* Calculations use average data for Russia

49 000 ₽

Initial attachments

121 500 ₽

81 000 ₽

Net profit

2 months

Payback period

City walking tours are leisure activities that allow you to delve deeper into the history of the streets. In the business plan, we will consider excursions with elements of the performance, which can bring from 80 thousand rubles.

1. SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT

This business plan deals with a walking tour project in a city of over 1 million people. The project is the organization of events in the format "excursion + street performance". The funds required to start the project will amount to 49 thousand rubles. and will be used for the purchase of excursion equipment, the creation of presentation materials, the purchase of costumes for actors and stage attributes.

The projected amount of revenue per month for one excursion per week and the participation of 15 excursionists in it will amount to 121.5 thousand rubles, net profit 81.5 thousand rubles. The financial plan is designed for a three-year period of activity. After that, it is planned to expand the types of excursions and update the program of events. The project will require a preparatory stage for a period of 3 months, necessary for writing a script, conducting test excursions and rehearsals, as well as creating advertising products and pre-filling social networks.

Table 1. Key project indicators

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY AND COMPANY

City walking tours are an increasingly popular type of excursion that allows participants to delve deeper into the history of the streets, explore objects and imagine themselves as participants in past events. Unlike bus tours, they allow for more flexible routes and provide participants with a logical and coherent vision. The length of such routes usually does not exceed 6 kilometers, while the duration is no more than 3 hours.

From the point of view of organization, walking tours require much less financial and time costs, since there is no need to conclude an agreement with transport company, coordinate the driving time with the driver and adjust the route of the excursion to the traffic rules. At the same time creating walking route requires a more thoughtful scenario. Display objects should be fairly close to each other. Physical readiness is required from sightseers, and from a guide - the ability to keep the pace and promptly drive those who are behind the group. A feature of the excursion business in major cities such as Moscow and St. Petersburg is a high level of competition. In other cities with a population of one million and regional centers with a population of less than a million inhabitants, the competition is not so significant, but it is rather difficult to immediately stand out from the current proposals.

This project proposes the organization of events, the format of which will combine an excursion with a thematic performance on the history of the city. The choice of this format was due to the high competition among the organizers of excursions. On the one hand, such an event will require a lot of time and money to organize, on the other hand, if it is well positioned, it will attract public attention and can become one of the most significant cultural events in the city. The project will be implemented on its own based on the organizer's knowledge of the history of the city and interest in local history, the presence of some skills in this area, a certificate of completion of courses for guides, as well as personal connections with creative personalities of the city, who will be involved in the performance in as partners.

3. DESCRIPTION OF GOODS AND SERVICES

At the initial stage, two excursion scenarios will be developed, each of which will include a short 30-minute street performance on the topic of the excursion. The duration of one of the events will be 3 hours, the other 2 hours and 30 minutes. Participation fees will be shared for children and adults (see Table 2). The cost was determined taking into account the analysis of competitors' proposals. So, the cost of the usual walking tour in the regions varies from 400 to 650 rubles, the cost of bus excursions or excursions with any additional services, including a quest, a coffee break, etc. ranged from 1100 to 1500 rubles. Thus, 800-950 rubles is, with one more expensive option compared to regular excursions, but at the same time more profitable against the background of similar offers.

Table 2. Description of goods and services

We also note that at the start of the project, it is planned to conduct two or three free excursions to draw attention to the project, when the tourists themselves will determine the level of remuneration for the guide. In addition, excursionists will have access to audio and photo materials offered by the guide during the excursion, incentive prizes for activity during the excursion (badges, souvenirs, key rings, etc.).

4.SALES AND MARKETING

The target audience of the project will be, on the one hand, the age audience that is actively interested in the history of the city (mainly women aged 35-40), on the other hand, creative youth from 18 to 30 years old, as well as tourists and guests of the city. The process of organizing sales and advertising will require several stages.

Preparatory stage. At this stage, two months before the start of sales, pages are created on the social networks Vkontakte, Odnoklassniki and Instagram, which are planned to be used as generators of the main stream during the main period of work. Communities are filled with thematic content on the history of the city, a preliminary recruitment of the target audience is made, advertising messages are published about a set of trial free excursions. A one-page site is being created with basic information about the cost, time of excursions, route and contacts for an appointment. Advertising templates are created and advertisements are printed.

First stage. Two or three free excursions are held, during which photographs are taken, feedback from participants is collected, and gaps in the organization that have arisen along the way are eliminated. Whenever possible, the attention of the Internet media and television is attracted. Further, advertising posts are published in popular groups of the city in social networks. There is an active distribution of advertisements in places visited by tourists.

The main stage. Current advertising activity using all available channels to reach the target audience. At the same time, contacts are being established with the heads of museums, cultural and entertainment institutions, anti-cafes, who can place advertisements on their own sites, and ads are being distributed. The following can also be used as additional channels of customer inflow:

own blog of the city history guide;

partnership with travel agencies with the transfer of clients for a percentage;

partnership with information tourist centers (transferring clients for a percentage, placing advertisements or business cards).

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Table 3 shows the approximate expenses for advertising purposes in the main period of work. Filling content groups in social networks and updating information on the site is planned to be organized on its own. Applications for participation in the excursion will be accepted by telephone, payment will be collected by the organizer before the start of the event. In the future, it is planned to use special services (timepad and others).

5. PRODUCTION PLAN

At the initial stage, it is planned to organize excursions-performances with a frequency of once a week - on Saturdays or Sundays, in the daytime. To create performances, you will need to hire actors from among the volunteers of the acting circle at one of the city's universities. The cast will include five permanent actors and three people who play either cameo roles or are called on to replace. To start activities, you will need to purchase the necessary stage and excursion equipment. The expenses for these purposes will amount to about 39.2 thousand rubles.

Table 4. List of required equipment and inventory

When conducting one excursion per week, taking into account the participation of 10 adult excursionists with an average check of 900 rubles, the monthly revenue will be 81 thousand rubles. This plan is planned to be adhered to during the first year of operation. The plan for the second year of operation will be 15 participants per excursion, i.e. 121.5 thousand rubles per month In the future, with an increase in the number of participants and the organization of two excursions per week, the planned revenue can be increased by one and a half to two times.

6. ORGANIZATIONAL PLAN

The project will require a preparatory period of 3 months, during which the route of the excursion, the script of the performances, rehearsals are organized, the selection of actors, etc. Unlike many countries in the world, Russia does not require a license to provide excursion services. In order for the activity to be carried out within the framework of the legal field, only registration of an individual entrepreneur is required. Activity codes according to OKVED:

• 79.90.2 Activities for the provision of excursion tourist services
• 79.90.22 Activities of independent guides and guides in the provision of excursion tourist services.

The deadline for processing documents for registration of an individual entrepreneur will be 3 days. The state duty is 800 rubles. The most appropriate taxation system for this type of business is simplified, where the object of taxation is income of 6%.

Documents for business on walking tours:

We will also provide a list of documents required to conduct activities within the legal field:

contract for serviceswhere all offers of excursions will be indicated, their obligations and those moments for which the company is not responsible;

job description for employees... It describes in detail the job responsibilities for each position and an action plan in the event of an emergency;

contracts with employees... Not necessarily according to the Labor Code, but the contractual basis must be fixed;

for employees (preferably) - a document that confirms the status of a teacher of history / culture / philology, etc. or the right to engage in tourist business.

Additionally, it is necessary to draw up a memo for customers, rules of safe behavior on the route and a list of possible sources of hazards that may be encountered. Also, in some cases, guides require accreditation. For example, to conduct excursions, foreigners need a special permit from the state sample.

project team

The project team will include two organizers and at the same time performers of the project in the person of a guide and the head of the theater troupe, as well as the actors themselves.

Guide. This is a person with a historical or philological education, who knows English, is fond of local history and the history of the city, there is a certificate of passing the courses of a guide from a specialized training center that trains personnel for the tourism industry. Personal qualities: communication skills, competent speech, well-trained voice, creativity and resourcefulness, talent of a teacher and psychologist, patience.

Head of the theater troupe. She has experience as a director in a student theater, a talent for organizing, advertising, and decorating.

Actors. A group of actors of eight people (five regular actors, three on the substitution), participants in major theatrical competitions, city performances, a troupe at the student theater. The wages of the actors will be 500 rubles per performance. Based on the experience of such projects, it is recommended to select a replacement troupe for all roles (in case of illness of the actors, failure to appear at rehearsals / performances for family or other reasons, etc.).

7. FINANCIAL PLAN

The financial plan takes into account all the income and expenses of the project. Initial investments in the project will amount to 49 thousand rubles. The costs of the main period of work will include the wages of the actors - 22,500 rubles, the cost of advertising and promoting the project. A detailed financial plan of the project including tax deductions is given in Appendix 1.

Table 5. Investment costs of the project

	NAME	AMOUNT, rub.
Equipment and inventory
	Equipment for excursions
	Inventory for performances
Intangible assets
	IP registration
	Printing leaflets
	Funds to pay actors (for the first 2 excursions)

Table 6. Costs of the main period

8. ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE

Thanks to the minimum investment, the project is able to pay off in the second month after the start of sales of excursions. The annual turnover of the project in the first year will amount to 972 thousand rubles, net profit - 521.8 thousand rubles. The profitability is 53%. The annual turnover in the second year is 1,458 thousand rubles, the net profit is 978.2 thousand rubles, the profitability is 67%.

9. RISKS AND WARRANTIES

The project will require minimal investment in opening, there are absolutely no expenses for rent and binding to any real estate and material values \u200b\u200b(the product is intellectual and acting work), and therefore all financial risks are minimal. Most of the possible difficulties can be associated with internal problems - mistakes in the organization, incorrect promotion, incorrect presentation of information by excursionists, etc. These risks are prevented, firstly, through thorough preparatory work, which should include writing a high-quality scenario for the excursion and the performance, and testing them. Secondly, a competent analysis of the market is important: monitoring of all current proposals in the field, analysis of price and advertising policy competitors, their methods of smoothing the seasonality factor, and so on. The key factor for the main period will be work on improving the quality of services, expanding the list of services, providing customer feedback and advertising.

There are also external risk factors - competition, an unfavorable situation in the country's economy, affecting the population's ability to pay and forcing them to give up leisure, and so on. To minimize these factors, high-quality promotion is necessary from the first days of the project's existence, and in the long term - the acquisition of status and recognition of the event as a significant cultural event in the city, which is attended by representatives of medium and large companies and which is actively advised to tourists and guests of the city.

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Creating a new interesting excursion is not easy. The planned event should be divided into two equal stages - this is the preparation and conduct of the excursion.

To develop a new excursion route it is necessary to decide on the purpose of the excursion, the type (by the content - overview, thematic; by the way of movement - pedestrian, bus) and objects of the show. The text of the excursion, its duration and richness of facts will depend on this. This should be done not by one person, but by a creative group, which should include from three to seven people.

First steps to planning your excursion

When the objects are selected, we proceed to collecting information on each of them and draw up the most convenient route for transitions (crossings, etc.). Now, from a large amount of information on objects, you need to compose an excursion text for each of them and an object card. Such a card is an irreplaceable part of a guide's portfolio, it contains brief information about the object and, possibly, its photograph.

After the excursion texts to the objects have been written, it is easier to create an interesting and laconic excursion text, to connect the parts with competent transitions.

After the preparation of the materials, a methodological development of the excursion is done - this is a document describing the excursion, its main parameters. The manual includes a topic, a route map, its length, type of excursion, safety rules, purpose, objectives and time of the course. It also includes a table - an excursion plan:

• route;
• display object;
• stop;
• time in minutes;
• listing of main questions, titles of subtopics;
• organizational instructions;
• methodical instructions (logical transitions).

After that, the manual must be assured by the management, it serves as a confirmation of the quality of the excursion.

Guide's portfolio

Before conducting an excursion, you need to collect a “guide's portfolio”. This is the professional name for a set of visual aids to facilitate guided tours. These can be reproductions of paintings, photographs of people related to a given topic, schematic maps depicting enterprises or military operations, geographic Maps, geological samples, product samples, tape recordings and other materials to help saturate the excursion.

Requirements for materials

The criteria for the selection of visual material are low: preservation, unusualness, expressiveness, the need for display and cognitive value. These are the main qualities of these criteria. It is very important to have good materials on objects that have not survived to this day or have been greatly modified. This will simplify the perception of the material. It should be borne in mind that reproductions, maps and photographs must be on a cardboard base, the image must be clear with a size of at least 18 * 24, preferably 24 * 30 cm.

Now that all the material is ready, let's figure out how to properly conduct a tour. Usually, each guide has his own excursion technique, based on personal experience and observations. But the method of conducting an excursion is a whole system of requirements and tasks, methods of storytelling and demonstration. All this is necessary to achieve maximum assimilation of the material. A well-developed methodology is a kind of list of rules for a guide when conducting a specific excursion. But it is worth paying attention to the fact that the methods of conducting the excursion should differ slightly depending on the age of the group and the interest of the tourists.

For children of school age, it is better not to overload the text with facts, it will be more interesting for them to see visual material and hear an interesting legend or story. It is also worth preparing for questions, a lot of them come from children. It is important to be able to keep the attention of excursion students. To do this, you need to ask questions: "Do you know?"; “Have you heard about ...?”; "Do you like ...?" and so on. In this case, the guide has a dialogue with the tourists, and so you can hold your attention for quite a long time.

Sightseers of the older generation, as a rule, behave quietly and calmly, and it is quite difficult to understand whether the story is interesting to them or not. In the event that these are not professors and scientists, it is advisable not to overload the text of the excursion with a large number of dates and numbers. Always allow time for photographing, just five to seven minutes will be enough.

Receptions of guides

There are generally accepted excursion techniques that include storytelling and presentation techniques. Display techniques allow you to draw the attention of sightseers to the most important details, evaluate the general appearance of the object and its combination with the environment... Storytelling techniques, in turn, help to recreate a more accurate picture of events in the imagination of tourists. Key words: "Imagine ...", "It was ... a year ..", etc.

Safety regulations

But apart from interesting material and a pleasant guide, the event must be safe.

Safety during excursions, especially walking tours, is very important. The basic rules of safety and behavior on the route can be found in the methodological development of the excursion. But the guide is obliged to inform the group about safety precautions immediately before the excursion. Tell about all the nuances of the route. The most banal phrases about not sticking your head out the bus window and jumping out on the move must be heard. Since the responsibility for the group during the excursion is assumed by the guide, it is his task to tell about the safety rules.

What to warn tourists about

Particular attention should be paid to road crossings and crossings (cable bridges, caves, tunnels, etc.). If the excursion is carried out in nature, then you should warn about the fire safety rules. It is also necessary to tell that you cannot try mushrooms, touch various insects and animals with your hands, drink water from open reservoirs and walk barefoot.

It is worth taking care of the household items of the local population and the surrounding nature in the place of the excursion. In addition, the excursions should be allowed to persons who have undergone preliminary instructions and medical examination, as well as people who do not have contraindications related to health.

Introduction.

Hello dear friends. My name is Anna. And today I am your guide. We are with you today gathered in order to listen to a very interesting excursion. The topic of our excursion is "Malakhov Kurgan monument - two defenses"... The route of our excursion passes through the territory of the Malakhov Kurgan, here you will see many monuments, guns, a defensive tower, the places of mortal wounds of Nakhimov and Kornilov, the only tree that survived the Second World War. I will ask you to keep up with the group, during the tour I will answer your questions.

Well, now let's get back to the topic of our Tour !! Malakhov Kurgan is not easy historical monument, this is a sacred land for every citizen of Sevastopol, here the fate of the first defense of Sevastopol was decided. The name of the mound, as one of the versions explains, is associated with the name of a retired military sailor Mikhail Malakhov, who was a highly respected person on the Ship Side, one of the first to settle at the foot of the kurgan. His house stood on the slope of this mound. People often came to Malakhov for advice, help, for court: he was an honest and just man. So they said: "Let's go to the mound, to Malakhov." Kurgan gradually began to be called by his name.

The outwardly mound may not be very impressive - a hill is like a hill. Its height is only 97 meters above sea level, but the glory of the mound is great. Within one hundred years, the mound twice became the scene of the most fierce battles.

During the defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 Malakhov Kurgan, dominating the surrounding area, was the key position of the left flank of the defense. There was also the main bastion of the Ship Side, which, after the death of Vice Admiral V.A. Kornilov began to be called Kornilovsky.

Here the French troops conducted the most violent assaults. However, the enemy managed to capture the kurgan only after eleven months of fighting, when the defensive structures were demolished by many days of artillery bombardment and the forces of its defenders were exhausted. The loss of Malakhov's mound predetermined the outcome of the 11-month defense of the city.

During the defense period, there were nine batteries on Malakhov Kurgan, two of them were reproduced in 1958. They are equipped with genuine ship guns from the Crimean War. The cannons are cast from cast iron and weigh from two to seven tons. A lot of efforts had to be made by the sailors to drag them to the bastions. The cannons fired solid and explosive (bomb) cannonballs. Despite the imperfect weapons and the need of the defenders in literally everything, the two powerful imperial powers could not take Sevastopol for almost a year.

The enemy managed to take the first assault on the city only nine months after the start of the siege, on June 6, 1855. This assault was heroically repulsed by the defenders of Sevastopol. Tells about the events of this day Panorama of the defense of Sevastopol, located on the former fourth bastion.

Many outstanding heroes of the defense fought on the Malakhov Kurgan: admirals Nakhimov, Kornilov, Istomin, sister of mercy Dasha Sevastopolskaya, sailor Koshka, a participant in many sorties into the enemy camp. At night, the brave hunters (as they were called) captured trophies, prisoners, destroyed enemy fortifications, and most importantly, it was a very powerful psychological weapon. After the Crimean War the name "Malakhov Kurgan" became known all over the world. In 1856, the French Marshal Pelissier, who commanded the French army in the Crimea in 1855-1856, was awarded the title "Duke of Malakhovsky". In Germany there is a fort Malakhov, a small town near Paris began to be called "Malakoff".

The mound became famous during second defense of Sevastopol.Therefore, Malakhov Kurgan - memorial Complex monuments of two wars: the Crimean and the Great Patriotic.

Main part

Now we are at the main entrance to the Malakhov Kurgan. Archadorns a massive Doric portico with dates on the frieze: 1854-1855. A wide front staircase leads to the top of the mound. The staircase bifurcates and reconnects to form a large lawn with a manicured lawn. From here you can see the whole of Sevastopol: the central part of the city; Vladimirsky Cathedral - the tomb of admirals, three of whom died here, on the Malakhov Kurgan; open sea; Konstantinovskaya battery at the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay; The northern side of Sevastopol, crowned with the pyramid of the church of St. Nicholas at the Bratsk cemetery. Now we will climb these stairs.

Now we are on the first wide horizontal platform, on which there are two monuments. The one on the left - during the Crimean War, on the right - the Great Patriotic War. Let's go to the monument to the right. it a monument to the pilots of the 8th Air Army, who in May 1944 liberated Sevastopol from the Nazis. It was commanded by Major General Khryukin. As part of the army, the women's night bomber regiment fought under the command of Evdokia Bershanskaya. The girls flew on airplanes with PO-2 percale wings, flew out only at night, since the planes were imperfect, in the event of a shell hit they burned like matches. On these planes, the pilots terrified the enemy, the Nazis called them night witches. More than forty female pilots of the regiment
were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

The monument is a granite rock from which a fighter "takes off". One of the best fighters of the Second World Yak-3 was used as a prototype for the memorial aircraft. The monument was erected by military builders in July 1944, restored in 1994. Near the monument, granite boards are installed, on which the flight formations and units that participated in the liberation of Sevastopol are listed.

Now let's follow to the left side of the site. Here is a small white marble monument , established in 1892 abovea common grave of Russian and French soldiers . The soldiers who died in the last battle on the Malakhov Kurgan on August 27, 1855 rest in it.

When, on the last day of the first defense, the French broke into the Malakhov Kurgan, the Russians launched several counterattacks, fought selflessly, as a result, the losses were very large on one side and on the other. Those who died in this battle were buried in one grave. They were buried by the French, who highly appreciated the courage of their opponents.

A black stele with a black cross rises above the white pedestal. The symbolism of flowers is explained by the inscription in French, embossed on the back of the monument: "They were inspired by victory and united by death. Such is the glory of the brave, such is the lot of the soldier." The words are engraved on the face of the monument: "Monument to the Russian and French soldiers who fell on the Malakhov Kurgan during the defense and attack on August 27, 1855."

During the Great Patriotic War, the monument was badly damaged and restored in 1960.

The main alley of the Malakhov Kurgan begins from this site, which the French soldiers called "devilish"; its age is already approaching fifty years. The trees on this alley were planted by party, state and public figures of the USSR and foreign countries, Heroes of the Soviet Union, cosmonauts (including Yuri Gagarin). There used to be plaques near the trees with surnames written on them. This alley was called alley of Friendship.

Now let's go along the alley. So on the left you see a powerful naval weapon . This is a genuine ship cannon from the Second World War. The caliber of the gun is 130 mm, the firing range is 20 km. On this spot stood the second gun (ahead of the trees - the first). In October 1941, the destroyer "Perfect" was blown up by a Nazi mine. The guns were removed from it and installed on land. So was created battery "Malakhov Kurgan". The guns were served by the destroyer sailors (60 people), the battery was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Matyukhin. This is what the batteries were called - "Matyukhintsy". The battery provided support to our units on the Mekenziev mountains (16 km north), on the northern side of the city.

Matyukhintsy fought before last days defense. On June 30, 1942, the Nazis captured the Malakhov Kurgan. The forces were unequal. Those who survived went to the southwest of Sevastopol and continued to fight there. Many suffered the fate of other defenders of the city: they were captured. The cannons you see have been removed from the destroyer Boyky. They are exactly the same as they were on the destroyer "Perfect", and stand here as monuments to the sailors who defended Sevastopol.

Going a little further we see unusual monument. itmonument tree - old almond , he survived the Great Patriotic War. When Sevastopol was liberated, even the earth was burned on the Malakhov Kurgan, of course, all the greenery died, and only a small burnt almond tree survived and blossomed. There is only one live branch left on it. But every spring it is covered with white flowers, symbolizing the triumph of life over death.

Now pay attention to the center of the alley, in it is installed bronze relief map of the Malakhov Kurgan bastion (architect A. Schaeffer). The map shows batteries, powder depots, shelters - everything that was here during the defense of 1854-1855. In the area of \u200b\u200b\\ u200b \\ u200bthe angle directed towards the enemy, the so-called outgoing, is indicated Defensive tower , which is now located branch of the Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol.

Let's go to the Defense Tower. This donjon tower is the only stone defensive structure on the bastion. It was built in the summer of 1854 at the expense of the residents of Sevastopol according to the project of the military engineer F.A. Starchenko. A tower was built of Inkerman stone. The thickness of the walls of the lower tier is 152 cm, the upper one - 88 cm. The tower had 52 loopholes on two tiers, and five fortress eighteen-pound cannons were installed on the upper platform. A memorial plaque with the names of the regiments and units that defended the Malakhov Kurgan during the first defense was fortified on the tower.

On October 5, 1854, during the first bombardment of Sevastopol, the upper tier of the tower was demolished by enemy shells, while the lower one served as a shelter. It housed a dressing station, a powder warehouse, a camp church and the headquarters of Rear Admiral V.I. Istomin, who commanded the fourth distance of the defensive line (which included the Malakhov Kurgan). March 7, 1855 Istomin inspected the outboard fortification of the Malakhov Kurgan, the so-called Kamchatka lunette (in front of the defensive tower), where he was killed on the spot by an enemy cannonball that hit him in the head. It was a great loss for the defenders of Sevastopol.

To the left of the tower, you see the Anti-Storm Battery. At this place during the war, there was a 1803 model ship cannon. Now let's go up the road behind the tower. Here you can see the Battery on the glacis, there is also a marble slab here, marking the place of the fatal wound of Admiral Nakhimov

On June 28, 1855, Nakhimov stood on glacis and watched the positions of the French. As always, the admiral was in uniform with golden epaulettes, representing a good target for the French riflemen (the union is a rifle gun). The commander of the fourth distance, which included Malakhov Kurgan, Captain First Rank F.S. Kern (a relative of Anna Kern) asked him to go down to the shelter, Nakhimov rather abruptly refused. Several bullets hit the parapet nearby, he managed to say: “They are shooting quite well today,” when one of the bullets hit him in the left temple. No efforts of the doctors could save the admiral, and two days later, without regaining consciousness, Nakhimov died.

On this day, the whole of Sevastopol mourned. An eyewitness wrote that there was no person in the city who would not gladly give his life for the life of an admiral. On July 1, Pavel Stepanovich was buried next to his unforgettable teacher Lazarev and his comrades in arms, Kornilov and Istomin, who died at the Malakhov Kurgan. In the obituary of Nakhimov it is said: "Peace be upon yours, intelligent, skillful and experienced, passionately in love with his art and his subordinates, equally loved by them, always cold-blooded courageous, kind-hearted, great in mind and courage, honest, generous person!" Admiral Nakhimov wrote: “completely devoted to the service, he did not know outside of it and had no interests.” He devoted himself entirely to the naval service, did not start a family. His fellow sailors were his family, all his ambition was in the strict execution of his "Everything here is so clearly and strongly inspired by the soul and strength of Nakhimov that it is impossible not to realize that he really personifies the present era, and it is impossible to imagine what would have happened without him ..." I spent the night, where necessary, slept without undressing, because he took his own apartment for an infirmary for the wounded, and the admiral's personal money went to help the families of sailors.His courage and contempt for death were legendary. The appearance of the admiral on batteries and bastions was accompanied by was expected by a loud, enthusiastic "Hurray!" With Nakhimov, the soul of the Sevastopol defense died.

Proceeding further, you see the batteries of Senyavin, Emelyanov. To the right of the batteries is a monument to Kornilov, installed at the site of Kornilov's injury (architect A. Bilderling, sculptor academician I. Schroeder). On the pedestal, the top of which represents a part of the fortification, is the figure of a mortally wounded admiral. With his right hand he points to the city, his words, spoken before his death, are inscribed below, sound like an appeal or even an order: "Defend Sevastopol!" On the right is the figure of an artillery sailor, who has been given a resemblance to the famous sailor P. Koshka. At the foot of the monument there is a cross, laid out by the Sevastopol cabin boys from enemy cannonballs by order of Nakhimov.

Admiral Kornilov was wounded on the day of the first bombing of Sevastopol, October 5, 1854, at about 11 o'clock. Kornilov arrived at the Malakhov Kurgan, examined the tower, the fortifications and went to the horse to continue the survey, but then the enemy's core crushed his left leg at the groin. Vice Admiral Kornilov died on the same day at half past four. When the defense began, Kornilov was chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet. He led the defense, being an excellent organizer, did a lot to build defensive fortifications, to organize the defense as a whole. Despite the fact that Kornilov died at the very beginning of the defense, his merits were great, and the loss for Sevastopol was very great.

The words of the dying Kornilov inscribed on the pedestal enraged the fascist invaders, who paid a terrible price for the capture of Sevastopol. Therefore, they destroyed the monument: they took out the bronze, and blew up the pedestal. A monument dedicated to the 200th anniversary of Sevastopol has been restored. The original version of the monument was taken as a basis, the model of which is kept in the Naval Museum of St. Petersburg. Malakhov Kurgan is a place of exploit of hundreds, thousands of defenders of the city. Note that among those who fought on the Malakhov Kurgan was the father of the “red lieutenant” Pyotr Schmidt - P.P. Schmidt, who commanded the anti-storm battery, and together with the famous N.I. Pirogov and Professor of Kiev University H. Ya. Gubbenet fought for the lives of the wounded and Schmidt's mother E.Ya. Wagner.

Conclusion

So, our tour has come to an end. Thank you all for your attention. You are very good listeners. I am ready to answer your questions.

Introduction ………………………………………………… ..3

1. Subject and ides of excursion methods.

1.1 Subject and types of excursion methods ... ... 5

1.2. Methodology for preparing excursions ……………… ... 8

2. Classification of methodological techniques.

2.1 Classification of methodological techniques ………… .14

2.2 Methodological techniques of displaying ……………….… ... 17

2.3 Methodological techniques of the story ………………… .25

3. Special methodological techniques.

3.1. Reception of demonstration of visual aids ..................... 35

3.2 Assimilation of methodological techniques by a guide ………………………………………………… ..39

4. Technique of guiding excursions.

4.1 Technique of guiding excursions ……………………… 42

Conclusion ………………………………………………… ..51

Bibliographic list …………… .. ……………….… 52

Introduction.

A technique in the broadest sense of the word is a set of methods for expediently carrying out a particular work, solving a problem, achieving a goal, and in a narrower sense it is a set of specific methodological techniques for conducting lectures, conversations, excursions on a specific topic and for a specific group.

The technique is divided into general and specific.

An excursion is a methodically thought-out show of places of interest, monuments of history and culture, a show based on an analysis of the objects in front of the eyes of the tourists, as well as the events associated with them.

The guide is not indifferent to what the excursionist sees, how he will understand and perceive what he saw and heard.

The guide, with his explanations, brings the tourists to the necessary conclusions, the effectiveness of the excursion depends on this.

From this it follows that the essence of the excursion can be defined as follows: a visual process of cognition of the surrounding world, a process built on pre-selected objects located in natural conditions or located in the halls of museums, exhibitions, workshops of a sculptor, artist, etc.

The excursion technique is a private technique, since it is associated with the process of disseminating knowledge based on one form of work. The excursion methodology is a set of requirements and rules for an excursion, as well as the sum of methodological techniques for preparing and conducting excursions of various types, on various topics and for various groups of people.

The method of excursion work answers the following questions:

1. Why is the excursion prepared and conducted (purpose, objectives)?

2. What issues are covered during the excursion (what is its content)?

3. How to conduct an excursion (methodological techniques)?

The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts:

Methodology for developing a topic that is new for this bureau;

Methods for the development of a new topic for a guide, but already developed in this bureau;

Methods of preparing a guide for the next excursion;

Excursion methods;

Techniques after excursion work.

1. Subject and types of excursion techniques.

1.1 Subject and types of excursion techniques.

The method of conducting an excursion is a combination of techniques used in conducting an excursion, which are designed to find a way more common and, together with the fact that, as everyone knows, effective achievement of the purpose of the excursion, to help the excursionists find it easier and stronger to finally master the content of the excursion.

Methodological methods of conducting an excursion are divided into general, personal and individual ones. Imagine one fact that the general techniques are, as usual, the basis for conducting, as everyone knows, any excursion, regardless of its topic, the composition of the excursion group. I must say that personal, in the end, are those methods that are used in excursions, as most of us are used to saying, of a certain type (industrial, museum, natural history, transport, walking), or in excursions conducted for a certain, as people used to express themselves, excursion audience (kids, youth, adults). It's no secret that personal techniques, focusing on the main requirements of the excursion techniques, develop and concretize more effective techniques for conducting excursions of this type. Everyone knows that in the end, single techniques are, as we constantly say, unique methods of observing some, as many say, the 1st object or a story about it, for example, showing a building on the shore of a reservoir, which, on a fine summer day, finally reflects on its surface. And it is not even necessary to say that such techniques are usually the intellectual property of the 1st guide and are not finally used by everyone who, therefore, conducts such excursions. Indeed, one-off methods include those whose implementation is limited, as we put it, to a certain time of year or day.

The excursion methodology is considered in several aspects: as the basis for the professional skill of the guides; as a mechanism that improves the "feed" of the material; as a process of streamlining the activities of the guide. The technique helps tourists see, remember and understand much more than in a lecture that covers the same topic. This is because the lecturer's methodology is largely based on various kinds of messages and descriptions, the lecture story is conducted in isolation from the objects of description. The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts: - methodology for developing a topic that is new for this bureau; - methods for the development of a new topic for a guide, but already developed in this bureau; - methods for preparing a guide for the next excursion; - methods of conducting an excursion; - methods of post-excursion work.

Aspects of the excursion methodology: the basis of the professional skills of the guide, the mechanism for submitting material, the process of streamlining the activities of the guide during the preparation and conduct of the excursion.

The excursion methodology is associated with concepts such as storytelling and showing. To the question about the ratio of the show and the story in the excursion, the methodology gives an unambiguous answer: from the show to the story. One should start with a show, with visual or other (tactile, olfactory) impressions, and then introduce the story. The technique takes into account the object's ability to attract attention, uses various means to enhance the attention of tourists.

Another task of the methodology is to suggest the most effective use of methodological techniques for conducting excursions. The excursion methodology takes into account the issues of emotional impact on sightseers.

The subject of the excursion methodology is the purposeful study, systematization, formulation, explanation and application in practice of means and methods of education and training, as well as methodological techniques with the help of which employees of excursion institutions carry out their activities. The excursion methodology summarizes the experience of conducting excursions, develops and proposes such methodological techniques that have justified themselves in practice and provide the highest efficiency of disclosure and perception of the topic.

1.2 Methodology for preparing excursions.

The development of the excursion is carried out by a creative group, consisting of 3-10 people, depending on the complexity of the topic. Each of the participants is working on one of the sections or one of subtopics tours. The head of the creative group combines and edits the prepared material.

The preparation is divided into two stages:

Preliminary - selection and study of factual materials (i.e. the process of initial accumulation of knowledge on a given topic), carried out by a creative group, the choice of objects on which the excursion will be built;

Immediate - drawing up an excursion route, processing factual material.

In addition, work is underway on the structure of the methodological development: introduction, main part, conclusion; a control text is compiled, the methodological guidance of the excursion is analyzed (determination of the most appropriate methodological techniques for showing and telling specifically for one or another part of the excursion), a "guide's portfolio" is formed, an individual text is prepared. A methodological development is a concise plan, a document that determines how to conduct a given excursion, in what sequence to organize the display of monuments, what methodology is advisable to use for an effective excursion. Here the guide must find advice on the sequence in which to show and tell the story, what materials are from the “guide's portfolio” and when it is better to demonstrate. A methodological development is compiled for each topic of the excursion.

Methodological development is an obligatory document, without which an excursion on this topic cannot be conducted.

An obligatory document is also an individual text, which gives the guide the right to conduct an excursion on this topic. A correctly drawn up methodological development helps the guide to reveal the topic more fully.

2.5. Excursion technique

The effectiveness of any excursion largely depends on the technique of its conduct, the connection between the methodology and the technique of conducting. There are a number of requirements for the excursion technique. These include the tour guide's acquaintance with the group, the correct placement of the group at the object, excursionists getting off the bus and returning to the bus (other vehicle), using a microphone by the guide, observing the time allotted for the excursion as a whole and disclosing certain subtopics, answering the tourists' questions etc.

Acquaintance of the guide with the group. The guide gets on the bus and gets to know the group. He greets those present, names his last name, first name, patronymic, the excursion institution, which he represents, introduces the excursionists to the bus driver, that is, he begins the tour with an introduction.

It is important that from the very beginning the guide submits his actions to the established rules of communication with the group. He doesn't start talking right away. There is a pause that lasts ten to twenty seconds. The first acquaintance takes place; further contacts of the guide with the group largely depend on it. The excursionists gradually become silent, sit down more comfortably, their attention switches to the guide. Sightseers figure out what the guide is capable of, what will tell them interesting things, and the guide thinks about how to interest these people, how to rivet their attention to the topic.

With proper organization of excursion work, preparation for it should occur in advance. This is done by tour organizers or travel agents.

The plot of the excursion must be known to the excursionist in advance. The excursionist must know the topic of the excursion. It is extremely important that promotional activities and the purchase of a guided tour are separated from the tour by one or two days. This is significant in the sense that a well-known psychological attitude of the excursionist will take place during this period of time. He will have time to think over and get used to the plot of the tour.

Each topic has its own introduction. If the composition of the group is different (for example, local population and visiting tourists, adults and children), the same excursion will have different introductions. The guide pays special attention to the preparation and execution of the introduction, which gives a specific setting for the excursionists, allows them to establish contact with them.

Exit of excursionists from the bus (trolleybus, tram). You need to prepare in advance for the excursion. In cases where this is not done, a significant part of the group remains on the bus, without going out to observe the monuments at their location. Thus, sightseers lose the opportunity to personally get to know the object.

At the stops where the excursion group exits, the guide leaves first, showing an example to the group and determining the direction of its movement to the object. In cases when other stops are arranged on excursions, for example, sanitary or for the purchase of souvenirs, the guide informs the exact time (hour and minutes) of the bus departure. It is necessary to require excursionists to comply with the regulations for the excursion, which affects the schedule of the bus along the route. If the time spent on a country excursion is reduced or increased for some reason, the guide informs all excursionists about it.

Arrangement of the group at the object. When developing an excursion, as a rule, several options for placing a group are determined for observing an excursion object. This is done in the case when the place determined by the methodological development is occupied by another group or when the sun's rays shine in the eyes, making it difficult to inspect the object. There are other reasons that prevent you from using the recommended site. In hot weather, opportunities are used to arrange groups in the shade. In case of rain, the option of placing tourists under the roof, under the crown of trees is provided. In some cases, the technique requires that several points be selected to inspect the object: distant, if the object is shown together with the environment or other objects; close, if individual details of a building, structure, terrain, object of nature are analyzed. These features are reflected in the column "Organized guidelines for methodological development". Each guide carefully studies these instructions and, before leaving with the group on the route, clarifies issues related to the placement of the group for observing objects. You should also ensure the safety of tourists when inspecting facilities and when crossing motorways.

When several groups are simultaneously located at one object, such a distance should be maintained between them so that one guide does not interfere with the other with his story, so that one group does not obscure another object of observation. The well-known difficulties in observing this condition are caused by the placement of groups for displaying a museum exposition.

Tourist movement from bus to facility, from facility to bus, between facilities by a group. The guide's place is in the center of the group, several people are walking in front, a few are nearby, the rest are behind. It is important that the group does not stretch: the distance between its head and those who walk last should not exceed 5-7 meters. The guide must ensure that the integrity of the group is not compromised when the group moves along the route. If the group is extended, not everyone will hear the guide's story, his explanations and logical transitions that are set out along the way. Experienced guides skillfully guide the movement along the route.

The pace of movement of the group depends on the composition of the group (children, youth, middle age, elderly people), on the terrain, for example, climbing a mountain, poor road conditions, overcoming ditches of dangerous zones in working shops, etc.

On a walking tour, the pace of movement of sightseers is slow, unhurried, since the objects of the show are located next to each other.

It is more difficult to set the required pace of movement of the group on a bus tour. Here, getting off the bus, the guide does not start moving immediately, especially if the object is located in the distance. He allows most of the tourists to get off the bus and then, without haste, but not too slowly, at the head of the group heads towards the goal. Approaching the object, he begins his story not immediately, but after the whole group has gathered.

The guide supervises the movement of tourists and during their independent work on the route. Tourists walk around the object in order to read the inscription on it themselves, enter it, see the peculiar features of the architecture. They climb the hill to determine its height, climb the bell tower, the minaret to be convinced of the unusual "step" of the steps of the steep staircase, descend into the moat to determine its depth, etc. These movements of sightseers enrich them additional information and new impressions, make it possible to feel the unique features of the objects, the features of the events to which the excursion is dedicated.

Return of sightseers to the bus. During the movement of the group, it is led by a guide. When the group is boarding the bus, he stands to the right of the entrance and counts the sightseers who enter the cabin. This is done unnoticed. After making sure that all the participants of the excursion have gathered, he enters the bus last and gives a conventional sign to the driver about the start of movement.

It is necessary to avoid counting tourists who have already taken their seats on the bus. This introduces unnecessary nervousness, sometimes causes comic situations, thereby disrupting the course of the excursion.

Place of the guide. The tour guide on the bus should occupy a place from where he can clearly see the objects referred to during the excursion, but so that all excursionists are in his field of vision. At the same time, tourists should see him. Typically, this is a dedicated front seat next to the driver (the seat behind the driver is for another driver). For the sake of safety, it is not allowed for the guide to stand while the bus is moving (as well as excursionists).

On a walking tour, the guide must be half-turned to the object. Showing visually perceptible objects requires that they be in front of the eyes of the guide, because he analyzes them on the basis of his visual impressions. This is especially important in out-of-town excursions, when the guide, while the bus is moving, sitting in his place with his back to the tourists, looks through the front window of the bus and talks about what the tourists are already seeing or are about to see.

Observance of time in the excursion. The methodological development indicates the exact time allotted for the disclosure of each subtopic in minutes. Everything is provided here: showing the objects, the guide's story, moving along the route to the next one and moving the group around the observed objects. The ability to meet the allotted time does not come immediately to the guide. This requires a lot of practice, including conducting an excursion with a watch in hand: at home, at a specific object. It is necessary to achieve compliance with the time when conducting a logical transition, covering a single subtopic and main issues. The timekeeping of the time spent on separate parts of the excursion helps the guide. On the basis of such timing, taking into account the comments of the listener, the guide makes the appropriate adjustments to his story. Everything unnecessary is removed from the excursion, which leads to waste of time. Often the excursion, for reasons beyond the control of the guide, is significantly reduced in time. This is due to the prolonged gathering of the group, breakfast served to tourists at the wrong time, late bus, etc. As a result, the excursion starts with a delay. The guide has only one way out - to reduce the time allotted for the disclosure of the topic. This should be done, keeping everything important in the content of the excursion and removing the secondary. To do this, you need to prepare in advance for a possible reduction in the excursion material.

Technique of the story when the bus is moving. The narration while driving on the bus should be conducted by a guide through a microphone. If the equipment is malfunctioning or the microphone is missing altogether, it is useless for the guide to tell the story while driving. The noise of the engine and the shaking of the bus limit audibility, so that explanations will only be heard by tourists sitting nearby. In this case, the guide gives materials about the nearest section of the route before the start of the movement, and during the movement only the names of objects or areas are reported. When there are important objects or settlements it is necessary to stop the bus, turn off the engine and only then give explanations. This must be agreed with the driver in advance.

Answers to questions from tourists. In excursion practice, a certain classification of questions has developed. They are subdivided into four groups: questions from the guide, to which excursionists answer; questions posed during the story, to which the guide answers; rhetorical questions that are posed to activate the attention of tourists; questions asked by participants of excursions on the topic. The first three groups of questions are related to the method of conducting excursions, and only the fourth group of questions is related to the technique of conducting excursions. Their content is different - sometimes they are associated with objects, sometimes - with the life of famous personalities, and often - with events that are not related to the topic of the excursion. The main rule of working with such questions is that you should not interrupt the story and give an immediate answer to them, nor do you need to answer questions at the end of each subtopic. This scatters attention and distracts the audience from the perception of the content of the disclosed topic, since not everyone in the group is concerned about these particular issues. Therefore, the guide should answer questions not during the tour, but at the end of it. The content of the answers should not be of a controversial nature, i.e., arouse the desire of the tourists to argue, to continue the topic raised in the question.

Making an introduction to the topic, the guide informs his listeners about this order of answers to questions.

Excursion breaks. The guide does not have to speak continuously. There should be small breaks between the individual parts of the story, the story and excursion information on the way, the logical transition and the story about the object and the events associated with it.

Pauses have the following tasks:

The first is semantic, when the break time is used by people to think about what they heard from the guide and saw with their own eyes. To consolidate factual material in memory, formulate their conclusions and remember what they saw. It is important that sightseers have time free from showing and telling about each object for self examination, preparing for the perception of what will be shown and told at the next stop;
- the second is to give sightseers a short rest. It does not carry any semantic meaning. This is especially important for those who are not yet accustomed to such an active form of cultural and educational work as an excursion.

Pauses in out-of-town excursions are combined with rest, which, in accordance with the existing procedure, is provided to the guide: 15 minutes. at the end of each hour of work (for a guide, the hour of the tour is 45 minutes). This rest can be summed up and used by the guide at the end of the tour. There may also be pauses on excursions - free time used to purchase souvenirs, printed materials, quench thirst, as well as for sanitary stops on long excursions.

The technique of using the "guide portfolio". The content of the "guide's portfolio", its significance and role in the use of methodological techniques of the show is related to the methodology of preparing and conducting an excursion. Each exhibit - photograph, drawing, reproduction of a painting, portrait, drawing, copy of a document - has its own serial number. This determines the sequence of demonstration of this exhibit to tourists.

The exhibit can be shown by the guide from his workplace, transferred to the hands of the tourists along the rows for more detailed acquaintance.

Sometimes, in accordance with the methodological development, the guide organizes the playback of tape and video recordings. It is important to check in advance the serviceability of the equipment, the availability of the necessary recordings, to ensure audibility for all participants of the excursion. The guide must be able to use this equipment.

During the excursions, elements of the ritual are used (a ceremony developed by folk customs). Sightseers at burial sites and memorials honor the memory of the victims with a minute of silence, attend the changing of the guard of honor, participate in processions and rallies, and listen to funeral melodies. The guide needs to know the order of laying flowers, the passage of sightseers at the locations of mass graves and obelisks, participation in the guard of honor, in a minute of silence, the rules of behavior at the Eternal Flame and at the burial sites of heroes of the Civil War, the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) and others. wars. Before the start of the excursion, the guide informs about everything, emphasizing the importance of observing the ritual when visiting historical sites.

conclusions

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of issues related to the technique of conducting excursions. Neither a fascinating story about objects, nor methodological methods of displaying monuments will give the necessary effect if all aspects of its implementation are not seriously thought out, if conditions are not created for observing the objects.

Control questions

1. The concept of "excursion technique".
2. Contents of the column "Organizational instructions".
3. Organization of the work of the guide with the group.
4. Skillful use of excursion techniques.
5. Skills in using excursion techniques.
6. The pace of movement of the group, its meaning.
7. Using a microphone. Work in the absence of a microphone.
8. Establishing the necessary order in the group.
9. Use of free time during the excursion.
10. Answers to questions from tourists.
11. Technique of using visual aids.