Bridge construction, like nothing else, characterizes the level of development of society, the degree of technical and scientific progress, if you like, more broadly - the level of civilization.
And we have something to be proud of ...
Moscow.
The oldest surviving Moscow bridge is Palace Lefortovsky. Architect - Semyon Yakovlev. Built, according to various sources, in 1777 or 1781-1799.
Lefortovo bridge. Moscow. Photo of the late 19th century.
Lefortovo bridge. Moscow.
In Moscow, there is also the Rostokinsky aqueduct across the Yauza River (the so-called "Millionniy Bridge"), which was built in 1780-1805 for water supply. It is now pedestrian.
Rostokinsky aqueduct. Moscow. Photo of the late 19th - early 20th century
Apparently, park bridges should be included in a separate category.XVIII century in Neskuchny garden... One of them is three-arched.
Boring Garden. Moscow.
Bridge in Tsaritsyn, Figured, 1776-1778. The architect is also V.I. Bazhenov.
As part of the complex of structures of the summer residence of CatherineII includes the Big Bridge (1778-1774) across the ravine. It is the largest surviving bridge from the 18th century. Architect V.I. Bazhenov.
Tambov.
Derzhavinsky bridge over the Studenets river, built in 1786-1788. It had three arches (two of them are laid, one is filled up).
Vologda.
Stone bridge across the Zolotukha river; built in 1789-1791 by the architect P.T. Bortnikov. For its considerable width, it is called "street-bridge".
Ryazan.
Kamenny Glebovsky bridge, built on the site of a wooden one (leads to the Ryazan Kremlin). According to some reports, it was erected inXVIII century; on others - at the beginningXIXth.
Kaluga.
The stone bridge over the Berezuevsky ravine is the largest stone viaduct in Russia. It was built in 1785 by the architect P.R. Nikitin.
For comparison ...
Venice. Rialto Bridge, 1588-1591
The famous "Golden Bridge" in Florence, Ponte Vecchio. Built in 1345.
Prague, Charles Bridge, built in 1357
See the world's most beautiful pedestrian bridges for stunning views and stunning landscapes.
24 PHOTOS
1. Peak Walk, Switzerland. This stunning suspension bridge, 107 meters long, connects the two peaks of the Swiss Alps - Scex Rouge and Glacier 3000 - at an altitude of ... 3000 meters. Only kodak cameras can capture all the greatness of this beauty. (Photo: DENIS BALIBOUSE / Newscom / Reuters). 
2. The 280-meter bridge in the form of human DNA - this can only be seen in Singapore. In the evening, computer-controlled lighting adds an incredible atmosphere to the Helix Bridge. (Photo: Suhaimi Abdullah / Getty Images). 
3. The Carrick-a-Reed Rope Bridge in Ireland, built by local fishermen, extends directly over a 30-meter abyss. (Photo: LOCOG / Getty Images). 
4. The Trift Bridge in Switzerland is the longest suspension pedestrian bridge in the Alps. It is located above Lake Triftse and is 170 meters long. (Photo: Urs Flueeler / AP Photo). 
5. Benson Bridge in the USA. The 14-meter bridge was built over Multnomah Falls in Oregon. (Photo: Wolfgang Kaehler / LightRocket / Getty Images). 
6. The Henderson Wave Bridge in Singapore. The undulating 275-meter bridge over Henderson Road features very beautiful LED lighting. (Photo: TIM CHONG / Newscom / Reuters). 
7. Suspension bridge, called "Treetop", is located in the Valley of the Giants, Australia. This amazing bridge was built to allow visitors National park Walpole-Nornalup in Perth could walk and admire the crowns of giant eucalyptus trees. (Photo: REX Features). 
8. Millennium Bridge at Gateshead, England. It is the world's first tilt bridge over the River Tyne and has won numerous architectural awards. Locals love to use it for walking and cycling from Gateshead to Newcastle. (Photo: Stu Forster / Getty Images). 
9. Sky Bridge Langkawi, Malaysia. Located 700 meters above sea level, a curving bridge leads to the summit of Gunung Mat Chinchang. The bridge, which is 125 meters long, offers breathtaking views of the Andaman Sea. (Photo: UIG / Getty Images). 
10. Capilano suspension bridge in Canada. Built in 1889, the bridge sits 70 meters above the Capilano River, and appears to lie on the treetops of a virgin forest. (Photo: Rich Wheater / Aurora Photos / Corbis). 
11. The Kokonoe Large Suspension Bridge "Yume" in Japan is currently the longest suspension bridge in the world. It is 390 meters long and 173 meters high. The bridge offers stunning views of the Shindonotaki Falls and the surrounding Kyusuikei forests. (Photo: UIG / Getty Images). 
12. Root Bridge Cherrapunji in India. It is the most amazing natural bridge in the world that was made by the Khasi tribe. The roots of the surrounding rubber trees were channeled by locals to form strong, natural bridges over time that could hold 50 people. (Photo: Amos Chapple / Getty Images). 
13. Bridge of Peace in Georgia. The arcuate bridge, designed by the Italian architect Michel De Lucchi, is located over the Kura River in Tbilisi. The bridge was constructed in Italy and transported to the construction site in 200 trucks. (Photo: David Sucsy / Getty Images). 
14. Seonimgyo Bridge in South Korea. This arched bridge over Jeongjeen Falls on Jeju Island is decorated with 14 statues of nymphs playing various musical instruments. (Photo: Jupiterimages / Getty Images). 
15. Nesciobrug in the Netherlands. It is the longest pedestrian and bicycle bridge in Europe. Its length is 780 meters. The bridge runs over Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal and connects two districts: Amsterdam-Oost and IJburg. (Photo: Richard Wareham Fotografie / Getty Images). 
16. Stone bridge in Spain. The Stone Bridge is the only road connecting the island of San Juan de Gastelugache to the mainland. A bridge running over the ocean leads to a hermitage with a small church. (Photo: Getty Images). 
17. Bridge of the Woman in Argentina. The shape of the bridge, designed by the architect Santiago Calatrava, was inspired by the movements of a couple dancing tango. The 160-meter bridge is located over the Rio de la Plata in Buenos Aires. (Photo: Diego Giudice / Bloomberg). 
18. Tree Top Canopy Walk, Malaysia. The 300-meter bridge is nestled in the treetops of a rainforest on the island of Borneo. It is equipped observation deck, from which you can admire the forest, which is ... more than 130 million years old. (Photo: Andrea Pistolesi / Getty Images). 
19. Royal Gorge Bridge in the USA. Built in 1929, the 385-meter bridge over the Arkansas River, Colorado is one of the region's most popular attractions. The Royal Gorge Bridge, 305 meters high, was the tallest bridge in the world from 1929 to 2001. (Photo: David Zalubowski / AP Photo). 
20. Suspension bridge Tigbao in the Philippines. The bridge looks as if it is about to fall apart, however, this is only an appearance. Hanging 25 meters above the Loboc River, the bridge is made of metal. The bamboo finish is just the outer layer of the structure. (Photo: OTHK / Getty Images). 
21. Rialto Bridge in Venice. It is one of the most famous bridges in the world and a very popular attraction. The Rialto Bridge, which sits directly above the Grand Canal, was originally made of wood. The current stone structure was built between 1588 and 1591 under the direction of the architect Antonio da Ponte. (Photo: Manuel Silvestri / Reuters). 
22. Chengyang Bridge in China, also known as Yongji Bridge or Rainy Bridge, was built in 1916 over the Linxi River in the Sanjiang region. It is made of wood and stone and is 65 meters high. (Photo: REX Features). 
23. Old bridge in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Built in 1566, the arched bridge is an example of classical Ottoman architecture. During the war between Croatia and Bosnia in 1993, the bridge was destroyed. The old bridge was restored only in 2004. (Photo: Kelly Chang Travel Photography / Getty Images). 
24. Pont du Gard in France. This Roman bridge that has stood the test of time is inscribed on the List world heritage UNESCO. Built in ancient times, on the banks of the Gard River, the three-level bridge is one of the most famous tourist attractions in France. (Photo: REX Features).
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We have all heard of various ancient buildings, but most of them are now just tourist attractions and not used for their intended purpose. However, there are several bridges, built hundreds and even thousands of years ago, along which people and vehicles actively move. Often bridges are destroyed in disasters, in wars, burn down and explode, but the structures from this list have survived for centuries.
The ancient Romans created many things that have stood the test of time. Thanks to their amazing technology, structures built during the Roman era stand to this day. One of them is the Fabritius Bridge in Rome.
The bridge was created by Lucius Fabricius in 62 BC to replace a burnt wooden bridge. It is curious that for more than 2000 years of its existence, the bridge was practically not repaired.
The Ponte Vecchio Bridge is located in the Italian city of Florence. It was built in 1345 to replace the wooden bridge at the narrowest point of the Arno River. It is still as gorgeous as it was centuries ago.
Ponte Vecchio was originally used as a place for shopping malls - butchers and fish shops were located on it, so that the smell of slaughter would not disturb the townspeople.
There is a version that it was on him that the concept of "bankruptcy" was born. When the merchant had nothing to repay his debts, the counter where he placed his goods (“banco”) was broken (“rotto”) by the guards. This practice became known as "bancorotto", because without the counter, the merchant was no longer able to sell anything.
In the 18th century, King Ferdinand I banned the fish and meat trade on the bridge, and since then jewelry and later souvenir shops have been placed on it.
It is curious that during World War II, Ponte Vecchio was the only bridge not blown up by the Nazis in Florence.
The Rialto Bridge is located in Venice and serves as a crossing over the famous Grand Canal. In its place there were many other bridges, wooden, which were destroyed by fires, and in the 16th century it was decided to build a stone bridge.
It was created by a little-known architect Antonio de Ponte. Even before construction began, the project was criticized, and after the construction of the bridge, many predicted that it would soon collapse. However, centuries have passed, and the post still stands in its place.
The Russian traveler P.A.Tolstoy wrote about him at the end of the 17th century:
“There are many bridges in Venice, stone and village, between which there is one stone bridge, very large and wide, which the Italians call Arialt. On that bridge, there are shops on both sides where they sell all sorts of small goods. Beyond that bridge, there are great rows in which silver courts and cloth are sold. Great courts with goldfinches can come under that bridge, so that that bridge is extremely high, made on one vault and a fair amount of work. The Viennese people are divided in two: those who live on the other side of this Arialtu bridge, where the church of the team of St. Mark is, they are called kostelians; and those who live from those behind that great bridge mentioned, those are called Nicoliots, and they have a secret enmity with each other. And there are great fist fights between the vile people between the Nicoliots and the Kastelians. On that great bridge remembered in those kulash battles, there is a lot of murder and death. "
This arched stone footbridge over the Zayande River is located in the Iranian city of Isfahan. The Haju Bridge consists of 24 arches and is 133 meters long and 12 meters wide. The bridge has two tiers decorated with tiles. It was built in 1650 - on the foundations of an old bridge. This structure performs three functions at once - at the same time it is a dam, a resting place and serves to cross the river. In the middle of the bridge there is a pavilion for the ruler, Shah Abbas II, in which he rested, admiring the river.
This bridge, also known as the "Bridge of Sighs", is located in Yemen. Built in the 17th century, the Shahara Bridge connects two mountains over a deep gorge. There are villages on each mountain, and before the bridge was built, it was very difficult for their inhabitants to communicate with each other.
This bridge is one of the main tourist attractions in Yemen and is featured on the 10 riyals coin.
The Jendere Bridge is located in Turkey. It was built in the 2nd century AD by the Romans. It is one of the longest arched bridges of the era ancient rome - its length is about 120 meters. It rests on two rocks and consists of 92 stones. The bridge was created in honor of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus, his wife Julia Domna and their sons Caracalla and Geta. On each side of the bridge, there are columns erected in honor of the emperor and his wife (on one side) and their children (on the other). There is currently no column in honor of Geth. When Caracalla came to power, he killed Geth and tried to erase any mention of him - and Geta's column was destroyed.
Anji Bridge is the oldest surviving bridge in China, built in 605 AD. Its name can be translated as "safe passage". At the time, it was the most technically advanced bridge in the country, with the largest arch. Interestingly, modern engineers have appreciated this bridge, it even received awards from the American Society of Engineering. The bridge has survived ten floods, eight wars and a large number of earthquakes, with only nine repairs.
The bridge over the Tiber River, built by Emperor Hadrian in 136 AD, is one of the most famous bridges in Rome and one of the most beautiful. It is faced with marble slabs. This bridge leads to the Castel Sant'Angelo, on top of which is the statue of the Archangel Michael. But this is not the only reason why the bridge is called Saint Angel's Bridge. In 1668, the sculptor Lorenzo Bernini decorated the bridge with ten angels. Even after many years, the angels and the bridge are perfectly preserved, making it a wonderful attraction.
This small bridge made of stone slabs is located in British Exmoor Park and connects the banks of the Barlo speech. It is difficult to say when it was built, some researchers believe that it could have been created in 3000 BC. There is a local legend that says that this bridge is the creation of the devil himself, who vowed to kill anyone who dares to cross it. They say that initially a cat was allowed to cross the bridge, and he immediately disappeared. Then the locals sent the vicar across the bridge, saying that the devil would not dare to touch the priest.
The devil and the vicar met halfway across the bridge and made an agreement. Anyone can walk on Tarr Steps, but only if the devil does not take sunbathing on the bridge at that moment. So the locals say, "Before you decide to walk the Tarr Steps, make sure that no demons are sunbathing at the moment."
Unfortunately, Tarr Steps has undergone some destruction over the centuries. Some of its stones were destroyed by floods, but the bridge is periodically restored, so that it can serve for many more years.
The Arcadiko pedestrian bridge in Greece is the oldest surviving arch bridge. It is assumed that it was built around 1300 BC, that is, it went through a lot before it survives to this day. This bridge is somewhat wider than ordinary pedestrian bridges - about 2.5 meters, perhaps in ancient times chariots drove along it. The bridge is made of huge boulders, without any cementing mortar, but remains unbreakable for thousands of years.
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The U Bein Bridge crosses Lake Tauntome and is considered a landmark in Myanmar. The longest and oldest bridge on the planet is completely assembled from local teak wood. At sunset, when its graceful structure is penetrated by the rays of the setting sun, the bridge looks incredibly beautiful. "Waterway" was built in 1850 and has a length of 1200 m. It connects the city of Mandalay, which is the second largest in Myanmar, and the capital - Amarapura.
During the construction of the bridge, wooden trunks were used, which remained from the former royal palace... In total, 1,086 logs were used to create the bridge, and each of them is numbered with a special plate. However, time did not spare some of the trunks, and they underwent decay. Concrete structures were put in their place.
The high flow of the lake is subject to significant fluctuations depending on the season. During the rainy period - from July to August, the Tauntome overflows heavily and then the bridge takes on the most important local residents... In the cold season, without feeding on rains, the lake acquires a very modest size.
The bridge against the backdrop of the setting sun is a spectacular sight, appreciated by tourists. Many people come to see him in Myanmar. The popularity of the bridge has become an additional source of income for the local population, who, in addition to selling souvenirs, earn money by taking tourists in boats to the middle of the lake, from where the structure looks most picturesque and makes an incredible impression.
The history of wooden bridge construction in our country has not yet been the subject of special study. Only the most brief mentions and simple lists of monuments in general works and popular essays devoted to the history of bridge building in general and Russian wooden architecture are devoted to this topic. In this article, an attempt is made to systematize Russian wooden bridges of historically formed and currently existing types.
Short story. The art of building bridges has been highly developed since ancient times. The main building material was pine due to the straightness and evenness of the trunk, good mechanical properties of wood and resistance to decay, as well as wide distribution. Ancient bridges, like other structures, were chopped and worked with an ax: grooves and nests were cut out when the beams were bundled; even the manufacture of the wood was done by splitting the logs lengthwise into several parts with wedges. Therefore, the chroniclers, speaking about the construction of wooden buildings or structures, used the word “cut down” instead of the word “build”: they chopped down huts, mansions, bridges, etc.
The first mentions of bridges in Russian chronicles date back to the end of the 10th century. The improvement of the art of building caused the emergence of a special kind of specialists - builders of bridges and crossings, called "bridges". The first bridges were trees thrown from shore to shore, and ferry rafts were set up on large rivers. Several interconnected rafts, on top of which a log deck was laid, formed a "living", floating bridge. They were common on large rivers.
In 1115, under Vladimir Monomakh, a floating bridge across the Dnieper was built in Kiev. Since the floating bridges were quickly built and easily disassembled, they played an important role in military operations. Two such bridges are known across the Volga, mentioned in reports about the siege of Tver under Dmitry Donskoy, another bridge for crossing the Don during the battle with the Tatars in 1380. The first bridges of Moscow were "alive": Moskvoretsky, Krymsky, etc. It should be noted that that floating bridges were widely used in Russia until the end of the 19th century. The main reason for this was the considerable width and depth of the rivers, as well as the strong ice drift; under such conditions, floating bridges without permanent supports seemed to be the most appropriate, simple and cheap structures.
1. Moskvoretsky "live" - \u200b\u200bfloating bridge. 17th century Picard engraving. (Photo library of the State Research Institute of the Academy named after Shchusev)
2. One-span bridge in the city of Yeniseisk at the end of the 19th century.
3. A cantilever-beam bridge with an arched span on the river. These things of the Arkhangelsk region. (photo from 1920, Photo library of the Shchusev State Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences)
Floating bridges could also be movable; for the passage of ships, one part of the bridge (raft) was taken to the side. An engraving by Picard of the 17th century gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe floating drawbridge Moskvoretsky bridge, which existed already in 1498. (Fig. 1) and a figurative description of Pavel Aleppsky: “There are several bridges on the Moscow River, most of which are approved on wooden piles. The bridge near the Kremlin, opposite the gates of the second city wall, excites great surprise: it is flat, made of large wooden beams, fitted one to the other and tied with thick ropes of lime bark, the ends of which are attached to the towers and to the opposite bank of the river. When the water arrives, the bridge rises, because it is not supported by pillars, but consists of planks lying on the water, and when the water recedes, the bridge descends. When a ship with supplies for the palace arrives from the Kazan and Astrakhan regions ... from Kolomna ... to the bridges approved (on piles), then its mast is lowered and the ship is led under one of the spans; when they approach the said bridge, one of the connected parts of it is freed from the ropes and taken out of the way of the ship, and when it passes to the side of the Kremlin, then that part (of the bridge) is brought back to its place. There are always a lot of ships that bring all kinds of supplies to Moscow ... On this bridge there are shops where brisk trade takes place; there is a lot of movement on it; we constantly go there for a walk ... troops are constantly moving back and forth along it. All city maids, servants and commoners come to this bridge to wash their clothes in the river, because the water is high here, on a level with the bridge. " The Moskvoretsky "living" bridge was located opposite the Water Gate of the Kitay-Gorod wall; in the second half of the 18th century. it was replaced by a wooden bridge on stilts.
Drawbridges were used in the fortifications. The first annalistic indications of their structure date back to 1229: "... both the construction bridge and the Zaravets vozhgosha ...", - the Ipatiev Chronicle reports. The span, adjacent to the city wall, was made a lifting bridge and was called an erection bridge. The mechanism that sets the bridge in motion consisted of a rocker arm rotating between pillars (zheravtsy) and chains. In the XVI century. the bridges of the Kremlin - Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky - were connected with a sluice system regulating the filling of the ditch with water from the Neglinnaya River, and had a wooden lifting structure adopted for fortresses. In the XVII century. Trinity Bridge had a lifting part.
Strengthening bridges. In the middle - additional abutments. At the bottom - with the appropriate direction of the load with the help of wheel deflectors (1 and 2) and reinforcement of the flooring (3 and 4).
The types of bridges described above, in their structure, belong to movable bridges. Permanent bridges were a fundamentally different type. Depending on the number of supports on which the spans rested, they differed into single-span or multi-span ones. The “rowing” bridges belong to the ancient type of single-span bridges, the first mention of them dates back to 977: in Vruchia “the bridge over the rowing”. Rowing took place in wide floodplains of rivers and was a kind of dirt road. In the middle part, a slot was left for the construction of a single-span bridge, the abutments of which were log supports filled with earth and stone. Probably, rowing could also consist of solid log cabins with a slot in the middle part. At the end of the XIX century. LF Nikolai, analyzing the drawings of wooden bridges, measured on the Arkhangelsk tract in 1795, came to the conclusion: "A similar method of crossing wide river floodplains is still used today ...". Bridges of the late 19th - early 20th centuries had a similar design. in the city of Yeniseisk (Fig. 2) and on the river. This is in the Arkhangelsk region (Fig. 3). Consistently protruding beams of the coastal abutments formed an almost arched structure. To prevent the bridge from floating up during floods, cobblestones were laid along the edges of the deck.
In the case when several holes were left in the frame for the entire height of the fence, a multi-span bridge with supports in the form of cages or gorodni was obtained (Subsequently, such supports were called ryazhs or bulls). To ensure the necessary degree of immobility and non-floatability, gorod-houses, as a rule, were heaped up with stones. On top of the gorodny in the longitudinal direction, girders of logs were laid, in turn, on them in the transverse direction, a continuous roll of logs was laid - the flooring of the roadway. The carpenters were required to create a solid support for the roadway, which at the same time could withstand the rapid flow of water during the spring flood. These tasks were complicated by the fact that the bridges reached significant sizes.
The Novgorodians were famous for the skill of the woodworkers. The famous Great Bridge over the river. The Volkhov had supports in the form of gorods and was built obliquely across the river (the width of the Volkhov near Novgorod is about 250 m). Under 1133 in the Novgorod First Chronicle it is reported: "In the same summer, I renovated the bridge of the Volkhovo River, and destroyed it." Since this date, the chronicles systematically report the damage to the city bridge by floods, storms, ice drifts. There is a miniature of Nikon's facial chronicle of the 16th century, which depicts the Great Bridge, where the execution of the strigolniks takes place in 1375.
Bridges, in addition to their main purpose - crossing over any obstacle, were used as street markets. On the Moskvoretsky bridge, which was mentioned above, there were shops. Resurrection bridge on the river. Neglinke was a brick multi-span structure covered with a wooden pavement, and was built up on both sides with two rows of chopped wooden trade shops. It was located at the Resurrection Gate of Kitay-Gorod and gave an exit from the city to Red Square near the present Historical Museum.
Stone and wooden bridges were logical in the system of the Kremlin's defensive structures. To prevent enemies from crossing the bridge, it was enough to dismantle or even burn the wooden deck of the bridge. Then he easily recovered.
Changes in the country's economy caused by the reforms of Peter I had a positive impact on the development of bridge construction. The construction of the capital at the mouth of the Neva required the construction of a large number of crossings in a relatively short time. The first bridge of the new city, built in 1705, was floating. Instead of rafts, pontoons were used there. Such bridges were built in St. Petersburg throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the most notable of which was St. Isaac's. Simultaneously with floating bridges, permanent bridges were built on pile supports through the canals. It is interesting to note the fact that at this time wooden bridges were often built according to "samples", that is, typical standard drawings. By 1748 in St. Petersburg there were about 40 wooden bridges, about half of which had drawbridges. On the river Fontanka, according to the project of V.V. Rastrelli, an aqueduct was built, which, with the help of a special machine, supplied water to the fountains of the Summer Garden.
An outstanding achievement of Russian technical thought in the 18th century. was the project of I.P. Kulibin. It was proposed to block the Neva with a huge wooden arch with a span of 294 m.
The most important and complex engineering and technical structure among bridges are dam bridges, which are functionally connected with the whole system of hydraulic structures. Since the end of the 17th century. the construction of waterways of national importance began, such as the Vyshne-Volotskaya, Tikhvin, Mariinsky systems. All hydraulic structures of these systems were wooden. In Vytegorsky local history museum the types of dams and bridges of the Mariinsky system have been preserved. The dam of St. Paul (at the same time it served as a bridge), located on the river. Vytegra near the village. Nine, had a ridge stepped discharge, the difference in heights of the heights of the pool (Bief is a section of the river between two neighboring dams on the river) was 8.5 m. The Anninsky swing bridge on the river was of considerable interest. Kovzha, it existed from 1810 to 1896. The middle pillar of the bridge had a swivel mechanism that could rotate along with the bridge spans at 90 °, allowing oncoming ships to freely pass from both sides. Until 1961 in the town of Vytegra there was a drawbridge on the connecting canal. It was built on pile supports. The middle part of the bridge had two lifting parts of the span of different sizes. With the introduction of the Volga-Baltic waterway the reconstruction of the Mariinsky system was carried out with the replacement of wooden hydraulic structures with concrete ones.
Extensive construction of highways and then railways in the 19th century. led to the rise of bridge construction. A wide variety of structural systems of spans has appeared: braced, arched, trusses, etc. The issues of engineering construction in Russia of this period are beyond the scope of this article and deserve special consideration. With the introduction of new building materials (cast iron, concrete, steel, etc.), wooden bridges are gradually being replaced, and then in the central part of the USSR, their almost complete disappearance.
Modern wooden bridge construction... In the North of the USSR, wooden bridge building has received the most striking and multifaceted development. The stability of northern life contributed to the transmission from generation to generation of the building skills of folk architects, therefore, samples of various types of wooden bridges have been preserved here to this day. What are the varieties of bridges that have survived and are currently under construction, what are their technical and design features?
Wooden bridges experience great physical and atmospheric influences, therefore, more often than other structures, they undergo bulkheads or replacement of individual parts, but at the same time the original forms and structural basis remain the same, formed from the river regime and operating conditions. Thanks to these features, bridges, unlike other structures, retain their original forms, which date back to distant times.
The easiest way of communication between the shores is ferry crossings. They are used for low traffic volumes. The raft, or pontoon, ferry moves manually along a rope, slung from shore to shore along the bottom of the river or over water. For example, in the Arkhangelsk region on the rivers Onega and Moshe, ancient ferry crossings have been preserved, which are used today. In cases where the device of a bridge on permanent supports is expensive and cannot be justified by the cargo turnover, floating bridges are used. With a high water horizon, all the rafts of such a bridge are afloat, with a low horizon, some of the rafts near the coast rest on the bottom of the river. With the onset of winter, these raft bridges have to be disassembled and removed to backwaters, protected from floods and ice drifts. In this case, the communication between the banks for the winter period occurs on ice. In Kargopol across the river. A pontoon bridge was thrown to Onegu. In more remote areas, raft floating bridges have been preserved - in the village. Korovino on the r. Kene and pos. Ust-Pocha in the Plesetsk district of the Arkhangelsk region.
4. Bridges in the village. Purnema, Arkhangelsk region a - a new bridge (1969), the solid structure of the bridge was not brought to the slope of the ravine; b - the old bridge (1927) has a solid log structure with the laying of logs "in dir"
5. Cantilever-girder single-span bridge from a bar in the village. Gridino, Karelia
6. An ancient bridge with supports from rectangular log cabins in the village of Verkhovskaya, the Komi Republic (Photo by Shurgin I. N.)
7. Bridge with two triangular log cabins in the village. Stupino Arch. region
Narrow obstacles such as ravines and rivers are blocked by solid bridges. They consist of end-to-end rows of log cabins (ryazh frame), connected in the transverse direction by the same rows of logs, forming a monolithic structure. Such a construction, for example, has been preserved in the Arkhangelsk region on Kenozero in the village of Tarasovo. Ancient bridge in the village. Purnema in the Arkhangelsk region (Fig. 4, b) is built through a deep ravine (8 m); its flooring lies on a solid ryazh frame that fills the ditch to the very bottom. This method of felling "in dir" (It is necessary to distinguish the concept of a cricket or cage support from cutting "in dir". Ryazh is the accepted name for the construction of a bridge support. "Rezh" is a method of laying logs with passes) protects the bridge from decay and allows skip spring waters. A hole is left in the middle part for free passage of water. The bridge has already fallen into disrepair, its edges have subsided, as the coast of the slope is sandy. In 1969, next to the old bridge, a new one, similar in design, was built, but the ryazh frame was not brought to the end of the ditch (Fig. 4, a). The new wooden bridge is also of considerable interest.
The most common type of bridge for small rivers are single-span beam bridges, such as those in Ust-Tsilma of the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. To increase the span between the supports, a cantilever-beam structure is used - sequentially protruding logs of coastal abutments. Such a bridge in the village. Gridino of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Fig. 5) was built across a stormy, rocky river, its foundations are littered with boulders.
On wider rivers, multi-span bridges are arranged, this is achieved by the introduction of intermediate supports: pile, ridge. With rocky or muddy soil, ryazh supports are arranged, having different shapes of log cabins: three-, four-, pentahedral and more complex.
Rectangular log cabins are simpler and more ancient supports. In the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in the village of Verkhovskaya (Ust-Tsilmsky District), a bridge is built across the Domashny stream (Fig. 6), the deck of which, without a fence, lies on four rectangular bull cages. Logs of log cabins are processed with an ax, laid “in the cut” and have large outlets.
In the Arkhangelsk region, in the village of Stupino (Nyandomsky district), in 1967 a bridge was measured, the intermediate abutments of which have a triangular shape (Fig. 7), and the frame of the bulls is set at an angle towards the river flow.
On rivers with ice drift, ryazhs of a pentahedral shape are arranged. A triangular appendage is cut to the rectangular frame of the bull, which acts as an ice cutter. Wooden bridges with this form of log cabins are the most widespread and can reach significant sizes. In with. Shueretskoe of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Fig. 8) the bridge has eleven bulls, and its length is 150 m. Ryagovo (Kargopolye) with a bridge length of more than 100 m, the ryazh height reaches 8 m (Fig. 9). (A new concrete bridge has been built nearby today.)
As a rule, ryazh bridges have the original foundation of log cabins, since the tree remains in the water for centuries. When replacing or rebuilding the top of the supports, their shapes are repeated. There are many similar bridges in the Arkhangelsk region in the direction of Krechetovo-Kargopol-Oshevensk on the rivers Ukhta, Tikhmanga, Lekshma, Churyega. With the same design solutions, each of them has its own unique architectural and artistic image (Fig. 10).
8. The longest of the preserved wooden bridges (150 m) in the village. Shueretskoe, Karelia
9. Razhevoy bull of the bridge in the village. Ryagovo reaches a height of 8 m. (Arch. Region)
North of Oshevensk, in the place where the river. Churyega flows into the river. Kenu, in the XV century. The Kenoretsky Monastery was founded, which reached its heyday in the late 17th - early 18th centuries. By this time there are large land acquisitions on both sides of the river. Kenes. In 1764 the monastery was abolished, in 1800 a fire destroyed its buildings. The only witnesses of that time are two ryazh bridges: in the village of Leshino (now the village of Kenoretskaya) (Fig. 11) and three kilometers downstream of the river, in the village of Pelugino.
According to the old Russian tradition, at the entrance to the Peluginsky bridge, on the lofty-minded bank, there was a chapel on the basement, with a hipped belfry above the entrance, surrounded by a gallery (now it has been transported to the Arkhangelsk Museum of Wooden Architecture "Malye Karely").
Back in 1946, an expedition of the Institute of History and Theory of Architecture of the Academy of Architecture of the USSR surveyed Kargopolye. One of the most important results of her work was the measurements of the Kensky bridges carried out by A.V. Opolovnikov. In 1982, the author of the article carried out a second survey and measurements, which showed that, despite the almost complete replacement of building material, the shape and design of the bridges did not change. Perfected over the centuries, these shapes have proven to be very stable.
The constructive basis of the Ken bridges is the same. The five-span bridge near the village of Leshino is 114 m long, the four-span bridge near the village of Pelugino is 84 m long. Their design is unique, each middle ryazh consists of a rectangular log house with a triangular and trapezoidal cut protruding in its lower part; so that all the outlines of the plan resemble the shape of a boat. The bottom here is rocky, the flow of the river is very fast, so the ryazha frame is littered with boulders. To eliminate the resulting tension and to evenly fill the bull with boulders in the transverse and longitudinal directions at different levels, the log cabins have a bandage of crowns, forming a system of internal triangular "pockets". The upper four-sided base of the bull forms fellings on the logs, which makes it possible to increase the spans up to 15 m.
12. Ryazhevoy bridge with a triangular shape on the river. Keme (Vologda region) Combination of folk traditions and engineering techniques (Photo by O. Sevan)
Unlike civil structures, bridges do not have a shell - walls, ceilings that hide the supporting structure. Therefore, the structural system of bridges remains open and forms the basis of the architectural composition. Bridges are rarely subjected to artistic treatment, their architectural expressiveness is achieved by the boldness of design solutions, the originality of the spatial composition and various methods of wood processing. The most interesting engineering and architectural structure is the bridge across the river. Kema in the Vytegorsky district of the Vologda region. Him distinctive feature - a triangular log truss - significantly enriches the volumetric composition: it is arranged “in a spacer” in the deeper part of the river, which allows to increase the span length (Fig. 12). Another example is the bridge in the village. Umba of the Murmansk region. Its vivid artistic expressiveness is achieved by the log struts of the spans and the X-shaped framing of the bridge handrails (Fig. 13).
Any wooden bridge, having its own special artistic image, is also part of environment: landscape or residential development. In the Osheven complex of villages located along the Churyega and Halui rivers, wooden bridges are an important element of the planning structure and, together with unique religious, residential and farm buildings, form a harmonious whole.
The town of Belomorsk (formerly the village of Soroka) can be considered a kind of "reserve" of wooden bridges. The old part of the city is built of wood and has no unique architectural monuments, but nature itself has made it unusually picturesque. When it flows into the White Sea, the Vyg River overcomes many rapids and, overflowing for several kilometers, forms about forty islands, on which the village of Soroka was once located. In these natural conditions, bridges have become a necessary element of intracity communication. On a relatively small old territory of the city, there are about twenty of them (Fig. 14). Unfortunately, several bridges were lost, the longest among them (over 300 m) was replaced by a concrete one. But all the existing bridges, merging with the space of the river, and buildings, together with the rapids, have created a unique image of this city.
The idea of \u200b\u200bwooden bridge building at the present time would be incomplete, if we do not note some surviving types of purely "engineering" bridges, among which the most widely used are beam bridges with pile supports of various combinations with frame and brace systems. Multi-span beam bridge on the river. Tartas in the Novosibirsk region (50s of the XX century) has a two- and four-row system of pile supports (Fig. 15). In the transverse direction, the legs of the support frame have diagonal fights, and the entire structure of the supports is fastened with steel bolts and pins. The girders are laid on the supports, in turn on them - the flooring of the roadway. The length of the bridge is 66 m. Ice cutters 11 m long are arranged in front of the middle supports.
An important component of a pile and frame bridge is wooden ice cutters. To protect the supports and superstructures from the shock of ice floes, ice cutters are not tied to the bridge supports. Narrow supports are protected by flat ice cutters with one or two rows of piles. With wide supports, tent ice cutters are used, consisting of several rows of piles. Ice floes approaching the ice cutter, under the influence of inertia forces and water pressure, rise along it and break under their own weight.
Until now, there are still wooden bridges with trusses, which have been widely used since the middle of the 19th century. Spans with trusses of Gau-Zhuravsky are the most common construction of wooden bridges. Such a bridge was built in 1967 on the river. Moshe in the Arkhangelsk region (Fig. 16). Spans with trusses with a ride on the bottom blocked the channel spans of the bridge (design span 31.5 m). The outermost spans are covered with spans of a simple beam system with two-tiered purlins. The length of the bridge is 146 m. \u200b\u200bThe channel pile supports are protected by freestanding hipped-roof ice cutters.
Another type is bridges with a brace system. In the Plesetsk district of the Arkhangelsk region there is a wooden overpass (a bridge designed to pass one road over another), built in 1939 on the Plesetsk-Kargopol highway, which passes over the local railway, forming an oblique intersection of 42 °. The three-span bridge has frame supports on a plank base (Fig. 17). The two middle supports are completed with a combined brace system, which made it possible to make a middle span. The design of the overpass is typical for bridge structures of the 19th - early 20th centuries. and now almost never occurs. Despite the fact that the bridge is in good condition, it is threatened with destruction.
Currently, there is one more type of single-span bridges - suspension bridges found in the Arkhangelsk region. The bridge in the village of Papinskaya, Konosha region (Fig. 18) has the following structure: on both banks of the river there are two log cabins with passage gates in the upper level, metal cables are stretched along the top and bottom of the openings, fixed in the ground with metal crutches. Along the entire length of the bridge, the upper and lower cables are interconnected by wooden bars (acting as suspensions), and a wooden deck is laid on the lower cables. On both sides of the log cabins, boardwalks are laid. On the river Emtse in the village. Yemets, Arkhangelsk Region, the suspension bridge of the hydrometeorological service was built in 1928 (see the 4th side of the cover). The uncomplicated structure creates a beautiful silhouette against the background of the river, giving lightness to the entire structure. Suspension bridges, widely used since the middle of the 19th century, are now rare.
Wooden engineering bridges were the forerunners of steel and concrete structures and played a certain historical role in their time. It seemed that with the development of professional engineering bridge construction, with the introduction of various new structural systems - strut, arched, hanging, etc. - they had to finally replace ryazhevy, people's bridges, and oust them. However, this did not happen.
People's wooden bridges, having a long history, are examples of the sustainability of the architectural form, which have been precisely worked out by many generations of builders, carpenters, and folk architects.
In our age of technological progress, the widespread replacement of wooden bridges with modern steel and concrete ones leads to the disappearance of this type of structures in some places. At the same time, in the North of the USSR and in Siberia, where timber is the main building material, they continue to build wooden bridges, especially since wood is a cheap building material that allows quick procurement and processing, allows construction to be carried out in the shortest possible time. Wooden bridge structures, reflecting the ancient culture of the Russian people, provide a link between times and generations; they are still of practical importance today and are a valuable contribution to cultural heritage our homeland.
8. Laskovsky FF Materials for the history of engineering art in Russia. SPb., 1858. Part 1.
9. Novgorod's first chronicle of the elder and younger versions of M .; L., 1950.
10. Punin AL The Story of the Leningrad Bridges. L., 1971.
11. Zabella S. Kargopol expedition. - In the book: Architectural heritage. M., 1955, No. 5.
