Mountains in the names of the name. Map of Himalayas with cities. Famous natural objects

The globe, in Asia, in China, Pakistan, India, Bhutan and Nepal. It is stretched by an arc of about 2500 km long, 200-350 km width. The area is about 650 thousand km 2. The height is up to 8848 m (Jomolungma Mountain is the highest peak of the globe). 10 vertices exceed 8000 m, more than 100 - 7000 m.

In the north are limited by the tectonic valleys of the upper currents of the Rivers Ind and Brahmaputra (Matsang, Tsangpo), in the West - Range Hinduraj, in the East - Dichang Gorge of the Brahmaputra River, in the south - Indo-Ganga Plain. Himalayas are an important orographic, climatic and biotic barrier between the deserts of Central Asia and landscapes of monsoon tropics of South Asia.

Relief. For the Himalayans, a clear stretch of the orographic elements from the North-West to the southeast is characteristic. They include several parallel mountain chains rising from the south to the north with three giant steps, dissected gorges of rivers on individual arrays and blocks. The first step (above the Indo-Ganga Plain) is formed by the Range of the Sillar (Pregimalaya) Height up to 3647 m (Mount Chaur). The greatest width (up to 120 km) it reaches in Western and central partsEast of 88 ° Eastern longitude is narrowed to 5-10 km. Strongly dissected by deep-car river valleys. The second stage is small (low) Himalayas - separated from the milder of tectonic fault, along which a number of interguric catlovin (Dunov) is located, in the past lakes busy. It consists of a system of arrays and ridges. The ridges are strongly dismembered, the southern slopes are fringe, northern - more gentle. In the West, the Ridge-Pardagz Ridge rises (up to 6632 m), in the central part - the Ridge DhayaDhar (up to 5067 m) and Mahabharat (up to 2891 m) with sharp ridges and deep valleys. The chain of intermountain depression and the Old Lental Kotlovin (Kashmir, Kathmandu, etc.) Small Himalayas are separated from the highest level - large (high) Himalayas with the highest arrays and peaks covered with glaciers. This part of the Himalayas forms a powerful alpine crest with a width of 50-90 km, with passes lying above 4500 m. The northern slopes have soft outlines, the southern - cool, dissected by deep gorges. Typical Ice Forms of Relief (Caras, Trogs, Exed Forms, Finite Moraine). Large Himalayas begin in the north-west of the Array of Nanga Parbat, where the widest (over 300 km). High highlands are located here (over 5000 m) and the Zascar mountain range (up to 7756 m). East of the Valley of the Tista River Big Himalayas are significantly reduced. For this part, deep-covered valleys of rivers are characterized, relatively little dismembered arrays with dome-shaped vertices. In the Himalayas, the intensity of erosion processes, frequent landslides, sat down, in the middle and high mountains are avalanche. From the west to the east of Himalayas, it is customary to divide on Punjab (from the indian river gorge in the north-west to the Valley of the Sutling River), Quman (between the valleys of Sutling and Kali rivers), Nepalese (on the territory of Nepal), Sikkim (within the Indian state of Sikkim) and Assam (west of Bhutan).

Range Silovik.

Geological structure and minerals. In the tectonic attitude of Himalayas are the eponymous folding and coating mining system, which is the link of the Cenozoic Alpine-Himalayan rolling belt. In their structure, three zones are isolated corresponding to the stages of the relief; In addition, high Himalayas are divided into two zones. The northern zone of high Himalayas, called Tetic Himalayas, or Tetis-Himalayas, was composed of the thick seeding of the Middle Proterozoic - Eocenta of Huge Power (up to 17 km) accumulated on the canopy of the continental shelf of the Indian subcontinent (on the southern outskirts of Paleoocyana Tetis). In the north, the Tetic Himalayas are limited to the tectonic depression of Indy-Tsangpo, which marks the same tectonic seam (sutin), viewed as the relics of the surface of the subduction zone, along which the immersion of the cortex of the Tethis in the northern direction under the southern outskirts of Eurasia with the formation of the Transgimalaya Wolkanutonic belt (see the Gandysishan article ). In the suture zone on the surface, ophiolitis are published (their covers are installed in tenic hymals), metamorphic education, sedimentary and magmatic complexes. In the south, Tetic Himalayas are separated by a hollow-tested discharge from the central crystal zone of high Himalayas. This zone is folded repeatedly metamorphosed, in the main Precambrian complexes - mica shale, quartzits, gneis, migmatites, which are broken by the leukogrants of myocene age. The last metamorphic event in the zone meets the conditions of very high temperatures and relative to small pressures. The metamorphic formation of the central crystal zone is shrinkled (by the main central overall) and partially overlap complexes of low Himalayas, forming a variety of isolated tectonic remains. The zone of low Himalayas is formed by the sedimentary strata of the upper proteodes - the lower eocene (sandstones, clays, limestone, tillite), similar to the Case of the Industan Platform. The deposits have undergone a green-plane metamorphism, have a coupling structure. In the south, the zone of low Himalayas is highlighted (along the main border survey) on the prefimalaev zone (or external Himalayas), which in a tectonic attitude is an advanced deflection that emerged in the newest time before the edge of the growing Himalayan orogen and filled with myocene sandy-clay and pliocene threshold Power up to 7 km. Folded Molasses Pregimalaev complexes are separated by the system of gentle breaks of the frontal Himalayan Spring from the unread-deformed and not involved in the rise of MOLASS INDO-Ganga.

The formation of Himalayas as a coating and folded mining facility is associated with a collision (collision) of the Industan bloc with Eurasia, which began about 55 million years ago (at the end of Paleocene). Maximum deformations occurred: at the beginning of Miocene (20-25 million years ago), when the chief central sense was formed; In Late Miocene (15-10 million years ago) - the main border guard; At the end of Pliocene - the main frontal oven. The modern lift of the Himalayas is accompanied by intense seismicity, concentrated mainly along the overall zones.

Unnamed fields of copper and gold ore deposits are known; Chromites, precious stones (sapphire, etc.), associated with metamorphic and magmatic rocks of low and high Himalayas. In prefimals, deposits of oil and natural fuel gas were revealed.

Climate. The southern slopes of the Himalayas are under the strong impact of the summer Indian monsoon. The amount of precipitation decreases from the east (4000-5500 mm per year) to west (1000-2000 mm). Internal areas receive about 400-750 mm precipitation per year. Everywhere on the southern slope to a height of 3000 M, average annual temperatures are positive, above 4500 m - the region of negative summer temperatures. The climate of the western part of the Himalayas is characterized by sharp fluctuations in temperature, strong winds. The average temperatures of July about 18 ° C, January from -10 to -18 ° C. The influence of the monsoon is manifested in July - August to the south of the Pip Piepal Ridge. Winter sediments are associated with cyclones that bring rain and snowfall. The main passes are exempt from snow at the end of May. The climate of the eastern part is more hot, with a clearly pronounced monsoon moisture regime. Summer temperatures at an altitude of 1500 m reaches 35 ° C, in valleys rise to 45 ° C. In winter at an altitude of 1800 m, the average temperature of January 4 ° C. Snowfalls occur annually above 2200-2500 m, in valleys - thick fogs. Above 5000 M of precipitation all year round falls in the form of snow. The climate of the northern slopes of Himalayas is a cold alpine-deserted. Daily temperature amplitudes reach 45 ° C, precipitation is about 100 mm per year. In the summer, at an altitude of 5000-6000 m, only the day there are positive temperatures. In winter, the snow often evaporates without becoming.

Glaciation. On the southern slopes of the Pendjab Himalayas, the snow line takes place at an altitude of 4400-4600 m, in Nepalese Himalayas (on the slopes of Jomolungma) - 4700-4800 m, in Assamian Himalayas - 4,600 m. On northern, more dry, himalayan slopes it rises to 5800-6100 m. The high position of the snow line and the significant steepness of the slopes do not contribute to the formation of large glaciers. The area of \u200b\u200bmodern glaciation of Himalayas is small - about 33 thousand km 2. Most glaciers are grouped around the highest arrays. The largest glaciers in Punjab Himalayas - Gangri (length 21 km), Shaffat (16 km), Milang (16 km), in the Kuman Himalayas - Milam (20 km) and Gangotri (32 km, the largest in the Himalayas). In Nepalese Himalayas, in the Jomolungma area, there are about 600 glaciers, including the Western Rongbuck and Khumba 22 km long, in the Sikkim Himalayas, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kanchengjang Massif, - Zem's glaciers (31 km) and Kanchenjanga (24 km). Most of the glaciers retreats at an average rate of 10-15 m per year. Glaciers of the valleys are predominantly dendritic, Himalayan type, descend at 1300-1600 m below the snow border. In the western part of Himalayads, the Valley Glaciers of Turkestan Type, eating mainly due to avalanche and collaps of hanging glaciers. On steep slopes - hanging and rigorous glaciers. For the northern slopes, the giant curtains from corrugated ice, covering many peaks to their vertices. Languages \u200b\u200bof some glaciers at a considerable distance are covered with Moraine Case.

Rivers and lakes. Despite the greatest height, Himalayas are not a watershed of the River River of the Indian Ocean Pools and the Captive Area of \u200b\u200bCentral Asia. Due to the presence of through antecedent gorges, the origins of the Rivers of the ind, Sutland, Carnali, Arun are in Karakorum and Tibetan Highlands. The largest rivers of South Asia - Gang and Brahmaputra take on the slopes of the Himalayev. The river network is more developed on the southern slope. In the upper course of the river have snow and glacial nutrition; On average and lower - rain, with maximum water consumption in summer. Valleys are narrow, deep. Rivers have huge hydropower resources that are practically not used. Large hydropower plants and reservoirs are created on the Sutling and Bias rivers. Lakes (tectonic origin and glacier) are located mainly in the western part of the Himalayas below 5000 m (Vural, Tso Morari, etc.); Large alpine lakes - Bandong, Mapham-Yumzo. In the breakthroughs of glacial lakes, glacial villages may occur.

Soil, vegetable and animal world. The landscapes of the Himalayas are very diverse, especially on the southern slopes. The maximum number of high-rise belts is characteristic of the most moistened slopes of the eastern part of the Himalayas. The foot of the mountains focuses the strip of the terrays - wetlands of wood-shrub thickets (jungle) on meadow-marsh tropical soils. Above the slope of wet evergreen rainforests on mountain redstores. Dipterokarpovy, palm, pandanus, tree ferns, pounded by liana (up to 400 species) prevail. At an altitude of 1200-1500 m dominated mountain evergenous subtropical forests from oaks, laurels, magnoliyev, tea (Kastanopsis, FEBE). Above 2000-2200 meters, they are replaced by mixed leaf falling forests on brown forest soils, in the treasured species of moderate latitudes - cock, alder, hazel, birch and coniferous (Pine Himalayan, Himalayan spruce, fir). From the height of 3000 m begins the belt of mountain coniferous forests from pine, fir, tsi, tees, juniper. At an altitude of 3700-3900 m, it is replaced by a subalpine belt - cried from huge rhododendrons and juniper with the participation of ferns, above 4000 m - the belt of alpine meadows, the upper boundary of which takes place at an altitude of about 5000 m, individual plants (arenaria, edelweiss) rise to height 6100 m. In the central part of the Himalayas in the spectrum of high-rise belts, there is no wet evergreen rainforest belts and leaf falling forests from Sala with Terminal, Albia, etc. are dominated to the height of 600-1000 m.

In a more arid western part of the Himalayas, the lower parts of the slopes (up to 600 m) are occupied by rare-resistant xerophyte forests and shrubs with wild olive, an admixture of acacias, a pomegranate, oleander on mountain brown soils. Above (up to 1200-1500 m), monsoon leaf falling forests are growing with the domination of a sala on Mountain Redorn, which are replaced by mountain subtropical mixed forests from the oak stone and mountain pines with an evergreen undergrowth. From a height of 2000-2500 m dominated Mountain mixed subtlest forests from a pine forest (Chir), fir, cedar of the Himalayan (deodar) with the participation of oaks, cock on low-hummous brown forest soils. In the belt 3000-3500 m dominated mountain coniferous forests from fir with admixtures of birch on the burzos of the apodoline. Above 3500 m - subalpine birch crime, overgrown juniper and rhododendrons, replacing the alpine meadow belt and shrubs on mountain meadow soils. The upper line of the propagation of vascular plants is 6300 m. For the northern slope, desert-steppe landscapes are characterized with pillows and xerophytic herbs on low-power stony mining and desert soils. Wood vegetation (willow, poplar) occurs through the valleys of rivers.

About 300 species of mammals live in Himalayas, more than 10 of them - endemics (Golden Langur, Himalayan Tar, Dwarf Pig, etc.), 175 species of reptiles (about 50 species - endemics), 105 species of amphibians. Ornithofauna has about 1000 species (15 species - endemics). Fauna Terrayev and Low-Low Himalayas refers to the Indo-Malay faunistic area. Large mammals are inhabited - elephants, rhinos, games, boars, several types of deer (Muzzhak, Zamble), from predators - Tigers and Leopards, Red Wolf; From birds - peacocks, pheasants, parrots. In the eastern part of Himalayas, Binturong is found (a family of willer). The fauna is medium and highlightened to the Chinese-Himalayan subdomains of the Hollarctic region. Wild Yak, Kabarga, Noble Deer (Hangul), Mountain Baran (Arhar, Banga Baran), Groa, Takin, Takin, Black Himalayan Bear, live in the forest and alpine belts. Under the threat of disappearance there are smoky leopard and snow leopard (IRBIS). From the birds are common to Himalayan Ular, the Himalayan Crested Pheasant, trague.

The most famous protected areas of Himalayas - Corbett National Parks, Big Himalayas, Namdapha, Kanchenjanga (India); in the list World Heritage The Manas Reserve includes, Nandadyevi's National Parks and Flower Valley (India), Valley Kathmandu, National Parks, Chitan and Sagarmatha (Nepal). In the Himalayas, mostly in Nepal, mountaineering is widely developed. Climatic resorts - Shimla, Macy, Darjeling, etc. (India).

The main occupation of the population is agriculture. On the northern slope of large Himalayas (the surroundings of Lake Tangra Yumzo) pass the upper borders of agriculture in the world. Excessive grazing of livestock in the Alpine meadows and in the forests led to the activation of erosion and sealer processes.

Lit.: Singh G. Geography of India. M., 1980; Senkovskaya N. F. Land resources of the Himalayas and the problems of their use // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Ser. 5. Geography. 1982. No. 6; She is. Features of the spread of selene phenomena in the Himalayas // ibid. 1984. No. 6; Kononov Yu. V. Country of subtropics and snow-covered mountains. M., 1985; Bed R. Animal World of India. M., 1987; Dolgushin L. D., Osinova G. B. Glackers. M., 1989; Glushchikov Yu. N. Geography of mountain and polar countries. M., 1996; State of Nepal's Environment. Kathmandu, 2000; KHAIN V. E. Tectonics of continents and oceans (year 2000). M., 2001; Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods Monitoring and Early Warning Systems in Hindu Kush - Himalayan Region. Kathmandu, 2002.

N. N. Alekseeva; Ark. V. Tevelev (geological structure and minerals).

The mountain structure of Himalayas is undoubtedly the highest in the world. It stretches at a distance of 2,400 meters from the north-west towards the south-east. Her western part in width reaches 400 kilometers, oriental - approximately 150 kilometers.

In the article, we will look at where the Himalayas are, in which states the mountain range is spread and who lives in this territory.

The kingdom of snow

The pictures of the Himalayan vertices fascinate. Many will easily answer the question of how these giants are located in which planet.

The map shows that they are located on the extensive territory: starting from the northern hemisphere and ending with the South Asia and Indo-Ganga Plain on the way. Next, they smoothly develop already in other mountain systems.

The unusual of the location of the mountains is that they are located in the territory of 5 countries. Indians and Nepalese, and the Chinese, and residents of Bhutan, and Pakistan, and the Northern side of Bangladesh boasts the Himalayas.

How did Himalayas appeared and developed

This system of mountains, from the point of view of geology, rather young. It was attributed to the coordinates of the Himalayas: 27 ° 59'17 "Northern latitude and 86 ° 55'31" Eastern longitude

Highlight two phenomena, which influenced the appearance of mountains:

1. The system was formed mainly from precipitation and breeds interacting in the earth's crust. At first they were in peculiar folds, and then raised to a certain height.
2. The formation of the Himalayas affected the fusion of two lithospheric plates, which began about 50 million years ago. Because of this, the ancient ocean Tetis was missing.

The dimensions of the Himalayan vertices

This mining system includes 10 of the 14 largest mountains on the ground, which exceeded 8 km. The highest of them is Mount Jomolungma (Everest) - 8,848 meters up. On average, all Himalayan mountains exceed 6 km.

The table can be seen which vertices include the mountain system, their height and location of the Himalayas by country.

Three main steps

Himalayas Mountains formed 3 main levels, each of which is higher than the previous one.

Description of the Himalayan steps, starting with the smallest height:

1. The Salystik ridge is the most southern, low and youth level. Its length is 1 km 700 meters between the Nizenas Indea and Brahmaputra, and in width - from 10 to 50 km. The height of the hill is not superior to 2 km. This mountain range is mainly on the land of Nepal, capturing Indian states Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
2. Small Himalayas are the second stage that goes in the same direction as the silence, only closer to the north. On average, their height is approximately about 2.5 km and only in the West they reach 4 km. These two Himalayan steps have many river valleys that share an array on insulated sections.
3. Large Himalayas are a third level, which is much norther and above the two previous ones. Some vertices are much more than 8 km in height. And lowering in mountain crests make up more than 4 km. Multiple glacier clusters are located on the square more than 33 thousand km 2. They have fresh water in the amount of about 12 thousand km 3. The largest and famous glacier - Gangotri - the beginning of the Indian River Gang.

Himalayan water system

The three are the largest South Asian Rivers - Ind, Brahmaputra and Gang - begin their way in the Himalayas Mountains. Western Himalayan Rivers enter the indices of the Indian River, and all others are adjacent to Brahmaputra-Ganga basin. The easternmost side of Himalayas belongs to the system also in this mountain structure there are many natural water bodies that have no messages with other rivers, seas and oceans. For example, Lake Bandong Tso and Yumjoyum-Tso (700 and 621 km 2, respectively). And there is still a lake Tilicho, which is very high in the mountains - at a mark of 1919 m, and is considered one of the most highly mountainous worldwide.

Extensive glaciers - another feature of the mining system. They cover the area of \u200b\u200b33 thousand km 2 and store about 7 km 3 snow. Glaciers, Gangotri and Rongbuck are considered the largest and longer.

Weather

Weather in the mountains changed, it affects it geographical position Himalayas, their extensive territory.

• On the south side under the monsoon influence in the summer there are a lot of precipitation - in the east to 4 meters, in the west to 1 meter per year, and in the winter there are almost no.
• In the north, on the contrary, there is almost no rain, the continental climate is dominated here, cold and dry. High in the mountains are strong frost and wind enhancement. Air temperature below -40 o C.

Temperature in the summer reaches the mark in -25 ° C, and in the winter - to -40 ° C. On the mountainous territory there are often winds at a speed of up to 150 km / h. In the Himalayas, the weather is quite often changing.

The Himalayan mountain structure affects the weather of the entire region. The mountains perform in the role of protection against chilling dry gusts of the wind, which blow from the north, so the climate in India is warmer than in Asian countries, which, by the way, are in the same latitudes.

In Tibet, the weather is very arid, since all monsoon winds, which are from the south side and bring many precipitation, cannot cross the high mountains. All moisture contents of air are settled in them.

There is an assumption that Himalayas took part in the formation of desert Asia, as they prevented the passage of rainfall.

Flora and fauna

Flora directly depends on the height of the Himalayas.

• The base of the Salystik ridge is covered with swampy forests and theractions (peculiar pores).
• Green dense forests with high tremors begin a little higher, deciduous and coniferous plants are found. Then there are mountain meadows covered with thick grass.
• Forests, which consist of deciduous trees and small shrubs, prevail at an altitude of more than 2 km. And coniferous forest arrays - more than 2 km of 600 meters.
• Above 3 km of 500 meters, the kingdom of shrubs begins.
• On the slopes from the north the weather is dry, so vegetation is much less. Mostly dominated mountainous deserts and steppes.

The fauna is very diverse and depends on where the Himalayas are located, and their positions above sea level.

• In the southern tropics dwell wild elephants, antelopes, tigers, rhinos and leopards, a very large number of monkeys.
• The famous Himalayan bears, mountain rams and goats, yaki live a little higher.
• And even above, sometimes snow leopards are found.

There are many reserves in the territory of Himalayas. For example, Sagarmatha National Park.

Population

A significant part of people lives in southern Himalayas, whose height does not reach 5 km. For example, in Katils Kashirskaya and Kathmandu. These areas are pretty densely populated, land plots are almost all cultivated

In the Himalayas, the population is divided into ethnic groups. It so happened that in these places it is difficult to get, people lived with separate tribes for a long time, little in contact with neighboring. Often in the winter period, the inhabitants of any basin turned out to be completely torn off from others, because it was impossible to get to the neighbors because of snowflows in the mountains.

It is known where the Himalayas are located on the territory of the five countries. Residents of the region communicate in two languages: Indoary and Tibeto-Burmese.

Religious views will also be different: some are superozing Buddha, and others adopt Hindu.

Residents of Himalayev - Sherpi - live high in the mountains of Eastern Nepal, including the region of Everest. We often work out assistants in expeditions: Show the road and wear things. They adapted perfectly to height, so even at the highest points of this mountain system, they do not suffer from lack of oxygen. Apparently, it indulges them at the genetic level.

The inhabitants of Himalayas are engaged in mainly agricultural work. If land plots are relatively smooth and in stock there is a sufficient amount of water, the peasants are successfully growing potatoes, rice, peas, oats and barley. Where the climate is warmer, for example, in basins, lemons, oranges, apricots, tea and grapes grow. High in the mountains, residents contain yaks, sheep and goats. Yaki transport cargo, but they are kept still to obtain meat, wool and milk.

Special values \u200b\u200bof Himalayev

Attractions in the Himalayas Mountains Many: This is Buddhist and Hindu monasteries, temples, relics. At the foot of the mountains is the city of Rishikesh - a sacred place for Hindus. It was in this city that Yoga originated, this city is considered the capital of body harmony and soul.

The city of Hardwar or "Gate to God" - another sacred place for local residents. It is located on the descent from the mountain of the Gang River, which follows the plain.

You can walk in national Park "The Valley of Flowers", which is located on the western side of the Himalayas. This beautiful area is covered with beautiful colors national Heritage UNESCO.

Travel travel

In the Himalaya mountain system, such sports as climbing on tops and pedestrian travels along the mountain paths are tremendous.

The most popular tracks include:

1. The famous path near Annapurna passes by the slopes of the same name mountain range in the north of Nepal. Travel length is about 211 km. In height, it changes from 800 m to 5 km 416 meters. On the way, tourists can admire the alpine lake Tilicho.
2. You can see the territory near Manaslu, which is around Mount Mansiri-Himal. It partly coincides with the first route.

At the time of these paths, the tourist preparation is influenced, season and weather. An unprepared person is dangerous immediately climbing height, as the "mountain disease" can begin. In addition, it is unsafe. You need to cook well, acquire special equipment for mountaineering.

Almost every person knows where the Himalayas are, and dreaming there to visit. Traveling to Mountains attracts tourists from different countries, including from Russia. Remember that climbing is better to perform in the warm season, it is best in autumn or spring. In the summer there are rains in the Himalayas, and in winter it is very cold and impassable.

Himalayas are the highest and powerful mountain system on the whole globe. It is assumed that tens of millions of years ago, the breeds from which the Himalayan mountains are established, formed the bottom of the ancient theth of the Pochyean. The vertices began to gradually rise above the water as a result of the collision of the Indian tectonic plate with the Asian mainland. The growth process of Himalayad took many millions of years, and no mining system of the world can be compared with them in the number of vertices - "seven thousandths" and "eight-thousandths".

History

The researchers who studied the history of origin in many respects of the unusual mining system, concluded that the formation of the Himalayas took place in several stages, in accordance with which the areas of the mountains of Slivik (Pregimalayev), small Himalayas and Large Himalayas allocate. The first water surface broke through large Himalayas whose hypothetical age is approximately 38 million years. After about 12 million years, the gradual formation of small Himalayas began. Finally, relatively recently, "only" seven million years ago, sow saw the "younger" mountains of Slivik.

Interestingly, people rose to Himalayas in ancient times. First of all, because these mountains have long been made by magical properties. According to the ancient Buddhist and Hindu legends, many mythological creatures lived here. In classic Hinduism it is believed that Shiva and his spouse once lived in the Himalayas. Shiva God of conventional destruction, one of the three most revered gods in Hinduism. If Shiva is a kind of reformer, speaking in modern language, the Buddha - reached enlightenment (Bodhi) - was born, according to legend, at the southern foothills of Himalayas.
Already in the 7th century, the first trading paths connecting China and India appeared in difficult Himalayas. Some of these paths still play an important role in the trade of these two countries (of course, in our days, we are not talking about multi-day hiking transitions, but about road transport). In the 30s of the XX century. There was a plan to make a transport connection more convenient for what you need to pave railway Through Himalayas, however, the project was never embodied.
Nevertheless, a serious study of the Himalayan Mountains began only in the period of the XVIII-XIX centuries. The work was extremely difficult, with the results left much to be better: for a long time, the topographs were not able to determine the height of the main vertices, nor make accurate topographic maps. But heavy tests only heated the interest and enthusiasm of European scientists and researchers.
In the mid-19th century, attempts began to conquer the highest peak of the world - (Jomolungma). But the Great Mountain, towering over the Earth at 8848 m, could only give victory to the strongest. After the countless number of unsuccessful expeditions on May 29, 1953, a man finally managed to reach the tops of Everest: the first to overcome the most difficult route was lucky to New Zealandc Edmund Hillary, accompanied by Sherpi Norgay Tolding.

Himalayas are one of the pilgrimage centers in the world, especially for adherents of Buddhism and Hinduism. In most cases, temples in the glory of the deities are located in the Holy Himalayan places, with whose acts a matter of one or another. So, God Shiwa is dedicated to the temple of Sri Kedarnath Mandir, and in the south of Himalayas, at the source of the Jamuna River, in the XIX century. A temple was built in honor of the goddess Yamuna (Jamuna).

Nature

Many attracts the manifold to the Himalayas and the uniqueness of their natural features. With the exception of sullen and cold northern slopes, the Himalayan mountains are covered with dense forests. Especially rich in the vegetation of the southern part of Himalayas, where the level of moisture is extremely high and the average precipitation can reach 5500 mm per year. Here, like the layers of the cake, the zones of wetlands are replaced by each other (the so-called teraev), tropical thickets, strip of evergreen and coniferous plants.
Many sites on the territory of the Himalayan Mountains are under state security. One of the most important and at the same time the most difficult - National Park Sagarmatha. Everest is located on its territory. In the western region of Himalayas, the possessions of Nanda-Devi reserve are extended, from 2005 including the valley of colors, which is a natural palette of paints and shades. It is stored by extensive meadows, full of delicate alpine colors. Among this magnificence, far from human eye, rare types of predators live, including snow leopards (in the wild there are no more than 7,500 individuals of these animals), Himalayan and brown bears.

Tourism

Western Himalayas are known for Indian Meloclimatic Resorts high-class (Shimla, Darjeeling, Shillong). Here in the atmosphere of full rest and abandonment from the fuss you can not only enjoy breathtaking mountain views and air, but also to play golf or ride on skiing (although most of the Himalayan routes refer to the category "for experts", there are tracks on Western slopes for Newbies).
In the Himalayas, not only lovers of relaxing in nature and exotic, but also seekers of real, non-prominent adventures are arrived. Since the world has become aware of the first in the history of successful climbing on the slopes of Everest, thousands of climbers of all ages and levels of preparation began to come annually in Himalayas to experience their strength and skill here. Of course, not everyone reaches a cherished goal, some travelers pay for their courage to life. Even with an experienced guide and good equipment, a journey to the top of Jomolungma may be a difficult test: in some areas the temperature drops to -60 ° C, and the ice wind speed can reach 200 m / s. Distributed on such a complex transition has to tolerate the whims of mountain weather and deprivation are far from one week: guests of Jomolungma have every chance to spend about two months in the mountains.

general information

The highest mountain system in the world. Located between Tibetan Highlands and Indo-Ganga Plain.

Countries: India, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bhutan.
Largest cities: , Patan (Nepal), (Tibet), Tchimphu, Punakha (Bhutan), Srinagar (India).
The largest rivers: Ind, Brahmaputra, Gang.

The largest airport: Kathmandu International Airport.

Numbers

Extension: more than 2400 km.
Width: 180-350 km.

Area: about 650,000 km 2.

Average height: 6000 m.

The highest point: Mount Everest (Jomolungma), 8848 m.

Economy

Agriculture: Tea and rice plantations, cultivation of corn, grain; Livestock.

Field of services: tourism (mountaineering, climatic resorts).
Minerals: Gold, copper, chrome, sapphires.

Climate and weather

Greatly varies.

Average summer temperature: In the East (in the valleys) + 35ºС, in the West + 18ºС.

The average temperature of winter: to -28 ºС (above 5000-6000 m temperatures negative round yearcan reach -60ºС).
Average precipitation:1000-5500 mm.

sights

Kathmandu

Temple complexes of Budanilkantha, Bodnath and Polyambunath

National Museum of Nepal

Lhasa

Potala Palace

Among the conquers of Everest there are "originals". On May 25, 2008, the path to the top overcame the most elderly climber in the history of climbing - the native of Nepal Min Bahadur Shirschan, who was 76 years old at that time. There were cases when completely young travelers took part in the expeditions. The last record broke Jordan Romero from California, which made the climbing in May 2010 at the age of thirteen (to him the most young guest Jomolungma was considered a fifteen-year-old Sherpace Tsery.

The development of tourism does not benefit the nature of the Himalayas: even there is no salvation from the garbage left by people. Moreover, in the future, severe pollution of rivers, originating here, is possible. The main trouble is that it is these rivers that provide millions of people with drinking water.

Shambala is a mythical country in Tibet, which is narrated by many ancient texts. In its existence, followers of Buddha believe unconditionally. She fascinates the minds of not only lovers of all kinds of secret knowledge, but also serious scientists and philosophers. In reality, Shambhala did not doubt, in particular, the most prominent Russian ethnologist L.N. Gumilev. However, there is still no irrefutable evidence of its existence. Or they are irretrievably lost. The sake of objectivity should be said: many believe that Shambala is not at all in Himalayas. But in the most interesting people to legends, proof was concluded about it that we all really need a faith in the fact that somewhere there is a key to the evolution of mankind who own the strength of light and wise. Even if this key is not a guide, how to become happy, but just an idea. Not open ...

Himalay in India and China are the highest mountains on Earth.

Where is and how to get there

Geographical coordinates: Latitude: 29 ° 14'11 "N (29.236449), longitude: 85 ° 14'59" E (85.249851)
Travel from Moscow- Do you try to China or india and there is hand to hand. Do not forget the mountain gear
Travel from St. Petersburg: You come to Moscow and then come to China or India and there is hand to hand. Do not forget the mountain gear
Distance from Moscow-7874 km., from St. Petersburg-8558 km.

Description in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron (published on the border of 19-20 centuries)

Himalayan Mountains
(Himalaja, Sanskrit - Winter or Snow Dwelling, Greeks and Romans IMANS and Hemodus) - the highest mountains on earth; Indoor and the Western part of Indochina from Tibetan Plateau and the Western part of Indochina from Tibetan Plateau and stretch the Indus (under 73 ° 23 'century. D. Greenwich) in the southeast direction to Brahmaputra (at 95 ° 23' century) throughout 2375 km with a width of 220-300 km. The western part of the Himalayas (hereinafter) at 36 ° C. sh. So closely connected to one mountain node (the greatest on earth) with almost parallel to him the beginning of the Karakorum Ridge (see), which stretches at a small distance from him, with the Kuen Ridge - Lun, limiting Tibet from the north, and with Gindux that all these Four mountain range are part of the same elevation. Mountains make up the most southern and highest of these ridges. The eastern tip of the mountains passes approximately 28 parallels in North. Parts of the British province of Assam and Burma to China owned by China Mountain Yong Ling. Both Mountain Masses are separated from each other Brahmaputra, which cuts the mountains here and makes the bend with from on the SMU. If you imagine a line going south from the Narzarovar Lake, lying between the sources of the Noteland and Brahmaputra, then it will divide the city of Mountains on Zap. and east. Half and at the same time will serve as the ethnographic boundary between the Aryan population of Indus's pool and the population of Tibet. The average height of G. G. equals 6941 m; Numerous vertices are significantly higher than this line. Some of them are above all the tops of the Andes and represent the highest points of the earth's surface. Up to 225 of these vertices are measured; Of these, 18 rise more than 7600 m, 40 more than 7000, 120 more than 6100. The highest of all Gaurizancar, or Mount Everest (Mount-everest), embroider in 8840 m, Kantschinjinga in 8581 m and Davalagiri (Dhawalagiri) in 8177 m. They are all lying in the eastern half of the city. The average height of the snow boundary in the mountains is approximately 4940 m per South. The slope and 5300 m on sowing. Of the huge glaciers, some descend to 3400 and even 3100 m. The average height of leading through the city of Mountains (GHâts), which are known 21, is 5500 m; The height of the highest of them, the passage of Ibi Gamin, between Tibet and Garval, is 6240 m; The height of the lowest, Bara-Lacha (Bara-Latscha) - 4900 m. Mountains do not constitute one completely solid and continuous chain, and consist of a system then more, then less long ridges; Part of parallel, part of intersecting between which are broad and narrow valleys. Present flatbed in The mountains are not found. In general, South. The side of the mountains is more fragmented than the northern; Here, more than the opposites and side ridges, between which there are more or less dependent on the Indo-British government of the state Kashmir, Gariva, Kaman, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan. On South. The side of the mountains take the beginning of the influx of Indus: Jelame, Shenab and Ravi, Gang with his left tributaries and Jamuni.
Mountains of more than all other mountains on the globe are rich in the majestic beauty of nature; Especially picturesque appearance of them from the south. As for the geological structure of G. G., then the soles are visible mainly sandstones and chip rocks. Above, approximately 3000-3500 m of height, gneis prevails, mica, chlorite and talcic slate, cutting often with thick granite veins. Above - vertices consist mainly of gneis and granite. Volcanic rocks in the mountains is not found and there are no signs of volcanic activities at all, although there are various hot keys (number up to 30) here, the most famous of which are in Badrinat (see). Vegetation is extremely diverse. The southes of the Sosta. Halves stretch unhealthy and unsuitable to settle the marsh terrain, called Taras, widths of 15-50 km, which crushed the impassable jungle and giant herb. Behind it, it should be up to a height of approximately 1000 m, extremely rich, tropical and specifically Indian vegetation, followed by the leaf of oaks, chestnuts, laurel trees, etc. to the height of 2500 m. Between 2500 and 3,500 m. Flora corresponds to ; Coniferous and precisely Pinus Deodora, P. EXCELSA, P. Longifolia, Aties Webbiana, Pichea Morinda, etc., are dominated by the border of woody vegetation. Side (the last tree of trees here is birch) than for South. (This type of oak - quercus semicarpifolia is tightly the above. The next then the area of \u200b\u200bshrubs reaching the border of the snow and on sowing. The side ends with one type of Genista, for South. - Multiple views of Rhododendron, Salix and Ribes. The breadthup on the Tibetan side dates back to 4600 m, on Indian only up to 3700; Herbs on the first grow to 5290 m, on the second - up to 4,600 m. The fauna of the mountains is also extremely interesting and very rich. On South. side up to 1200 m It is specially Indian; Representatives are tiger, elephant, monkeys, parrots, pheasants and beautiful views chickens In the middle area of \u200b\u200bthe mountains there are bears, musky kabargi and various types of antelope, and on sowing. The side adjacent to Tibetu is wild horses, wild bulls (yaks), wild rams and mountain goats, as well as some other mammals belonging to the fauna of Central Asia and specially Tibet. Mountains not only make up the political border between Anglo-Indian possessions and Tibet, but in general also the ethnographic among those living south of the city of the Aryans-Hindu and belonging to the Mongolian tribe in the residents of Tibet. Both tribes spread through the valleys of the G. Mountains and were mixed in a different way. The population is the thicker in extremely fertile valleys, at a height of 1500 to 2500 m. At an altitude of 3000, it becomes rare.
Name history (toponym)
Himalayas, from Nepalese Himal - "Snow Mountain".

Himalayan mountains extend about 2500 km through several Asian countries. There are nine of the ten highest peaks in the world, including Everest. The word "Himalayas" on Sanskrit means "abode of snow". Many large rivers of Asia take their beginning here. Himalayas are the third largest ice deposit and snow. In addition, this is the habitat of a large number of plants, birds and animals.

Description of Himalaya

Probably the most popular reason for which people go to Tibet and Nepal is associated with the desire to see the highest and impressive mountain array in the world. No trip to these countries do without visiting Himalayas, especially, Mount Everest.

For centuries, a unique culture has developed here, which unites nature and people into one. This region is the birthplace of the Buddha. He is full of sacred natural seats, such as secret valleys and alpine lakes.

Himalayas where various natural zones are faced with many problems, and governments are forced to provide their people and protect their natural heritage. Protected areas become isolated foci, and many poachers destroy rare wild animals, filling the illegal market. The consequences of the global climate change cast glaciers at a speed, higher than ever recorded in the history of mankind, putting a vital source of freshwater for billions of people in Asia.

Geomorfotectonic characteristics

Mountains of Himalayas - this is a mold of a mountain massif, stretching from the southern part of the Indus Valley for Nanga Parbat in the West to Namdzhagbarva in the East. The width varies from 350 km in the west to 150 km in the East. The majestic mountain chain is like a wall that limits the entire northern outskirts of the Indian subcontinent.

Geomorphologically, the most unique feature is their height. Himalayas are known for the fact that there are 10 of 14 peaks above 8000 meters.

An important geomorfootectonic characteristic is a sharp bending of Himalayas and associated mountain ranges, which in the West are connected to the Suliman and Kirtara ridges. Similar sharp bending is observed on the eastern tip, where the mountain range is connected to the Northeast Range of Indo-Myanmar, presented by the mountains of Naga and Arakan Yom. These two sharp bends on both sides are known as "syntactic bends" of the Himalayan ridge. The highest peaks are located in different parts of the mountains, but most of them are concentrated in the central part.

Geophysical characteristics

They are also unique, as well as the geomorfootectonic features of the ridge. The most distinctive feature is the thickness of the earth's crust, which increases from about 35 to 40 km on the plains of Ind-Ganges-Brahmaputra to 65-80 km over large Himalayas. The thickness of the continental bark underlying the mountains is reflected in the picture of negative gravitational anomalies between\u003e -150 and\u003e -350 mgal along the entire length of the mountain belt.

Himalayan geomorphology reflects various aspects of structural-geomorphological features that arose in response to the action of the orogenic forces (relating to the final stage of the development of tectonically moving zones of the earth's crust), which occurred during the recent history of erosion. The mountain range is separated in the axial direction by several units, each of which has a distinct lithotectonic and geomorphological nature and history of evolution.

Division into zones

They are separated in the axial direction for the next five units. Each of them has distinctive lithotectonic characteristics and evolutionary history:

1. Sub-Himalayas, where the belt of late tertiary Molasses deposits is 10-50 km wide, which form a group of silicle. This belt also includes older Murri formations and their equivalent, Dharamshalas.
2. Small Himalayas, where there is a belt 60-80 km width, which consists mainly of low-grade metamorphic breeds of the Proterezhoy period. It is blocked by the layers of granite and metamorphic rocks.
3. Large Himalayas, where the belt is predominantly Precambrian metamorphic rocks. And younger (Cenozoa), a thickness of 10-15 km. It is also the zone of the greatest raising.
4. TRANSGIMALA: The belt is predominantly shelf (usually fossil) deposits of the late Proterezhoy and Mela, limited by the Ind-Tsangpo (ITSZ) suture zone (ITSZ), a relatively narrow belt of ophiolites and associated deposits. This is the location of the Indian continental block with the Tibetan block. North of Itsz is the belt of granitoids by age of 40-100 million years, known as transgimalayan battle granites.

Peaks

Shisha Pangma Mountain is the fourteenth highest mountain in the world and the most high mountainwhich is completely in the Himalayas Tibet. Shisha-Pangma is easy to reach. A good top view opens with Tong La Tong Pass along the Friendship Highway. Tong La Pass rises to a height of up to 5150 meters, and a clear view of the mountains opens on a clear day.

Cho-ohu is the sixth most high peak On the planet and rises to 8201 meters. It is located along the border of Tibet and Nepal. A beautiful view of Cho-Ou opens from Gokio, a small village in Nepalese Himalayas, which can only be reached by one of the most beautiful trekking routes. It begins and ends in Lucla, takes about 12 days.

The town of Old Tingri in Tibet also offers a beautiful view of this gigantic vertex. From the old Tingri for 3 hours you can get to basic campWhere expeditions begins on the mountain. Of the 14 peaks on the planet, which rise above 8000 meters, Cho-Oyu is considered the least difficult for lifting. For the first time, this vertex was conquered in October 1954.

Makalu is one of the most beautiful of 14 eight-thousanders. It is located 19 km from Mount Everest along the border of Tibet Nepal at an altitude of 8485 meters. He was first conquered in 1955.

There are other famous peaks. It is a Karakor, Kaylash, Kanchenjungu, Nanga Parbat, Annapurna and Manask.

The biggest mountain in the world

Everest is the highest point of Himalayas ( 8848 meters). This is the highest peak on the planet. It can be viewed both by Nepal and from Tibet. Himalayas on both sides look awesome. With a small mountain of Cala Pathary in Nepal, a stunning view of Everest opens. To get to Kala Patthara, you need to go on the road from the small village of Lukla. From Lucly to go to Most Shep, the basic camp in Everest on the side of the Nepal, the next 7 or 8 days of the path will take about 7 or 8 days. From the Horake Sheep on a steep rise will be required from 90 minutes to 2 hours to Cala Patthar, the height of which is 5545 meters. However, Everest itself cannot be seen from the base camp on the side of Nepal, although magnificent views are opened from the neighboring feces of Patthara.

This mountain is the Nepalese and Sherpi called Sagarmatha, and Tibetans are Jomolungma (Chomolungma). Since the 1920s, many of the best climbers of the world tried to climb on Mount Everest, and on May 29, 1953, the first successful climbing of Tenzing Northia (Nepal) and Sir Edmund Hillary ( New Zealand).

Geography and ecology

They extend through the northeastern part of India. To the question, in which country is the Himalayas, it is impossible to give an unequivocal answer: they pass through India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Tibet, Bhutan and Nepal. They are stretched by about 2400 km. The Himalayan Ridge consists of three parallel ridges, which are often called large, small and external hymals.

Two vertices, Everest and 2K (Chochi, designated as the second top of the Karakorum), as a rule, dominate the perception of the region. Himalayas are distinguished by great biodiversity. The climate varies from the tropical at the foot of the mountains to perennial snow and glaciers at the largest altitudes.

Nature

Here you can meet several natural zones. They are discussed below.

1. Mountain meadows and shrubs: they can be found at a height of three to five thousand meters. In these areas, there are usually cold winters and a mild summer, which contributes to the growth of plants. Rhododendrons rise over shrubs, while the Alpine meadows, located directly above them, are distinguished in warm months with a variety of flora. Snow leopard, the Himalayan Tar, Musky Deer live here.
2. Moderately coniferous forests: In the northeast, moderately subalpine coniferous forests are at altitudes from two and a half to 4,200 meters. Located in the inner valley, these forests are protected from harsh monsoon conditions around the surrounding ridges. Basically, pine, boligols, spruce and fir are growing here. The animal world is represented by red pandas, takins and musky deer.
3. Moderately large and mixed forests. On medium heights, from two to three thousand meters, in the eastern region there are broadly and coniferous forests. These forests receive almost 200 cm annual precipitation, mainly during the monsoon season. In addition to oaks and maples, orchids, lichens and ferns are growing here. In the cold season, you can meet more than 500 species of birds that stop here in the migration period. Golden monkeys - Langura also live here.
4. Tropical and subtropical wide forests. They are located at the height of Himalayas from 500 to 1000 meters along a narrow band of the main Himalayan ridge. Due to the diverse terrain, the types of soil and the levels of precipitation grows here a large number of plants. Here you can meet subtropical dry evergreen, northern dry mixed deciduous forests, wet mixed deciduous forests, subtropical soil forests, northern tropical native native forests and northern tropical wet evergreen forests. Wildlife includes many species that are on the verge of extinction, including tigers and Asian elephants. In this region, you can find more than 340 different types of birds.

Rivers and glaciers

In the Himalayas take their beginning, Ind, Yangtze, Gang and Brahmaputra. All of them are the main river systems in Asia. The main in the Himalayas are Gang, Ind, Yarung, Yangtze, Mekong and Nucian.

Himalayas - the third largest ice deposit and snow in the world after Antarctica and the Arctic. There are about 15,000 glaciers throughout the territory. The length of the Himalayan Siechena is 72 km. He is the biggest glacier outside the poles. Other famous glaciers located in Himalayas: Baltoro, Biafo, Nubru and Chispur.

What can be added to the description of the mountains? Pay attention to several interesting facts.

1. Mountains of the Himalayas appeared as a result of the movement of the tectonic plates, which were collided by India in Tibet.
2. Due to the large number of tectonic movements, still taking place here, there are a lot of earthquakes and underground jolts in the mountains.
3. This is one of the youngest mountain chains on the planet.
4. Mountains affect air and water circulation systems and, accordingly, on weather conditions in the region.
5. They cover approximately 75% of the territory of Nepal.
6. Serve a natural barrier for tens of thousands of years, they prevented early interaction between the inhabitants of India and the peoples of China and Mongolia.
7. Everest was named after Colonel Sir George Everest, the British Geodesist, who lived in India in the early middle of the nineteenth century.
8. The Nepalese name of Everest "Samgarmatha" is translated as the "goddess of the Universe" or "Lob of Sky".

So, in this article, the highest and impressive mountain range in the world was considered. This is the Himalayan ridge.