word, thousands of objects that mean as diverse as intricate tastes are opened by the eyes of the trail. The surroundings of Paris - with the exception of the royal palaces - nothing represents such that it could be equal to the magnificence of St. Petersburg, where, however, everything was created by artistic, "these beautiful buildings generated by wealth and priests are built on bad soil, which represented once extensive swamp ". It is impossible not to be surprised by the stylistic diversity located here. But even more noteworthy the highest assessment, this highway, which for many travelers embodied the image of the northern capital and at the same time was a symbol of the enormous efforts attached to transform the scarce northern nature. In the second quarter The last XI century opened the last brilliant page of the history of the Peterhof road. With the era of the era of Russian romantic, the "knight on the throne", who seen itself, who seen himself, who seen himself, had a targeted landscape formation of the surroundings of the Northern Capital, and first UII of the estates of the imperial surname. Back in August 1825, being a great prince, Nikolai received a letter of Peterhof Olennis, where he began to break the landscape park and build a miniature palace of a new T and P A - "Cottage". In 1832, the emperor made Peterhof his official summer residence and since that time began to acquire private foundations and development of the Peterhof road 27 of the estates around Peterhof. On their basis, new residences are created, the old one is landscaped and reconstructed. According to N. Kupolnik, the concept of N. Kuzkoltar, possibly the concept of Nicholas I, "Peterhof should not consider a separate countryside, and the center of a large system of royal and private villas located along the bank of the Nevsky mouth to the Finnish Bay, far above the Kronstadt and its batteries." However, not only villas and new parks arise on the coast. The whole cultural landscapes are formed, in which nature and arts, aesthetics and "practice", parks and field grounds, palaces, pavilions and peasant horses were equalized. This world of harmony, a giant picture of ideal Russia, was created by the best gardeners, architects, agronomists, engineers and hydraulic engineering. New estates - Improved Stretch of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, Mikhailovka Great Prince Mikhail Nikolaevich, Znamer Empress Alexandra Fedorovna, Imperial Alexandria and Peterhof, Farm Prince of Oldenburg, Own Cottage The Heir to the throne of the Grand Duke Alexander Nikolaevich, Sergievka Great Princess Maria Nikolaevna stretched along the coast of almost continuous band Nearly 14 kilometers. To the west of them lay Oranienbaum, whose owner was the king's brother, the Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich. Four estates between the fitting and Peterhof united laid in 1849 on the shore of the ruling sea road. During the landscape transformation of the Bay coast to the middle of the XIX century. Twelve large landscape parks were broken and reconstructed, half of whom came to Peterhof. New parks in the Peterhof road were distinguished by an enlarged scale and a complex structure. Exquisite water systems were arranged here, first-class highways were laid, "exemplary" villages were erected, an advanced agriculture was created for its time. These landscapes included park pavilions, many of which were associated with members of the imperial family name with the buildings seen in foreign journeys. Freillina Empress A.F. Tyutchev recalled: "Peterhof and all of his surroundings are grazed with pleasure pavilions, Dutch mills, Swiss chalets, Chinese kiosks, Russian sinks, Italian villas, Greek temples, castles in the style of Rococo, etc., etc., built by the emperor Nikolai for Entertainment and for fun of the Empress Alexandra Fedorovna, in which she tends, when she lives in Peterhof, spend their days, infinitely diverse their stay ... "Green pauses" played in the image of Peterhof road played "Green pauses" of field grounds between Stralon and Mikhailovka, Sections of the villages of Bobylskaya and Martyškino. With its nonsense beauty, they shaded the luxury of the parade residences; Through the open spaces of the fields and gardens, views of the sea were opened. Interestingly, in the period of the Crimean war, the coast was preparing to become a defensive line: a barrious rich barrier was released here, north of the Kronstadt colony were built batteries - Klyovynskaya, Izmailovskaya, militia, Redunts. From the imperial estates, the owners were allocated land for the construction of the estates of them close. In Strellen, such estates of satellites began to be created 28 Peterhof road even at the beginning of the XIX century; In Peterhof, this process began in 1830-1840. Such rich estates arose in the city itself, which during this period was intensively built up under the control of the emperor himself, and in its surroundings. Of particular interest was the villas at Oranienbaum descent, the narrow sections of which in the miniature corresponded to the configurations of Dacles in Peterhof road. Expanded road construction improved the connection of the Peterhof road with the surroundings of the capital. During this period, the Krasnoselskoye highway was laid (from Stretch to the Red Seall), Ropshinsky (from Znamenka to Ropshi), Volkhonskoye (between Mikhailovka and Tsarist Selo). Along the road itself, new estates who belonged to major officials, military, merchants were erected. The road to the official residence of the emperor, binding Petersburg with the Guards Military camps in the Red Selo, Rost and in A L and his flourishing. June 28, 1834 A.S. Pushkin wrote his wife from the capital: "Petersburg is terribly boring. It is said that the light lives in the Peterhof road ... "Peterhof road in the second half of the XIX - XX century from the second half of the XIX century. The gradual fuss of the Peterhof road begins as a holistic architectural landscape system. Actually, the first signs of this were noticeable at the end of the previous century. Gradually, financiers, merchants, industrialists became owners of most places on the bay coast. In the expression of P. Svignin, "... To this way, ancient Russian hospitality decreased, but public entertainment houses have grumbled; With the way, the huge boyars castles were replaced by the milled merchandise houses, or crossed in the hands of this class. " With a sunset of a brilliant Catherine Epoch, the features of noble manor culture were markedly designated. In 1801, the first industrial enterprise appeared in the Peterhof road - the Kazennaya Chugunolotynyy Plant (future Putilovsky). Throughout the XIX century, especially in his last three, new plants and factories arose behind the Narva. At the same time, houses were built for workers, shops, kabaki, later - schools, hospitals, churches. At the same time, the area behind the Red Zucchik largely retained the previous character. In the 1880s. A.P. Verladder wrote: "The entire terrain near the Peterhof highway can be divided into two parts, sharply different from the other: 1) from the Narva gate to the der. Autau and 2) from der. Avtovo until the end of the county. In the last part there are no factories and factories, cottages and homes are good, implancing sufficient owners, and are located on a half-friendly distance ... on the contrary, in the area from the Narva gate to the der. Avtovo ... cottages stand thick one near another, all wooden, dilapidated, dilapidated; This part of the city is populated, mainly workers ... "In 1857, a railway traffic from St. Petersburg to Peterhof was opened, and in 1864 the branch was extended to Oranienbaum. In 1904-1908 Military railway was laid to a large ichore, which was used for both private trips. The basis and development of the Peterhof road 29 Laying railways was of great importance for the fate of the Peterhof road. On the one hand, its significance has decreased as a transport highway (a shipping movement along the bay is equally reduced). On the other - the coastline has become much more affordable for citizens. Soon she turned into one of the favorite seats of the countryside of Petersburgers. After the release of the manifesto 1861 and the liberation of peasants begins the process of the territorial decay of large estates, which included villages with their field races. With the transition of these lands to the peasant property, landscape regulation ceased here. In the first time, tangible damage, the landscape did not apply it. However, the section of community lands unfolded their mass buying land speculators with the aim of resale under the country sites. Equally, the dachas were bored and many private estates in the Peterhof road. In the second half of the XIX - early XX century. A lot of country towns originated on the track - such as Prince, Country, Ligov, Volcchonka and new places in Strelna, cherished in Peterhof, Bogumylovka in Oranienbaum. With the gasket of the railway and the construction of country settlements in the estates, they began to cut down intensively in the depths of their territories of the parks and forests. Among the few preserved so far - "Alexandrino", "Pine Polyana" and Peterhofa Alexandrian parks. In connection with the development of country towns on the southern coast of the Finnish Bay in the 1910s. The construction of an electrified railway from St. Petersburg to Oranienbaum was undertaken - later called Oranel, or in the surprise of Oranel. Because of the World War I began, the construction was not brought to the end: the movement opened only to Strelna. Between Sergievka and Martyshkina and now you can see the mound and reinforced concrete bridges prepared for this route. The urbanization of the Peterhof road led to the massive destruction of the ancient estates and their gardens. At the beginning of the 20th century, society begins to realize the value of the route as a huge monument of St. Petersburg architecture, urban planning and culture, to file votes in his defense. So, N.N. Wrangel with bitterness wrote: "In a Peterhofa road ... the suburban estates destroyed and rebuilt and rebuilt, the wonderful villages of Shcherbatov and Mentle under the crazy houses. Only the house of Count A.D. Sheremetyeva (Alexandrino. - S.G.) Slokly looking at the White Facade because of the trees of a huge garden ... "in 1915, Dacha M.I. was examined in detail Vorontsova (innovative), measures taken to protect it. At the same time, today you can only regret that there was no present examination of historical and cultural landscapes along the southern coast: topographic filming materials of the 1930s. It is evidence that most of the estates and parks behind the red zucchildren remained even at that time. Researchers of the pore, as well as the current, were primarily attracted by the central regions of St. Petersburg, the same attention was paid only to monuments of the XVIII - early XIX century. and imperial residences. However, the school of domestic art and scientific local history at the beginning of the 20th century was only formed. The situation could change in the next decade, but the First World War and Revolution prevented. After 1917, most of the estates of the imperial surname and the estates in Peter-30 Peterhof road of the corrugated road was transferred to various organizations. In many palaces there are colonies for street children or correctional institutions (often it was the same thing). The status of museums received only some of Peterhof's ensembles and Oranienbaum Chinese Palace. The low cultural level of most new owners, the propaganda of the ideology of the "total" destruction of the heritage obtained from the previous Russia, the lack of funds for elementary repairs, the embezzlement and vandalism led to the destruction of many estates. In 1920-1930 In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Narva Oblast, a new public center was created with residential buildings for workers and ensembles of Kirovskaya and Bachek. To the west of the former Putilovsky, now the Kirov plant began the formation of a residential array of auto. The rest of the Peterhof road was not subjected to urban-planning transformations and in the director generals of the city was considered as a green recreational zone - a seaside park, merging in the west with gardens of fit and other former residences. The historical and cultural value of these areas of these areas was not followed: it was still believed that there were no deserving interests of monuments here, and the gardens were considered only as green arrays. Famous editor V.Ya. Kurbatov in his guidebook "Strelna and Oranienbaum", released in 1925, so described this area: "The highway has significantly changed its appearance, about red zucchini. But on the gardens on the docks of the hills preserved, the disappearance of the palaces is imperceptible to the walking. That is why a walk on the tram on this road belongs to the number of the most pleasant ... "only the hospital has deserved separately mention. Trout, Alexandrino and Polezhaevsky Park. However, in the post-war period, plans for the preservation of these territories as park were revised. In the 1960-1980s. The west of Avtova began the construction of residential areas of the country, Ulyanka, Ligov, Pine Polyana with a multi-storey typical building. He left for the road itself, on the edge of the terrace, she buried the remains of historical parks, buildings, traces of layout at the larger stretch of it. Only a part of historical gardens (east of Tambasov's street), in the advantage of the "lower", was reconstructed and became part of the broken in the 1970s. South Primorsky Park. The architectural ensembles and distances of the Peterhof road Kolomna in anticipation of the Peterhof road serves Kolomna - the district of St. Petersburg, located between the hookan canal, washing, buckle and fountain. Through this area, after construction in the 1730s. Wooden Kalinkina Bridge, a road from the center of the capital was held to the coast of the Gulf of Finland. The regular development of this part of the city began in the second half of this decade, after the Commission on St. Petersburg Structure, headed by B.-H. Minich, developed a number of general plans of the Admiralty and adjacent parts of the city, including Kolomna. When designing was There is a route leading to the imperial palaces - Ekateringofu and Peterhof. The Sadovaya Street track, which became the main axis of the southern part of Kolomna, did not fit for this: oriented towards Kalinkina Bridge, in fact she led to a dead end, to the caulation of font plan and deaf river Through which bridges were not envisaged at that time. But from the estate of Yusupov, at an angle to the garden, a special highway was designed - Ekateringof Prospect (Ave. Rimsky-Korzakov), which, crossing a deaf river, went to her northern shore and was led by the embankment. To Kalinkin Bridge. This situation is reflected in the engraving of Peter Schlyanin, made in the 1760s. : On it we see the mouth of the Fontanka with a long narrow island located in the middle of a long narrow island, on the left - the road is not yet a fortified promenade of the deaf river, the right is the aforementioned Cape with a wooden building of Kolomna, over which the churches of Nikola Sea, Ascension and the Vladimir of the Mother of God are elevated. Kalinkina Square appeared in the second half of the XVIII century, when, during large hydraulic work on the transformation of a deaf river in the Ekaterininsky channel, its channel was changed: the curved final section was covered and the new, direct, shifting it to the east. This was preceded by the General Plans 1766 and 1769, according to which the Border of the city passing on the right bank of the city was projected by the extensive semi-curvous area, with a fan-ended fan, inscribed in the triangular quarter-limited channels. The area that was intended to sell the food brought to the city, at the same time it was supposed to become a parade "avantzale" of the capital (similar preparations of the area, only smaller sizes, was supposed to be arranged on friends to the city, including Nevsky Prospekt). Decree of 1766 read: "These areas are not relying not for one bargaining, but following the example of other European cities and to the decoration of the city ..." Regarding Kalinkina, it was said: "Assigned ... under No. 3rm Square Something Driving from the Liflyand side The first one will introduce themselves to the city, and before the fare is now very dirty and without any decoration ... "The area was supposed to give a uniform architectural appearance, building it for the government account," such façade, which from the Commission of the World and the highest approbation will be awarded. " 42 Peterhof road Kalinkina Square. Lithograph F.-V. Perro 1841 Kalinkina Square (pl. Repin). Photo of the sohanople Ladynina. 1990s. Kolomna 33 However, this plan was not implemented: he demanded breakdowns already partially formed the development of Kolomna and large hydraulic work on laying new channels. The planning of Kolomna quarters of the 1730s. It was preserved, and the area limited to the fountain, the Catherine Canal and the line of development of the Ekateringof Prospectus was preserved, received the shape of an irregular rhombus, and then when in the first third of the XIX century. Its eastern side was built up, it became triangular. The leading in the Ensemble of the Square is a slouch of the Kolomenskaya part - a massive building from red brick in the Renaissance style, with a high tower in the center. For the first time, such a house with a fire calane was supposed to build here in 1738. However, the first capital building that combines the qualities of the fire department and the police department was erected only at the end of the eighteenth century. It is depicted on lithographs F.-V. Perp 1841: This is a two-storey house in strict classic style with a portion of an ionic order and a wooden observation tower, to which Karetniki fire departure is adjacent. The existing building was built in 1849-1851. According to the project of architect R.A. Zhelyloevich. From the north, the house with a semicircular tower protrusion is adjacent: in it in 1882-1895. He lived and worked by I.E. Repin, for which in 1887 architect A.I. Reimers was needed by the workshop. The Northern Side of the Square includes a number of interesting buildings of the end of the XVIII - early XIX centuries., Substituted rebuilt (for example, at home 109 and 111 by Ave. Rimsky-Korsakov). From the west, it is closed by the enclosures of the Admiralty plant. In the middle - Square, broken in 1875 by the means of the merchant Landrine on the project of architect A.I. Merza. On the partner facing in the direction of the fountain, there is a main sign of the Square of Peterhof road - supplied to the reign of Catherine II of the vest pole-obelisk from marble and granite, with sun hours and a number "26", meaning the distance to Peterhof. However, it was transferred to this place in the 2nd half of the XIX century, and earlier he stood on the right side of the Starophetersburg Avenue, at the house number 3. Old-Kalinkin Bridge over the fountain binds Kalinkina Square with the historic track of the Peterhof Road - Old Peterhofsky Avenue. In 17861787 The bridge replaced the previous, built in 1752, which in turn came to replace the initial, built in the early 1730s. These bridges were arched, wooden, with divorce mechanisms of Dutch type. Probably, their creator was Harman Van Boles, the author of many similar bridges in St. Petersburg. The new stone bridge, built on a "exemplary" project specifically designed for bridges, despite a number of rebuildings, still retained its historical features - GRANITY, Parapets and towers, in which there were previously equipped with a wooden adjustment span. This architectural concept was based on a draft bridge through the Neva of the French engineer J.-R. Perrone, developed by him in 1778 at the same time with the construction of the bridge in the 1780s. A cladding of the branches of the Fontanka and large earthworks on the reorganization of her bed were facing: who delivered her sleeping is the island partially disappeared and made a trapezoidal way (he received a name gallery). The font stone channel in the area of \u200b\u200bthe bridge was 34 Peterhof road narrowed, the coast of her two sleeves was straightened. Through the new mouth of the Catherine Canal, a three-role little Kalinkin bridge with elegant flashlights was transferred. From the fountain to the bypass canal behind the Old Kalinka Bridge begins Old-Peterhof Prospect - the historical highway of the Peterhof road. According to the first administrative division of the city of 1737, this territory became part of the St. Petersburg Moscow side, but in essence it remained a country. In 1766 she received the status of submissions called Liflyand (later - Riga). His borders from the north to south stretched from the fountain to the planned urban pasture RVA (future bypass channel). Between them, according to the general plans of the 2nd Admiralty part and review 1766 and 1769, two parallel highways were designed - modern Riga Avenue and Kurland Street. On the ground they were broken and began to be built in 1770-1780s. In 1782, the Riga suburb was part of the newly formed Moscow, and later - the 4th Admiralty and then Narva part of St. Petersburg. The front of the building on the banks of the Fontanka to the East of the Old Peterhof Prospectus was formed in the 1750s - early 1760s: here, along with the largest ownership of the merchant Kirill Popov who were at the most bridge, the peasant yards of the village Metalova, the house of sailors, workshops were located The retired military, with whom the estate of "Widow of Timmermanshi, adjacent to the estate", savings of Kerlen advisor, Major General Dunnenberg. At the line of the current wood street, the places of the Life Guard Izmailovsky Regiment began. Subsequently, in the middle - the second half of the XIX century. On the site of these householdings, new buildings were erected, mainly medical facilities. In the former section of Dunnenberg today is the "Godnak" factory. To the west of the road, the terrain, known as Kalinkina Village, stretched along the left bank of Fontanka. The name "Kalinkina", which remained so far in the names of the bridges and the same alone, comes from the name of the Finnish village of Calola (Kalljula), which at the end of the XVII - early XVIII century. It was on the left bank of the Fontanka, on the site of houses 160-164. She was not the only one - a few more farms (Roman, Hurghaila, Kiprin) were located along the shore now the currently existing river Tarakanovka - the modern street of Tsiolkovsky, between the bypass canal and Kurlyandan street. One of these villages and gave the name River: in the middle of the XVIII century. They were called Kalinka, Tarakanova, Metal, Kargalova and Romanova. In Petrovsky, this terrain became part of Ekateringof estate. There is a legend of the secret marriage of Peter I and Catherine on November 20, 1707 in the Ekateringof wooden church or chapel, set in honor of the first sea victory over the Swedes. In the 1710s. It was transported to Strelna, where he was in the name of St. Nikolai was attached to the local Savior Transfiguration Church. Upload from the fountain to the bypass channel 35 view of Kalinka Sloboda. P. Gravin. 1760s. Until 1746, the Kalinka cemetery existed in this area - the main cemetery of the Admiralty side. This year, "for the proximity of the imperial house," the burials on it were prohibited, and gradually it disappeared. In 1710-1720. Next to the Kalinka village, on the shore of Fontanka, a number of palace industrial institutions were arranged. This is a linen factory - a famous spinning courtyard, a grinding manufactory (in 1732 translated from here on the current choplery street), cereal and oil windmills. Here there were factories on the highlight of the powder and a wicker. In a small island, the northern tip of the Gutuvsky Islands was built "Parchment" factory. By the middle of the XVIII century. The village has turned into Kalinkuin Slobod, where merchants lived, officials, military. In 1762, Kabak was located along the embankment to the west of the Peterhof road, behind him - a large house, a garden and a lovers of the merchant of Reynhald, then the house of the priest of Ekateringof church Nikita Yakovlev, the adviser to Schlyanin, "Sea Soldier Captain Regulations" Potap Chernyshev, Major Ivan Kazakova, Kalinka spinning house with a garden. Behind the future Libava lane was the courtyard of Boris Shablykin, and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe former cemetery, the state garden. From these inhabitants of Kalinka Sloboda, the greatest trace in domestic history left Jacob Schlyanin, one of the most enlightened people in Russia of Russia in the middle of the XVIII century, the teacher of the future Emperor Peter III, the first historian of domestic art. Thanks to the executed in the 1760s. His son, Peter Engravings with the species of these places, we have a great idea of \u200b\u200bthe Kalinka Sloboda of that time. In its development there are three two-storey buildings - Reynhald, Squance 36 Peterhof road and spinning courtyard, as well as standing on the other side of the road, east of her, brewery, sugar factory and the House of the merchant Popova. Here's how I described my own ownership in the announcement 1767: "On the banks of the Fontanka River between Kalinkinsky Bridge and the seaside, he is given in the hiring fair place where a new home about four quiet, having a prospectus (view. - S.G.) both on the seaside to Kronstadt and at the mouth of the River Neva, the cuisine with peace, a barn and a stable, also a spare slicing place; Those who wish to hire a price can be inquired at the ... Stat adviser Schlyjna. " Sloboda brutally suffered during the flood 1777. French diplomat M.-D. De Corberon, describing his consequences, "noted:" But the terrible position of the Kalinka suburbs, where all the houses are destroyed and there are corpses of men, women and children. "Probably, only the stone buildings of the Popov factory and spinning house are preserved (which, however, they soon dismantled and I built anew). The ownership of the merchant Popov was on the site of a large complex of the naval hospital dominating the development of the left side of the Old-Peterhof Prospectus behind the Old Kalinkin Bridge. For the first time, the buildings here are shown on the plans of the 1730s. in 1756 the command followed the commandment to learn For someone resolving Kirill Popov, a place for the construction of a brewery was launched. Three years later, a decree was appeared about broken brewing built on a fountain, but after three days it was canceled "into the attention of the presented-presented polytzmeister resonors". The mouth of the Fontanka River and the former Kalinkina Sloboda . Fragment of the plan of St. Petersburg 1828 ("Plan of Schubert"). From the fountain to the bypass channel 37 standing on the very coast of "An Gliyskaya "brewery was carried out by flooding. The three-story stone building of the factory - a kara with an inner courtyard and focusing on the east with fluegles - persists in the depths of the site, half-closed by the buildings of the hospital (Nab. Rivers Fontanka, 156). The former Popova has a sugar factory belonging to the creditors of the deceased merchant of the leader, in Kalinkina Bridge. The most factory has a high large stone structure with a large courtyard. - I.-G. Georgi, 1794 at the beginning of the XIX century. The building arranged a barracks that began to be called the 2nd marine. In 1836, it was partially adapted for the hospital. Perhaps it was at this time the facades of the building received classic elements - an attached attita, sandriks over the windows of the upper floor, rustered blades. In 1845-1853 According to the project of architect MA Pasypkin was erected by the corner, addressed to the bridge, the corps of the barracks. In 1866, this building was also transferred to the Sea Hospital. Subsequently, it was prescribed by the 3rd floor (eb. River Fontanka, 156a). In the 1950s At the nearby plot on the project D.P. Buryshina was erected by a monumental hospital building in the style of "Stalin Ampire" (Old-Peterhofsky Pr., 2). On the other side of the avenue there is a small square, to which from the south is adjacent to a two-storey residential building in classicism style. At the site of the square from the middle of the XVIII century. There was a zucchini: at the beginning of the next century, the house with a pete trunk in the first floor belonged to the merchant Dubinin, and then Pavlovsky. The building had cut, facing the bridge angle with a balcony; The facade, which came to the fountain, was crowned with a fronton. This house was destroyed in Soviet times, only the neighboring, belonging to the 1820s, was preserved. Merchant Pelevin, and in the 1840s - Yakimov (Old-Peterhofsky Ave., 3-5). Next to it until the end of the XIX century. The first marble vest pillar (now on the pl. Repin) was touched by the first in Peterhof road. The next fountain is a large classic house, the left wing of which repeats the bending r e to and, is the main building of the naval hospital (Nab. Rivers Fontanka, 162). It was built in the 1st quarter of the XIX century. and belonged to the merchant Pelievin, and then Princess Shakhovskaya, who was acquired in 1835 and in 1836 rebuilt under the hospital on the project of Engineer-General L.L. Carbonyer. Thus, the hospital existed in two offices (the second in the above-described Popov house). Here he was translated from the building from the Petrovsky Times on the Vyborg side. In 1898, a superstructure was made over the central part of the house for the apartment of the head of the Chief Doctor. She did not contradict the architecture of the building, inspired in his composition. Harmony was broken subsequently, when this superstructure was extended to the entire length of the western wing and the building was asymmetrical. The territory of the hospital continued in the southern direction along the avenue: it is indicated by a stone fence overlooking him, behind which there is a wooden house Pelevin, erected in the 1st quarter of the XIX century. It has retained classic proportions, but all architectural details are lost during repairs. An interesting element is a deep loggia in the central part of the first floor. The next house of the P-shaped composition, with a deep, occupied garden Kurdoner and extending to the red line of the embankment of the flibels, - Nikolaev Women's 38 Peterhofa School (nab. Rivers Fontanka, 164). In the late 1810s. On this site there was a house occupied by a noble board at the Pedagogical Institute, where the future composer M.I. Glinka and taught such well-known teachers like A.P. Kunitsyn and A.I. Galich. In 1822, the home of the merchant of the Father's merchant was bought for the premises of the arms of the educational house in it, which entered here after the restructuring produced by the architect D. Kvadri. The building has a modest finish, but its P-shaped composition, proportions and parts are characteristic of classicism style. In 1867-1906 It housed the Nikolaev Women's School, and in 1914 he was transferred to the neighboring hospital. After the revolution, there was a children's home here. Following it, there is a long two-storey building with a high arch in the center, closed with magnificent gate-cast gate and plastic bracket lock-bracket - "Secret" Kalinka Hospital (Nab. Rivers Fontanka, 166). His story goes back to the already mentioned linen factory - a spinning house. During his closures in Amsterdam Peter saw a spinning factory, part-time serving a female correctional institution, after which he made a similar one in St. Petersburg. Dutch masters had to teach women of easy behavior to "do a good and subtle fabric to a Dutch manner." Among the notes of Peter there is a brief note: "On the babes that are required for the Linen Ekateringo plant". In 1724, 139 people worked at the factory, and among the spinners there were 57 free and 10 "slave". The French traveler O. De La Motra in 1726, he recorded two women, after punishment by Knutom, "they were sent to flutter and spinning hemp on a new linen manofacuit, founded by Peter I about three versts from here, where the Dutch of both sexes were delivered to manage and Learn the Russians to do a good and fine fabric to the Dutch manner. " The stone building was built in 1720 on the project of architect N.F. Gerbel. His appearance is known for the engravings of P. Schlyanin: This is a long two-storey housing with a reduced first floor, a lively ringing a year after the church based on it. After an unsuccessful attempt to transfer an unprofitable factory in private hands in 1727. It was closed, and its building in 1734 was transferred to the Life Guard Izmailovsky regiment to accommodate the office and archive in it. However, in 1745, by decree of Empress, Elizabeth Petrovna, the factory was resumed. A year later, girls were placed from a secret "merry home" of some Dresdeni (this was a wide publication at that time), and in 1750 the police decree on "capture and delivered to the Kalinka house of all non-abdominal women and girls ..." . The factory finally became a correctional establishment for women of "depraved behavior." In 1779, instead of the factory, a therapeutic institution was established - the "secret" hospital for patients with venereal diseases. The dilapidated Petrovskoy building was dismantled and a new one was built on its foundations, on 60 beds. Compositionally reminded the previous one (it was a two-storey and stretched in length), but had a slightly different architecture: the facades were dismembered with shovels, fililers were arranged between the windows, and the center was focused by the attachment with the Attik. In general, the appearance of the house built in 1781-1782 was sustained enough, which corresponded to its specific function. At the hospital who belonged to the hospital, south of the main from the fountain to the bypass channel 39 buildings and on the opposite side of the Libava Lane, erected homes for staff, a pharmacy and a number of auxiliary buildings. In the reign of Nicholas I, the hospital complex was reconstructed. In 18301833 In the depths of the main plot on the project of the architect L.I. Chalmemannya 2nd erected a large new classic building - a good sample of the "state" architecture of the Nikolaev era, "other buildings were built. At the same time, the old hull on the fountain was reconstructed and his facades were improved - the blades and fillets were disappeared, the aforementioned arch with the gate stems appeared. And Sandriks over the windows in the central part. In the building there are apartments of the hospital employees. The hospital existed until 1930, after which the research institute was located in its buildings. The hospital complex was well preserved to our time. At the heart of its composition - a square yard with a garden and a fountain, limited from the north and south of the old and the main buildings, and from the West and the East - the buildings of the former pharmacies and the gynecological department. On the western side of the Libava Lane, there are buildings of former ambulance, chapels with latechnit and laundry (house number 3). This quarter is very Interesting in historical terms: here were the mentioned cemetery and the residence Nard Petrovsky Chapel, and at the end of the 1750s. A state-owned branch was arranged, in whose territory for patients in 1778. A wooden church of St. Catherine. She was here until 1847 and was the forerunner of the stone, later built at the Old Peterhof Prospect. And in this area, the displacement of the wooden church was built in 1850. The aforementioned Chapel-Pocoynitsky. Kalinka Hospital (old housing on the fountain embankment). Photo 2000 40 Peterhof road Palace Palace and Kalinka spinning house. Reproduction with engravings P. Schlyanin. 1760s. The front of the buildings on the embankment of the Fontanka within the quarter make up two income houses, between which there is a complex of former industrial structures of the Society for the processing of construction stone and the Northern Chamber of Commerce and Industry Company. The industrial buildings of the New Admiralty Plant begins behind it. At the beginning of the XX century. The embankments served as a kind of transshipment port. Eyewitnesses remember: "You look from Kalinkina bridge down the fountain - a whole forest of mast with intertwined gear. Bushfritis Lyb Pr.
St. Petersburg: European House, 2001. - 448 p. - ISBN 5-8015-0113-4.
There are no pages 245, 246.OT of St. Petersburg towards the red slide for forty kilometers along the Finnish Bay, founded in 1710 Peterhof road, which is primarily a holistic landscape-architectural system of seaside imperial residences, private ussers, gardens and parks equal to which maybe No in the world. In the history of Russian culture, the Peterhof road occupies a special place, since all the sets lying along it were created practically at the same time, as a result of Peter I. among owners and tenants were representatives of the Supreme Petersburg Society, but many estates and whole segments of the Peterhof road remain unknown .
This book is the first experience of learning Peterhof road throughout its length. It is written in the guide magnitude and tells about the history of the construction of residences, the estates and other attractions of the road, about their location and owners. The review begins with the fighting of the road - from St. Petersburg Kolomna and Kalinkina Square and ends with Oranienbaum and the territories west of it.
The book contains many illustrations, plans and drawings, a significant part of which is published for the first time.
The basis and development of the Peterhof road.
Prehistory.
The idea of \u200b\u200bPeter.
Construction of the Peterhof road under Peter.
Anna John and Elizabeth Petrovna.
Time Peter III and Catherine II.
Time Alexander I and Nicholas.
Peterhof road in the second half of the XIX - XX century.
Architectural ensembles and distances of the Peterhof road.
Kolomna.
From the fountain to the bypass canal.
From the bypass canal to Narva Square.
From Narva Square to Red Zucchini.
Ekateringof and Emelyanovskaya road.
From red zucchini to leagues.
From Ligov to the Trinity-Sergius Desert.
Trinity-Sergius desert.
Stretch.
Mikhailovskaya cottage.
Myza Znamenskaya.
Peterhof.
History until 1710
The formation of the boundaries of the estate.
Peterhof parks.
City Peterhof.
From Peterhof to Lands of his own cottage.
Own cottage and its surroundings.
Sergievsky cottage (Dacha Leihtenberg).
From Oranienbaum Colony to Martushkina.
Martushkino.
From Martushkina to Oranienbaum.
Oranienbaum.
History until 1710
The formation of the boundaries of the estate.
The ensemble of the Grand Palace.
Peterstadt and their own cottage.
Top park.
The city of Oranienbaum and Troitskaya Sloboda.
From Oranienbaum to hospital cottage.
Western territories.
Conclusion.
Literature and main sources.
Name poctus.
Topographic pointer.
Application. Schemes of distances of the Peterhof road.
Summary.
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