The minimum and maximum depth of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The sea of \u200b\u200bRussia - the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. Bottom and coastline

The borders of the sea is predominantly natural and only with waters are separated by conventional boundaries. Okhotsk Sea is a rather large and deep-sea sea of \u200b\u200bour country. Its area is about 1603 thousand km2, the volume of water is 1318 thousand km3. The average depth of this sea is 821 m, maximum depth - 3916 m. According to the peculiarities of their own, this sea is the stained sea of \u200b\u200bmixed mainland type.

In the waters of the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea, there are few islands, among which the biggest. Kuril ridge consists of 30 different in size. Their location is seismically active. There are over 30 and 70 extinct. Seismic activity zones can be located both on islands and under water. If the epicenter is under water, then huge rises.

The coastline of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk at a significant extent is quite equal. Along the coastal feature there are many large bays: Aniva, patience, Sakhalin, Academy, Tugursky, Ayan and Shelikhov. There are also several lips: Tuila, Gizhuginskaya and Penzhinskaya.

Okhotsk Sea

The bottom is a wide range of different underwater elevations ,. The northern part of the sea is located on the mainland shallow, which is a continuation of the sushi. In the western zone of the sea there is Sakhalin's shallow, located near the island. In the east of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, is Kamchatka. Only a small part is located in the shelf zone. The significant part of the aqueous expanses is on the mainland slope. The depth of the sea here varies from 200 m to 1500 m.

The southern edge of the sea is the most deep zone, the maximum depth here is more than 2500 m. This part of the sea is a peculiar bed, which is located along Kuril Islands. For the southwestern part of the sea, deep depressions and slopes are characterized, which is not characteristic of the northeastern part.

In the central zone of the sea are two hills: the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Institute of Oceanology. These hills divide the sea underwater space for 3 brand. The first brand is the northeast of Tingro's northeast, which is west of Kamchatka. This wpadina is distinguished by small depths, about 850 m. The bottom has. The second basin - Wpadina Derdygina, is located east of Sakhalin, the depth of the waters here reaches 1,700 m. The bottom is the plain, the edges of which are somewhat raised. The third basin - Kurilskaya. It is the most deep-water (about 3300 m). It is a plain that extends the western part of 120 miles, and northeast - by 600 miles.

The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is influenced. The main source of cold air is located in the West. This is due to the fact that the western part of the sea is severely embedded in the mainland and is located near the Asian Pole of the cold. From the east of relatively high mountain arrays Kamchatka prevent the promotion of warm Pacific. The greatest amount of heat comes from water Pacific Ocean and Japanese Sea through the southern and south-oriental borders. But the influence of cold air masses dominates the warm air masses, so in general the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea is enough. The Okhotsk Sea is the coldest, compared to the Japanese seas.

Okhotsk Sea

In the cold period (which continues from October to April), Siberian and Aleutian minimum have a significant effect on the sea. As a result, the winds of the Northern and North-Western destinations prevail on the expanses of the Okhotsk Sea. The power of these winds often reaches storm power. Especially strong winds are observed in January and February. Their average speed is about 10-11 m / s.

In winter, the cold Asian monsoon contributes to a strong decrease in the northern and northwestern parts of the sea. In January, when the temperature reaches its minimum limit, the average air is cooled to - 20 - 25 ° C in the north-western part of the sea, up to - 10 - 15 ° C in central and up to -5 - 6 ° C in southeast. In the last zone affects the influence of warm Pacific air.

In the fall and winter, the sea is under the influence of continental. This leads to the amplification of the wind, and in some cases to cooling. In general, it is possible to characterize as clear with reduced. These climatic features affect the cold Asian air. In April, the Siberian anticyclone ceases to act, the impact of the Honolulic maximum increases. In this regard, in the warm period, small southeastern winds are observed, whose speed rarely exceeds 6 - 7 m / s.

IN summer time There are different temperatures depending on. In August, the highest temperature is marked in the southern part of the sea, it is equal to + 18 ° C. In the central part of the sea there is a decrease in temperature to 12 - 14 ° C. In the northeast, the coldest summer, the average temperature does not exceed 10-10.5 ° C. During this period, the southern part of the sea is subject to numerous ocean cyclones, because of which the strength of the wind increases, and the storm will be launched at 5 to 8 days.

Okhotsk Sea

In the Okhotsk Sea carries their waters a large number of rivers, but all of them are mostly small. In this regard, it is small, it is about 600 km 3 throughout the year. , Penjin, hunting, big - the largest, flowing into the Okhotsk Sea. Freshwater have a slight effect on the sea. Water of the Japanese Sea and Pacific Ocean are of great importance for the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.

Year: 1989 1999 2004

Geographical location and borders of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk

Okhotsk Sea is located in the northwestern part of the Pacific and in its own way geographical position Refers to the type of the seasons. It is washes by the shores of Asia in the north and separated from the ocean in the southeast of the ridges of the Kuril Islands and P-Ova Kamchatka. Western border is held on the east coast of about. Sakhalin and about. Hokkaido.

Geographical location of the Sea

Sea strait Strait Amur Liman, Nevelsky in the north and lapere in the south, the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is connected with Japanese, but with numerous coarse straits - with the Pacific Ocean. The chain of the Kuril Islands is separated from about. Hokkaido Prol. Treason, and from P-ov Kamchatka - the first Kuril Strait. The most profound straits of the island chain - Bussol and Kruzenshtern. Of the other largest straits: Catherine, Frieza, Ricord, the fourth Kurilsky. According to the classification of N. N. Zubov, the Okhotsk Sea refers to the pool seas, since the depth of the straits is much smaller than the maximum depth of the bottom of the bottom. Coastline The coastline of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk has difficult outlines. Its bends, associated with the protrusions of large capes and peninsulas, form bays and lips. She is in the southwestern and northeastern parts of the sea. In the southwest, the largest Aniva and patience are bays separated from open sea Peninsula Tonino Aniva and patience, respectively. In the north-east about. Sakhalin is slightly cut, but on the shore, in close proximity to the sea, there is a chain of large lagoons called the bays: Lunsky, Nabilsky, Nyjsky, tea, Piltun. These lagoons are separated by braids, between which there are narrow shallow water. The lagows are shallow and in most cases covered with thickets of algae. North of the hall. Piltun along eastern coast about. Sakhalin is a chain of lakes and lagoon having, as a rule, rounded outlines and relatively small sizes. Sakhalin Bay is going on 100 km between the north of. Sakhalin and the coast of the mainland. It is limited by m. Elizabeth in the East and m. Alexandra in the West, the width of the bay between them is about 200 km. Two less large bays are sent to the eastern shore of the Sakhalin Gulf: Pomes and Baikal, and in the West - Ekaterina, Rainek, happiness, etc. From the Sakhalin Gulf to the Uska lip, the most ridden section of the coast with numerous large bays is located: Alexandra, Academy, in the shores of which, in turn, are inclined by Nikolai, Ulbansky and Constantine; Tugursky separated from the hall. Academy of the Tugur Peninsula. North west Coast The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is practically devoid of large bays, and the North is significantly cut. A Tuyan lip is gone into it, the shores of which are raised by the bays and bays (the bays of the Motyaklasky, Akhmaton and Ovyanka). From the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea, the lip is separated by P-Ova Koni. Of the smaller bays of the northern coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea, it is necessary to celebrate the Eyrinean lip and the bays of the ears, shelling, Zakabyak, Babushkin, Kekurn. The largest bay of the Okhotsk Sea lies in its northeastern part, going to 315 km in mainland. This is a hall. Shelikhova with Hyzhzhinsky and Penzhinsky lips. Southern border hall. Shelikhova serves a line connecting m. Tolstoy on P-Oves Pi-Gin with m. Utkholoksky on a m-oie kamchatka. Gurinsky and Pryzhinskaya lips are separated by the sublime P-Owl Tiagonos. Penzhinskaya Guba sharply narrows up to 40 km of Elistratov Peninsula in the West and Mametchinsky in the East. This frequency is called the throat. In the southwestern part of the hall. Shelikhova, north of P-ov Pyagina, there is a small Jam lip with the bays of transshipment and Malka-Chansky. The west coast of P-ov Kamchatka is aligned and practically devoid of bays. Complex in their outlines and form small bays of the coast of the Kuril Islands. From the Okhotorsk side, the largest bays are at oh. ITUPUP: Good Beginning, Kuibyshevsky, Kurilsky, Spacious, as well as the lion's mouth and others. Bulips are deepwaters and have a very stumeful bottom. Islands The islands in the Okhotsk Sea are distinguished by a large variety of both in size and form and by origin. There are single islands and archipelagoes, the islands in which are located compact group or stretched in the form of ridges. The mainland islands and the islands of the transition zone are distinguished. The mainland islands are arrays of sushi, located within one with the mainland of the block of the earth's crust. The islands of the transition zone include linearly elongated archipelagoes, crushing ridges of powerful curved underwater ridges-Cordillers. They are called island arcs. King notes the characteristic pattern in the distribution of the island chains of the transition zone. They are usually double. A concave internal ridge occupy volcanic buildings, and the external - drained protrusions of the folded base of the Cordiller. From the mainland islands of the coast of Eastern Sakhalin, small islands are known: seals and rock stone danger. The island of seal has a flat top, rippled shores. From the southern tip, the accumulative surface spit is departed. Rock Stone Danger - a small group of naked stones in Prol. Laperose. Island ions are located 200 km north of Fr. Sakhalin. His height is 150 m, the shores of Rocky and almost sheer. Shartar Islands lie in the northwest of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. They are an archipelago of 15 islands area of \u200b\u200babout 2,500 km. The largest islands: Big Chatestant (area of \u200b\u200b1790 km2), Feklisov (about 400 km2), small chatestant (about 100 km2), Belichchi (about 70 km2). The climate on the islands is severe. From the northern coast islands, the most significant are located in Tuyan Gup. These are the islands of Zavyalov and Spafariav. Spafferov island rises by 575 m, and about. Zavyalova Goriz and reaches a height of 1130 m. The slopes are covered with shrub, rocky shore. In the Hall of Shelikhov Islands are located near the coast and insignificant in size. The most distant from the coastal feature is Yamski (Atykan, Matykil), as well as small islands of Cockonets, Baran, Hatemal. They are located at a distance of 20 km east of P-ov Pyagina. Small islands: Third, Extreme, Blozhansky, Smooth, toothed, cone, leechYeegartynup - located in Pryzhinsky Lip. On the shores of Western Kamchatka there is only one noticeable island - a bird, located north of the m. Hayryuzovo. The garland of the islands of the transition zone, forming a large Kuril Rud, stretched out from P-ov Syreto (about. Hokkaido) in the south-west, to m. The blade (mn Kamchatka) in the northeast. Its length is about 1,300 km. In terms of ridge, there is a form of an angle of 150 °, with a vertex in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Prol. Bussol facing the Pacific Ocean. It consists of 30 large, 20 small islands and rocks. total area Islands big Kuril Ridge It is 15.6 thousand km2. Deep straits, Bususol and Cruisestrine, the archipelago is divided into three parts: southern, medium and northern chickens. The southern chickens include large islands of the Big Kuril Ridge: Kunashir, ITUURUP VRP, as well as the small islands of Black Brothers and Brutona. The large area of \u200b\u200bthe largest islands of Schobmlen and is terraced. A volcanic buildings are tested above them with a height of 1200-1800 m (toy, Mendeleev, Aphupupuri, Be-Rutarube, etc.) - the island is somewhat distinguished by the massiveness of the base. Mid-medium smokers are represented by the least large islands of the ridge: Keta, Ushishira, Roshua, Matu, Raikok. The largest one is about. Simushir. The islands are the surface vertices of single volcanoes reaching up to 1500 m. Northern smokers include the Islands of Shi-Ashkatan, Ekarma, Chirincan, Onekotan, Harim-Kotan, Macanrushi, Antsiferov, Paramushir, Schisha, Atlas. They do not form a single chain. The largest of them (Paramoushire Islands and Schisha) are located on the eastern outskirts of the Big Curil Ridge. On about. Paramushir volcanoes exceed 1300 m marks (carpinsky, chikurach-ki), slightly below the ebeko volcano (1183 m). SAMI high Point The islands belongs to the top of the Fuss Volcano - 1772 m. From other islands, you can mention the islands of Onetan and Shiashkoltan - groups of two volcanoes connected by low jumpers, as well as the highest island of the Grand Curil Ridge - Atlasova, which is the top of the Alaid volcano and reaching 2339 m.

Okhotsk Sea Located in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Asia and is separated from the ocean with the chain of the Kuril Islands and the Kamchatka peninsula. From the south and west, it is limited by the coast of Hokkaido Island, eastern shore Sakhalin Islands and Asian Statistics Coast. The sea is significantly stretched from the southwest to the northeast within a spherical trapezium with coordinates 43 ° 43 "- 62 ° 42" s. sh. and 135 ° 10 "-164 ° 45" in. D. The largest water area length in this direction is 2463 km, and the width reaches 1,500 km. The area of \u200b\u200bthe sea surface mirror is 1603 thousand km2, the length of the coastline - 10,460 km, and the total volume of the sea is 1316 thousand km3. According to its geographical position, it refers to the outbound seas of a mixed mainland-type. The Okhotsk Sea is connected to the quiet ocean with numerous sheds of the Kuril Island ridge, and with the Japanese Sea - through the strait of the lapere and through the Amur Liman - the straits of Nevelsky and Tatar. The average value of the depth of the sea is 821 m, and the largest - 3521 m (in the Kuril Basin).

The main morphological zones in the design of the bottom are: shelf (mainland and island shallow Sakhalin Island), the mainland slope, on which separate underwater hills, depressions and islands are distinguished, and deep-water brass. The shelf zone (0-200 m) has a width of 180-250 km and takes about 20% of the sea area. Wide and gentle, in the central part of the pool, the mainland slope (200-2000 m) takes about 65%, and the deeplement of the bottom of the sea (more than 2500 m), located in the southern sea of \u200b\u200bthe sea - 8% of the sea area. Within the portion of the mainland slope, several elevations and depressions are distinguished, where the depths change dramatically (raising the Academy of Sciences, raising the Institute of Oceanology and the Basin of Derjugin). The bottom of the deep-water Kuril brand is a flat-resistant plain, and the Kuril ridge is a natural threshold that is cutting into the sea brand from the ocean.

The straits of Amur Liman, Nevelsky in the north and lapere in the south of the Okhotsk Sea connect with the Japanese sea, and numerous coarse straits with the quiet ocean. The chain of the Kuril Islands is separated from the Island of Hokkaido Strait Treason, and from the Kamchatka Peninsula - the first Kuril Strait. Straits connecting the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk with neighboring areas of the Japanese Sea and the Pacific Ocean, provide the possibility of water exchange between the pools, which, in turn, have a significant impact on the distribution of hydrological characteristics. The sheds of Nevelsky and Laperose relative to narrow and shallow water, which is the cause of relatively weak water exchange with the Japanese sea. The straits of the Kuril Island ridge, stretching about 1200 km, on the contrary, are deepening, and their total width is 500 km. The most deep-water are the straits of Bussol (2318 m) and Cruisesttern (1920 m).

The north-west coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is practically devoid of large bays, and the North is significantly cut. There is a Tuyan lip in it, the shores of which is cut by bays and bays. From the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, the Huba is separated by the Koni Peninsula.

The largest bay of the Okhotsk Sea lies in its northeastern part, going to 315 km in mainland. This is Shalikhov Bay with Gizhihin and Penzhinsky lips. Gizhuginskaya and Pryzhinsky lips are separated by the sublime peninsula Tiagonos. In the southwestern part of the Gulf of Shelikhov, the north of the Pygina Peninsula, there is a small Jam Luba.
The west coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula is aligned and practically devoid of bays.

Complex in their outlines and form small bays of the coast of the Kuril Islands. From the Okhotorsk side, the largest bays are at the island of ITUURUP, which are deep-water and have a very difficult dismembered bottom.

In the Okhotsk Sea, quite a lot of predominantly small rivers falls, so with a significant amount of its water, the mainland stock is relatively small. It is approximately 600 km3 per year, while about 65% of the flow gives the Amur River. Other relatively large rivers - Penjina, Hunting, Uda, Big (in Kamchatka) - bring significantly less fresh water to the sea. The drain is mainly in the spring and early summer. At this time, its influence is mostly felt, mainly in the coastal zone, near the mouth areas of large rivers.

ShoresOkhotsk Sea B. different areas These are different geomorphological types. There are a large part of these abrasion, modified by the sea of \u200b\u200bthe shore, and only in the peninsula of Kamchatka and the island of Sakhalin there are accumulative shores. Mostly the sea is surrounded by high and climby shores. In the north and northwest, rocky ledges go down straight to the sea. Along the Sakhalin bay of the shore low. The southeast coast of Sakhalin is low, and the northeast is the lowered. The coast of the Kuril Islands is very obversists. The North-East Hokkaido Island is predominantly lowered. The same character carries the coast of the southern part of Western Kamchatka, but the coast of its northern part is somewhat towers.

According to the features of the composition and distribution bottom oypalovthree main zones can be distinguished: the central, which is comprehensive mainly by diatomaceous aeuritis, aleurite-clay and partially clay yals; zone of propagation of hemiplagic and pelagic clays in the western, eastern and northern parts of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk; As well as the zone of distribution of booming sands, sandstones, gravel and aleurites - in the northeast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. A threshing material is common, which is the result of ice spreading.

Okhotsk Sea is located in the monsoon zone climatemoderate latitudes. A significant part of the sea in the West is deeply going to the mainland and lies relatively close to the Pole of the Asian Sushi cold pole, so main source Cold for the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is west of it. Comparatively high ridges of Kamchatka make it difficult to penetrate warm Pacific air. Only in the south-east and in the south, the sea is open to the Pacific Ocean and the Japanese sea, from which there is a significant amount of heat. However, the effect of cooling factors affects more than peculiar, so the Sea Okhotsk is generally cold.

In the cold part of the year (from October to April), the Siberian Anticyclone and Aleutian minimum affect the sea. The effect of the latter applies mainly to the southeast of the sea. Such a distribution of large-scale baric systems causes strong sustainable northwestern and northern winds, often reaching storm power. In winter, the wind speed is usually 10-11 m / s.

In the coldest month - January - the average air temperature in the north-west of the sea is -20 ...- 25 ° C, in central regions - -10 ...- 15 ° C, and in the southeastern part of the sea - -5 ...- 6 ° C.

In autumn winter time Cyclones mainly continental origin. They bring with them the amplification of the wind, sometimes lowering the air temperature, but the weather remains clear and dry, as the continental air from the cooled mainland comes. In March - April, there is a restructuring of large-scale baric fields, the Siberian anticyclone is destroyed, and the Hawaiian maximum is enhanced. As a result, the Warm Season (from May to October) the Okhotsk Sea is under the influence of the Hawaiian maximum and the area of \u200b\u200breduced pressure located above Eastern Siberia.. At the same time, weak southeastern winds prevail over the sea. Their speed usually does not exceed 6-7 m / s. Most often, these winds are observed in June and in July, although these months are sometimes marked by stronger northwestern and northern winds. In general, the Pacific (summer) monsoon is weaker than Asian (winter), since in the warm season, horizontal pressure gradients are smoothed.
In the summer, the average monthly air temperature in August decreases from the south-west to the northeast (from 18 ° C to 10-10.5 ° C).

In the warm season over the southern part of the sea, tropical cyclones are often held - typhoon. With them, the amplification of wind is connected to the storm, which can last up to 5-8 days. The predominance in the spring-summer season of southeastern winds leads to significant cloudiness, precipitation, fog.
Monsoon winds and stronger winter heating in the western part of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk compared to the eastern - important climatic features of this sea.

Geographical position, high length of meridian, monsoon wind shift and good sea connection with the quiet ocean through the Kuril Straits - the main natural factorswhich most significantly affect the formation hydrological conditions Sea Okhotsk.

The flow of surface Pacific waters in the Okhotsk Sea occurs mainly through the northern straits, in particular through the first Kuril Strait.

In the upper layers of the southern part of the Kuril ridge, the flow of oxomorsk waters prevails, and in the upper layers of the northern part of the ridge there is a flow of Pacific. In the deep layers, the receipt of Pacific waters.

The influx of Pacific waters significantly affects the temperature distribution, salinity, on the formation of the structure and general circulation of the water of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.

The following aquatic masses are distinguished in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk:

- Surface aqueous mass, having spring, summer and autumn modifications. It is a thin heated layer with a thickness of 15-30 m, which limits the upper maximum resistance due to the main temperature;
- the ohuntomorsk aqueous mass is formed in winter from surface water and in spring, in summer and in the fall, it is manifested in the form of a cold intermediate layer that occurs between the horizons 40-150 m. This aqueous mass is characterized by quite homogeneous salinity (31-32 ‰) and different temperatures;
- The intermediate aqueous mass is formed, mainly due to lowering waters in the underwater slopes, within the sea, located from 100-150 to 400-700 m, and is characterized by a temperature of 1.5 ° C and salinity of 33.7 ‰. This aqueous mass is distributed almost everywhere;
- The deep Pacific aqueous water is the water of the lower part of the warm ocean layer, entering the Okhotsk Sea on the horizons below 800-1000 m. This aqueous mass is located on the horizons 600-1350 m, has a temperature of 2.3 ° C and salinity 34.3 ‰.

The aqueous mass of the South Basin has a Pacific origin and is the deep water of the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean near the horizon of 2300 m. This aqueous mass fills the hill from the horizon of 1350 m to the bottom and is characterized by a temperature of 1.85 ° C and salinity 34.7 ‰, which Only slightly change with depth.

Water temperature On the sea surface drops from the south to the north. In winter, almost ubiquitous surface layers are cooled to the freezing temperature of -1.5 ...- 1.8 ° C. Only in the southeastern part of the sea, it holds around 0 ° C, and near the northern coarse straits under the influence of Pacific water temperature reaches 1-2 ° C.
Spring heating at the beginning of the season mainly goes on melting of ice, only by the end of it begins to increase the water temperature.

In summer, the distribution of water temperature on the surface of the sea is quite varied. In August, the most lactions (up to 18-19 ° C) of water adjacent to the island of Hokkaido. In the central areas of the sea, the water temperature is 11-12 ° C. The coldest surface waters are observed at the island of ions, at Cape Pyagina and near the Cruise Strait. In these areas, the water temperature is held within 6-7 ° C. The formation of local foci of increased and reduced water temperature on the surface is mainly due to the redistribution of heat flow.

The vertical distribution of water temperature is different from the season for the season and from the place to the place. In the cold season, the temperature change with a depth is less difficult and varied than in warm seasons.

In winter, in the northern and central areas of the sea, the cooling of water spreads to the horizons 500-600 m. The water temperature is relatively homogeneous and varies from -1.5 ...- 1.7 ° C on the surface to -0.25 ° C on the horizons 500- 600 m, deeper it rises to 1-0 ° C, in the southern part of the sea and near the coarse straits, the water temperature from 2.5-3 ° C on the surface drops to 1-1,4 ° C on the horizons 300-400 m and further Smoothly rises to 1.9-2.4 ° C in the bottom layer.

In summer, surface waters are processed to a temperature of 10-12 ° C. In the subsurface layers, the water temperature is somewhat lower than on the surface. A sharp decrease in temperature to -1 ...- 1.2 ° C is observed between the horizons 50-75 m, deeper, to the horizons 150-200 m, the temperature quickly rises to 0.5-1 ° C, and then it rises more smoothly and on the horizons 200-250 m is 1.5-2 ° C. Next, the water temperature almost does not change to the bottom. In the southern and southeastern parts of the sea, along the Kuril Islands, the water temperature from 10-14 ° C on the surface drops to 3-8 ° C on the horizon 25 m, then up to 1.6-2.4 ° C on the horizon 100 m and up to 1.4-2 ° C at the bottom. For vertical temperature distribution in summer, a cold intermediate layer is characterized. In the northern and central areas of the sea, the temperature in it is negative, and only near the Kuril Straits it has positive values. In different parts of the sea, the depth of the cold intermediate layer is different and varies from year to year.

Distribution saltness In the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, relatively little varies on the seasons. The salinity rises in the eastern part under the influence of Pacific waters, and decreases in the western part, designed by the mainland stock. In the western part of the salinity on the surface 28-31, and in Eastern - 31-32 ‰ and more (up to 33 ‰ near the Kuril ridge).

In the northwestern part of the sea, due to desalination, the salinity on the surface is 25 and less, and the thickness of the desalination layer is about 30-40 m.
With a depth in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk there is an increase in salinity. On the horizons 300-400 m in the western part of the sea salinity is 33.5, and in Eastern - about 33.8 ‰. On the horizon, 100 m salinity is 34 and further to the bottom increases slightly, only 0.5-0.6.

In individual bays and sheds, the magnitude of salinity, its stratification can differ significantly from the water of the open sea in dependence on local conditions.

In accordance with the temperature and salinity, denser waters are observed in winter in the northern and central areas of the sea covered with ice. Somewhat less density in a relatively warm boncuril area. In summer, water density decreases, its smallest values \u200b\u200bare confined to the zones of the influence of coastal drain, and the greatest are marked in areas of spread of Pacific waters. In winter, it rises slightly from the surface to the bottom. In summer, its distribution depends on the upper layers on temperature, and on the middle and lower horizons - from salinity. In the summer, a noticeable density stratification of water vertically is created, a particularly noticeable density increases on horizons 25-50 m, which is associated with waters in open areas and desalination off the coast.

Intensive gland formation for most of the sea excites the enhanced thermohalin winter vertical circulation. At depths up to 250-300 m, it spreads to the bottom, and below it prevents the maximum sustainability existing here. In areas with crossed terrain, the distribution of density mixing in the lower horizons contributes to the location of the water in the slopes.

Under the influence of winds and the flow of water through the Kuril Straits form specific traits Unteriented systems flows Sea Okhotsk. The main one is a cyclonic flow system covering almost all the sea. It is due to the predominance of the cyclonic circulation of the atmosphere over the sea and the adjacent part of the Pacific Ocean. In addition, steady anticyclonic cycles are traced in the sea.
Strong flows bypassing the sea along the coastline counterclockwise: the warm Kamchatka flow, the steady East Sakhalin course and is quite a strong soybean.
Finally, another feature of the circulation of the Water of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk - bilateral sustainable flows in most Kuril Straits.

The flows on the surface of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are most intense at the western banks of Kamchatka (11-20 cm / s), in the Sakhalin Gulf (30-45 cm / s), in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kuril Straits (15-40 cm / s), above the Kuril's hollow (11 -20 cm / s) and for soy (up to 50-90 cm / s).

In the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, well-expressed differences of periodic tidal currents: Semi-dusty, daily missessed with a predominance of semi-diversity or daily components. Validive currents from several centimeters up to 4 m / s. Divided from the shores of the speed of the flows is small - 5-10 cm / s. In the straits, the bays and the coast of their speed increase significantly. For example, in the Curil Straits of the flow rate reach up to 2-4 m / s.

In general, tidal level fluctuations in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are very significant and have a significant impact on its hydrological mode, especially in the coastal zone.
In addition to tidal, well-riding levels are well developed here. They arise mainly when passing deep cyclones over the sea. Non-level raises reach 1.5-2 m. The greatest arrings are marked on the coast of Kamchatka and in the Bay of Patience.

Significant sizes and large depths of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, frequent and strong winds over it determine the development of large waves. Especially stormy sea is in the fall, and in some areas and winter. These seasons account for 55-70% storm unrest, including with wave heights of 4-6 m, and the highest heights of the waves reach 10-11 m. The most restricted - the southern and southeastern areas of the sea, where the average repeatability of the storm excitement is equal to 35 -40%, and in the northwestern part it decreases to 25-30%.

During the usual years, the southern border is relatively sustainable ice cover Bend to the north and passes from the strait of the lapere to the cape of the blade.
The extreme southern part of the sea never freezes. However, due to the winds, significant ice masses are taken from the north, often accumulating the Kuril Islands.

Ice cover in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is held for 6-7 months. Floating ice covered more than 75% of the sea surface. The cohesive ice of the northern part of the sea is of serious obstacles to swimming even at icebreakers. The total duration of the ice period in the northern part of the sea reaches 280 days a year. Some of the ice from the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is taken out to the ocean, where they are almost immediately destroyed and melted.

Forecast resources hydrocarbons The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is estimated at 6.56 billion tons in the oil equivalent, explored stocks - over 4 billion tons. Whisk-piece deposits on the shelves (along the coast of Sakhalin Island, Kamchatka Peninsula, Khabarovsk Region and the Magadan region). The most studied deposits of Sakhalin Island. Search works on the shelf of the island began in the 70s. XX century, by the end of the 90s, seven large deposits (6 oil and gas condensate and 1 gas condensate) and a small gas field in the Tatar Strait were opened on the shelf of northeastern Sakhalin. General gas reserves on the Sakhalin shelf are estimated at 3.5 trillion m3.

Vegetation I. animal world Different variety. In the reserves of the fishing crab, the sea ranks first in the world. Salmon fish are great value: Keta, Gorbow, Kizhuch, Chang, Nerque - source of red caviar. Intensive workers of herring, pollock, cambal, cod, navaga, washev, and others are inhabited by whales, seals, Syvuchi, sea seals in the sea. Mollusks and marine hells are gaining more and more interest. On the littorals are widely distributed various algae.
Due to the weak masking of the adjacent territories sea \u200b\u200btransport acquired the basic value. Important seaside tracks lead to Korsakov on Sakhalin Island, Magadan, Okhotsk and other settlements.

High anthropogenic load Areas of Tuyan lips in the northern part of the sea and the shelf areas of Sakhalin Island are exposed. About 23 tons of petroleum products comes to the northern part of the sea, with 70-80% with a river drain. In Tuyan lip, pollutants come from coastal industrial and utility household objects, and the stocks of Magadan enter the coastal zone almost without purification.

The shelf zone of Sakhalin Island is polluted by coal, oil and gas production enterprises, pulp and paper mills, fishing and processing vessels and enterprises, wastewater of communal household facilities. The annual flow of petroleum products to the south-western part of the sea is estimated at about 1.1 thousand tons, while 75-85% with a river drain.
In the Sakhalin bay, oil carbons fall, mainly with the drain of the Amur River, so the maximum concentrations, as a rule, are noted in the central and western parts Bay along the axis of the incoming Amur waters.

The eastern part of the sea - the shelf of the Kamchatka Peninsula - is polluted by the river drain, with which the main part of oil carbon comes into the marine environment. In connection with the reduction of work on the fish and repair enterprises of the Peninsula since 1991, a decrease in volume wastewaterdischarged into the coastal zone of the sea.

Northern Sea - Gulf of Shelikhov, Tuila and Pryzhinskaya Lips - the most polluted area of \u200b\u200bthe sea with an average content of oil carbon in the water in 1-5 times larger than the limit of permissible concentration. This is determined not only by anthropogenic load on the water area, but also by low average annual water temperatures and, therefore, the low ability of the ecosystem to self-cleaning. The highest pollution of the northern part of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk was noted in the period from 1989 to 1991.

The southern part of the sea is the strait of the laper and the Bay of Aniva - are subjected to intensive oil pollution in the spring-summer period of trading and fishing fleets. On average, the content of oil carbon in the strait of the laperose does not exceed the limit of the permissible concentration. Aniva bay is polluted slightly more. The largest level of pollution in this area was celebrated by the port of Korsakov, confirming that the port is a source of intensive pollution of the marine environment.
Pollution coastal zone The sea along the northeastern part of the Sakhalin Island is connected, mainly with the exploration and production of oil and gas on the shelf of the island and until the end of the 80s of the last century did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration.

This natural reservoir is considered one of the deepest and large-scale in Russia. The most cool Far Eastern Sea is between the waters of Bering and the Japanese seas.

Okhotsk Sea shares territories Russian Federation And Japan is an essential port point for our country.

After reading the information in the article, you can learn about the richest resources of the Okhotsk Sea and the history of the formation of a reservoir.

About title

Previously, the sea had other names: Kamchatsky, Lamb, Hockey from the Japanese.

The current name of the Sea received the hunt as the name of the river, in turn, which is derived from the Even word "OKAT", which is translated as a "river". The former name (Lamsk) also happened from the Even word "Lam" (translated as "the sea"). Japanese hockey translated literally as the "North Sea". However, due to the fact that this Japanese name is now to the sea of \u200b\u200bthe Northern Atlantic Ocean, the name was changed to Okhotsyuk-Kai, which is the adaptation of the name of Russian to the norms of Fonetics Japanese.

Geography

Before moving to the description of the richest resources of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, briefly introduce its geographical position.

The reservoir between the Bering and the Japanese seas is strongly leaving the mainland. Arc of the Kuril Islands of the Sea water is separated from the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The reservoir has the natural boundaries in greater part, and the conditional boundaries with his Japanese sea.

Curiles, which are about 3 dozen small seats and separating the ocean from the sea, are located in the seismic zone due to the presence of a large number of volcanoes on them. In addition, the water of these two natural reservoirs is divided by the Island of Hokkaido and Kamchatka. The largest island Okhotsk Sea - Sakhalin. The largest rivers flowing into the sea: Amur, Hunting, Big and Penjin.

Description

The sea area is approximately 1603 thousand square meters. km, water volume - 1318 thousand cubic meters. km. The depth is the maximum - 3916 meters, the average - 821 m. The type of sea is mixed, mainlandly outskirts.

Along a fairly smooth coastal boundary, a reservoir pass several bays. The northern part of the coast is represented by many rocks and rather sharp breaks. Storm - frequent and quite familiar phenomenon for this sea.

Features of nature and all resources of the Okhotsk Sea are partly associated with climate conditions and an unusual terrain.

Most of the coast of the sea Rocky, High. From the sea from afar on the horizon, they are highlighted by black stripes, from above framed by brownish green spots of rare vegetation. Only in some places (the western coast of Kamchatka, the northern part of Sakhalin) coastline It is low, quite wide sections.

The bottom in some respects is similar to the bottom of the Japanese Sea: in many places under water there are hollows, which indicate that the region of the current sea in the quarterly period was above the ocean, and in this place huge rivers - Penjin and Cupid proceeded.

Sometimes during earthquakes in the ocean, waves appear, reaching several tens of meters in height. This is associated with this. historical fact. In 1780, one of such waves during the earthquake deep into the island of Natalia, which remained on land was listed (from the coast of 300 meters). This fact confirms the recording preserved from those times.

Geologists believe that the territory of the eastern part of the sea is one of the most "restless" regions on the globe. And today there are pretty major shutting of the crust of the earth. In this part of the ocean, underwater earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are often observed.

A little of the story

The rich natural resources of the Okhotsk Sea began to attract the attention of people from its very discovery, which occurred during the periods of the first campaigns of the Cossacks to the Pacific Ocean through Siberia. Called him then the Laman Sea. Then, after the opening of the Kamchatka, hiking by the sea and the shore to this richest Peninsula and the mouth of the river. Penjina has become frequent. In those days, the sea had already paid the name Penzhinskoye and Kamchatka.

Having left Yakutsk, the Cossacks moved to the East not straight, through the taiga and mountains, but along winding rivers and drives between them. Such a caravan trail eventually took them to the river, called the hunt, and they already moved to the seashore. That is why this reservoir was named Okhotsky. Since then, there have been many significant and important major centers on the sea coast. Since then, the name testifies to the important historical role of the port and rivers, with which people began to master this vast richest maritime area.

Nature features

Natural resources of the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea are quite attractive. This is especially true of the districts of the Kuril Islands. This is a completely special world consisting of a total of 30 large and small islands. This ridge includes cliffs of volcanic origin. Today, there are current volcanoes on the islands (about 30), which clearly says that earthly land here and are restless now.

On some islands there are underground hot springs (temperatures up to 30-70 ° C), many of which have healing properties.

Very severe climatic conditions for life on the islands of Kuril (especially in the northern part). Here a long time holds fogs, and in winter, the strongest storms are very often arising.

River

In the sea, the Okhotsk falls many rivers, mostly small. With which the relatively small mainland stock (approximately 600 cubic meters per year) of water in it, and about 65% it belongs to the Amur River.

Other relatively large rivers are Penjin, Uda, Hunting, Big (in Kamchatka), carrying a much smaller amount of fresh water in the sea. Water comes to a greater extent in spring time and early summer.

Fauna

The biological resources of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are very diverse. This is the most productive in the biological sense of the Sea of \u200b\u200bRussia. It provides 40% of domestic and more than half of the Far Eastern catches of fish, crustaceans and mollusks. At the same time it is believed that the biological potential of the sea today is short-use.

A huge variety of depths and the relief of the bottom, hydrological and climatic conditions In some parts of the sea, good security of fish feeds - all this led to the wealth of ichthyofauna of these places. The northern part of the sea contains 123 species of fish in its waters, southern - 300 species. Endemic are approximately 85 species. This is the Sea - real Paradise For fans of fishing marine.

Fisheries, seafood mining and salmon caviar production are actively developing in the sea. The inhabitants of the sea waters of this edge: a pink salmon, Keta, Cod, Nerkey, Kambala, Kizhuhu, Minttai, Herring, Navaga, Chavik, squid, crabs. On the islands of Chartarka, hunting (limited) on nautical cattle, as well as the popular laminaria, mollusks and marine hells becomes popular.

Beluha, seal and nerves have special fishing value from animals.

Flora

The resources of the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea are inexhaustible. Vegetable world Ponds: Arctic species are dominated in the northern part, in South - to greater degree of moderate area. Plankton (larvae, mollusks, crustaceans, etc.) gives abundant food during the year. The phytoplankton of the sea is presented to a greater degree of diatomic algae, and the bottom flora contains many types of red, brown and green algae, as well as extensive meadows of sea grass. In total, as part of the coastal flora of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsky there are about 300 types of vegetation.

In comparison with the Bering Sea, the bottom fauna is more diverse here, and in comparison with Japanese - less rich. The main field nutrition fields of deep-water fish is the northern shallow water, as well as the Eastoshalinsky and West Kamchat shelves.

Mineral resources

Mineral resources of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are especially rich. Only the water of the sea contains almost all elements of the Table D. I. Mendeleev.

The bottom of the sea has the exceptional reserves of globigerine and diamondls, consisting mainly of the shells of unicellular smallest algae and animals of the simplest. Iba are valuable raw materials for the production of insulation building materials and high quality cement.

Perspective sea shelves and for searching for hydrocarbon deposits. The Aldano-Okhotskiy Water-Building Rivers and the lowerland of Amur are famous for the long-time placers of valuable metals, which indicates that there is a possibility of finding underwater ore deposits in the sea. Perhaps there are many other undiluted raw materials of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.

It is known that the lower shelf horizons and part of the mainland slope, bordering them, are enriched with novels phosphorite. There is another more real perspective - the extraction of rare elements contained in the bone remains of mammals and fish, and such clusters are available in the deep-water precipitation of the South-Okhotsk brand.

It is impossible to teach about the amber. The very first findings of this mineral on the Sakhalin East coast date back to the middle of the XIX century. At that time, representatives of the Amur Expedition worked here. It should be noted that Sakhalin amber is very beautiful - perfectly polished, cherry-red and rather highly appreciated by experts. The largest pieces of wood fossil resin (up to 0.5 kg) were discovered by geologists at the village of Ostroysky. It contains amber and in the oldest sediments of P-ov Tiagonos, as well as in Kamchatka.

Conclusion

If we talk briefly, the resources of the Okhotsk Sea are excessively rich and diverse, all of them are not listed and the more not to describe.

Today, the meaning of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk in national economy determined by the use of his richest natural resources and transport marines. The main wealth of this sea are commercial animals, primarily fish. However, today there is already a fairly high level of danger of pollution of the fishing zones of the sea with petroleum products as a result of discharges of oil-containing waters by fishing vessels creates a situation requiring certain activities to increase the level of environmental safety of the work.

The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk Sea - the semi-jammed sea, located in the northern hemisphere, is part of the Pacific Ocean, the coast of Russia and Japan is washed.

Previously, this sea was called "Kamchatka". The Japanese called this "Hockey" sea, which is translated literally as the "North Sea", however traditional name Over time, still has changed to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.

What rivers fall

In the Okhotsk Sea fall the following large rivers:

• Kukhui (river, length of which reaches 384 kilometers, it is located in the Khabarovsk Territory, as well as the Hunting River);
  
• Hunting (small river in the Khabarovsk Territory, the length of which reaches almost 400 kilometers);
• Amur (the length of the river reaches almost 2900 km, which makes this water artery large enough and important in the territory of Eastern Russia, and China for infrastructure).

Relief of the Sea Sea

The western part of the bottom is a gentle plate and it is located at a fairly small depth. In the heart, large depressions are located. However, the maximum depth is registered in the so-called Kuril Basin, which is located in the eastern part of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The bottom can be sandy, stone, Illysto sandy.

The seas of the sea is mostly high and rocky. In the southwest Kamchatka coast have a low-mounted relief. There are volcanoes at the bottom of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, and there is also on the islands. 70 are considered extinct, 30 - applicable.

The southeastern part of the sea almost never freezes - even in winter, which cannot be said about the northern part of the sea, where we have been holding ice from October and June. The northern coast of the sea is strongly cut, because of which many natural bays have been created here, the largest of which is called - Sherichov's bay. In the west of the sea, there are also many bays, the greatest of which is the Shartar Sea and the Sakhalin Bay.

Cities

On the banks of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, there is a small town called Okhotsk, which became the first built by the Russian settlement on the shore of the Pacific Ocean. One of the largest cities on the banks of the Okhotsk Sea is the Magadan with a population of more than 90 thousand inhabitants.

Kholmsk photo

On the seashore, a relatively small town of Holmsk is also located with a population of 28 thousand inhabitants. Well, the last "big city" in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk can be called korsaks with a population of 33 thousand people. The city is actively engaged in fishing and fish processing.

Flora and Fauna of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk

The number of fish species in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is large, it has always been in a fair amount, which is why the sea has become an important industrial facility. The largest quantities in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are located herring, washing, salmon, polytya and navaga. Among the other valuable seafood can also be isolated by Kamchatka crab - they achieve really huge sizes and are a delicacy for a person.

Beluha in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk photo

Here live sea hedgehog, starfish, shrimp and crabs, mussels, jellyfish, corals. Kamchatka crab is one of the largest representatives of crustaceans in the Far Eastern waters.

As in many northern waters, in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, you can meet several types of whales, including rare Finvals, as well as the biggest creatures on the planet, which ever existed - blue whales. Food in the waters of the sea Belukha, seal and nerve.

the depths of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk

The world of birds is diverse and numerous. On the islands of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, nests in large colonies of seagulls, cormorants, chubs, kayra, soap, petrels, geese, etc.

birds in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk photo

Sea vegetation: brown and green algae, red algae, laminaria, places there are abundant thickets of marine grass - Zosters.

Characteristic of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk

The Okhotsk Sea Square reaches 1,603,000 kilometers square, and its volume exceeds 1,300,000 cubic meters. The average depth of the sea is quite large - approximately 1,700 meters, and the most deep point The seabed is located at a depth of 3,916 meters.

In the summer, the sea surface temperature is 18 degrees Celsius. And in winter, it is colder - 2 degrees Celsius, and sometimes it can descend to minus temperatures -1.8 degrees. As for the climate, he is monsoon, very severe due to northern winds, Only in the south the air temperature is relatively high.

Okhotsk Sea winter photo

If you compare the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk with neighboring seas: Japanese and Bering, it will be the coldest of them. In winter, the Okhotsk Sea is tormented by strong northern winds and thus make the climate is even more severe. The minimum air temperature comes together with January and the average reaches -25 degrees. In the summer, the temperature rarely exceeds +15 degrees.

Quite often on the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, storms occur, which last more than one week. They come to the southern part of the sea from the Pacific. Waves high rise and the storms are long. In very harsh winter, ice is formed - floating and also fixed. The ice floes float along Sakhalin and the Amur region, often even in the summer.

Sakhalin photo

Coastal water is the least salty and generally do not even reach 30%. But in the rest of the sea, the advantage of the salt level is sometimes reaches up to 34%. Surface water is the least salted - no more than 32-33%, whereas already at a depth salinity exceeds 34%.

In the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, the islands are also located, but their number is extremely small. Sacma Big - Sakhalin Island. Most of the islands are located on the seismically active zone.