What modern cities of Crimea were called cafe. Cafe Fortress in Feodosia: Journey to Middle Ages. Accession to Russia

In 1226, the Genoese merchants ran out of the Tatar Khan Oran-Timura Feodosian ruins and built the fortress of Cafa, which became the center of Black Sea possessions Genoa.

Pretty soon, the Kafa Fortress has become the largest transit center of international trade and the supporting point of the Genoese colonies in the Black Sea region. Through the Cafu to Europe, wheat, oriental spices, gold and gems.

The city was extensive and rich. In the port there were hundreds of merchant gallery. Pier sometimes lacked for arriving vessels. Multilingual spells of dozens of nationalities were heard: Greeks and Italians, Armenians and Jews, Ukrainians and Bulgarians, Karaims and Tatars lived here.

Cafe was a city worker. Historical documents suggest that in the XII-XV centuries, the Cafe was the center of the worker in the Black Sea basin, its slave market is known for both the Genoesers, and later, with the Turks.

The fortress of the cafe, the second in size after the fortress of Solonik in Greece, was one of the most powerful in Europe. The fortress had two strengtum lines: the citadel and the outer part.

The citadel was erected in 1340-1343 around a quarantine hill, on the slopes toward the sea, which could serve as a primary obstacle for enemies, completed for ten years. The citadel is built of limestone on a lime solution with carefully lured seams. Construction Materials For the fortress, it was usually mined in places of access to the surface of rocks on the slopes of the surrounding mountains or from the bottom of the sea. The length of the walls of the citadel was 718 meters, of which 469 m are preserved. The walls were reached at an altitude of 11 meters and 2 meters wide.

The perimeter of the outer fortress was almost 5.5 kilometers and included more than 30 towers. Under the serfs, deep ditch filled with water, which served as a defensive structure and as a canal for removing stormwater in the sea. In the plan, the urban fortress resembled the amphitheater, the scene of which the Feodosian bay performed.

The Citadel was placed the consular palace, the treasury, the residence of the Latin bishop, the courthouse with a balcony for the announcement of consular decisions, the office for testing the scales, warehouses and shops of particularly valuable products - precious stones, fur, silks.

In the XIX century, most structures were disassembled. So far, the southern wall of the citadel with two towers (Tower of the Holy Clement and the Krisko Tower) has been preserved (Crycco Tower), part of the western wall, pylons of the gate, several towers in different parts Cities (Dock, Constantine, Round). On the territory of the Citadel also preserved the bridge, turkish baths And several churches.

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In 1226, the Genoese merchants ran out of the Tatar Khan Oran-Timura Feodosian ruins and built the fortress of Cafa, which became the center of Black Sea possessions Genoa. Pretty soon, the Kafa Fortress has become the largest transit center of international trade and the supporting point of the Genoese colonies in the Black Sea region. Wheat, oriental spices, gold and precious stones were exported through Cafu to Europe. The city was extensive and rich. In the port there were hundreds of merchant gallery. Pier sometimes lacked for arriving vessels. Multilingual spells of dozens of nationalities were heard: Greeks and Italians, Armenians and Jews, Ukrainians and Bulgarians, Karaims and Tatars lived here. Cafe was a city worker. Historical documents suggest that in the XII-XV centuries, the Cafe was the center of the worker in the Black Sea basin, its slave market is known for both the Genoesers, and later, with the Turks. The fortress of the cafe, the second in size after the fortress of Solonik in Greece, was one of the most powerful in Europe. The fortress had two strengtum lines: the citadel and the outer part. The citadel was erected in 1340-1343 around a quarantine hill, on the slopes toward the sea, which could serve as a primary obstacle for enemies, completed for ten years. The citadel is built of limestone on a lime solution with carefully lured seams. Building materials for the fortress were usually mined in places of access to the surface of rock rocks on the slopes of the surrounding mountains or from the bottom of the sea. The length of the walls of the citadel was 718 meters, of which 469 m are preserved. The walls were reached at an altitude of 11 meters and 2 meters wide. The perimeter of the outer fortress was almost 5.5 kilometers and included more than 30 towers. Under the serfs, deep ditch filled with water, which served as a defensive structure and as a canal for removing stormwater in the sea. In the plan, the urban fortress resembled the amphitheater, the scene of which the Feodosian bay performed. The Citadel was placed the consular palace, the treasury, the residence of the Latin bishop, the courthouse with a balcony for the announcement of consular decisions, the office for testing the scales, warehouses and shops of particularly valuable products - precious stones, fur, silks. In the XIX century, most structures were disassembled. So far, the southern wall of the citadel with two towers (Tower of the Sacred Clement and the Krisko Tower) has been preserved (Krisko Tower), part of the western wall, the pylons of the gate, several towers in different parts of the city (docking, Constantine, Round). The bridge, Turkish baths and several churches are also preserved on the territory of the Citadel. Save changes

Antique Feodosia fell in the IV century. AD During the invasion of the Huns. In subsequent centuries, life was barely warm here. In the XIII-XIV centuries. on ruins ancient City Ellinov arose new, called name Cafe; For two centuries, they owned the Genoese.

One of the tragic events in the history of Europe is connected with the cafe - the plague epidemic in 1347-1351. In 1347, among the Goldenopinian troops, Jenibeque, who led the siege of the cafe, broke out a plague, who carried out the lives of tens of thousands of warriors. Unable to master the fortress, the Tatars with the help of the catapult began to throw the corpses of the dead through defensive walls into the city. The disease burst into Cafu, and the Genoes were forced to leave the fortress, fleeing on the courts. Where they stayed along the way to Geno, the foci of terrible disease arose. The plague claimed 75 million human lives - the fourth part of the population of Europe. This epidemic is mentioned in the Decameron Giovanni Boccaccio.

In the Middle Ages, the cafe was the main trading port Northern Black Sea. She was notorious and as the main center of the slave trade in the Crimea.

Inhabitants during the heyday medieval city There have been about the same as in today's Feodosia today - about 70-100 thousand people.

It was a multinational city, distinguished by religious variance: in the XV century. There were 17 Catholic temples, 2 monastery, more than 40 Armenian churches, Orthodox churches, synagogues, Muslim mosques.

In the summer of 1475, Cafu seized Turks-Ottomans. The city was renamed Ceff and became the center of the Crimean Province of Turkish Sultan. Here was the residence of the sultan governor in the Crimea.

The Turks who destroyed the capture of the cafes of many buildings, thoroughly rebuilt the city on their way, decorated with mosques, minarets, the buildings of the eastern bath.

Caffe was still the main slave of the Crimea market. Ceffers have a "seagulls" of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks have repeatedly appeared. In 1616, for example, Caporozhtsy, under the leadership of Hetman Konashevich-Sagaidachnoy, was traded by Sinop and Trapezund, and then the Turkish fleet standing in the bay in the bay and, taking the Caffe attack, was released several thousand slavers intended for sale into slavery. Severe Caporozhtsy fortress and later referring to their compatriots from the captivity.

The city of Feodosia is the second largest fortress after Sonolik to Greece. It is called the Genoese Fortress of the Cafe and is one of the most interesting ancient monuments of Fedosia.

The history of this ancient citadel is very interesting, but most of the visitors of tourists do not know her, and do not even suspect that once this fortress had as many as 2 rows of walls, which fell more than seventy hectares of land. To date, almost nothing left of the wonderful Greek architecture: in the 4th century, the fortress was almost completely destroyed due to the invasion of the Huns.

The foundation of the city and the fortress
After the reason for the foundation of the city, he gets the name "The Second Genoa". He was built the Genoese on the ruins of the ancient city of Ellinov. They are also ruled by the city for another two hundred years.

Tatar Khana Oran-Timur in the flesh until 1226 belonged to the ancient Fedossky ruins near the city, until the Genoese merchants bought them. After that, the construction of the new Kafa Fortress began on the site of the ruins. The construction of the Citadel ended, and it turned into the center of Genoese possessions on the whole bank of the Black Sea.

Ancient cafe
The city was very multi-line. In it, completely different peoples lived peacefully, such as Tatars, Greeks, Armenians, Italians, Bulgarians, Karaims and many others. Cafe took a huge number of commercial ships in his port. Sometimes there were so many that the port simply could not accommodate at once. This reference point of the Genoese colonies in the Black Sea region was very rich and extensive. He also became the center of trading the entire Black Sea coast. Through the city in Europe fell gold, silver, precious stones, wheat and oriental spices.

The architecture of the city and its fortifications were performed in the Venetian style. A huge number of houses (over twenty thousand), hundreds of mosques and churches, a whole system of water supply, countless fountains, swimming pools and grotts. The city there were palaces and temples built by the best Italian Masters of the Renaissance.

Fortress today
Today, this magnificent fortress has little left. The invasions of the Gunns and the Goldenordinians, the plague epidemic forced most of the inhabitants of the city to leave their homes, fleeing. By the XIX, almost all fortifications were disassembled. Only part of the Western gate remained to this day, several towers, the citadel itself, a pair of churches and a bridge. Although it is only the echo of the former grandeur of an ancient cafe, she still amazes the magnificence of its architecture and attracts many tourists who want to touch the spirit of antiquity.

Address
Feodosia, between ul. Ship and ul. Portovaya

In the section on the question of what city is this ?? Photo specified by the author Abyruvg. The best answer is Feodosia (Crimea)
Feodosia is one of the most ancient cities in the territory of the Russian Empire - the USSR - CIS. Moreover, it is one of the most ancient cities in the world.
The city is located in the same place, where it was founded by immigrants from the Greek Mileth in the VI century BC.
The name of the city has changed more than once.
Feodosia: The most widespread version of the literal translation from the Greek - "God's God".
The new name of the city of Kaffa (or cafe, in Latin transcription most often Caffa) appears in the works of Byzantine authors. The exact origin of the term is not known.
Starting from the 1450s, the Black Sea Genoese colonies became rapidly weaker, which was caused by the ascent of the Ottoman Empire and the corresponding restriction of courts through the Bosphorus Straits and Dardanelles. June 6, 1475 Caff Pala. Her new owners became Ottoman Turks. Cuffow renamed Kef.
The Turks called the city and Kuchuk-Istambul ("Little Istanbul"), and Yarym-Istambul ("Semi-Istanbul"), but these names did not particularly fit.
Kef again turned into Feodosia only in 1787, on the eve of the trip to the Crimea Catherine II.
Konstantin Fedorovich Giant
Caffe (old Feodosia)

The city passed under the control of the Roman (Byzantine) empire, in the 6th century he was captured by the Khazari, and then again departed to Byzantium. Over the next centuries, there existed as a small village that fell in the XIII century under the influence of the Golden Horde.

Caffa - the capital of the Genoese Crimea

Genoese from 1266 for about two centuries (up to 1475) created a prosperous trade on the site of the destroyed Feodosia seaport Caffe (Greek. Καφᾶς , ITAL. Caffa, tour. Kafa (Skull), also Dr. Persian. Kaōfa - ("Mountain Ridge").

In 1308, Caffe was siege and storming Khan Golden Horde Tachta. However, the Genoese managed to agree with his successor Khan Uzbek about the existence of a colony. Since 1313, the city was managed in Genoa Special Council Offil Gazaria (Officium Gazariae), and in Kaffa directly by the Consul with the help of the Council of Persisors (Trustees) and the Council of Elders.

In 1346-1347, the city was subjected to the siege of the troops of Khan Janibek.

In the same year, Kaffa became one of the first European cities on the path of black death, the second pandemic of the plague. The plague ships and rats spread further to Constantinople and Mediterranean ports. .

Despite the periodic wars, the Genuses supported the whole allied relations with the Goldenophadine Khans, which were formally the supremes of the territories of the colonies, providing them with complete self-government in the walls of the cities, and assigning a special prefect from the Crimea natives to manage the rural district of the cafés.

Around 1474, the city was visited by Athanasius Nikitin, who mentioned him in his travel notes "Hozing for the Three Sea".

Temples Cuffi



	Feodosian Kenassa

Kef - the residence of the Turkish governor

The main type of trade in Cafe in the XV-XVI centuries. He was a slave trade. Here, most of the yasyright came true, which Crimean Khan captured during raids on the Grand Duchy of Lithuanian, the Grand Duchy of Moscow and later on Commonwealth. Sometimes for the season through Caffs passed to several tens of thousands of slaves. With the Bogdan, Khmelnitsky, Yasyrian taking, Crimean Khan in Ukraine was prescribed in the Treaty with the Cossacks. In the XVII-XVIII century, with the strengthening of the borders of the slave, began to decrease.

Traditional Winotorgovka due to the limitations of Islam decreased, although in the possessions of Ottomans it was permitted for Christians.

An important fishery in the vicinity of the cafe was the extraction of self-adhesive salt in natural limans.

At the XVIII century, the Crimean Khanate Johann Tundermann speaking about the city noted:

Caffe, or Caffe, Greek "Cafas" the largest and most important city in the Crimea. It is called Kyrym-Istanbuli and Yarym-Istanbuli, that is, the Crimean Constantinople and the Semi-Constantinople. He lies on the slope of a deserted, rocky, sandy hill, on the seashore and has a long and narrow shape. It has high walls and towers, now very destroyed, two fortress castle, about 4,000 houses and many mosques; All of them, except one, have a bad look. The Greeks had even recently twelve churches, Armenians - 32 and Catholics one - St. Peter. But this last and many others are now in ruins.

Population of Kef in the XVI century

The city of Kef shared on the inner fortress, the outer fortress and suburb. The inner fortress was called "Frankskaya" (tour. Frenk Hisarı). Franks Ottomans called all Western Europeans (Italians, Spaniards, French, Germans, British). In the inner fortress was the city administration. In the outer fortress, which was also called Birun, artisans, merchants, musicians, etc. Outside the fortress in the suburbs, also called khaki, lived a simple people.

Christians and Jews were not allowed to live in the inner fortress, only in the outer and suburbs.

The Muslim population was divided into two categories: taxes in treasury (OSM. Hane-I Avarız) and freed from them (Hane-I Gayrı-EZ Avarız). The second category includes officials, military, teachers and scientists, as well as very poor people who are not able to pay taxes.

Population of Muslim Quarters (Mahalla) of the city in 1542. Quarters were called in a quarterly mosque, and the mosque is almost always named by a person who built it, or the former imam.

Inner fortress
- Quarter / families / bachelors / no paying taxes
- Mosque Wood Reis / 10/2 / 7
- Khoja Japper Mosque / 16/6/6
- Khoja Shaban Mosque / - / - / 3
- Mosque Musalla / 9/4/5
- Mosque ATCHY Mahmud / 21/11 / 8
- Kishver Kisver Mosque / 21/6/4
- Balat Mosque / - / - / 3
- Cenell Mosque / 55/16/12
- Mosque Merjan Aga / 20/18/17
- Cathedral Mosque Haja Nebi / 7 / - / 1
Exterior Fortress
- Yenicheri Khalil Mosque / 53/16/19
- Dagtasian Mosque / 19/4 / 2
- Khoja Mosque / 41 / 5/8
- Mosque Sinan Aga / 25/5/3
- Cathedral Mosque Kebir / 39 / 5/8
- Cathedral Mosque Jedid der Gulbashi / 35/18/9
- Hatun Mosque / 72/16 / 6
- Seiyid Balac Mosque / 32/10 / 2
- Khoja Mosque LED / 54/11 / 7
- Serbazar Mosque / 46/22 / 10
- Mosque Merjan Yeah / 71/13/11
- Mosque Aktash / 34/7 / 5
- Shirvani Mosque / 36/9 / 5
- Gianjan Mosque / 24/4 / 6
- Khojan Hasan Mosque / 4/7/1
- Naerendin Mosque / 28/8 / 6
- Mosque Hasan Ruban / 47/6/4
- Cathedral Mosque Kasym Pasha / 67/24/13
- Ureanded Mosque / 22 / - / 3
Suburb
- Mosque Ahmed Highyat / 33/14/3
- Mosque Sinan Aga / 34/7/10
- Bayillihafyz Mosque / 21/1 / 2
- Mosque Ebul Kemal / 71/3/3
- Kyatib Sinanphash Mosque / 26/6/3
- Hamza and Bosna Cathedral Mosque / 36/14/4
- Mosque Husameddin / 64/16/16

The population of the Armenian-Greek neighborhoods of the city in 1542 (Armenians and Greeks settled in the day). All Orthodox, except Russians were considered the Greeks (including Georgians, Bulgarians, Serbs, Romanians).

Quarter | Families | | bachelochkov | | families in which the husband died is the head of the family |
| Arm. | gr. | | Arm. | gr. | | Arm. | gr. |
Toros | 77 | 76 | | 16 | 13 | | 16 | 6 |
Haseleb | 54 | 31 | | 11 | - | | 9 | - |
Mensenad | 30 | 121 | | 2 | 25 | | 5 | 31 |
Iskender | 84 | 15 | | 25 | 2 | | 15 | - |
Vasil | 64 | 25 | | 18 | 4 | | 11 | 5 |
Tashtahn | 46 | 12 | | 10 | 1 | | 7 | 2 |
Gurju | 87 | - | | 14 | - | | 4 | - |
Bayati | 68 | - | | 10 | - | | 9 | - |
Enes Bay | 129 | 27 | | 21 | 5 | | 9 | 7 |
Ali Yuzbash | - | 44 | | - | 7 | | - | 15 |
Grigor | 117 | - | | 20 | - | | 16 | - |
Kibos | 146 | - | | 43 | - | | 14 | - |
Saddle | 112 | - | | 18 | - | | 10 | - |
Tebris community | - | 64 | | - | - | | - | - |

Other non-Muslims in 1542:

Quarter / community | Families | bachelochkov | families in which the husband died is the head of the family |
Jewish community Efrench | 8 | 6 | - |
Jewish community | 81 | 29 | 15 |
Circassian community | 3 | - | - |
Russian community | 27 | 1 | 3 |