Vast territory gives Australia a lot of wealth natural resources... Despite the small population, the country actively and rationally uses the available resources and is actively developing the direction of alternative energy sources.
Due to its large length, the country has several climatic zones at once, which is reflected in the unique and diverse flora and fauna.
Water resources
There are few rivers throughout Australia. During the period of snow melting, the rivers are quite full-flowing, but at all other times, even large rivers, such as the Darling, become very shallow. For irrigation of fields and pastures, dams are built and reservoirs are created. The only exception is Tasmania, the rivers flowing through this lake are regularly fed by snow and rain. Due to this, there are a large number of hydroelectric power plants in Tasmania. The lakes of Australia are waterless pits during most of the year, filling with water only in summer. Fishing and growing of pearl mussels are well developed in the nearby seas.
Land resources
The total land area occupies more than 774 thousand hectares, of which more than half are suitable for agricultural needs and construction. However, the constant drought does not allow the use of the entire available territory. There are irrigation systems on the territory of 2,550 hectares, so now the sown area occupies only 6% of the entire territory. Many crops, vegetables, fruits and cotton are grown in Australia.
Forest resources
Woodlands in Australia are small and account for only 2% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe country. However, the subtropical Australian forests are the largest in area in the world. You can also find humid tropical, subantarctic and savanna forests. Due to the arid climate, the flora of Australia is represented mainly by dry-loving plants. central part the mainland is predominantly covered with scrub. Economic activity has greatly modified many plant species.
Mineral resources
Australia is rich in mineral resources, ranking 1st in the world in terms of zirconium and bauxite deposits and 2nd in uranium deposits. Coal mining is also very well developed. Both large and small gold deposits are scattered throughout Australia. Platinum, silver, nickel, opal, antimony, bismuth, as well as diamonds are mined in significant volumes. The mill also has reserves of oil and natural gas. Australia fully provides its industry and, apart from oil, does not need to purchase mineral resources.
Alternative energy sources
Australia is on the path to actively developing alternative energy sources. Climatic conditions allow highly efficient use of solar and wind energy. The country has every chance to completely switch over to the use of only alternative energy sources in a short time.
Australia is a continental country. This is one of the most amazing countries in the world because it has a unique nature, relief, animals and flora... Australia is a country "with character": the climate here is very difficult, summer here comes in the midst of winter, and winter - during summer.
Australia is full of contrasts. It is an island surrounded on all sides by the ocean, but most of which is desert. Here the culture of aborigines and the culture of the modern world coexist. The industrial cities are surrounded by wildlife. It is impossible to get tired of this continent, Australia constantly amazes tourists. And tourists themselves want to return to this stunning country in order to once again enjoy its chic and simplicity.
Capital |
Canberra |
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Population |
23 002 866 inhabitants |
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7 692 thousand km² |
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Population density |
2.8 people per km² |
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English |
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Religion |
Multi-confessional country, has no official religion |
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Form of government |
A constitutional monarchy |
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Australian dollar (AUD) |
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Timezone |
Three time zones: Western Time (UTC + 8), Central Time (UTC + 9: 30) and Eastern Time (UTC + 10) |
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International dialing code |
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Domain zone |
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Electricity |
220 V, 50 Hz, three-pin sockets |
Climate and weather
The climate in Australia is due to its proximity to the equator. Winter (December to February) is the hottest time here. The air temperature can reach + 36 ° С, and sometimes + 40 ° С in the center of Australia and + 30 ° С - on the West Coast. Summer, on the other hand, is very cool, up to +20 ° С in Central Australia and up to +10 ° С in the west.
The most inhabited part of Australia - southeast coast... This part is also the most loyal in terms of climate: the winter here is not so hot (+25 ... + 27 ° С), and the summers are mild and rainy with temperatures up to +12 ... + 14 ° С.
The climate of the island of Tasmania is the mildest in the entire country: in summer the temperature reaches +10 ° С, and in winter - +17 ... 19 ° С.
The driest climate is observed in central Australia. Here the minimum amount of precipitation falls per year, and therefore the desert is spread here. The island of Tasmania has the maximum rainfall in the country in winter. This is the rainiest place in Australia.
Nature
Australia is a country with a rich and unique nature. There are almost no rivers in Australia, and a large number of lakes. The most significant river here is Murray... The largest lake - Eyrewhich is salty. However, Australia attracts tourists not with rivers and lakes, but with its sea beaches with white delicate sand, comfortably located in the northeast and east of the mainland. Also attracts Great Barrier Reef - the largest coral reef in the world. Diving and surfing enthusiasts come back here again and again to once again plunge into this stunning beauty and enjoy the unimaginable underwater world.
Some tourists are attracted by the deserts and semi-deserts that occupy most of Australia. They also have something mysterious and unique, especially the oases.
Australia has a valid mawson volcano (this is the highest point in the country).
The flora and fauna of this country are unique and inimitable. Many of Australia's plants are evergreen, although some have been able to adapt to dry weather and fires. However, it is the local animal world that is of the greatest interest. After all, such animals as here cannot be found anywhere else (except in zoos). Platypuses and echidnas, kangaroos and koalas, emus and cockatoos - they all amaze with their dissimilarity to the animals we are used to. Just for the sake of them it is worth going to Australia. Please note that there are a lot of poisonous snakes in Australia.
In the north of Australia, there is the Kakadu National Park, where you can get acquainted with the richest flora and fauna of this beautiful country... In addition, it contains Aboriginal rock paintings that are more than 25,000 years old.
sights
In Australia, man-made landmarks cannot be separated from nature-made landmarks.
The highlights of Australia include the extraordinary flora and fauna of the continental country, a mountain of red soil Ayers Rock , oases in the middle of the desert, Great Barrier Reef, which is listed as a UN World Heritage Site.
Sydney Is the most beautiful city in the world. It combines the industrial modern world with its skyscrapers and the ancient buildings of the King's Cross and Rocks districts, parks and boulevards and Asian quarters. The well-known Sydney Sydney Museum of Australian History and Anthropology, Museum of Modern Art, Nicholson Museum of Antiquity, National Maritime Museum, Australia's Wildlife Park and Hyde Park. Particularly noteworthy are the promenade in the Woolumulu area and the opal factory, where you can buy jewelry made from opals, pearls or diamonds. Sydney is worth visiting if only to feel the spirit of Australia, to feel its contrasting and contradictory nature, alluring with its uniqueness.
Melbourne - most big city Australia. The small center of Melbourne is home to museums, galleries and fine shops. A huge part of the city is given over to parks and squares; there is also Royal Botanic Gardens. It is also worth visiting the National Gallery and victoria Museum, St. Patrick's Cathedral, James Cook Memorial and Old City Mint, Phillip Island, Great Ocean Road, beautiful Port Campbell National Park and the scenic weathered shores of southwest Victoria.
City Darwin Is a small modern city. Here you can walk through a large number of parks: Kakadu Park, Northern Territories Wildlife Park, beautiful parks Lichfieldand Katerina gorge... It is this city that will help you plunge into the unique wildlife of Australia.
Nutrition
Traditional Australian cuisine does not exist; it is an extension of British cuisine. However, all kinds of seafood prevail here. In addition, kangaroo meat, crocodile meat, emu and even larvae and beetles are also eaten here. But don't worry, there are many restaurants and cafes here offering almost every kind of international cuisine. In addition, there are plenty of fast food restaurants in Australia.
Australian wines are very popular abroad. But the most popular drink among the Australians themselves is beer.
In Australia, you can enjoy the following food options:
BYO Restaurantswhich means "Bring with you"... In this case, alcoholic beverages are meant. This is due to the fact that not all Australian restaurants receive a license to trade in alcohol. Please note that some restaurants of this type can only bring beer, others only wine. For drinking alcohol in such establishments, you must pay a fee (from 2 to 15 $).
Asian fast food chains are quite common in this country.
In many parks you can make your own barbecue.
Australia also has so-called "Salad bars" - self-service bars. Here you have to pay an entrance fee in the region of AUD 6-8. The assortment is represented by salads, snacks, soups, vegetables and fruits.
Residence
In Australia, tourists are offered a wide variety of accommodation options, be it a hotel, inn, hostel, camping or apartment.
The most affordable option for living in the country is a hostel. Here you will be given a private room with a shared bathroom for 20-30 $ per night. The same price includes the opportunity to use the kitchen with a refrigerator and a supply of food.
Hotels are more expensive accommodation options. It is worth noting that Australian hotels are divided into classes, but excluding stars. Here you will be provided with high quality service with free internet, morning newspapers and meals.
Motels Is the most common type of residence in Australia. They are cheaper than hotels, but the quality of service is simpler here. The cost of living is approximately 50 $ per night. For this amount you will be offered a private room with a personal shower and toilet.
Available for tourists and rental apartments. But, as a rule, apartments are provided for a short period (maximum a couple of nights). In this case, you can use the kitchen, washing machine, clothes dryer and other services.
Alternatively, you can live on a farm. Here you will be provided with quality food and Australian flavor.
Entertainment and recreation
The sun and the beach are what comes to mind when the word "Australia" is mentioned. Hundreds of tourists are attracted to this country by its beach vacation. Australia has over 10,000 beaches. Each tourist can choose a vacation to their liking.
The most popular beach in Australia is Bondi Beach. There are many cafes, restaurants and hotels here. The main beach of the Gold Coast - Surfes Paradise... The most picturesque Australian beach, which plays with colors in the rays of the rising and setting sun, is Cable Beach. Lovers of a secluded relaxing holiday without a crowd of people will suit Carramoin and beaches bedarra Islands... For tourists with children wonderful place rest will be beaches dunk Islandsand Magnetic.
Everyone knows that Australia is very popular among amateurs water sports... Its beaches do not leave indifferent neither surfers, nor yachtsmen, nor fans of diving and water skiing. Here you can try spearfishing.
Australians are big fans of golf, tennis and badminton. Therefore, there are a lot of playgrounds for these sports.
Australia's premier cultural event is the Sydney Festival, which is celebrated in January. Within its framework, a military parade, street performances, and theatrical premieres are held.
In February in Sydney you can get to the festival of sexual minorities.
In Melbourne, at the end of January, you can attend a tennis tournament, and in February - the Formula 1 world championship at the Australian Grand Prix.
Purchases
Shops in Australia are usually open from 09:00 to 17:00, weekends are Saturday and Sunday. However, some supermarkets allow themselves to work on weekends, but not for long.
In the event that you made a purchase in an Australian store for more than AUS $ 300 in one check, you may receive a 9.1% GST refund. To receive a tax refund, you need to have the purchase with you in its original form, as well as a receipt.
Transport
In Australia, driving on the left. This must be taken into account when driving a car in this country. Many people say that the roads in Australia are quite good.
The distance between the main cities of the country is significant (for example, from Sydney to Melbourne 900 km). Therefore, airplanes are the most common form of travel within the country. The cost of the flight is low. Flights from Melbourne to Sydney and back depart every 15 minutes.
Rail transport is poorly developed in this country. This is due to the fact that the states do not cooperate with each other on this issue, as well as because of the large distance between cities and the difficulty of laying the railroad. In addition, not all states have it at all. The cost of travel by train is not much lower than by plane, but the speed is much lower.
Traveling by bus is a more popular form of transportation. You can use various types of tickets, including for charter flights.
Ferry is another popular form of transport. The main ferry service is between Melbourne and Devonport. The ferry can be used every day. There is also a ferry service between Palm Beach, which is on the central coast of New South Wales, and Sydney's North Beaches.
Communication
Wireless Internet is quite common here, there are quite a few access points. There are internet cafes in large cities. Most hotels offer free internet access to their guests.
There are payphones throughout the country. With their help, you can make both long-distance and international calls. Alternatively, you can purchase a SIM card. The balance is replenished through the purchase of a "voucher", which must be activated. When buying a SIM card, your balance will be zero.
Safety
Travelers should be aware that it is prohibited to bring food, firearms, drugs, certain medications, animal and plant materials into Australia.
It is also prohibited to export from Australia animals and plants, bird feathers, corals, shells, bones, bamboo products without the necessary permission.
We bring to your attention the emergency numbers:
013
- emergency calls;
000
- police, fire department, ambulance. Dialing this number will put you in touch with an operator who needs to be given a code word for the assistance you need: police, fire or ambulance.
Here are some important laws that, if not followed, will result in fines or even visa cancellation and deportation:
- alcohol and cigarettes can only be purchased by persons over 18;
- smoking in public places is prohibited;
- you can not purchase, sell, store, use illegal drugs, including marijuana;
- in no case should you spit on the street, otherwise you will get a fine;
- it is forbidden to carry weapons, including knives.
Never drive after drinking alcohol. This is not only unsafe, but also punishable by a fine. At night, driving on the roads should also be done carefully, do not recklessly. In Australia, there are regular night police patrols to monitor traffic regulations. The penalty for violating these rules may be AUD $ 100 or more.
The property
Property prices in Australia are relatively high. Real estate in large cities is the most expensive. For example, in Sydney or Melbourne, a house costs about 580 000 $ , and the apartment will cost 540 000 $ ... In smaller cities, property prices are also lower. So, a house in Adelaide is sold at a price of $ 400,000, and an apartment can be purchased for 325 000 $.
The process of buying property in Australia by foreign nationals is not easy. To purchase real estate in this country, you must obtain permission from the Government Council for Foreign Investment. In addition, a prerequisite for a real estate transaction is the participation of a lawyer.
Payment for the purchased property should be made only by bank transfer.
In addition, it should be borne in mind that in the event of the expiry of the visa to leave Australia, the property must be sold. If you want to avoid this trouble, real estate can be registered with a legal entity registered in Australia.
Business climate
Australian law allows anyone to do business. This contributes to the "survival" of the strongest in the business environment - most companies cease to exist in the first year of operation and lose a lot of money. Organizational and legal forms are different here: from private small businesses to large foreign companies.
Every company in the country, small or large, is required to maintain accounting records, be a good taxpayer and insure all of its employees.
If you need additional funds to start your own business, you can easily take a bank loan for long term at a low interest rate, but only if you have a good credit history.
Australia's fiscal year ends on June 30th. At the end of this period by October 30, taxpayers are required to fill out a tax return and settle with the state. Residents of the country are required to pay taxes on all income received (including income outside the country). Non-residents pay taxes only on income received in Australia. The income tax rate is rather big here - 30 %.
The VAT rate is relatively small - 10 %.
The most developing industries in Australia are programming, mining and chemical industry, construction, medicine. Most of the exhibitions and conferences held in Australia are assigned to them. Their main goal is to increase the level of development of industries, agriculture both in Australia and abroad, exchange experience and knowledge, as well as protect the unique ecosystem of Australia and Oceania. Most of the exhibitions are held in cities such as Sydney, Perth, Melbourne, Brisbane.
Here are some tips to help you enjoy your holiday in this impressive country.
Duty-free goods totaling AU $ 900 can be brought into Australia. For goods exceeding this amount, you will have to pay customs duty. You can import no more than 250 cigarettes (250 grams of other tobacco products) and 1125 ml of alcohol duty free.
Banks in Australia are only open on weekdays from 09:00 to 16:00 or 17:00. Currency exchange offices work not only on weekdays, but also on weekends. ATMs work around the clock.
If you decide to travel inland, then pre-stock up on fuel, water, food, matches and spare parts for the car. You will not find telephones in the interior of the country, mobile communications do not catch there, so it will not be superfluous to take a satellite phone with you, as well as tell your friends or local police exactly where you are going and for how long.
If you decide to rent a car, you will need to have with you an international driver's license, the amount of the deposit, as well as more than a year of driving experience and age over 21, but not more than 75.
Be careful in the wild: Australia is full of wild venomous snakes and insects. Before traveling to this country, read the rules for assisting with poisonous animal bites.
Also remember about the rules of conduct on the water and the presence of sharks. Safe swimming areas are marked with green or red-yellow flags, and red or yellow flags warn of a dangerous swimming area.
Visa information
To visit Australia, citizens of the CIS countries and the Russian Federation need to obtain a visa, which can be a guest or transit visa. A visitor visa is granted to persons whose purpose of visit is to visit their relatives or friends (for up to 12 months), tourism, and training (no more than three months). Moreover, the person who decides to issue this visa must make sure that the applicant intends to visit Australia only for tourist purposes. Otherwise, the visa will be refused.
A transit visa is issued to those persons whose purpose of visit is to directly transit through Australian territory to a third country. In this case, the period of stay in Australia should not exceed three days.
Since ancient times, people have sought to Australia in search of gold and for the sake of fat pastures, where a huge number of livestock were raised. Modern surveys have shown that the continent has a huge amount of reserves of various types of minerals.
For the extraction of iron ores, bauxite, lead and zinc, Australia now ranks first in the world, for the extraction of uranium - the second (after Canada), for the extraction of coal - the 6th.
Features of the relief of Australia
In ancient times, Australia was an integral part of Gondwana, one of the two largest continents. Australia broke away around the end of the Mesozoic, and now most of the mainland rests on an ancient platform. Therefore, the relief of Australia is dominated by plains, where the richest deposits of sedimentary rocks are located. About 95% of the country's territory does not rise above 600 m above sea level.
Along west coast a narrow strip of plateau stretches. These are the Western Australian Highlands (average elevations - 200 m) and the McDonnell Ridge (with the highest peak, Mount Zil - 1511 m). There are deposits of oil, gas, iron ore, bauxite, titanium, gold.
Lowlands prevail in the center of the mainland. In the Eyre Lakes region, the lowest point in Australia was recorded - minus 16 m from sea level. Copper, manganese and opals are mined in this area.
In the east of the mainland, the Great Dividing Range is located - these are high mountains with steep slopes, mainly of volcanic origin, made up of limestone, granite and volcanic rocks. This mountain system stores considerable reserves of coal and brown coal, rich deposits of oil and gas, tin, gold, copper. The highest peak of the continent is located here - Mount Kostsyushko (2228 m). On the slopes of the Great Dividing Range originate the largest Australian rivers - Murray and Darling.
Types of minerals
Iron ore - a mineral formation containing a large amount of iron. For the extraction of iron ore, Australia, together with Brazil and China, provides 2/3 of the world's production. The largest deposits discovered in the northwest of the mainland are the Mount Newman and Mount Goldsworth basins. Ore is also mined in South Australia (the largest deposit is Iron Nob). The Australian company BHP Billiton is one of the three largest iron ore concerns in the world. This concern alone gives the world about 188 million tons of ore. Today Australia is also the world's largest ore exporter. More than 30% of world exports per year go to this country.
Bauxites - a complex rock from which aluminum is mined. In terms of bauxite deposits, Australia ranks second in the world, second only to Guinea. According to experts, more than 7 billion tons of the most valuable ore is stored on the southern continent, which is almost 26% of the world's reserves. In Australia, bauxite is found in mountainous areas. The largest deposits: Weipa (Cape York), Gov (Arnhem Land), Jarradale (on the slopes of the Darling ridge).
Polymetals - a complex ore containing a whole set of chemical elements, of which zinc, lead, copper, silver and gold are considered the most important. Large deposits of polymetallic ores are found in New South Wales (Brocken Hill deposit), Queensland (Mount Eyes deposit) and northern Australia (Tennant Creek deposit).
Gold - a valuable metal that has found application not only in jewelry, but also in electronics, nuclear industry, medicine. Australia is the 4th largest gold producer in the world. More than 225 tons are mined here annually. The main deposits of gold are concentrated in the southwest of the mainland - in the state of Western Australia. The largest mines are located near the cities of Kalgoorlie, Wilun and Queensland.
Coal - the most important type of fuel of organic origin. According to experts, almost 9% of the world's coal reserves are concentrated in Australia, which is more than 76.4 billion tons. The main coal basins are located in eastern Australia. The largest deposits are in the states of New South Wales and Queensland.
Oil and natural gas - valuable fuel resources, of which there are not so many in Australia (in comparison with other countries, and even more so continents). The main deposits of oil and gas are found on the shelf near the coast. Largest oil fields: Mooney, Alton, Bennett (Queensland), Kingfish (Victoria) and Barrow Island. The largest gas field is Ranken.
Chromium - metal used in heavy industry. Rich deposits of chromium have been found in Australia. Large deposits: Gingin, Dongarra (Western Australia), Marlin (Victoria).
By mining diamonds and opals Australia ranks first in the world. The largest diamond deposit is located in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Arjile. And most of the opals (2/3) are found in South Australia. There is also an unusual underground city of Coober Pedy, which is often called the world capital of opals. Most of the dwellings in the city are located in underground mines.
Resources and deposits
Mineral resources. Australia is one of the five largest suppliers of minerals in the world. The mining industry provides one third of all industrial production in the country. Australia's mineral raw materials are exported to more than 100 countries around the world.
Water and forest resources Australia are small. In terms of water reserves, this is the poorest continent on earth. There are few rivers, and 90% of the rivers dry up during the dry season. Only the Murray and its tributary the Marrumbidgee remain constant throughout the year. The main woodlands are located in the east and west of the continent. Eucalyptus thickets are especially appreciated.
Land resources Australia is vast, but almost 44% of the mainland is desert. However, semi-deserts and steppes are used for extensive pastures. Sheep breeding is very developed, which is often called the "business card" of the Australian economy. The country occupies a leading position in the world in the production of meat and butter.
Fertile soils are located in the steppe regions. Mainly wheat is grown. They also gather rich harvests of sugar cane, tobacco, and cotton. Lately everyone greater development receives winemaking and viticulture.
Australia's vast expanses are covered with deserts, but rich mineral resources and efficient agriculture have made it a prosperous country.
Area: 7 862 300 km 2
Population:19 485 000
Capital: Canberra (353,000 people)
Major religions: Catholicism, Protestantism (Church of England, United Church)
Main export items: meat and dairy products, cereals, metal ores, coal, oil and oil products, heavy industry products
State system: state led by the Queen of Great Britain, a member of the Commonwealth
Australia, in addition to the mainland washed by the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, includes large island Tasmania, as well as many small islands scattered along its 25,760 km long coastline. Over the past 30 million years, Australia has not experienced any major tectonic movements. During this time, water and wind turned its surface into a flat and monotonous space. More than 93% of the country's territory is located at elevations below 600 m. The climate in Australia is predominantly dry, and about ¾ of its area is occupied by deserts and semi-deserts. Stretching along the shores of the Pacific Ocean, the Great Dividing Range separates the uninhabited territories of the west from the densely populated areas of the east coast. The most multilingual city in the country is located here - Sydney. The separation of the Australian mainland from Pangea and the subsequent 65 million years of isolation from the rest of the world led to the emergence of animals in Australia that cannot be found anywhere on the planet - the platypus and the wombat, not to mention the koalas, kangaroos, the emu and the huge the number of parrots. The fauna of Australia is so amazing that even for their coat of arms, the Australians have chosen images of emu and kangaroo. It is believed that humans appeared in Australia about 40,000 years ago. Having settled most of the mainland, the aborigines led a nomadic lifestyle and created a kind of culture. Currently, the indigenous people of Australia make up only 2% of the population, most of whom are descendants of Europeans who appeared here in the 18th century. The urban population is concentrated in large urban districts - Melbourne, Victoria, Brisbane, Queensland, Perth in Western Australia and Adelaide in South Australia, as well as in the country's capital Canberra.
EASTERN AUSTRALIA
Resource-rich Eastern Australia is the most economically developed and urbanized region of the Commonwealth of Australia.
Australia has four states and two territories. Eastern Australia includes the states of Queensland, Victoria, New South Wales, as well as the metropolitan area with the capital of the country Canberra. Canberra became the seat of government in 1927, after the co-establishment of the Australian Union in 1901 and its acquisition of dominance status. Canberra is the only major city located off the coast. Despite the fact that the share of Eastern Australia accounts for 30% of the entire coastline of the state, fish catches here are small and do not exceed 215 thousand tons per year. More than half of the income comes from seafood such as lobster, shrimp and oysters. A strip of plains stretches along the eastern coast - the main agricultural region of the country. Dominates in the relief of the region is the Great Dividing Range - a precipitous mountain range that stretches almost along the entire Pacific coast from north to south from Queens Land to Victoria. The average height of the ridge is about 1200 m, and its most high peaks are located in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales, where the highest peak of the continent is located - Mount Kosciusko (2228 m). Large deposits of coal are concentrated here, which allowed Australia to become one of the world's largest exporters of this energy carrier. To the west of the Great Dividing Range, the relief gradually lowers, forming a vast flat surface, the main element of which is the Great Artesian Basin - a huge storage of groundwater, widely used for irrigation. The largest river system in the region is the Murray-Darling system with a total length of 3,750 km and a catchment area of \u200b\u200bover 1 million square meters. km. Eastern Australia became the first region of the mainland to be explored by Europeans.
GREAT BARRIER REEF
One of the wonders of nature - the Great Barrier Reef, the greatest coral reef in the world - stretches for almost 2 thousand km along the coast of Queensland. This is the largest coral formation on the planet, represented by more than 350 species of polypies, includes over 3 thousand reefs and covers an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 350 thousand square meters. km. Coral reefs can exist in water that is between 22-28 ° C throughout the year, creating a habitat for the most diverse animal community known on Earth. More than 1,500 fish species live within the Great Barrier Reef - a kaleidoscope of colors and patterns. Humpback whales and six of the world's seven species of sea turtles breed here. Dugongs, a species of mammals that are threatened with extinction, hide in the thickets of algae in the shallow waters of the reef islands. More than 200 species of birds find food in coral thickets. Every year up to 2 million tourists come here to admire the beauties of nature. But therein lies a threat to the reef's existence. Fragile corals are easily destroyed by divers and pleasure craft. Goobyat corals are also polluted and the temperature of sea water rises. Another threat comes from sea stars, which are rapidly eating corals.
BROKEN ANIMALS
Some species of animals have been introduced to Australia by humans. However, some of the "settlers" had a detrimental effect on environment... The introduced dingo dogs, and later foxes and rats, pushed aside or exterminated the local representatives of the fauna. The cane toad and rabbit, having multiplied incredibly, have become the main pests of agriculture, destroying fragile natural ecosystems. Other imported animals, on the contrary, became the basis of agriculture in Australia. The country has more than 110 million sheep and 29 million head of cattle. In agricultural areas over 90% of the used land is allocated for pastures. More than 1/3 of the total cattle population is concentrated in Queensland, and in New South Wales there are up to 40 million sheep. The herds are kept on large farms, here called "stations", or sheep pastures with an area of \u200b\u200bup to 12 thousand square meters. km. In order to cross the lands of only one farm, a light plane is needed. With such a base, Australia is the world's largest exporter of meat, meat and dairy products, as well as a leader in wool production.
POPULATION OF AUSTRALIA
The study of Australia began in the 17th century. Dutchman Abel Janszon Tasman and Englishman William Dampier. In 1768, the British government organized an expedition to conduct geographical research in the Pacific Ocean. This expedition, led by Captain James Cook, reached east coast Australia in 1770 Cook named this land New South Wales and declared it the possession of the British Crown. In 1788 English ships brought the first convicts to Sydney Harbor. After the arrival of the Angli-chan, the native population was subjected to persecution and violence. In the 1850s. the transportation of exiles was stopped and free residents of the British Isles began to arrive on the mainland. The discovery of gold in Victoria in 1851 and the ensuing "gold rush" attracted thousands of fortune seekers from Europe and Asia. After World War II, the government passed a series of laws encouraging resettlement to Australia and an influx of 5.5 million immigrants flooded into the country. More than half of the settlers came from Great Britain, but there were also quite a few of them from Germany, Italy, Greece and Yugoslavia (now it does not exist, but in the 20th century it included Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro). Until 1973, only white people were allowed to enter the country, so there are no more than 6% of immigrants from Asian countries and their descendants in Australia. In 1974, racist immigration policies were
canceled, and residents of Southeast Asia arrived in the country. The population of the country is represented by 150 nationalities. About 68% of residents are Christian and more than 13% consider themselves atheists. The country speaks English, but with a special pronunciation and many local expressions and phrases. The standard of living of Australians is generally high, but the difference in income between rich and poor remains very large. While maintaining its previous ties with its traditional partner, the UK, Australia is expanding trade with the United States and Asia. Although the 1999 referendum showed that the majority of the population prefers to have a British monarch at the head of state, many Australians, especially young people, want to live in a state with a republican system.
CITIES IN EASTERN AUSTRALIA
On the east coast of Australia there are three largest cities - state capitals: Melbourne - the capital of the state of Victoria, Brisbane - the capital of Queensland and Sidney - the capital of New South Wales. Sid-ney, located in a picturesque bay, is the most populated city and financial center of the country. Sydney welcomes more than 4.9 million foreign tourists every year - more than any other Australian city.
THE RIGHTS OF THE ABORIGENS
Before the appearance of the first Europeans, up to 1 million aborigines lived on the mainland, who were engaged in hunting, fishing and exchange trade. The immigrants brought with them new diseases against which the natives had no immunity. Thousands of them died from sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis and the common cold virus. Even more were killed in battles with the settlers, many of whom treated the natives as blood-thirsty savages. They were discriminated against, deprived of their land and driven into reserves, forcing them to change their way of life. Aboriginal children, called the "Stolen Generation", were taken from their parents and transferred to white orphanages. Until the mid-1960s. adult natives did not even have the right to vote. Since then, clear progress has been made in this direction. In 1967, Aboriginal people gained the right to vote, and then a series of laws were passed that recognized their rights to own land. The next step towards improving the life of the indigenous population was measures aimed at increasing their level of well-being and education. Interest in Aboriginal culture and art has increased recently in Australia and around the world. However, despite all this, Aboriginal people remain the poorest and most disadvantaged of all Australians, and their average life expectancy is 15 years less than that of the rest of the population.
TASMANIA
Tasmania - the smallest of the Australian states with a population of 473 thousand people - occupies the island of the same name, which is separated from the mainland by the Bass Strait.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe state of Tasmania, including the Flinders Islands, King, Cape Barren and others, is about 68 thousand square meters. km - this is less than 1% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe whole of Australia. Even 9000 years ago, the island was connected to the mainland and in geological terms is a continuation of the Great Dividing Range. Most of Tasmania is occupied by a low plateau framed by a chain of mountain peaks. The island is crossed by many fast-moving streams that are used to generate hydroelectricity. The central, eastern and northern parts of Tasmania are occupied by arable land, meadows and vineyards. In the western, less economically developed areas, vast areas are covered with rain forest, dominated by trees of typical Australian species, among which the blue eucalyptus is the symbol of the island. The long-term isolation of Tasmania has led to the emergence of unusual species of animals that are not found anywhere on Earth - the Tasmanian devil, the earth parrot and the Tasmanian wolf, or thylacine. The forestry and mining industries play an important role in the economy of Tasmania, but the state authorities strive to preserve natural landscapes whenever possible. Most of the population is engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding. Few industrial enterprises are concentrated in the south of the island near Hobart - the main port of the state and the oldest city in the country after Sydney. The settlement of Tasmania by aborigines began more than 35 thousand years ago, when it was still part of the mainland. However, after the arrival of Europeans, disease and war sharply reduced the number of indigenous people, whose share is now less than 3%.
CENTRAL AUSTRALIA
Central Australia, which includes the states of the Northern Territory and South Australia, is a vast, low-lying region with an arid climate.
Most of Central Australia is occupied by deserts (Tanami, Simpson and Great Victoria Desert), framed by a belt of scrabland-semi-deserts with thorny shrubs. Several mountain ranges rise in the center of the region: the McDonnell Ridge, which stretches 200 km west of the city of Alice Springs, and the Musgrave Ridge, rising south of Uluru (Ayers Rock). To the north, the semi-deserts turn into sa-baths, which are replaced by rainforest rainforests and extensive coastal swamps. The southern regions are dominated by lowlands, the monotony of which is disturbed by the Flinders Ridge, covered with dense tropical vegetation. East and West of mountain range there are large lakes - depressions, a significant part of the year covered with a salt crust and only from time to time filled with water. The largest - Lake Eyre - is located 16 m below sea level. Its catchment area exceeds 1 million square meters. km, and it happens that it spills over an area of \u200b\u200b9 thousand square meters. km. Here the main river of Australia, Murey, ends its journey, flowing into the ocean east of Adelaide
CLIMATE AND AGRICULTURE
South Australia is considered the driest state in the country. On the coast, the climate is sub-tropical with a large amount of precipitation, while in the interior regions the climate is arid and the annual rainfall does not exceed 300 mm. Hot and dry climate prevails in most of the Northern Territory. However, near the coast of this state, a tropical climate dominates with heavy rainfall of up to 1800 mm per year, most of which falls on the monsoon season - from November to April. Cattle and sheep are raised where conditions permit in the arid regions of both states. In the south of South Australia, more fertile soils allow for large yields of wheat, barley, oats, fruits and vegetables. Due to the developed irrigation system, the most grapes in the country are harvested in the Barossa Valley (South Australia). The wine industry in Australia has developed very intensively over the past 20 years, the country produces excellent wines that are exported to many countries around the world. Tropical fruits and vegetables grow along the coast of the Northern Territory, including citrus fruits and bananas. Highly efficient agriculture in Australia allows it not only to fully meet its needs for food, but also to take a place among the world's leading suppliers of meat, milk, cheese, wool, and wheat, wine, fruits.
LOW-POPULATED REGION
Central Australia is a region with a small population, the main part of which is concentrated in large settlements. Huge spaces are usually not inhabited. Although the Northern Territory covers an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 1.34 million square meters. km, there are only about 200 thousand people - just over 1% of the total population of Australia. Some people live in mining townships, agricultural communities and Aboriginal villages, but the majority of the population lives either in Alice Springs or in Darwin, the main port of the Northern Territory and its capital. After the devastating tropical cyclones, Darwin had to be rebuilt five times. But government help, a booming mining and tourism industry have turned Darwin into a thriving city of 109,000. The area of \u200b\u200bSouth Australia, although less - 984 thousand square meters. km, but the population is seven times more than that of its northern neighbor. Almost 95% of the population lives in a coastal strip 45 km wide, with the overwhelming majority concentrated in such large cities as the capital of the state of Adelaide - the fifth most populous city in the country, surrounded by forests and an extensive network of roads. Gas and mining enterprises located in and around Adelaide, coupled with farming and tourism industries, are the main source of revenue for the city treasury.
ANIMAL WORLD OF AUSTRALIA
Australia was once part of a single supercontinent Pangea, but in the process of continental drift about 50 million years ago, the Australian block of the earth's crust broke away from the main land mass and began to gradually shift to its current position. Isolation from the rest of the world led to the fact that the evolution of animals in Australia took a different path, contributing to the emergence of many different species. Among the inhabitants of Central Australia there are many of these unique animals that have adapted to the difficult conditions of the deserts - the long powerful legs of the kangaroo help them to overcome long distances in search of meager food, the wombat can do without water for months. The second largest bird in the world, the emu, also lives here. In the XIX century. camels were brought to the mainland, which are used as pack animals when traveling australian deserts... Now there are about 60 thousand wild camels in Australia, living mainly in the state of the Northern Territory. There are no large predators in Australia, but there are poisonous insects and reptiles, including the tiger snake and taipan, which have the most deadly poison in the world.
CULTURE OF ABORIGENS
Aboriginal people can be found in any corner of Australia, but most of them live in the state of the Northern Territory. During the time that has passed since the appearance of the first people on the continent, many different tribal groups with their own peculiar languages \u200b\u200band cultures have formed in Australia. There are over 200 languages \u200b\u200band dialects spoken by Australian aborigines. All of them led a nomadic and semi-nomadic way of life in complete harmony with the nature around them, engaged in gathering, hunting and fishing. Aboriginal culture, specific and diverse, is reflected in their fine arts, folklore, music and dance. Their rock paintings and oral legends relate mainly to the origin of the surrounding world and the people living in it. The culture of the aborigines is based on the idea of \u200b\u200b"the time of dreams", when the earth and all living things were created. The first ancestors seemed to them in the form of beings sleeping in the primordial world; when they awakened, they created people and nature. According to the beliefs of the indigenous people of Australia, the creators of nature have clothed each tribe with their land, which, considered sacred, can neither be donated nor sold.
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Western Australia - the largest state in the country - is rich in mineral resources. The climate and soil in the southwest are conducive to agricultural development.
Western Australia is a huge arid region, washed in the west and south by the Indian Ocean, and in the north by the Timor Sea. The area of \u200b\u200bthe state is about 2.5 million square meters. km and most of its territory is a medium-high plateau with rare vegetation. More than half of the interior regions of Western Australia are deserts: the Great Sandy, Gibson and Great Victoria Desert. And although in all three deserts there are areas of wooded savannahs, swamps and salt lakes, the climate here is desert with an average rainfall of less than 200 mm and temperatures above 30 ° C.
The mountainous regions of the state are isolated from each other: in the northeast, the peaks of the Hamersley Range rise, and in the north, the flat peaks of the Kimberley Plateau, rich in various minerals, rise. In the very north of the state, there is the largest body of water in the region - Lake Argyll. In the southeast of the state lies the Nullarbor Plain, a low-lying, limestone plateau. Its perfectly flat surface made it possible to lay an absolutely straight section of the Trans-Australian Railway here.
CLIMATE AND AGRICULTURE
Although Western Australia is generally arid region, there are climatic differences over such a vast area. In the far north, the climate is tropical with periodic cyclones, and in the far south it is Mediterranean. In both of these areas, the average annual rainfall reaches 1600 mm. As you move inland, the amount of precipitation decreases, the average daily temperature exceeds 30 ° C in summer, and in winter it often drops below zero. The only place where snow falls is a low mountain range north of Albany. In the south-west of the region, there are fertile lands, where the production of basic agricultural crops is concentrated. On an area of \u200b\u200babout 28 thousand square meters. km they grow oats, vegetables, oilseeds, fruits, as well as wheat, the collection of which the state ranks first in the country. Cattle breeding is also an important branch of the region's economy. State government-controlled logging and coastal fishing also contribute to the state's economy.
HUGE DEPOSITS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT
Australia is exceptionally rich in mineral resources, and its mining industry is one of the most developed in the world. Large deposits of minerals located in various parts of the country contribute to the development of the mining industry in all regions of Australia. For example, nearly 70% of the country's copper production comes from the huge mines of Queensland, and most uranium is mined in the mines of the Northern Territory and South Australia. Western Australia is the leader in gross production of minerals and in the production of metal ores, accounting for 38 and 67% of the total production in the country, respectively. The state has the richest reserves of bauxite and nickel. Western Australia also accounts for about 97% of the iron ore and 67% of the gold mined in the country. Opened in the 1970s. diamond deposits in the northeast of Western Australia allowed Australia to become one of the five world leaders in the production of this valuable mineral. Gold deposits, located in Western Australia, give about 75% of the noble metal mined in the country. In the second half of the XX century. the richest oil deposits were discovered on the continental shelf of Western Australia.
STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
Since the 1960s. Western Australia's economy is growing at the fastest pace in the country. The basis for its growth was intensive farming and mining, which bring about 25% of the income to the state treasury. The booming tourism in recent years also makes a significant contribution to the prosperity of the state. The rapidly growing industrial enterprises, concentrated in the vicinity of Perth, are engaged in the processing of raw materials mined in the region. Perth, which has turned into a major business and financial center, is located much closer to Singapore than Sydney, and there is reason to believe that the city will strengthen its trade ties with Asian countries.
POPULATION AND CITIES
In Western Australia, the population density does not exceed 1 person per 1 sq. km. Despite the leading role of agriculture in the region's economy, no more than 15% of the population lives in rural areas. The first permanent settlement on the southwest coast dates back to the 1820s. The settlers gradually mastered the nearby lands and built farms. In the 1850s. parties of convicts began to arrive here. The discovery of gold deposits caused a "gold rush" and a powerful wave of immigration, sharply increasing the population of the region. The wealth gained from gold prompted ambitious citizens in 1899 to finance the construction of an artificial bay near the city of Fremantle. Fremantle is now absorbed by the sprawling Perth. The urban area is home to 1,340,000 of the 1,920,000 inhabiting the state. Old buildings, carefully preserved and restored, and beautiful views make Perth an attractive tourist destination. In contrast to the state capital - the fourth most populous city in the country - in none of the settlements Western Australia is not home to more than 35 thousand people. Despite the small size of the population, mining centers in the interior of the state, Calgoorlie and Boulder, are of great economic importance.
“Great Illustrated Reference Book. Countries and Continents ", Moscow," Makhaon ", 2005,
Modern Australia may have developed from a British prison colony, but now it has become one of the main world tourist destinations... Tourists in Australia will delight in amazing cosmopolitan cities, fantastic weather, famous beautiful coastlines, and the friendly attitude of the locals. Tourism in Australia will appeal to all tourists.
Australia, which is both a continent and a country, is the world's sixth largest nation by land area and, perhaps unsurprisingly, has an abundance of natural attractions that you can't wait to explore. From the monolithic Uluru cliff, to the wild, indomitable and merciless outback ("wilderness"), and to the colorful wonder of the Great Barrier Reef, located near the sun-drenched Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia can be found in unique, unforgettable places. Those who prefer active holidays will love the “open air culture” and the great variety in active species activities and sports including swimming, diving, snorkelling, surfing, hiking, mountain biking, and even skiing are all easily accessible. All conditions have been created for tourism in Australia.
For those who prefer to spend their vacations and weekends in an urban setting, Australian cities will definitely not disappoint. Australia's clean, cosmopolitan, young urban centers (such as Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne) are world class cities. Famous cultural attractions in Australia include Sydney opera theatre and Harbor Bridge, Australian Museum and Museum of Old and New Art. Australia also boasts an impressive and fast-growing restaurant culture that is guaranteed to satisfy even the most discerning palate.
It doesn't matter if you are planning to do some sightseeing in Australia, or if you are planning to spend time relaxing on the magnificent beaches, tasting the local beer (of which there are many brands), you are sure to have a great time in this country.
Best time to visit Australia
Thanks to Australia's mild and temperate climate, there is simply no bad time to visit this country - even in mid-winter (June), temperatures regularly rise to 20 ° C. However, it is best to visit Australia in the summer (from December to March), as not only is the weather much warmer and sunnier at this time, but there are also more festivals and holidays, and the streets are more cheerful.
Basic country information
Time in Australia
Electricity in Australia
The mains voltage in Australia is 240/250 volts, 50 Hz. Three-prong flat plugs are used, but they are different from those used in most other countries, so an adapter is recommended.
Sockets in Australia, plugs in Australia
Languages
The official language of Australia is English.
Health, vaccinations for travel to Australia
A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for those arriving in Australia over one year of age and having been in a yellow fever-infected country for one day or more in the past six days. No other vaccinations or medications are required for most trips to Australia, however it is highly recommended that you bring repellents with you due to the risk of contracting diseases carried by mosquitoes and mosquitoes. Sunburn is another health hazard and tourists are advised to take the necessary steps. Medical care in the country is excellent but can be expensive, so tourists need to have good insurance.
Tipping in Australia
There is no obligatory tip in restaurants in Australia, as in any other place, although it has become more and more common practice in expensive cities in large cities to leave some money for good service.
Safety in Australia
Australia's crime rate is low; however, visitors should be aware that tourists can be targeted by petty criminals. Be vigilant with your personal belongings and documents, especially in popular tourist spotssuch as the Gold Coast area. Tropical cyclones can occur between November and April in some locations in Australia, usually Western Australia, Queensland, and the Northern Territory. There is a high risk of wildfires in the summer, especially in Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales, and the Metropolitan Area. During the summer months, usually between October and May, sea wasps, commonly called box jellyfish, appear in the shallow coastal waters of northern Australia and Queensland, whose bite is very dangerous and can be fatal. Tourists should pay attention to beach signs and inscriptions and follow the directions of local lifeguards.
Australian customs, Australian traditions
In most social and business situations, informal attitudes prevail in dress and behavior. Sports, especially rugby and cricket, have been elevated almost to the level of religion.
Business in Australia, entrepreneurship in Australia
Those doing business in Australia will surely find that the country's friendly, yet professional corporate atmosphere will provide them with a great career opportunity. Australia's business culture is somewhat hybrid, incorporating the trappings of British formality and conservatism, the egalitarian spirit of the Scandinavian countries, and a dynamic, innovative approach to business that is generally considered American in origin, all culminating in the warmth and friendliness characteristic of the southern hemisphere. Australia's approach to governance is deliberative, pragmatic, and not strictly hierarchical. Those with power in their hands are treated with respect based on their personality and interpersonal qualities, and not just because they happened to be bosses.
Business etiquette in Australia further reflects this egalitarian spirit. At first, contact others by position or rank, although you will almost certainly be told to refuse them, and then your colleagues can be addressed simply by name. Maintain eye contact when interacting with your partners, as this is considered a sign of straightforwardness and trustworthiness - qualities Australian businessmen prefer over others - flashiness, self-aggrandizement, or empty promises. Business appointments in Australia must be scheduled one week in advance and must then be confirmed several days in advance.
Be punctual, as being late can be perceived as a sign of frivolity or indifference. Business meetings in Australia are not perceived as a place to give directions and an agenda, but rather they are perceived as open forums where different thoughts and ideas are challenged and discussed. Moreover, over-preparation for a meeting or gathering may make you feel like an assertive individualist, as if you want to influence others to accept your point of view on the issue under discussion. The dress code for business in Australia remains surprisingly traditional - dark suits and ties for men, and business suits with trousers or skirts for women. Avoid loud jewelry and accessories, as they can make you look arrogant and unprofessional in the eyes of an Aussie. The official language for business communication in Australia is English, and business hours in the country usually run from 8:30 (or 9:00) am to 5 (or 5:30) pm, Monday through Friday.
Communications in Australia
The international access code for Australia is +61. Outgoing code is 00 followed by code desired country... The area code for both Canberra and Sydney is (0) 2. Cellular operators use GSM networks, mobile phones can be rented. Internet cafes are widespread.
Cash, money, credit cards in Australia
Australian money, what is the currency in Australia
Credit cards in Australia
The main credit cards... The use of cards may be restricted in smaller towns and regions in the outback.
ATMs in Australia
ATMs in Australia are located in all major cities. However, access to ATMs in small towns and regions in the outback may be limited or completely absent.
Traveler's checks in Australia
Traveler's checks are widely accepted in major currencies at banks and major hotels. However, some banks may charge a traveller's check cashing fee. In order to avoid additional costs due to the exchange rate, tourists are advised to take travelers checks written in major world currencies.
Banking hours in Australia
Monday to Thursday, 09:30 to 16:00, Friday 09:30 to 17:00. This watch may differ slightly by country.
Currency restrictions in Australia
Import and export of local and foreign currency is not limited. Amounts exceeding EUR 10,000 or their equivalent must be declared.
Currency exchange in Australia
Currency exchange is available for all inbound and outbound flights at all international airports in Australia. In hotels of international class, guests can exchange the main world currencies. It is recommended to change money at the airport or city banks.
Duty-free in Australia, duty-free in Australia
The following goods can be imported into Australia by persons over 17 years of age without having to pay a duty:
- 50 cigarettes or 50 gr. tobacco or cigars;
- 2.25 l. alcoholic beverages;
- personal items that you have owned for at least 12 months;
- other items valued at AU $ 900 (AU $ 450 if under 18).
Prohibited items for entry into Australia
The country has very strict rules prohibiting the import of drugs without a prescription, weapons, wild animals, pets, food (including meat, chicken and dairy products, plants or plant parts (including fruits, nuts, and seeds), animal products (including wool, leather, and eggs), and any equipment used with pets), and other potential sources of illness and epidemic (such as vaccines or viruses). There is severe punishment for drug trafficking.
For further information on customs legislation, contact the Australian Customs and Border Protection (www.customs.gov.au). Customs information brochures are available from the Australian High Commission or the Embassy.
Goods prohibited from export from Australia
The export of protected wildlife and related products is tightly controlled, including the export of corals, turtle shells, snake or reptile skin, orchids, caviar, ivory, hunting trophies, and traditional medicines.
If you plan to export any of the listed heritage goods, including works of art, stamps, coins, archaeological sites, minerals and specimens, you must apply for a special permit.
The export of native Australian animals and plants is either prohibited or restricted.
Weapons, pornography, and drugs are also prohibited.
